Mercurial > emacs
annotate etc/emacs.1 @ 45098:06120f91eb06
(eshell-modify-global-environment): Added this customization variable,
which will cause any "export" commands within any eshell buffer to
modify the global Emacs environment. It defaults to nil, which means
that such commands will only modify that Eshell buffer's environment.
(eshell-var-initialize): Initialize `eshell-modify-global-environment'.
author | John Wiegley <johnw@newartisans.com> |
---|---|
date | Fri, 03 May 2002 20:43:53 +0000 |
parents | 92c292c91e9f |
children | 3766f43e95a9 |
rev | line source |
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36224 | 1 .\" Copyright (C) 1995, 1999, 2000, 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
36223 | 2 .\" |
3 .\" This file is part of GNU Emacs. | |
4 .\" | |
5 .\" GNU Emacs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify | |
6 .\" it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by | |
7 .\" the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) | |
8 .\" any later version. | |
9 .\" | |
10 .\" GNU Emacs is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, | |
11 .\" but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of | |
12 .\" MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the | |
13 .\" GNU General Public License for more details. | |
14 .\" | |
15 .\" You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License | |
16 .\" along with GNU Emacs; see the file COPYING. If not, write to the | |
17 .\" Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, | |
18 .\" Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. | |
19 .\" | |
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20 '\" t |
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21 .TH EMACS 1 "2001 November 23" |
25852 | 22 .UC 4 |
23 .SH NAME | |
24 emacs \- GNU project Emacs | |
25 .SH SYNOPSIS | |
26 .B emacs | |
27 [ | |
28 .I command-line switches | |
29 ] [ | |
30 .I files ... | |
31 ] | |
32 .br | |
33 .SH DESCRIPTION | |
34 .I GNU Emacs | |
35 is a version of | |
36 .I Emacs, | |
37 written by the author of the original (PDP-10) | |
38 .I Emacs, | |
39 Richard Stallman. | |
40 .br | |
41 The primary documentation of GNU Emacs is in the GNU Emacs Manual, | |
42 which you can read on line using Info, a subsystem of Emacs. Please | |
43 look there for complete and up-to-date documentation. This man page | |
44 is updated only when someone volunteers to do so; the Emacs | |
45 maintainers' priority goal is to minimize the amount of time this man | |
46 page takes away from other more useful projects. | |
47 .br | |
48 The user functionality of GNU Emacs encompasses | |
49 everything other | |
50 .I Emacs | |
51 editors do, and it is easily extensible since its | |
52 editing commands are written in Lisp. | |
53 .PP | |
54 .I Emacs | |
55 has an extensive interactive help facility, | |
56 but the facility assumes that you know how to manipulate | |
57 .I Emacs | |
58 windows and buffers. | |
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59 CTRL-h or F1 enters the Help facility. Help Tutorial (CTRL-h t) |
25852 | 60 requests an interactive tutorial which can teach beginners the fundamentals |
61 of | |
62 .I Emacs | |
63 in a few minutes. | |
64 Help Apropos (CTRL-h a) helps you | |
65 find a command given its functionality, Help Character (CTRL-h c) | |
66 describes a given character's effect, and Help Function (CTRL-h f) | |
67 describes a given Lisp function specified by name. | |
68 .PP | |
69 .I Emacs's | |
70 Undo can undo several steps of modification to your buffers, so it is | |
71 easy to recover from editing mistakes. | |
72 .PP | |
73 .I GNU Emacs's | |
74 many special packages handle mail reading (RMail) and sending (Mail), | |
75 outline editing (Outline), compiling (Compile), running subshells | |
76 within | |
77 .I Emacs | |
78 windows (Shell), running a Lisp read-eval-print loop | |
79 (Lisp-Interaction-Mode), and automated psychotherapy (Doctor). | |
80 .PP | |
81 There is an extensive reference manual, but | |
82 users of other Emacses | |
83 should have little trouble adapting even | |
84 without a copy. Users new to | |
85 .I Emacs | |
86 will be able | |
87 to use basic features fairly rapidly by studying the tutorial and | |
88 using the self-documentation features. | |
89 .PP | |
90 .SM Emacs Options | |
91 .PP | |
92 The following options are of general interest: | |
93 .TP 8 | |
94 .I file | |
95 Edit | |
96 .I file. | |
97 .TP | |
98 .BI \+ number | |
99 Go to the line specified by | |
100 .I number | |
101 (do not insert a space between the "+" sign and | |
102 the number). | |
103 .TP | |
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104 .BI \+ line:column |
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105 Go to the specified |
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106 .I line |
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107 and |
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108 .I column |
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109 .TP |
25852 | 110 .B \-q |
111 Do not load an init file. | |
112 .TP | |
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113 .B \-no-site-file |
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114 Do not load the site-wide startup file. |
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115 .TP |
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116 .BI \-debug-init |
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117 Enable |
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118 .I Emacs |
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119 Lisp debugger during the processing of the user init file |
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120 .BI ~/.emacs. |
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121 This is useful for debugging problems in the init file. |
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122 .TP |
25852 | 123 .BI \-u " user" |
124 Load | |
125 .I user's | |
126 init file. | |
127 .TP | |
128 .BI \-t " file" | |
129 Use specified | |
130 .I file | |
131 as the terminal instead of using stdin/stdout. | |
132 This must be the first argument specified in the command line. | |
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133 .TP |
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134 .B \-version |
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135 Display |
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136 .I Emacs |
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137 version information and exit. |
25852 | 138 .PP |
139 The following options are lisp-oriented | |
140 (these options are processed in the order encountered): | |
141 .TP 8 | |
142 .BI \-f " function" | |
143 Execute the lisp function | |
144 .I function. | |
145 .TP | |
146 .BI \-l " file" | |
147 Load the lisp code in the file | |
148 .I file. | |
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149 .TP |
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150 .BI \-eval " expr" |
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151 Evaluate the Lisp expression |
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152 .I expr. |
25852 | 153 .PP |
154 The following options are useful when running | |
155 .I Emacs | |
156 as a batch editor: | |
157 .TP 8 | |
158 .BI \-batch | |
159 Edit in batch mode. The editor will send messages to stderr. This | |
160 option must be the first in the argument list. You must use -l and -f | |
161 options to specify files to execute and functions to call. | |
162 .TP | |
163 .B \-kill | |
164 Exit | |
165 .I Emacs | |
166 while in batch mode. | |
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167 .TP |
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168 .BI \-L " directory" |
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169 Add |
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170 .I directory |
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171 to the list of directories |
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172 .I Emacs |
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173 searches for Lisp files. |
25852 | 174 .\" START DELETING HERE IF YOU'RE NOT USING X |
175 .PP | |
176 .SM Using Emacs with X | |
177 .PP | |
178 .I Emacs | |
179 has been tailored to work well with the X window system. | |
180 If you run | |
181 .I Emacs | |
182 from under X windows, it will create its own X window to | |
183 display in. You will probably want to start the editor | |
184 as a background process | |
185 so that you can continue using your original window. | |
186 .PP | |
187 .I Emacs | |
188 can be started with the following X switches: | |
189 .TP 8 | |
190 .BI \-name " name" | |
191 Specifies the name which should be assigned to the initial | |
192 .I Emacs | |
193 window. This controls looking up X resources as well as the window title. | |
194 .TP 8 | |
195 .BI \-title " name" | |
196 Specifies the title for the initial X window. | |
197 .TP 8 | |
198 .B \-r | |
199 Display the | |
200 .I Emacs | |
201 window in reverse video. | |
202 .TP | |
203 .B \-i | |
204 Use the "kitchen sink" bitmap icon when iconifying the | |
205 .I Emacs | |
206 window. | |
207 .TP | |
208 .BI \-font " font, " \-fn " font" | |
209 Set the | |
210 .I Emacs | |
211 window's font to that specified by | |
212 .I font. | |
213 You will find the various | |
214 .I X | |
215 fonts in the | |
216 .I /usr/lib/X11/fonts | |
217 directory. | |
218 Note that | |
219 .I Emacs | |
220 will only accept fixed width fonts. | |
221 Under the X11 Release 4 font-naming conventions, any font with the | |
222 value "m" or "c" in the eleventh field of the font name is a fixed | |
223 width font. Furthermore, fonts whose name are of the form | |
224 .IR width x height | |
225 are generally fixed width, as is the font | |
226 .IR fixed . | |
227 See | |
228 .IR xlsfonts (1) | |
229 for more information. | |
230 | |
231 When you specify a font, be sure to put a space between the | |
232 switch and the font name. | |
233 .TP | |
30349 | 234 .BI \-bw " pixels" |
25852 | 235 Set the |
236 .I Emacs | |
237 window's border width to the number of pixels specified by | |
238 .I pixels. | |
239 Defaults to one pixel on each side of the window. | |
240 .TP | |
241 .BI \-ib " pixels" | |
242 Set the window's internal border width to the number of pixels specified | |
243 by | |
244 .I pixels. | |
245 Defaults to one pixel of padding on each side of the window. | |
246 .PP | |
247 .TP 8 | |
248 .BI \-geometry " geometry" | |
249 Set the | |
250 .I Emacs | |
251 window's width, height, and position as specified. The geometry | |
252 specification is in the standard X format; see | |
253 .IR X (1) | |
254 for more information. | |
255 The width and height are specified in characters; the default is 80 by | |
256 24. | |
257 .PP | |
258 .TP 8 | |
259 .BI \-fg " color" | |
260 On color displays, sets the color of the text. | |
261 | |
262 See the file | |
263 .I /usr/lib/X11/rgb.txt | |
264 for a list of valid | |
265 color names. | |
266 .TP | |
267 .BI \-bg " color" | |
268 On color displays, | |
269 sets the color of the window's background. | |
270 .TP | |
271 .BI \-bd " color" | |
272 On color displays, | |
273 sets the color of the window's border. | |
274 .TP | |
275 .BI \-cr " color" | |
276 On color displays, | |
277 sets the color of the window's text cursor. | |
278 .TP | |
279 .BI \-ms " color" | |
280 On color displays, | |
281 sets the color of the window's mouse cursor. | |
282 .TP | |
283 .BI \-d " displayname, " \-display " displayname" | |
284 Create the | |
285 .I Emacs | |
286 window on the display specified by | |
287 .IR displayname . | |
288 Must be the first option specified in the command line. | |
289 .TP | |
290 .B \-nw | |
291 Tells | |
292 .I Emacs | |
293 not to use its special interface to X. If you use this | |
294 switch when invoking | |
295 .I Emacs | |
296 from an | |
297 .IR xterm (1) | |
298 window, display is done in that window. | |
299 This must be the first option specified in the command line. | |
300 .PP | |
301 You can set | |
302 .I X | |
303 default values for your | |
304 .I Emacs | |
305 windows in your | |
306 .I \.Xresources | |
307 file (see | |
308 .IR xrdb (1)). | |
309 Use the following format: | |
310 .IP | |
311 emacs.keyword:value | |
312 .PP | |
313 where | |
314 .I value | |
315 specifies the default value of | |
316 .I keyword. | |
317 .I Emacs | |
318 lets you set default values for the following keywords: | |
319 .TP 8 | |
320 .B font (\fPclass\fB Font) | |
321 Sets the window's text font. | |
322 .TP | |
323 .B reverseVideo (\fPclass\fB ReverseVideo) | |
324 If | |
325 .I reverseVideo's | |
326 value is set to | |
327 .I on, | |
328 the window will be displayed in reverse video. | |
329 .TP | |
330 .B bitmapIcon (\fPclass\fB BitmapIcon) | |
331 If | |
332 .I bitmapIcon's | |
333 value is set to | |
334 .I on, | |
335 the window will iconify into the "kitchen sink." | |
336 .TP | |
337 .B borderWidth (\fPclass\fB BorderWidth) | |
338 Sets the window's border width in pixels. | |
339 .TP | |
340 .B internalBorder (\fPclass\fB BorderWidth) | |
341 Sets the window's internal border width in pixels. | |
342 .TP | |
343 .B foreground (\fPclass\fB Foreground) | |
344 For color displays, | |
345 sets the window's text color. | |
346 .TP | |
347 .B background (\fPclass\fB Background) | |
348 For color displays, | |
349 sets the window's background color. | |
350 .TP | |
351 .B borderColor (\fPclass\fB BorderColor) | |
352 For color displays, | |
353 sets the color of the window's border. | |
354 .TP | |
355 .B cursorColor (\fPclass\fB Foreground) | |
356 For color displays, | |
357 sets the color of the window's text cursor. | |
358 .TP | |
359 .B pointerColor (\fPclass\fB Foreground) | |
360 For color displays, | |
361 sets the color of the window's mouse cursor. | |
362 .TP | |
363 .B geometry (\fPclass\fB Geometry) | |
364 Sets the geometry of the | |
365 .I Emacs | |
366 window (as described above). | |
367 .TP | |
368 .B title (\fPclass\fB Title) | |
369 Sets the title of the | |
370 .I Emacs | |
371 window. | |
372 .TP | |
373 .B iconName (\fPclass\fB Title) | |
374 Sets the icon name for the | |
375 .I Emacs | |
376 window icon. | |
377 .PP | |
378 If you try to set color values while using a black and white display, | |
379 the window's characteristics will default as follows: | |
380 the foreground color will be set to black, | |
381 the background color will be set to white, | |
382 the border color will be set to grey, | |
383 and the text and mouse cursors will be set to black. | |
384 .PP | |
385 .SM Using the Mouse | |
386 .PP | |
387 The following lists the mouse button bindings for the | |
388 .I Emacs | |
389 window under X11. | |
390 | |
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391 .TS |
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392 l l. |
25852 | 393 MOUSE BUTTON FUNCTION |
394 left Set point. | |
395 middle Paste text. | |
396 right Cut text into X cut buffer. | |
397 SHIFT-middle Cut text into X cut buffer. | |
398 SHIFT-right Paste text. | |
399 CTRL-middle Cut text into X cut buffer and kill it. | |
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400 CTRL-right T{ |
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401 Select this window, then split it into |
25852 | 402 two windows. Same as typing CTRL-x 2. |
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403 T} |
25852 | 404 .\" START DELETING HERE IF YOU'RE NOT USING X MENUS |
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405 CTRL-SHIFT-left T{ |
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406 X buffer menu--hold the buttons and keys |
25852 | 407 down, wait for menu to appear, select |
408 buffer, and release. Move mouse out of | |
409 menu and release to cancel. | |
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410 T} |
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411 CTRL-SHIFT-middle X help menu--pop up index card menu for Emacs help. |
25852 | 412 .\" STOP DELETING HERE IF YOU'RE NOT USING X MENUS |
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413 CTRL-SHIFT-right T{ |
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414 Select window with mouse, and delete all |
25852 | 415 other windows. Same as typing CTRL-x 1. |
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416 T} |
25852 | 417 .\" STOP DELETING HERE IF YOU'RE NOT USING X |
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418 .TE |
25852 | 419 .PP |
420 .SH MANUALS | |
421 You can order printed copies of the GNU Emacs Manual from the Free | |
422 Software Foundation, which develops GNU software. See the file ORDERS | |
423 for ordering information. | |
424 .br | |
425 Your local Emacs maintainer might also have copies available. As | |
426 with all software and publications from FSF, everyone is permitted to | |
427 make and distribute copies of the Emacs manual. The TeX source to the | |
428 manual is also included in the Emacs source distribution. | |
429 .PP | |
430 .SH FILES | |
431 /usr/local/info - files for the Info documentation browser | |
432 (a subsystem of Emacs) to refer to. Currently not much of Unix | |
433 is documented here, but the complete text of the Emacs reference | |
434 manual is included in a convenient tree structured form. | |
435 | |
436 /usr/local/share/emacs/$VERSION/src - C source files and object files | |
437 | |
438 /usr/local/share/emacs/$VERSION/lisp - Lisp source files and compiled files | |
439 that define most editing commands. Some are preloaded; | |
440 others are autoloaded from this directory when used. | |
441 | |
442 /usr/local/share/emacs/$VERSION/etc - various programs that are used with | |
443 GNU Emacs, and some files of information. | |
444 | |
445 /usr/local/share/emacs/$VERSION/etc/DOC.* - contains the documentation | |
446 strings for the Lisp primitives and preloaded Lisp functions | |
447 of GNU Emacs. They are stored here to reduce the size of | |
448 Emacs proper. | |
449 | |
450 /usr/local/share/emacs/$VERSION/etc/OTHER.EMACSES discusses GNU Emacs | |
451 vs. other versions of Emacs. | |
452 .br | |
453 /usr/local/share/emacs/$VERSION/etc/SERVICE lists people offering | |
454 various services to assist users of GNU Emacs, including education, | |
455 troubleshooting, porting and customization. | |
456 .br | |
457 These files also have information useful to anyone wishing to write | |
458 programs in the Emacs Lisp extension language, which has not yet been fully | |
459 documented. | |
460 | |
461 /usr/local/com/emacs/lock - holds lock files that are made for all | |
462 files being modified in Emacs, to prevent simultaneous modification | |
463 of one file by two users. | |
464 | |
465 .\" START DELETING HERE IF YOU'RE NOT USING X | |
466 /usr/lib/X11/rgb.txt - list of valid X color names. | |
467 .\" STOP DELETING HERE IF YOU'RE NOT USING X | |
468 .PP | |
469 .SH BUGS | |
470 There is a mailing list, bug-gnu-emacs@prep.ai.mit.edu on the internet | |
471 (ucbvax!prep.ai.mit.edu!bug-gnu-emacs on UUCPnet), for reporting Emacs | |
472 bugs and fixes. But before reporting something as a bug, please try | |
473 to be sure that it really is a bug, not a misunderstanding or a | |
474 deliberate feature. We ask you to read the section ``Reporting Emacs | |
475 Bugs'' near the end of the reference manual (or Info system) for hints | |
476 on how and when to report bugs. Also, include the version number of | |
477 the Emacs you are running in \fIevery\fR bug report that you send in. | |
478 | |
479 Do not expect a personal answer to a bug report. The purpose of reporting | |
480 bugs is to get them fixed for everyone in the next release, if possible. | |
481 For personal assistance, look in the SERVICE file (see above) for | |
482 a list of people who offer it. | |
483 | |
484 Please do not send anything but bug reports to this mailing list. | |
485 Send requests to be added to mailing lists to the special list | |
486 info-gnu-emacs-request@prep.ai.mit.edu (or the corresponding UUCP | |
487 address). For more information about Emacs mailing lists, see the | |
488 file /usr/local/emacs/etc/MAILINGLISTS. Bugs tend actually to be | |
489 fixed if they can be isolated, so it is in your interest to report | |
490 them in such a way that they can be easily reproduced. | |
491 .PP | |
492 Bugs that I know about are: shell will not work with programs | |
493 running in Raw mode on some Unix versions. | |
494 .SH UNRESTRICTIONS | |
495 .PP | |
496 .I Emacs | |
497 is free; anyone may redistribute copies of | |
498 .I Emacs | |
499 to | |
500 anyone under the terms stated in the | |
501 .I Emacs | |
502 General Public License, | |
503 a copy of which accompanies each copy of | |
504 .I Emacs | |
505 and which also | |
506 appears in the reference manual. | |
507 .PP | |
508 Copies of | |
509 .I Emacs | |
510 may sometimes be received packaged with distributions of Unix systems, | |
511 but it is never included in the scope of any license covering those | |
512 systems. Such inclusion violates the terms on which distribution | |
513 is permitted. In fact, the primary purpose of the General Public | |
514 License is to prohibit anyone from attaching any other restrictions | |
515 to redistribution of | |
516 .I Emacs. | |
517 .PP | |
518 Richard Stallman encourages you to improve and extend | |
519 .I Emacs, | |
520 and urges that | |
521 you contribute your extensions to the GNU library. Eventually GNU | |
522 (Gnu's Not Unix) will be a complete replacement for Berkeley | |
523 Unix. | |
524 Everyone will be free to use, copy, study and change the GNU system. | |
525 .SH SEE ALSO | |
526 X(1), xlsfonts(1), xterm(1), xrdb(1) | |
527 .SH AUTHORS | |
528 .PP | |
529 .I Emacs | |
530 was written by Richard Stallman and the Free Software Foundation. | |
531 Joachim Martillo and Robert Krawitz added the X features. | |
37455 | 532 .SH COPYING |
533 Copyright | |
534 .if t \(co | |
535 .if n (c) | |
37514 | 536 1995, 1999, 2000, 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
37455 | 537 .PP |
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538 Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this |
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539 document provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are |
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540 preserved on all copies. |
37455 | 541 .PP |
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542 Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of |
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543 this document under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that |
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544 the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of |
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545 a permission notice identical to this one. |
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546 .PP |
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547 Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this |
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548 document into another language, under the above conditions for |
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549 modified versions, except that this permission notice may be stated |
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550 in a translation approved by the Free Software Foundation. |