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annotate man/msdog.texi @ 65878:011947140bc7
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author | Thien-Thi Nguyen <ttn@gnuvola.org> |
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date | Thu, 06 Oct 2005 18:23:23 +0000 |
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24095 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
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2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2000, 2001, |
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3 @c 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
24095 | 4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
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5 @node MS-DOS, Manifesto, Mac OS, Top |
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6 @appendix Emacs and MS-DOS |
24095 | 7 @cindex MS-DOG |
8 @cindex MS-DOS peculiarities | |
9 | |
10 This section briefly describes the peculiarities of using Emacs under | |
11 the MS-DOS ``operating system'' (also known as ``MS-DOG''). If you | |
12 build Emacs for MS-DOS, the binary will also run on Windows 3.X, Windows | |
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13 NT, Windows 9X/ME, Windows 2000, or OS/2 as a DOS application; the |
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14 information in this chapter applies for all of those systems, if you use |
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15 an Emacs that was built for MS-DOS. |
24095 | 16 |
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17 Note that it is possible to build Emacs specifically for Windows NT/2K |
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18 or Windows 9X/ME. If you do that, most of this chapter does not apply; |
24095 | 19 instead, you get behavior much closer to what is documented in the rest |
20 of the manual, including support for long file names, multiple frames, | |
21 scroll bars, mouse menus, and subprocesses. However, the section on | |
22 text files and binary files does still apply. There are also two | |
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23 sections at the end of this chapter which apply specifically for the |
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24 Windows version. |
24095 | 25 |
26 @menu | |
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27 * Keyboard: MS-DOS Keyboard. Keyboard conventions on MS-DOS. |
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28 * Mouse: MS-DOS Mouse. Mouse conventions on MS-DOS. |
24095 | 29 * Display: MS-DOS Display. Fonts, frames and display size on MS-DOS. |
30 * Files: MS-DOS File Names. File name conventions on MS-DOS. | |
31 * Text and Binary:: Text files on MS-DOS use CRLF to separate lines. | |
32 * Printing: MS-DOS Printing. How to specify the printer on MS-DOS. | |
33 * I18N: MS-DOS and MULE. Support for internationalization on MS-DOS. | |
34 * Processes: MS-DOS Processes. Running subprocesses on MS-DOS. | |
35 * Windows Processes:: Running subprocesses on Windows. | |
36 * Windows System Menu:: Controlling what the ALT key does. | |
37 @end menu | |
38 | |
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39 @node MS-DOS Keyboard |
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40 @section Keyboard Usage on MS-DOS |
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41 |
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42 @kindex DEL @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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43 @kindex BS @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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44 The key that is called @key{DEL} in Emacs (because that's how it is |
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45 designated on most workstations) is known as @key{BS} (backspace) on a |
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46 PC. That is why the PC-specific terminal initialization remaps the |
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47 @key{BS} key to act as @key{DEL}; the @key{DELETE} key is remapped to act |
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48 as @kbd{C-d} for the same reasons. |
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49 |
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50 @kindex C-g @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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51 @kindex C-BREAK @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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52 @cindex quitting on MS-DOS |
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53 Emacs built for MS-DOS recognizes @kbd{C-@key{BREAK}} as a quit |
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54 character, just like @kbd{C-g}. This is because Emacs cannot detect |
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55 that you have typed @kbd{C-g} until it is ready for more input. As a |
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56 consequence, you cannot use @kbd{C-g} to stop a running command |
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57 (@pxref{Quitting}). By contrast, @kbd{C-@key{BREAK}} @emph{is} detected |
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58 as soon as you type it (as @kbd{C-g} is on other systems), so it can be |
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59 used to stop a running command and for emergency escape |
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60 (@pxref{Emergency Escape}). |
24095 | 61 |
62 @cindex Meta (under MS-DOS) | |
63 @cindex Hyper (under MS-DOS) | |
64 @cindex Super (under MS-DOS) | |
65 @vindex dos-super-key | |
66 @vindex dos-hyper-key | |
67 The PC keyboard maps use the left @key{ALT} key as the @key{META} key. | |
68 You have two choices for emulating the @key{SUPER} and @key{HYPER} keys: | |
69 choose either the right @key{CTRL} key or the right @key{ALT} key by | |
70 setting the variables @code{dos-hyper-key} and @code{dos-super-key} to 1 | |
71 or 2 respectively. If neither @code{dos-super-key} nor | |
72 @code{dos-hyper-key} is 1, then by default the right @key{ALT} key is | |
73 also mapped to the @key{META} key. However, if the MS-DOS international | |
74 keyboard support program @file{KEYB.COM} is installed, Emacs will | |
75 @emph{not} map the right @key{ALT} to @key{META}, since it is used for | |
76 accessing characters like @kbd{~} and @kbd{@@} on non-US keyboard | |
77 layouts; in this case, you may only use the left @key{ALT} as @key{META} | |
78 key. | |
79 | |
80 @kindex C-j @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
81 @vindex dos-keypad-mode | |
82 The variable @code{dos-keypad-mode} is a flag variable that controls | |
83 what key codes are returned by keys in the numeric keypad. You can also | |
84 define the keypad @key{ENTER} key to act like @kbd{C-j}, by putting the | |
85 following line into your @file{_emacs} file: | |
86 | |
87 @smallexample | |
37847 | 88 ;; @r{Make the @key{ENTER} key from the numeric keypad act as @kbd{C-j}.} |
24095 | 89 (define-key function-key-map [kp-enter] [?\C-j]) |
90 @end smallexample | |
91 | |
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92 @node MS-DOS Mouse |
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93 @section Mouse Usage on MS-DOS |
24095 | 94 |
95 @cindex mouse support under MS-DOS | |
96 Emacs on MS-DOS supports a mouse (on the default terminal only). | |
97 The mouse commands work as documented, including those that use menus | |
98 and the menu bar (@pxref{Menu Bar}). Scroll bars don't work in | |
99 MS-DOS Emacs. PC mice usually have only two buttons; these act as | |
100 @kbd{Mouse-1} and @kbd{Mouse-2}, but if you press both of them | |
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101 together, that has the effect of @kbd{Mouse-3}. If the mouse does have |
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102 3 buttons, Emacs detects that at startup, and all the 3 buttons function |
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103 normally, as on X. |
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104 |
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105 Help strings for menu-bar and pop-up menus are displayed in the echo |
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106 area when the mouse pointer moves across the menu items. |
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107 Highlighting of mouse-sensitive text (@pxref{Mouse References}) is also |
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108 supported. |
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109 |
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110 @cindex mouse, set number of buttons |
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111 @findex msdos-set-mouse-buttons |
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112 Some versions of mouse drivers don't report the number of mouse |
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113 buttons correctly. For example, mice with a wheel report that they |
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114 have 3 buttons, but only 2 of them are passed to Emacs; the clicks on |
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115 the wheel, which serves as the middle button, are not passed. In |
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116 these cases, you can use the @kbd{M-x msdos-set-mouse-buttons} command |
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117 to tell Emacs how many mouse buttons to expect. You could make such a |
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118 setting permanent by adding this fragment to your @file{_emacs} init |
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119 file: |
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120 |
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121 @example |
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122 ;; @r{Treat the mouse like a 2-button mouse.} |
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123 (msdos-set-mouse-buttons 2) |
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124 @end example |
24095 | 125 |
126 @cindex Windows clipboard support | |
127 Emacs built for MS-DOS supports clipboard operations when it runs on | |
128 Windows. Commands that put text on the kill ring, or yank text from the | |
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129 ring, check the Windows clipboard first, just as Emacs does on the X |
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130 Window System (@pxref{Mouse Commands}). Only the primary selection and |
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131 the cut buffer are supported by MS-DOS Emacs on Windows; the secondary |
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132 selection always appears as empty. |
24095 | 133 |
134 Due to the way clipboard access is implemented by Windows, the | |
135 length of text you can put into the clipboard is limited by the amount | |
136 of free DOS memory that is available to Emacs. Usually, up to 620KB of | |
137 text can be put into the clipboard, but this limit depends on the system | |
138 configuration and is lower if you run Emacs as a subprocess of | |
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139 another program. If the killed text does not fit, Emacs outputs a |
24095 | 140 message saying so, and does not put the text into the clipboard. |
141 | |
142 Null characters also cannot be put into the Windows clipboard. If the | |
143 killed text includes null characters, Emacs does not put such text into | |
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144 the clipboard, and displays in the echo area a message to that effect. |
24095 | 145 |
146 @vindex dos-display-scancodes | |
147 The variable @code{dos-display-scancodes}, when non-@code{nil}, | |
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148 directs Emacs to display the @acronym{ASCII} value and the keyboard scan code of |
24095 | 149 each keystroke; this feature serves as a complement to the |
150 @code{view-lossage} command, for debugging. | |
151 | |
152 @node MS-DOS Display | |
153 @section Display on MS-DOS | |
154 @cindex faces under MS-DOS | |
155 @cindex fonts, emulating under MS-DOS | |
156 | |
157 Display on MS-DOS cannot use font variants, like bold or italic, | |
158 but it does support | |
159 multiple faces, each of which can specify a foreground and a background | |
160 color. Therefore, you can get the full functionality of Emacs packages | |
161 that use fonts (such as @code{font-lock}, Enriched Text mode, and | |
162 others) by defining the relevant faces to use different colors. Use the | |
163 @code{list-colors-display} command (@pxref{Frame Parameters}) and the | |
164 @code{list-faces-display} command (@pxref{Faces}) to see what colors and | |
165 faces are available and what they look like. | |
166 | |
37847 | 167 @xref{MS-DOS and MULE}, later in this chapter, for information on |
168 how Emacs displays glyphs and characters that aren't supported by the | |
24095 | 169 native font built into the DOS display. |
170 | |
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171 @cindex cursor shape on MS-DOS |
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172 When Emacs starts, it changes the cursor shape to a solid box. This |
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173 is for compatibility with other systems, where the box cursor is the |
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174 default in Emacs. This default shape can be changed to a bar by |
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175 specifying the @code{cursor-type} parameter in the variable |
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176 @code{default-frame-alist} (@pxref{Creating Frames}). The MS-DOS |
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177 terminal doesn't support a vertical-bar cursor, so the bar cursor is |
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178 horizontal, and the @code{@var{width}} parameter, if specified by the |
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179 frame parameters, actually determines its height. For this reason, |
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180 the @code{bar} and @code{hbar} cursor types produce the same effect on |
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181 MS-DOS. As an extension, the bar cursor specification can include the |
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182 starting scan line of the cursor as well as its width, like this: |
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183 |
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184 @example |
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185 '(cursor-type bar @var{width} . @var{start}) |
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186 @end example |
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187 |
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188 @noindent |
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189 In addition, if the @var{width} parameter is negative, the cursor bar |
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190 begins at the top of the character cell. |
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191 |
24095 | 192 @cindex frames on MS-DOS |
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193 The MS-DOS terminal can only display a single frame at a time. The |
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194 Emacs frame facilities work on MS-DOS much as they do on text-only |
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195 terminals (@pxref{Frames}). When you run Emacs from a DOS window on |
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196 MS-Windows, you can make the visible frame smaller than the full |
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197 screen, but Emacs still cannot display more than a single frame at a |
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198 time. |
24095 | 199 |
200 @cindex frame size under MS-DOS | |
201 @findex mode4350 | |
202 @findex mode25 | |
203 The @code{mode4350} command switches the display to 43 or 50 | |
204 lines, depending on your hardware; the @code{mode25} command switches | |
205 to the default 80x25 screen size. | |
206 | |
207 By default, Emacs only knows how to set screen sizes of 80 columns by | |
208 25, 28, 35, 40, 43 or 50 rows. However, if your video adapter has | |
209 special video modes that will switch the display to other sizes, you can | |
210 have Emacs support those too. When you ask Emacs to switch the frame to | |
211 @var{n} rows by @var{m} columns dimensions, it checks if there is a | |
212 variable called @code{screen-dimensions-@var{n}x@var{m}}, and if so, | |
213 uses its value (which must be an integer) as the video mode to switch | |
214 to. (Emacs switches to that video mode by calling the BIOS @code{Set | |
215 Video Mode} function with the value of | |
216 @code{screen-dimensions-@var{n}x@var{m}} in the @code{AL} register.) | |
217 For example, suppose your adapter will switch to 66x80 dimensions when | |
218 put into video mode 85. Then you can make Emacs support this screen | |
219 size by putting the following into your @file{_emacs} file: | |
220 | |
221 @example | |
222 (setq screen-dimensions-66x80 85) | |
223 @end example | |
224 | |
225 Since Emacs on MS-DOS can only set the frame size to specific | |
226 supported dimensions, it cannot honor every possible frame resizing | |
227 request. When an unsupported size is requested, Emacs chooses the next | |
228 larger supported size beyond the specified size. For example, if you | |
229 ask for 36x80 frame, you will get 40x80 instead. | |
230 | |
231 The variables @code{screen-dimensions-@var{n}x@var{m}} are used only | |
232 when they exactly match the specified size; the search for the next | |
233 larger supported size ignores them. In the above example, even if your | |
234 VGA supports 38x80 dimensions and you define a variable | |
235 @code{screen-dimensions-38x80} with a suitable value, you will still get | |
236 40x80 screen when you ask for a 36x80 frame. If you want to get the | |
237 38x80 size in this case, you can do it by setting the variable named | |
238 @code{screen-dimensions-36x80} with the same video mode value as | |
239 @code{screen-dimensions-38x80}. | |
240 | |
241 Changing frame dimensions on MS-DOS has the effect of changing all the | |
242 other frames to the new dimensions. | |
243 | |
244 @node MS-DOS File Names | |
245 @section File Names on MS-DOS | |
246 @cindex file names under MS-DOS | |
247 @cindex init file, default name under MS-DOS | |
248 | |
249 MS-DOS normally uses a backslash, @samp{\}, to separate name units | |
250 within a file name, instead of the slash used on other systems. Emacs | |
251 on MS-DOS permits use of either slash or backslash, and also knows | |
252 about drive letters in file names. | |
253 | |
254 On MS-DOS, file names are case-insensitive and limited to eight | |
255 characters, plus optionally a period and three more characters. Emacs | |
256 knows enough about these limitations to handle file names that were | |
257 meant for other operating systems. For instance, leading dots @samp{.} | |
258 in file names are invalid in MS-DOS, so Emacs transparently converts | |
259 them to underscores @samp{_}; thus your default init file (@pxref{Init | |
260 File}) is called @file{_emacs} on MS-DOS. Excess characters before or | |
261 after the period are generally ignored by MS-DOS itself; thus, if you | |
262 visit the file @file{LongFileName.EvenLongerExtension}, you will | |
263 silently get @file{longfile.eve}, but Emacs will still display the long | |
264 file name on the mode line. Other than that, it's up to you to specify | |
265 file names which are valid under MS-DOS; the transparent conversion as | |
266 described above only works on file names built into Emacs. | |
267 | |
268 @cindex backup file names on MS-DOS | |
269 The above restrictions on the file names on MS-DOS make it almost | |
270 impossible to construct the name of a backup file (@pxref{Backup | |
271 Names}) without losing some of the original file name characters. For | |
272 example, the name of a backup file for @file{docs.txt} is | |
273 @file{docs.tx~} even if single backup is used. | |
274 | |
275 @cindex file names under Windows 95/NT | |
276 @cindex long file names in DOS box under Windows 95/NT | |
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277 If you run Emacs as a DOS application under Windows 9X, Windows ME, or |
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278 Windows 2000, you can turn on support for long file names. If you do |
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279 that, Emacs doesn't truncate file names or convert them to lower case; |
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280 instead, it uses the file names that you specify, verbatim. To enable |
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281 long file name support, set the environment variable @env{LFN} to |
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282 @samp{y} before starting Emacs. Unfortunately, Windows NT doesn't allow |
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283 DOS programs to access long file names, so Emacs built for MS-DOS will |
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284 only see their short 8+3 aliases. |
24095 | 285 |
29107 | 286 @cindex @env{HOME} directory under MS-DOS |
24095 | 287 MS-DOS has no notion of home directory, so Emacs on MS-DOS pretends |
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288 that the directory where it is installed is the value of the @env{HOME} |
24095 | 289 environment variable. That is, if your Emacs binary, |
290 @file{emacs.exe}, is in the directory @file{c:/utils/emacs/bin}, then | |
29107 | 291 Emacs acts as if @env{HOME} were set to @samp{c:/utils/emacs}. In |
24095 | 292 particular, that is where Emacs looks for the init file @file{_emacs}. |
293 With this in mind, you can use @samp{~} in file names as an alias for | |
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294 the home directory, as you would on GNU or Unix. You can also set |
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295 @env{HOME} variable in the environment before starting Emacs; its |
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296 value will then override the above default behavior. |
24095 | 297 |
298 Emacs on MS-DOS handles the directory name @file{/dev} specially, | |
299 because of a feature in the emulator libraries of DJGPP that pretends | |
300 I/O devices have names in that directory. We recommend that you avoid | |
301 using an actual directory named @file{/dev} on any disk. | |
302 | |
303 @node Text and Binary | |
304 @section Text Files and Binary Files | |
305 @cindex text and binary files on MS-DOS/MS-Windows | |
306 | |
307 GNU Emacs uses newline characters to separate text lines. This is the | |
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308 convention used on GNU and Unix. |
24095 | 309 |
310 @cindex end-of-line conversion on MS-DOS/MS-Windows | |
311 MS-DOS and MS-Windows normally use carriage-return linefeed, a | |
312 two-character sequence, to separate text lines. (Linefeed is the same | |
313 character as newline.) Therefore, convenient editing of typical files | |
314 with Emacs requires conversion of these end-of-line (EOL) sequences. | |
315 And that is what Emacs normally does: it converts carriage-return | |
316 linefeed into newline when reading files, and converts newline into | |
317 carriage-return linefeed when writing files. The same mechanism that | |
318 handles conversion of international character codes does this conversion | |
319 also (@pxref{Coding Systems}). | |
320 | |
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321 @cindex cursor location, on MS-DOS |
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322 @cindex point location, on MS-DOS |
24095 | 323 One consequence of this special format-conversion of most files is |
324 that character positions as reported by Emacs (@pxref{Position Info}) do | |
325 not agree with the file size information known to the operating system. | |
326 | |
327 In addition, if Emacs recognizes from a file's contents that it uses | |
328 newline rather than carriage-return linefeed as its line separator, it | |
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329 does not perform EOL conversion when reading or writing that file. |
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330 Thus, you can read and edit files from GNU and Unix systems on MS-DOS |
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331 with no special effort, and they will retain their Unix-style |
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332 end-of-line convention after you edit them. |
24095 | 333 |
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334 The mode line indicates whether end-of-line translation was used for |
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335 the current buffer. If MS-DOS end-of-line translation is in use for the |
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336 buffer, a backslash @samp{\} is displayed after the coding system |
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337 mnemonic near the beginning of the mode line (@pxref{Mode Line}). If no |
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338 EOL translation was performed, the string @samp{(Unix)} is displayed |
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339 instead of the backslash, to alert you that the file's EOL format is not |
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340 the usual carriage-return linefeed. |
24095 | 341 |
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342 @cindex DOS-to-Unix conversion of files |
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343 To visit a file and specify whether it uses DOS-style or Unix-style |
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344 end-of-line, specify a coding system (@pxref{Specify Coding}). For |
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345 example, @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c unix @key{RET} C-x C-f foobar.txt} |
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346 visits the file @file{foobar.txt} without converting the EOLs; if some |
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347 line ends with a carriage-return linefeed pair, Emacs will display |
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348 @samp{^M} at the end of that line. Similarly, you can direct Emacs to |
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349 save a buffer in a specified EOL format with the @kbd{C-x @key{RET} f} |
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350 command. For example, to save a buffer with Unix EOL format, type |
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351 @kbd{C-x @key{RET} f unix @key{RET} C-x C-s}. If you visit a file |
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352 with DOS EOL conversion, then save it with Unix EOL format, that |
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353 effectively converts the file to Unix EOL style, like @code{dos2unix}. |
24095 | 354 |
355 @cindex untranslated file system | |
356 @findex add-untranslated-filesystem | |
357 When you use NFS or Samba to access file systems that reside on | |
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358 computers using GNU or Unix systems, Emacs should not perform |
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359 end-of-line translation on any files in these file systems---not even |
24095 | 360 when you create a new file. To request this, designate these file |
361 systems as @dfn{untranslated} file systems by calling the function | |
362 @code{add-untranslated-filesystem}. It takes one argument: the file | |
363 system name, including a drive letter and optionally a directory. For | |
364 example, | |
365 | |
366 @example | |
367 (add-untranslated-filesystem "Z:") | |
368 @end example | |
369 | |
370 @noindent | |
371 designates drive Z as an untranslated file system, and | |
372 | |
373 @example | |
374 (add-untranslated-filesystem "Z:\\foo") | |
375 @end example | |
376 | |
377 @noindent | |
378 designates directory @file{\foo} on drive Z as an untranslated file | |
379 system. | |
380 | |
381 Most often you would use @code{add-untranslated-filesystem} in your | |
382 @file{_emacs} file, or in @file{site-start.el} so that all the users at | |
383 your site get the benefit of it. | |
384 | |
385 @findex remove-untranslated-filesystem | |
386 To countermand the effect of @code{add-untranslated-filesystem}, use | |
387 the function @code{remove-untranslated-filesystem}. This function takes | |
388 one argument, which should be a string just like the one that was used | |
389 previously with @code{add-untranslated-filesystem}. | |
390 | |
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391 Designating a file system as untranslated does not affect character |
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392 set conversion, only end-of-line conversion. Essentially, it directs |
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393 Emacs to create new files with the Unix-style convention of using |
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394 newline at the end of a line. @xref{Coding Systems}. |
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395 |
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396 @vindex file-name-buffer-file-type-alist |
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397 @cindex binary files, on MS-DOS/MS-Windows |
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398 Some kinds of files should not be converted at all, because their |
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399 contents are not really text. Therefore, Emacs on MS-DOS distinguishes |
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400 certain files as @dfn{binary files}. (This distinction is not part of |
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401 MS-DOS; it is made by Emacs only.) Binary files include executable |
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402 programs, compressed archives, etc. Emacs uses the file name to decide |
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403 whether to treat a file as binary: the variable |
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404 @code{file-name-buffer-file-type-alist} defines the file-name patterns |
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405 that indicate binary files. If a file name matches one of the patterns |
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406 for binary files (those whose associations are of the type |
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407 @code{(@var{pattern} . t)}, Emacs reads and writes that file using the |
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408 @code{no-conversion} coding system (@pxref{Coding Systems}) which turns |
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409 off @emph{all} coding-system conversions, not only the EOL conversion. |
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410 @code{file-name-buffer-file-type-alist} also includes file-name patterns |
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411 for files which are known to be DOS-style text files with |
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412 carriage-return linefeed EOL format, such as @file{CONFIG.SYS}; Emacs |
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413 always writes those files with DOS-style EOLs. |
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414 |
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415 If a file which belongs to an untranslated file system matches one of |
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416 the file-name patterns in @code{file-name-buffer-file-type-alist}, the |
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417 EOL conversion is determined by @code{file-name-buffer-file-type-alist}. |
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418 |
24095 | 419 @node MS-DOS Printing |
420 @section Printing and MS-DOS | |
421 | |
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422 Printing commands, such as @code{lpr-buffer} (@pxref{Printing}) and |
27213 | 423 @code{ps-print-buffer} (@pxref{PostScript}) can work in MS-DOS and |
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424 MS-Windows by sending the output to one of the printer ports, if a |
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425 Posix-style @code{lpr} program is unavailable. The same Emacs |
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426 variables control printing on all systems, but in some cases they have |
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427 different default values on MS-DOS and MS-Windows. |
24095 | 428 |
24723 | 429 @vindex printer-name @r{(MS-DOS)} |
24095 | 430 If you want to use your local printer, printing on it in the usual DOS |
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431 manner, then set the Lisp variable @code{lpr-command} to @code{""} (its |
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432 default value) and @code{printer-name} to the name of the printer |
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433 port---for example, @code{"PRN"}, the usual local printer port (that's |
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434 the default), or @code{"LPT2"}, or @code{"COM1"} for a serial printer. |
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435 You can also set @code{printer-name} to a file name, in which case |
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436 ``printed'' output is actually appended to that file. If you set |
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437 @code{printer-name} to @code{"NUL"}, printed output is silently |
24095 | 438 discarded (sent to the system null device). |
439 | |
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440 On MS-Windows, when the Windows network software is installed, you can |
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441 also use a printer shared by another machine by setting |
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442 @code{printer-name} to the UNC share name for that printer---for example, |
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443 @code{"//joes_pc/hp4si"}. (It doesn't matter whether you use forward |
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444 slashes or backslashes here.) To find out the names of shared printers, |
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445 run the command @samp{net view} at a DOS command prompt to obtain a list |
24731 | 446 of servers, and @samp{net view @var{server-name}} to see the names of printers |
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447 (and directories) shared by that server. Alternatively, click the |
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448 @samp{Network Neighborhood} icon on your desktop, and look for machines |
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449 which share their printers via the network. |
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450 |
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451 @cindex @samp{net use}, and printing on MS-Windows |
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452 @cindex networked printers (MS-Windows) |
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453 If the printer doesn't appear in the output of @samp{net view}, or |
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454 if setting @code{printer-name} to the UNC share name doesn't produce a |
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455 hardcopy on that printer, you can use the @samp{net use} command to |
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456 connect a local print port such as @code{"LPT2"} to the networked |
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457 printer. For example, typing @kbd{net use LPT2: |
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458 \\joes_pc\hp4si}@footnote{ |
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459 Note that the @samp{net use} command requires the UNC share name to be |
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460 typed with the Windows-style backslashes, while the value of |
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461 @code{printer-name} can be set with either forward- or backslashes.} |
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462 causes Windows to @dfn{capture} the LPT2 port and redirect the printed |
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463 material to the printer connected to the machine @code{joes_pc}. |
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464 After this command, setting @code{printer-name} to @code{"LPT2"} |
37081 | 465 should produce the hardcopy on the networked printer. |
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466 |
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467 With some varieties of Windows network software, you can instruct |
38788 | 468 Windows to capture a specific printer port such as @code{"LPT2"}, and |
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469 redirect it to a networked printer via the @w{@code{Control |
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470 Panel->Printers}} applet instead of @samp{net use}. |
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471 |
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472 Some printers expect DOS codepage encoding of non-@acronym{ASCII} text, even |
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473 though they are connected to a Windows machine which uses a different |
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474 encoding for the same locale. For example, in the Latin-1 locale, DOS |
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475 uses codepage 850 whereas Windows uses codepage 1252. @xref{MS-DOS and |
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476 MULE}. When you print to such printers from Windows, you can use the |
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477 @kbd{C-x RET c} (@code{universal-coding-system-argument}) command before |
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478 @kbd{M-x lpr-buffer}; Emacs will then convert the text to the DOS |
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479 codepage that you specify. For example, @kbd{C-x RET c cp850-dos RET |
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480 M-x lpr-region RET} will print the region while converting it to the |
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481 codepage 850 encoding. You may need to create the @code{cp@var{nnn}} |
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482 coding system with @kbd{M-x codepage-setup}. |
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483 |
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484 If you set @code{printer-name} to a file name, it's best to use an |
24095 | 485 absolute file name. Emacs changes the working directory according to |
486 the default directory of the current buffer, so if the file name in | |
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487 @code{printer-name} is relative, you will end up with several such |
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488 files, each one in the directory of the buffer from which the printing |
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489 was done. |
24095 | 490 |
491 @findex print-buffer @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
492 @findex print-region @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
493 @vindex lpr-headers-switches @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
494 The commands @code{print-buffer} and @code{print-region} call the | |
495 @code{pr} program, or use special switches to the @code{lpr} program, to | |
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496 produce headers on each printed page. MS-DOS and MS-Windows don't |
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497 normally have these programs, so by default, the variable |
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498 @code{lpr-headers-switches} is set so that the requests to print page |
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499 headers are silently ignored. Thus, @code{print-buffer} and |
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500 @code{print-region} produce the same output as @code{lpr-buffer} and |
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501 @code{lpr-region}, respectively. If you do have a suitable @code{pr} |
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502 program (for example, from GNU Textutils), set |
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503 @code{lpr-headers-switches} to @code{nil}; Emacs will then call |
24095 | 504 @code{pr} to produce the page headers, and print the resulting output as |
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505 specified by @code{printer-name}. |
24095 | 506 |
507 @vindex print-region-function @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
508 @cindex lpr usage under MS-DOS | |
509 @vindex lpr-command @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
510 @vindex lpr-switches @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
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511 Finally, if you do have an @code{lpr} work-alike, you can set the |
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512 variable @code{lpr-command} to @code{"lpr"}. Then Emacs will use |
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513 @code{lpr} for printing, as on other systems. (If the name of the |
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514 program isn't @code{lpr}, set @code{lpr-command} to specify where to |
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515 find it.) The variable @code{lpr-switches} has its standard meaning |
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516 when @code{lpr-command} is not @code{""}. If the variable |
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517 @code{printer-name} has a string value, it is used as the value for the |
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518 @code{-P} option to @code{lpr}, as on Unix. |
24095 | 519 |
520 @findex ps-print-buffer @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
521 @findex ps-spool-buffer @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
24715 | 522 @vindex ps-printer-name @r{(MS-DOS)} |
24095 | 523 @vindex ps-lpr-command @r{(MS-DOS)} |
524 @vindex ps-lpr-switches @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
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525 A parallel set of variables, @code{ps-lpr-command}, |
27213 | 526 @code{ps-lpr-switches}, and @code{ps-printer-name} (@pxref{PostScript |
24564 | 527 Variables}), defines how PostScript files should be printed. These |
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528 variables are used in the same way as the corresponding variables |
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529 described above for non-PostScript printing. Thus, the value of |
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530 @code{ps-printer-name} is used as the name of the device (or file) to |
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531 which PostScript output is sent, just as @code{printer-name} is used for |
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532 non-PostScript printing. (There are two distinct sets of variables in |
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533 case you have two printers attached to two different ports, and only one |
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534 of them is a PostScript printer.) |
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535 |
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536 The default value of the variable @code{ps-lpr-command} is @code{""}, |
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537 which causes PostScript output to be sent to the printer port specified |
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538 by @code{ps-printer-name}, but @code{ps-lpr-command} can also be set to |
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539 the name of a program which will accept PostScript files. Thus, if you |
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540 have a non-PostScript printer, you can set this variable to the name of |
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541 a PostScript interpreter program (such as Ghostscript). Any switches |
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542 that need to be passed to the interpreter program are specified using |
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543 @code{ps-lpr-switches}. (If the value of @code{ps-printer-name} is a |
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544 string, it will be added to the list of switches as the value for the |
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545 @code{-P} option. This is probably only useful if you are using |
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546 @code{lpr}, so when using an interpreter typically you would set |
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547 @code{ps-printer-name} to something other than a string so it is |
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548 ignored.) |
24095 | 549 |
550 For example, to use Ghostscript for printing on an Epson printer | |
24715 | 551 connected to the @samp{LPT2} port, put this in your @file{_emacs} file: |
24095 | 552 |
553 @example | |
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554 (setq ps-printer-name t) ; Ghostscript doesn't understand -P |
24095 | 555 (setq ps-lpr-command "c:/gs/gs386") |
556 (setq ps-lpr-switches '("-q" "-dNOPAUSE" | |
557 "-sDEVICE=epson" | |
558 "-r240x72" | |
559 "-sOutputFile=LPT2" | |
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560 "-Ic:/gs")) |
24095 | 561 @end example |
562 | |
563 @noindent | |
564 (This assumes that Ghostscript is installed in the @file{"c:/gs"} | |
565 directory.) | |
566 | |
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567 @vindex dos-printer |
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568 @vindex dos-ps-printer |
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569 For backwards compatibility, the value of @code{dos-printer} |
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570 (@code{dos-ps-printer}), if it has a value, overrides the value of |
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571 @code{printer-name} (@code{ps-printer-name}), on MS-DOS and MS-Windows |
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572 only. |
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573 |
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574 |
24095 | 575 @node MS-DOS and MULE |
576 @section International Support on MS-DOS | |
577 @cindex international support @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
578 | |
579 Emacs on MS-DOS supports the same international character sets as it | |
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580 does on GNU, Unix and other platforms (@pxref{International}), including |
24095 | 581 coding systems for converting between the different character sets. |
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582 However, due to incompatibilities between MS-DOS/MS-Windows and other systems, |
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583 there are several DOS-specific aspects of this support that you should |
24095 | 584 be aware of. This section describes these aspects. |
585 | |
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586 The description below is largely specific to the MS-DOS port of |
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587 Emacs, especially where it talks about practical implications for |
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588 Emacs users. For other operating systems, see the @file{code-pages.el} |
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589 package, which implements support for MS-DOS- and MS-Windows-specific |
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590 encodings for all platforms other than MS-DOS. |
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591 |
24095 | 592 @table @kbd |
593 @item M-x dos-codepage-setup | |
594 Set up Emacs display and coding systems as appropriate for the current | |
595 DOS codepage. | |
596 | |
597 @item M-x codepage-setup | |
598 Create a coding system for a certain DOS codepage. | |
599 @end table | |
600 | |
601 @cindex codepage, MS-DOS | |
602 @cindex DOS codepages | |
603 MS-DOS is designed to support one character set of 256 characters at | |
604 any given time, but gives you a variety of character sets to choose | |
605 from. The alternative character sets are known as @dfn{DOS codepages}. | |
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606 Each codepage includes all 128 @acronym{ASCII} characters, but the other 128 |
24095 | 607 characters (codes 128 through 255) vary from one codepage to another. |
608 Each DOS codepage is identified by a 3-digit number, such as 850, 862, | |
609 etc. | |
610 | |
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611 In contrast to X, which lets you use several fonts at the same time, |
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612 MS-DOS normally doesn't allow use of several codepages in a single |
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613 session. MS-DOS was designed to load a single codepage at system |
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614 startup, and require you to reboot in order to change |
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615 it@footnote{Normally, one particular codepage is burnt into the |
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616 display memory, while other codepages can be installed by modifying |
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617 system configuration files, such as @file{CONFIG.SYS}, and rebooting. |
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618 While there is third-party software that allows changing the codepage |
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619 without rebooting, we describe here how a stock MS-DOS system |
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620 behaves.}. Much the same limitation applies when you run DOS |
24095 | 621 executables on other systems such as MS-Windows. |
622 | |
623 @cindex unibyte operation @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
624 If you invoke Emacs on MS-DOS with the @samp{--unibyte} option | |
625 (@pxref{Initial Options}), Emacs does not perform any conversion of | |
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626 non-@acronym{ASCII} characters. Instead, it reads and writes any non-@acronym{ASCII} |
24095 | 627 characters verbatim, and sends their 8-bit codes to the display |
628 verbatim. Thus, unibyte Emacs on MS-DOS supports the current codepage, | |
629 whatever it may be, but cannot even represent any other characters. | |
630 | |
631 @vindex dos-codepage | |
632 For multibyte operation on MS-DOS, Emacs needs to know which | |
633 characters the chosen DOS codepage can display. So it queries the | |
634 system shortly after startup to get the chosen codepage number, and | |
635 stores the number in the variable @code{dos-codepage}. Some systems | |
636 return the default value 437 for the current codepage, even though the | |
637 actual codepage is different. (This typically happens when you use the | |
638 codepage built into the display hardware.) You can specify a different | |
639 codepage for Emacs to use by setting the variable @code{dos-codepage} in | |
640 your init file. | |
641 | |
642 @cindex language environment, automatic selection on @r{MS-DOS} | |
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643 Multibyte Emacs supports only certain DOS codepages: those which can |
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644 display Far-Eastern scripts, like the Japanese codepage 932, and those |
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645 that encode a single ISO 8859 character set. |
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646 |
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647 The Far-Eastern codepages can directly display one of the MULE |
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648 character sets for these countries, so Emacs simply sets up to use the |
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649 appropriate terminal coding system that is supported by the codepage. |
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650 The special features described in the rest of this section mostly |
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651 pertain to codepages that encode ISO 8859 character sets. |
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652 |
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653 For the codepages which correspond to one of the ISO character sets, |
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654 Emacs knows the character set name based on the codepage number. Emacs |
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655 automatically creates a coding system to support reading and writing |
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656 files that use the current codepage, and uses this coding system by |
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657 default. The name of this coding system is @code{cp@var{nnn}}, where |
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658 @var{nnn} is the codepage number.@footnote{The standard Emacs coding |
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659 systems for ISO 8859 are not quite right for the purpose, because |
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660 typically the DOS codepage does not match the standard ISO character |
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661 codes. For example, the letter @samp{@,{c}} (@samp{c} with cedilla) has |
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662 code 231 in the standard Latin-1 character set, but the corresponding |
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663 DOS codepage 850 uses code 135 for this glyph.} |
24095 | 664 |
665 @cindex mode line @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
666 All the @code{cp@var{nnn}} coding systems use the letter @samp{D} (for | |
667 ``DOS'') as their mode-line mnemonic. Since both the terminal coding | |
668 system and the default coding system for file I/O are set to the proper | |
669 @code{cp@var{nnn}} coding system at startup, it is normal for the mode | |
670 line on MS-DOS to begin with @samp{-DD\-}. @xref{Mode Line}. | |
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671 Far-Eastern DOS terminals do not use the @code{cp@var{nnn}} coding |
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672 systems, and thus their initial mode line looks like the Emacs default. |
24095 | 673 |
674 Since the codepage number also indicates which script you are using, | |
675 Emacs automatically runs @code{set-language-environment} to select the | |
676 language environment for that script (@pxref{Language Environments}). | |
677 | |
678 If a buffer contains a character belonging to some other ISO 8859 | |
679 character set, not the one that the chosen DOS codepage supports, Emacs | |
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680 displays it using a sequence of @acronym{ASCII} characters. For example, if the |
24095 | 681 current codepage doesn't have a glyph for the letter @samp{@`o} (small |
682 @samp{o} with a grave accent), it is displayed as @samp{@{`o@}}, where | |
683 the braces serve as a visual indication that this is a single character. | |
684 (This may look awkward for some non-Latin characters, such as those from | |
685 Greek or Hebrew alphabets, but it is still readable by a person who | |
686 knows the language.) Even though the character may occupy several | |
687 columns on the screen, it is really still just a single character, and | |
688 all Emacs commands treat it as one. | |
689 | |
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690 @cindex IBM graphics characters (MS-DOS) |
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691 @cindex box-drawing characters (MS-DOS) |
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692 @cindex line-drawing characters (MS-DOS) |
24095 | 693 Not all characters in DOS codepages correspond to ISO 8859 |
694 characters---some are used for other purposes, such as box-drawing | |
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695 characters and other graphics. Emacs maps these characters to two |
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696 special character sets called @code{eight-bit-control} and |
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697 @code{eight-bit-graphic}, and displays them as their IBM glyphs. |
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698 However, you should be aware that other systems might display these |
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699 characters differently, so you should avoid them in text that might be |
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700 copied to a different operating system, or even to another DOS machine |
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701 that uses a different codepage. |
24095 | 702 |
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703 @vindex dos-unsupported-character-glyph |
24095 | 704 Emacs supports many other characters sets aside from ISO 8859, but it |
705 cannot display them on MS-DOS. So if one of these multibyte characters | |
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706 appears in a buffer, Emacs on MS-DOS displays them as specified by the |
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707 @code{dos-unsupported-character-glyph} variable; by default, this glyph |
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708 is an empty triangle. Use the @kbd{C-u C-x =} command to display the |
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709 actual code and character set of such characters. @xref{Position Info}. |
24095 | 710 |
711 @findex codepage-setup | |
712 By default, Emacs defines a coding system to support the current | |
713 codepage. To define a coding system for some other codepage (e.g., to | |
714 visit a file written on a DOS machine in another country), use the | |
715 @kbd{M-x codepage-setup} command. It prompts for the 3-digit code of | |
716 the codepage, with completion, then creates the coding system for the | |
717 specified codepage. You can then use the new coding system to read and | |
718 write files, but you must specify it explicitly for the file command | |
719 when you want to use it (@pxref{Specify Coding}). | |
720 | |
721 These coding systems are also useful for visiting a file encoded using | |
722 a DOS codepage, using Emacs running on some other operating system. | |
723 | |
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724 @cindex MS-Windows codepages |
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725 MS-Windows provides its own codepages, which are different from the |
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726 DOS codepages for the same locale. For example, DOS codepage 850 |
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727 supports the same character set as Windows codepage 1252; DOS codepage |
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728 855 supports the same character set as Windows codepage 1251, etc. |
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729 The MS-Windows version of Emacs uses the current codepage for display |
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730 when invoked with the @samp{-nw} option. Support for codepages in the |
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731 Windows port of Emacs is part of the @file{code-pages.el} package. |
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732 |
24095 | 733 @node MS-DOS Processes |
734 @section Subprocesses on MS-DOS | |
735 | |
736 @cindex compilation under MS-DOS | |
737 @cindex inferior processes under MS-DOS | |
738 @findex compile @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
739 @findex grep @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
740 Because MS-DOS is a single-process ``operating system,'' | |
741 asynchronous subprocesses are not available. In particular, Shell | |
742 mode and its variants do not work. Most Emacs features that use | |
743 asynchronous subprocesses also don't work on MS-DOS, including | |
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744 Shell mode and GUD. When in doubt, try and see; commands that |
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745 don't work output an error message saying that asynchronous processes |
24095 | 746 aren't supported. |
747 | |
748 Compilation under Emacs with @kbd{M-x compile}, searching files with | |
749 @kbd{M-x grep} and displaying differences between files with @kbd{M-x | |
750 diff} do work, by running the inferior processes synchronously. This | |
751 means you cannot do any more editing until the inferior process | |
752 finishes. | |
753 | |
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754 Spell checking also works, by means of special support for synchronous |
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755 invocation of the @code{ispell} program. This is slower than the |
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756 asynchronous invocation on other platforms |
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757 |
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758 Instead of the Shell mode, which doesn't work on MS-DOS, you can use |
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759 the @kbd{M-x eshell} command. This invokes the Eshell package that |
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760 implements a Posix-like shell entirely in Emacs Lisp. |
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761 |
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762 By contrast, Emacs compiled as a native Windows application |
24095 | 763 @strong{does} support asynchronous subprocesses. @xref{Windows |
764 Processes}. | |
765 | |
766 @cindex printing under MS-DOS | |
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767 Printing commands, such as @code{lpr-buffer} (@pxref{Printing}) and |
27213 | 768 @code{ps-print-buffer} (@pxref{PostScript}), work in MS-DOS by sending |
24095 | 769 the output to one of the printer ports. @xref{MS-DOS Printing}. |
770 | |
771 When you run a subprocess synchronously on MS-DOS, make sure the | |
772 program terminates and does not try to read keyboard input. If the | |
773 program does not terminate on its own, you will be unable to terminate | |
774 it, because MS-DOS provides no general way to terminate a process. | |
775 Pressing @kbd{C-c} or @kbd{C-@key{BREAK}} might sometimes help in these | |
776 cases. | |
777 | |
778 Accessing files on other machines is not supported on MS-DOS. Other | |
779 network-oriented commands such as sending mail, Web browsing, remote | |
780 login, etc., don't work either, unless network access is built into | |
781 MS-DOS with some network redirector. | |
782 | |
783 @cindex directory listing on MS-DOS | |
784 @vindex dired-listing-switches @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
785 Dired on MS-DOS uses the @code{ls-lisp} package where other | |
786 platforms use the system @code{ls} command. Therefore, Dired on | |
787 MS-DOS supports only some of the possible options you can mention in | |
788 the @code{dired-listing-switches} variable. The options that work are | |
789 @samp{-A}, @samp{-a}, @samp{-c}, @samp{-i}, @samp{-r}, @samp{-S}, | |
790 @samp{-s}, @samp{-t}, and @samp{-u}. | |
791 | |
792 @node Windows Processes | |
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793 @section Subprocesses on Windows 9X/ME and Windows NT/2K |
24095 | 794 |
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795 Emacs compiled as a native Windows application (as opposed to the DOS |
24095 | 796 version) includes full support for asynchronous subprocesses. |
797 In the Windows version, synchronous and asynchronous subprocesses work | |
798 fine on both | |
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799 Windows 9X and Windows NT/2K as long as you run only 32-bit Windows |
24095 | 800 applications. However, when you run a DOS application in a subprocess, |
801 you may encounter problems or be unable to run the application at all; | |
802 and if you run two DOS applications at the same time in two | |
803 subprocesses, you may have to reboot your system. | |
804 | |
805 Since the standard command interpreter (and most command line utilities) | |
806 on Windows 95 are DOS applications, these problems are significant when | |
807 using that system. But there's nothing we can do about them; only | |
808 Microsoft can fix them. | |
809 | |
810 If you run just one DOS application subprocess, the subprocess should | |
811 work as expected as long as it is ``well-behaved'' and does not perform | |
812 direct screen access or other unusual actions. If you have a CPU | |
813 monitor application, your machine will appear to be 100% busy even when | |
814 the DOS application is idle, but this is only an artifact of the way CPU | |
815 monitors measure processor load. | |
816 | |
817 You must terminate the DOS application before you start any other DOS | |
818 application in a different subprocess. Emacs is unable to interrupt or | |
819 terminate a DOS subprocess. The only way you can terminate such a | |
820 subprocess is by giving it a command that tells its program to exit. | |
821 | |
822 If you attempt to run two DOS applications at the same time in separate | |
823 subprocesses, the second one that is started will be suspended until the | |
824 first one finishes, even if either or both of them are asynchronous. | |
825 | |
826 If you can go to the first subprocess, and tell it to exit, the second | |
827 subprocess should continue normally. However, if the second subprocess | |
828 is synchronous, Emacs itself will be hung until the first subprocess | |
829 finishes. If it will not finish without user input, then you have no | |
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830 choice but to reboot if you are running on Windows 9X. If you are |
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831 running on Windows NT/2K, you can use a process viewer application to kill |
24095 | 832 the appropriate instance of ntvdm instead (this will terminate both DOS |
833 subprocesses). | |
834 | |
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835 If you have to reboot Windows 9X in this situation, do not use the |
24095 | 836 @code{Shutdown} command on the @code{Start} menu; that usually hangs the |
837 system. Instead, type @kbd{CTL-ALT-@key{DEL}} and then choose | |
838 @code{Shutdown}. That usually works, although it may take a few minutes | |
839 to do its job. | |
840 | |
841 @node Windows System Menu | |
842 @section Using the System Menu on Windows | |
843 | |
844 Emacs compiled as a native Windows application normally turns off the | |
845 Windows feature that tapping the @key{ALT} | |
846 key invokes the Windows menu. The reason is that the @key{ALT} also | |
847 serves as @key{META} in Emacs. When using Emacs, users often press the | |
848 @key{META} key temporarily and then change their minds; if this has the | |
849 effect of bringing up the Windows menu, it alters the meaning of | |
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850 subsequent commands. Many users find this frustrating. |
24095 | 851 |
852 @vindex w32-pass-alt-to-system | |
57368 | 853 You can re-enable Windows' default handling of tapping the @key{ALT} key |
24095 | 854 by setting @code{w32-pass-alt-to-system} to a non-@code{nil} value. |
855 | |
52401 | 856 @ignore |
857 arch-tag: f39d2590-5dcc-4318-88d9-0eb73ca10fa2 | |
858 @end ignore |