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1 \input texinfo
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2
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3 @setchapternewpage odd
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4 @settitle GNU Emacs Manual
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5 @setfilename ../info/emacs
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6 @synindex pg cp
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7
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8 @ifinfo
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9 @c The edition number appears in several places in this file
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10 This is the thirteenth edition of the @cite{GNU Emacs Manual},
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11 updated for Emacs version 20.4
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12 @c Please REMEMBER to update edition number in *three* places in this file.
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13
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14 @dircategory Editors
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15 @direntry
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16 * Emacs: (emacs). The extensible self-documenting text editor.
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17 @end direntry
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18
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19 Published by the Free Software Foundation
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20 59 Temple Place, Suite 330
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21 Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
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22
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23 Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998
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24 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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25
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26 Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
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27 this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
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28 are preserved on all copies.
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29
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30 @ignore
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31 Permission is granted to process this file through Tex and print the
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32 results, provided the printed document carries copying permission
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33 notice identical to this one except for the removal of this paragraph
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34 (this paragraph not being relevant to the printed manual).
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35
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36 @end ignore
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37 Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
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38 manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the
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39 sections entitled ``The GNU Manifesto'', ``Distribution'' and ``GNU
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40 General Public License'' are included exactly as in the original, and
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41 provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the
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42 terms of a permission notice identical to this one.
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43
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44 Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
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45 into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions,
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46 except that the sections entitled ``The GNU Manifesto'',
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47 ``Distribution'' and ``GNU General Public License'' may be included in a
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48 translation approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the
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49 original English.
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50 @end ifinfo
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51 @c
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52 @c comment out this line if you do NOT want to have indication that
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53 @c an index entry appears in the texinfo file near this line of text.
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54 @c this line should definitely be commented out for printing a master
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55 @c and for making the version to go on the floppy disk.
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56 @c
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57 @c @include /gd/gnu/doc/margins-comment-format.texi
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58
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59 @c in general, keep the following line commented out, unless doing a
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60 @c copy of this manual that will be published. the manual should go
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61 @c onto the distribution in the full, 8.5 x 11" size.
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62
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63 @smallbook
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64
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65 @iftex
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66 @kbdinputstyle code
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67
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68 @shorttitlepage GNU Emacs Manual
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69 @end iftex
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70 @titlepage
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71 @sp 6
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72 @center @titlefont{GNU Emacs Manual}
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73 @sp 4
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74 @center Thirteenth Edition, Updated for Emacs Version 20.4
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75 @sp 5
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76 @center Richard Stallman
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77 @page
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78 @vskip 0pt plus 1filll
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79 Copyright @copyright{} 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998
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80 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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81 @sp 2
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82 Thirteenth Edition @*
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83 Updated for Emacs Version 20.4, @*
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84 August 1998
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85
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86 ISBN 1-882114-06-X
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87 @sp 1
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88 Published by the Free Software Foundation @*
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89 59 Temple Place, Suite 330 @*
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90 Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
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91 @sp 1
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92 Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
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93 this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
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94 are preserved on all copies.
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95
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96 Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
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97 manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the
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98 sections entitled ``The GNU Manifesto'', ``Distribution'' and ``GNU
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99 General Public License'' are included exactly as in the original, and
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100 provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the
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101 terms of a permission notice identical to this one.
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102
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103 Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
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104 into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions,
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105 except that the sections entitled ``The GNU Manifesto'',
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106 ``Distribution'' and ``GNU General Public License'' may be included in a
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107 translation approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the
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108 original English.
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109
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110 @sp 2
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111 Cover art by Etienne Suvasa.
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112
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113 @end titlepage
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114 @page
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115 @ifinfo
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116 @node Top, Distrib, (dir), (dir)
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117 @top The Emacs Editor
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118
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119 Emacs is the extensible, customizable, self-documenting real-time
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120 display editor. This Info file describes how to edit with Emacs and
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121 some of how to customize it; it corresponds to GNU Emacs version 20.4.
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122 For information on extending Emacs, see @ref{,Emacs Lisp,, elisp, The
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123 Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}.
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124 @end ifinfo
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125
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126 @ignore
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127 These subcategories have been deleted for simplicity
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128 and to avoid conflicts.
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129 Completion
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130 Backup Files
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131 Auto-Saving: Protection Against Disasters
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132 Snapshots
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133 Text Mode
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134 Outline Mode
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135 @TeX{} Mode
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136 Formatted Text
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137 Fortran Mode
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138 Fortran Indentation
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139 Shell Command History
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140
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141 The ones for Dired and Rmail have had the items turned into :: items
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142 to avoid conflicts.
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143 Also Running Shell Commands from Emacs
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144 and Sending Mail and Registers and Minibuffer.
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145 @end ignore
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146
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147 @menu
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148 * Distrib:: How to get the latest Emacs distribution.
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149 * Copying:: The GNU General Public License gives you permission
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150 to redistribute GNU Emacs on certain terms;
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151 it also explains that there is no warranty.
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152 * Intro:: An introduction to Emacs concepts.
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153 * Glossary:: The glossary.
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154 * Antinews:: Information about Emacs version 19.
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155 * MS-DOS:: Using Emacs on MS-DOS (otherwise known as "MS-DOG").
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156 * Manifesto:: What's GNU? Gnu's Not Unix!
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157 * Acknowledgments:: Major contributors to GNU Emacs.
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158
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159 Indexes (nodes containing large menus)
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160 * Key Index:: An item for each standard Emacs key sequence.
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161 * Command Index:: An item for each command name.
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162 * Variable Index:: An item for each documented variable.
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163 * Concept Index:: An item for each concept.
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164
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165 Important General Concepts
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166 * Screen:: How to interpret what you see on the screen.
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167 * User Input:: Kinds of input events (characters, buttons,
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168 function keys).
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169 * Keys:: Key sequences: what you type to request one
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170 editing action.
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171 * Commands:: Named functions run by key sequences to do editing.
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172 * Text Characters:: Character set for text (the contents of buffers
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173 and strings).
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174 * Entering Emacs:: Starting Emacs from the shell.
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175 * Exiting:: Stopping or killing Emacs.
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176 * Command Arguments:: Hairy startup options.
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177
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178 Fundamental Editing Commands
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179 * Basic:: The most basic editing commands.
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180 * Minibuffer:: Entering arguments that are prompted for.
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181 * M-x:: Invoking commands by their names.
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182 * Help:: Commands for asking Emacs about its commands.
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183
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184 Important Text-Changing Commands
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185 * Mark:: The mark: how to delimit a ``region'' of text.
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186 * Killing:: Killing text.
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187 * Yanking:: Recovering killed text. Moving text.
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188 * Accumulating Text:: Other ways of copying text.
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189 * Rectangles:: Operating on the text inside a rectangle on the screen.
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190 * Registers:: Saving a text string or a location in the buffer.
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191 * Display:: Controlling what text is displayed.
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192 * Search:: Finding or replacing occurrences of a string.
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193 * Fixit:: Commands especially useful for fixing typos.
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194
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195 Major Structures of Emacs
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196 * Files:: All about handling files.
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197 * Buffers:: Multiple buffers; editing several files at once.
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198 * Windows:: Viewing two pieces of text at once.
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199 * Frames:: Running the same Emacs session in multiple X windows.
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200 * International:: Using non-ASCII character sets.
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201
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202 Advanced Features
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203 * Major Modes:: Text mode vs. Lisp mode vs. C mode ...
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204 * Indentation:: Editing the white space at the beginnings of lines.
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205 * Text:: Commands and modes for editing English.
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206 * Programs:: Commands and modes for editing programs.
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207 * Building:: Compiling, running and debugging programs.
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208 * Abbrevs:: How to define text abbreviations to reduce
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209 the number of characters you must type.
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210 * Picture:: Editing pictures made up of characters
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211 using the quarter-plane screen model.
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212 * Sending Mail:: Sending mail in Emacs.
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213 * Rmail:: Reading mail in Emacs.
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214 * Dired:: You can ``edit'' a directory to manage files in it.
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215 * Calendar/Diary:: The calendar and diary facilities.
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216 * Gnus:: How to read netnews with Emacs.
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217 * Shell:: Executing shell commands from Emacs.
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218 * Emacs Server:: Using Emacs as an editing server for @code{mail}, etc.
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219 * Hardcopy:: Printing buffers or regions.
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220 * Postscript:: Printing buffers or regions as Postscript.
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221 * Postscript Variables::
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222 Customizing the Postscript printing commands.
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223 * Sorting:: Sorting lines, paragraphs or pages within Emacs.
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224 * Narrowing:: Restricting display and editing to a portion
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225 of the buffer.
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226 * Two-Column:: Splitting apart columns to edit them
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227 in side-by-side windows.
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228 * Editing Binary Files::
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229 Using Hexl mode to edit binary files.
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230 * Saving Emacs Sessions::
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231 Saving Emacs state from one session to the next.
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232 * Recursive Edit:: A command can allow you to do editing
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233 "within the command". This is called a
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234 `recursive editing level'.
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235 * Emulation:: Emulating some other editors with Emacs.
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236 * Dissociated Press:: Dissociating text for fun.
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237 * Amusements:: Various games and hacks.
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238 * Customization:: Modifying the behavior of Emacs.
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239
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240 Recovery from Problems
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241 * Quitting:: Quitting and aborting.
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242 * Lossage:: What to do if Emacs is hung or malfunctioning.
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243 * Bugs:: How and when to report a bug.
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244 * Contributing:: How to contribute improvements to Emacs.
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245 * Service:: How to get help for your own Emacs needs.
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246
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247 Here are some other nodes which are really inferiors of the ones
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248 already listed, mentioned here so you can get to them in one step:
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249
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250 --- The Detailed Node Listing ---
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251
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252 The Organization of the Screen
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253
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254 * Point:: The place in the text where editing commands operate.
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255 * Echo Area:: Short messages appear at the bottom of the screen.
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256 * Mode Line:: Interpreting the mode line.
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257 * Menu Bar:: How to use the menu bar.
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258
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259 Basic Editing Commands
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260
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261 * Inserting Text:: Inserting text by simply typing it.
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262 * Moving Point:: How to move the cursor to the place where you want to
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263 change something.
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264 * Erasing:: Deleting and killing text.
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265 * Undo:: Undoing recent changes in the text.
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266 * Files: Basic Files. Visiting, creating, and saving files.
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267 * Help: Basic Help. Asking what a character does.
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268 * Blank Lines:: Commands to make or delete blank lines.
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269 * Continuation Lines:: Lines too wide for the screen.
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270 * Position Info:: What page, line, row, or column is point on?
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271 * Arguments:: Numeric arguments for repeating a command.
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272
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273 The Minibuffer
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274
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275 * Minibuffer File:: Entering file names with the minibuffer.
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276 * Minibuffer Edit:: How to edit in the minibuffer.
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277 * Completion:: An abbreviation facility for minibuffer input.
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278 * Minibuffer History:: Reusing recent minibuffer arguments.
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279 * Repetition:: Re-executing commands that used the minibuffer.
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280
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281 Help
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282
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283 * Help Summary:: Brief list of all Help commands.
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284 * Key Help:: Asking what a key does in Emacs.
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285 * Name Help:: Asking about a command, variable or function name.
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286 * Apropos:: Asking what pertains to a given topic.
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287 * Library Keywords:: Finding Lisp libraries by keywords (topics).
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288 * Language Help:: Help relating to international language support.
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289 * Misc Help:: Other help commands.
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290
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291 The Mark and the Region
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292
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293 * Setting Mark:: Commands to set the mark.
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294 * Transient Mark:: How to make Emacs highlight the region--
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295 when there is one.
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296 * Using Region:: Summary of ways to operate on contents of the region.
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297 * Marking Objects:: Commands to put region around textual units.
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298 * Mark Ring:: Previous mark positions saved so you can go back there.
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299 * Global Mark Ring:: Previous mark positions in various buffers.
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300
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301 Deletion and Killing
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302
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303 * Deletion:: Commands for deleting small amounts of text and
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304 blank areas.
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305 * Killing by Lines:: How to kill entire lines of text at one time.
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306 * Other Kill Commands:: Commands to kill large regions of text and
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307 syntactic units such as words and sentences.
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308
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309 Yanking
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310
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311 * Kill Ring:: Where killed text is stored. Basic yanking.
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312 * Appending Kills:: Several kills in a row all yank together.
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313 * Earlier Kills:: Yanking something killed some time ago.
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314
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315 Registers
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316
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317 * RegPos:: Saving positions in registers.
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318 * RegText:: Saving text in registers.
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319 * RegRect:: Saving rectangles in registers.
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320 * RegConfig:: Saving window configurations in registers.
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321 * RegFiles:: File names in registers.
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322 * Bookmarks:: Bookmarks are like registers, but persistent.
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323
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324 Controlling the Display
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325
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326 * Scrolling:: Moving text up and down in a window.
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327 * Horizontal Scrolling:: Moving text left and right in a window.
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328 * Follow Mode:: Follow mode lets two windows scroll as one.
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329 * Selective Display:: Hiding lines with lots of indentation.
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330 * Optional Mode Line:: Optional mode line display features.
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331 * Text Display:: How text is normally displayed.
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332 * Display Vars:: Information on variables for customizing display.
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333
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334 Searching and Replacement
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335
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336 * Incremental Search:: Search happens as you type the string.
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337 * Nonincremental Search:: Specify entire string and then search.
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338 * Word Search:: Search for sequence of words.
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339 * Regexp Search:: Search for match for a regexp.
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340 * Regexps:: Syntax of regular expressions.
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341 * Search Case:: To ignore case while searching, or not.
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342 * Replace:: Search, and replace some or all matches.
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343 * Other Repeating Search:: Operating on all matches for some regexp.
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344
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345 Replacement Commands
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346
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347 * Unconditional Replace:: Replacing all matches for a string.
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348 * Regexp Replace:: Replacing all matches for a regexp.
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349 * Replacement and Case:: How replacements preserve case of letters.
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350 * Query Replace:: How to use querying.
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351
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352 Commands for Fixing Typos
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353
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354 * Kill Errors:: Commands to kill a batch of recently entered text.
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355 * Transpose:: Exchanging two characters, words, lines, lists...
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356 * Fixing Case:: Correcting case of last word entered.
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357 * Spelling:: Apply spelling checker to a word or a whole buffer.
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358
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359 File Handling
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360
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361 * File Names:: How to type and edit file-name arguments.
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362 * Visiting:: Visiting a file prepares Emacs to edit the file.
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363 * Saving:: Saving makes your changes permanent.
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364 * Reverting:: Reverting cancels all the changes not saved.
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365 * Auto Save:: Auto Save periodically protects against loss of data.
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366 * File Aliases:: Handling multiple names for one file.
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367 * Version Control:: Version control systems (RCS, CVS and SCCS).
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368 * Directories:: Creating, deleting, and listing file directories.
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369 * Comparing Files:: Finding where two files differ.
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370 * Misc File Ops:: Other things you can do on files.
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371 * Compressed Files:: Accessing compressed files.
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372 * Remote Files:: Accessing files on other sites.
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373 * Quoted File Names:: Quoting special characters in file names.
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374
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375 Saving Files
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376
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377 * Backup:: How Emacs saves the old version of your file.
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378 * Interlocking:: How Emacs protects against simultaneous editing
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379 of one file by two users.
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380
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381 Version Control
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382
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383 * Introduction to VC:: How version control works in general.
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384 * VC Mode Line:: How the mode line shows version control status.
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385 * Basic VC Editing:: How to edit a file under version control.
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386 * Old Versions:: Examining and comparing old versions.
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387 * Secondary VC Commands:: The commands used a little less frequently.
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388 * Branches:: Multiple lines of development.
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389 * Snapshots:: Sets of file versions treated as a unit.
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390 * Miscellaneous VC:: Various other commands and features of VC.
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391 * Customizing VC:: Variables that change VC's behavior.
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392
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393 Using Multiple Buffers
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394
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395 * Select Buffer:: Creating a new buffer or reselecting an old one.
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396 * List Buffers:: Getting a list of buffers that exist.
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397 * Misc Buffer:: Renaming; changing read-onlyness; copying text.
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398 * Kill Buffer:: Killing buffers you no longer need.
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399 * Several Buffers:: How to go through the list of all buffers
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400 and operate variously on several of them.
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401 * Indirect Buffers:: An indirect buffer shares the text of another buffer.
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402
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403 Multiple Windows
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404
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405 * Basic Window:: Introduction to Emacs windows.
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406 * Split Window:: New windows are made by splitting existing windows.
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407 * Other Window:: Moving to another window or doing something to it.
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408 * Pop Up Window:: Finding a file or buffer in another window.
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409 * Force Same Window:: Forcing certain buffers to appear in the selected
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410 window rather than in another window.
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411 * Change Window:: Deleting windows and changing their sizes.
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412
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413 Frames and X Windows
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414
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415 * Mouse Commands:: Moving, cutting, and pasting, with the mouse.
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416 * Secondary Selection:: Cutting without altering point and mark.
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417 * Mouse References:: Using the mouse to select an item from a list.
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418 * Menu Mouse Clicks:: Mouse clicks that bring up menus.
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419 * Mode Line Mouse:: Mouse clicks on the mode line.
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420 * Creating Frames:: Creating additional Emacs frames with various contents.
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421 * Multiple Displays:: How one Emacs job can talk to several displays.
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422 * Special Buffer Frames:: You can make certain buffers have their own frames.
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423 * Frame Parameters:: Changing the colors and other modes of frames.
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424 * Scroll Bars:: How to enable and disable scroll bars; how to use them.
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425 * Menu Bars:: Enabling and disabling the menu bar.
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426 * Faces:: How to change the display style using faces.
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427 * Font Lock:: Minor mode for syntactic highlighting using faces.
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428 * Support Modes:: Font Lock support modes make Font Lock faster.
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429 * Misc X:: Iconifying and deleting frames. Region highlighting.
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430 * Non-Window Terminals:: Multiple frames on terminals that show only one.
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431
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432 Font Lock Support Modes
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433
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434 * Fast Lock Mode:: Saving font information in files.
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435 * Lazy Lock Mode:: Fontifying only text that is actually displayed.
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436 * Fast or Lazy:: Which support mode is best for you?
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437
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438 International Character Set Support
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439
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440 * International Intro:: Basic concepts of multibyte characters.
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441 * Enabling Multibyte:: Controlling whether to use multibyte characters.
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442 * Language Environments:: Setting things up for the language you use.
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443 * Input Methods:: Entering text characters not on your keyboard.
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444 * Select Input Method:: Specifying your choice of input methods.
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445 * Coding Systems:: Character set conversion when you read and
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446 write files, and so on.
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447 * Recognize Coding:: How Emacs figures out which conversion to use.
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448 * Specify Coding:: Various ways to choose which conversion to use.
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449 * Fontsets:: Fontsets are collections of fonts
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450 that cover the whole spectrum of characters.
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451 * Defining Fontsets:: Defining a new fontset.
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452 * Single-Byte European Support::
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453 You can pick one European character set
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454 to use without multibyte characters.
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455
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456 Major Modes
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457
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458 * Choosing Modes:: How major modes are specified or chosen.
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459
|
|
460 Indentation
|
|
461
|
|
462 * Indentation Commands:: Various commands and techniques for indentation.
|
|
463 * Tab Stops:: You can set arbitrary "tab stops" and then
|
|
464 indent to the next tab stop when you want to.
|
|
465 * Just Spaces:: You can request indentation using just spaces.
|
|
466
|
|
467 Commands for Human Languages
|
|
468
|
|
469 * Words:: Moving over and killing words.
|
|
470 * Sentences:: Moving over and killing sentences.
|
|
471 * Paragraphs:: Moving over paragraphs.
|
|
472 * Pages:: Moving over pages.
|
|
473 * Filling:: Filling or justifying text.
|
|
474 * Case:: Changing the case of text.
|
|
475 * Text Mode:: The major modes for editing text files.
|
|
476 * Outline Mode:: Editing outlines.
|
|
477 * TeX Mode:: Editing input to the formatter TeX.
|
|
478 * Nroff Mode:: Editing input to the formatter nroff.
|
|
479 * Formatted Text:: Editing formatted text directly in WYSIWYG fashion.
|
|
480
|
|
481 Filling Text
|
|
482
|
|
483 * Auto Fill:: Auto Fill mode breaks long lines automatically.
|
|
484 * Fill Commands:: Commands to refill paragraphs and center lines.
|
|
485 * Fill Prefix:: Filling paragraphs that are indented
|
|
486 or in a comment, etc.
|
|
487 * Adaptive Fill:: How Emacs can determine the fill prefix automatically.
|
|
488
|
|
489 Editing Programs
|
|
490
|
|
491 * Program Modes:: Major modes for editing programs.
|
|
492 * Lists:: Expressions with balanced parentheses.
|
|
493 * List Commands:: The commands for working with list and sexps.
|
|
494 * Defuns:: Each program is made up of separate functions.
|
|
495 There are editing commands to operate on them.
|
|
496 * Program Indent:: Adjusting indentation to show the nesting.
|
|
497 * Matching:: Insertion of a close-delimiter flashes matching open.
|
|
498 * Comments:: Inserting, killing, and aligning comments.
|
|
499 * Balanced Editing:: Inserting two matching parentheses at once, etc.
|
|
500 * Symbol Completion:: Completion on symbol names of your program or language.
|
|
501 * Documentation:: Getting documentation of functions you plan to call.
|
|
502 * Change Log:: Maintaining a change history for your program.
|
|
503 * Tags:: Go directly to any function in your program in one
|
|
504 command. Tags remembers which file it is in.
|
|
505 * Emerge:: A convenient way of merging two versions of a program.
|
|
506 * C/Java Modes:: Special commands of C, C++, Objective-C and Java modes.
|
|
507 * Fortran:: Fortran mode and its special features.
|
|
508 * Asm Mode:: Asm mode and its special features.
|
|
509
|
|
510 Indentation for Programs
|
|
511
|
|
512 * Basic Indent:: Indenting a single line.
|
|
513 * Multi-line Indent:: Commands to reindent many lines at once.
|
|
514 * Lisp Indent:: Specifying how each Lisp function should be indented.
|
|
515 * C Indent:: Choosing an indentation style for C code.
|
|
516
|
|
517 Tags Tables
|
|
518
|
|
519 * Tag Syntax:: Tag syntax for various types of code and text files.
|
|
520 * Create Tags Table:: Creating a tags table with @code{etags}.
|
|
521 * Select Tags Table:: How to visit a tags table.
|
|
522 * Find Tag:: Commands to find the definition of a specific tag.
|
|
523 * Tags Search:: Using a tags table for searching and replacing.
|
|
524 * List Tags:: Listing and finding tags defined in a file.
|
|
525
|
|
526 Merging Files with Emerge
|
|
527
|
|
528 * Overview of Emerge:: How to start Emerge. Basic concepts.
|
|
529 * Submodes of Emerge:: Fast mode vs. Edit mode.
|
|
530 Skip Prefers mode and Auto Advance mode.
|
|
531 * State of Difference:: You do the merge by specifying state A or B
|
|
532 for each difference.
|
|
533 * Merge Commands:: Commands for selecting a difference,
|
|
534 changing states of differences, etc.
|
|
535 * Exiting Emerge:: What to do when you've finished the merge.
|
|
536 * Combining in Emerge:: How to keep both alternatives for a difference.
|
|
537 * Fine Points of Emerge:: Misc.
|
|
538
|
|
539 Compiling and Testing Programs
|
|
540
|
|
541 * Compilation:: Compiling programs in languages other
|
|
542 than Lisp (C, Pascal, etc.).
|
|
543 * Compilation Mode:: The mode for visiting compiler errors.
|
|
544 * Compilation Shell:: Customizing your shell properly
|
|
545 for use in the compilation buffer.
|
|
546 * Debuggers:: Running symbolic debuggers for non-Lisp programs.
|
|
547 * Executing Lisp:: Various modes for editing Lisp programs,
|
|
548 with different facilities for running
|
|
549 the Lisp programs.
|
|
550 * Lisp Libraries:: Creating Lisp programs to run in Emacs.
|
|
551 * Lisp Interaction:: Executing Lisp in an Emacs buffer.
|
|
552 * Lisp Eval:: Executing a single Lisp expression in Emacs.
|
|
553 * External Lisp:: Communicating through Emacs with a separate Lisp.
|
|
554
|
|
555 Running Debuggers Under Emacs
|
|
556
|
|
557 * Starting GUD:: How to start a debugger subprocess.
|
|
558 * Debugger Operation:: Connection between the debugger and source buffers.
|
|
559 * Commands of GUD:: Key bindings for common commands.
|
|
560 * GUD Customization:: Defining your own commands for GUD.
|
|
561
|
|
562 Abbrevs
|
|
563
|
|
564 * Abbrev Concepts:: Fundamentals of defined abbrevs.
|
|
565 * Defining Abbrevs:: Defining an abbrev, so it will expand when typed.
|
|
566 * Expanding Abbrevs:: Controlling expansion: prefixes, canceling expansion.
|
|
567 * Editing Abbrevs:: Viewing or editing the entire list of defined abbrevs.
|
|
568 * Saving Abbrevs:: Saving the entire list of abbrevs for another session.
|
|
569 * Dynamic Abbrevs:: Abbreviations for words already in the buffer.
|
|
570
|
|
571 Editing Pictures
|
|
572
|
|
573 * Basic Picture:: Basic concepts and simple commands of Picture Mode.
|
|
574 * Insert in Picture:: Controlling direction of cursor motion
|
|
575 after "self-inserting" characters.
|
|
576 * Tabs in Picture:: Various features for tab stops and indentation.
|
|
577 * Rectangles in Picture:: Clearing and superimposing rectangles.
|
|
578
|
|
579 Sending Mail
|
|
580
|
|
581 * Mail Format:: Format of the mail being composed.
|
|
582 * Mail Headers:: Details of permitted mail header fields.
|
|
583 * Mail Aliases:: Abbreviating and grouping mail addresses.
|
|
584 * Mail Mode:: Special commands for editing mail being composed.
|
|
585 * Distracting NSA:: How to distract the NSA's attention.
|
|
586 * Mail Methods:: Using alternative mail-composition methods.
|
|
587
|
|
588 Reading Mail with Rmail
|
|
589
|
|
590 * Rmail Basics:: Basic concepts of Rmail, and simple use.
|
|
591 * Rmail Scrolling:: Scrolling through a message.
|
|
592 * Rmail Motion:: Moving to another message.
|
|
593 * Rmail Deletion:: Deleting and expunging messages.
|
|
594 * Rmail Inbox:: How mail gets into the Rmail file.
|
|
595 * Rmail Files:: Using multiple Rmail files.
|
|
596 * Rmail Output:: Copying message out to files.
|
|
597 * Rmail Labels:: Classifying messages by labeling them.
|
|
598 * Rmail Attributes:: Certain standard labels, called attributes.
|
|
599 * Rmail Reply:: Sending replies to messages you are viewing.
|
|
600 * Rmail Summary:: Summaries show brief info on many messages.
|
|
601 * Rmail Sorting:: Sorting messages in Rmail.
|
|
602 * Rmail Display:: How Rmail displays a message; customization.
|
|
603 * Rmail Editing:: Editing message text and headers in Rmail.
|
|
604 * Rmail Digest:: Extracting the messages from a digest message.
|
|
605 * Out of Rmail:: Converting an Rmail file to mailbox format.
|
|
606 * Rmail Rot13:: Reading messages encoded in the rot13 code.
|
|
607 * Movemail:: More details of fetching new mail.
|
|
608
|
|
609 Dired, the Directory Editor
|
|
610
|
|
611 * Dired Enter:: How to invoke Dired.
|
|
612 * Dired Commands:: Commands in the Dired buffer.
|
|
613 * Dired Deletion:: Deleting files with Dired.
|
|
614 * Flagging Many Files:: Flagging files based on their names.
|
|
615 * Dired Visiting:: Other file operations through Dired.
|
|
616 * Marks vs Flags:: Flagging for deletion vs marking.
|
|
617 * Operating on Files:: How to copy, rename, print, compress, etc.
|
|
618 either one file or several files.
|
|
619 * Shell Commands in Dired:: Running a shell command on the marked files.
|
|
620 * Transforming File Names:: Using patterns to rename multiple files.
|
|
621 * Comparison in Dired:: Running `diff' by way of Dired.
|
|
622 * Subdirectories in Dired:: Adding subdirectories to the Dired buffer.
|
|
623 * Subdirectory Motion:: Moving across subdirectories, and up and down.
|
|
624 * Hiding Subdirectories:: Making subdirectories visible or invisible.
|
|
625 * Dired Updating:: Discarding lines for files of no interest.
|
|
626 * Dired and Find:: Using `find' to choose the files for Dired.
|
|
627
|
|
628 The Calendar and the Diary
|
|
629
|
|
630 * Calendar Motion:: Moving through the calendar; selecting a date.
|
|
631 * Scroll Calendar:: Bringing earlier or later months onto the screen.
|
|
632 * Counting Days:: How many days are there between two dates?
|
|
633 * General Calendar:: Exiting or recomputing the calendar.
|
|
634 * LaTeX Calendar:: Print a calendar using LaTeX.
|
|
635 * Holidays:: Displaying dates of holidays.
|
|
636 * Sunrise/Sunset:: Displaying local times of sunrise and sunset.
|
|
637 * Lunar Phases:: Displaying phases of the moon.
|
|
638 * Other Calendars:: Converting dates to other calendar systems.
|
|
639 * Diary:: Displaying events from your diary.
|
|
640 * Appointments:: Reminders when it's time to do something.
|
|
641 * Daylight Savings:: How to specify when daylight savings time is active.
|
|
642
|
|
643 Movement in the Calendar
|
|
644
|
|
645 * Calendar Unit Motion:: Moving by days, weeks, months, and years.
|
|
646 * Move to Beginning or End:: Moving to start/end of weeks, months, and years.
|
|
647 * Specified Dates:: Moving to the current date or another
|
|
648 specific date.
|
|
649
|
|
650 Conversion To and From Other Calendars
|
|
651
|
|
652 * Calendar Systems:: The calendars Emacs understands
|
|
653 (aside from Gregorian).
|
|
654 * To Other Calendar:: Converting the selected date to various calendars.
|
|
655 * From Other Calendar:: Moving to a date specified in another calendar.
|
|
656 * Mayan Calendar:: Moving to a date specified in a Mayan calendar.
|
|
657
|
|
658 The Diary
|
|
659
|
|
660 * Diary Commands:: Viewing diary entries and associated calendar dates.
|
|
661 * Format of Diary File:: Entering events in your diary.
|
|
662 * Date Formats:: Various ways you can specify dates.
|
|
663 * Adding to Diary:: Commands to create diary entries.
|
|
664 * Special Diary Entries:: Anniversaries, blocks of dates, cyclic entries, etc.
|
|
665
|
|
666 @sc{Gnus}
|
|
667
|
|
668 * Buffers of Gnus:: The group, summary, and article buffers.
|
|
669 * Gnus Startup:: What you should know about starting Gnus.
|
|
670 * Summary of Gnus:: A short description of the basic Gnus commands.
|
|
671
|
|
672 Running Shell Commands from Emacs
|
|
673
|
|
674 * Single Shell:: How to run one shell command and return.
|
|
675 * Interactive Shell:: Permanent shell taking input via Emacs.
|
|
676 * Shell Mode:: Special Emacs commands used with permanent shell.
|
|
677 * Shell History:: Repeating previous commands in a shell buffer.
|
|
678 * Shell Options:: Options for customizing Shell mode.
|
|
679 * Remote Host:: Connecting to another computer.
|
|
680
|
|
681 Customization
|
|
682
|
|
683 * Minor Modes:: Each minor mode is one feature you can turn on
|
|
684 independently of any others.
|
|
685 * Variables:: Many Emacs commands examine Emacs variables
|
|
686 to decide what to do; by setting variables,
|
|
687 you can control their functioning.
|
|
688 * Keyboard Macros:: A keyboard macro records a sequence of
|
|
689 keystrokes to be replayed with a single command.
|
|
690 * Key Bindings:: The keymaps say what command each key runs.
|
|
691 By changing them, you can "redefine keys".
|
|
692 * Keyboard Translations::
|
|
693 If your keyboard passes an undesired code
|
|
694 for a key, you can tell Emacs to
|
|
695 substitute another code.
|
|
696 * Syntax:: The syntax table controls how words and
|
|
697 expressions are parsed.
|
|
698 * Init File:: How to write common customizations in the
|
|
699 @file{.emacs} file.
|
|
700
|
|
701 Variables
|
|
702
|
|
703 * Examining:: Examining or setting one variable's value.
|
|
704 * Easy Customization::
|
|
705 Convenient and easy customization of variables.
|
|
706 * Hooks:: Hook variables let you specify programs for parts
|
|
707 of Emacs to run on particular occasions.
|
|
708 * Locals:: Per-buffer values of variables.
|
|
709 * File Variables:: How files can specify variable values.
|
|
710
|
|
711 Keyboard Macros
|
|
712
|
|
713 * Basic Kbd Macro:: Defining and running keyboard macros.
|
|
714 * Save Kbd Macro:: Giving keyboard macros names; saving them in files.
|
|
715 * Kbd Macro Query:: Making keyboard macros do different things each time.
|
|
716
|
|
717 Customizing Key Bindings
|
|
718
|
|
719 * Keymaps:: Generalities. The global keymap.
|
|
720 * Prefix Keymaps:: Keymaps for prefix keys.
|
|
721 * Local Keymaps:: Major and minor modes have their own keymaps.
|
|
722 * Minibuffer Maps:: The minibuffer uses its own local keymaps.
|
|
723 * Rebinding:: How to redefine one key's meaning conveniently.
|
|
724 * Init Rebinding:: Rebinding keys with your init file, @file{.emacs}.
|
|
725 * Function Keys:: Rebinding terminal function keys.
|
|
726 * Named ASCII Chars:: Distinguishing @key{TAB} from @kbd{C-i}, and so on.
|
|
727 * Mouse Buttons:: Rebinding mouse buttons in Emacs.
|
|
728 * Disabling:: Disabling a command means confirmation is required
|
|
729 before it can be executed. This is done to protect
|
|
730 beginners from surprises.
|
|
731
|
|
732 The Init File, @file{~/.emacs}
|
|
733
|
|
734 * Init Syntax:: Syntax of constants in Emacs Lisp.
|
|
735 * Init Examples:: How to do some things with an init file.
|
|
736 * Terminal Init:: Each terminal type can have an init file.
|
|
737 * Find Init:: How Emacs finds the init file.
|
|
738
|
|
739 Dealing with Emacs Trouble
|
|
740
|
|
741 * DEL Gets Help:: What to do if @key{DEL} doesn't delete.
|
|
742 * Stuck Recursive:: `[...]' in mode line around the parentheses.
|
|
743 * Screen Garbled:: Garbage on the screen.
|
|
744 * Text Garbled:: Garbage in the text.
|
|
745 * Unasked-for Search:: Spontaneous entry to incremental search.
|
|
746 * Memory Full:: How to cope when you run out of memory.
|
|
747 * Emergency Escape:: Emergency escape---
|
|
748 What to do if Emacs stops responding.
|
|
749 * Total Frustration:: When you are at your wits' end.
|
|
750
|
|
751 Reporting Bugs
|
|
752
|
|
753 * Criteria: Bug Criteria. Have you really found a bug?
|
|
754 * Understanding Bug Reporting:: How to report a bug effectively.
|
|
755 * Checklist:: Steps to follow for a good bug report.
|
|
756 * Sending Patches:: How to send a patch for GNU Emacs.
|
|
757
|
|
758 Command Line Options and Arguments
|
|
759
|
|
760 * Action Arguments:: Arguments to visit files, load libraries,
|
|
761 and call functions.
|
|
762 * Initial Options:: Arguments that take effect while starting Emacs.
|
|
763 * Command Example:: Examples of using command line arguments.
|
|
764 * Resume Arguments:: Specifying arguments when you resume a running Emacs.
|
|
765 * Environment:: Environment variables that Emacs uses.
|
|
766
|
|
767 * Display X:: Changing the default display and using remote login.
|
|
768 * Font X:: Choosing a font for text, under X.
|
|
769 * Colors X:: Choosing colors, under X.
|
|
770 * Window Size X:: Start-up window size, under X.
|
|
771 * Borders X:: Internal and external borders, under X.
|
|
772 * Title X:: Specifying the initial frame's title.
|
|
773 * Icons X:: Choosing what sort of icon to use, under X.
|
|
774 * Resources X:: Advanced use of classes and resources, under X.
|
|
775 * Lucid Resources:: X resources for Lucid menus.
|
|
776 * Motif Resources:: X resources for Motif menus.
|
|
777
|
|
778 Environment Variables
|
|
779
|
|
780 * General Variables:: Environment variables that all versions of Emacs use.
|
|
781 * Misc Variables:: Certain system specific variables.
|
|
782
|
|
783 MS-DOS and Windows NT/95
|
|
784
|
|
785 * MS-DOS Input:: Keyboard and mouse usage on MS-DOS.
|
|
786 * MS-DOS Display:: Fonts, frames and display size on MS-DOS.
|
|
787 * MS-DOS File Names:: File-name conventions on MS-DOS.
|
|
788 * Text and Binary:: Text files on MS-DOS use CRLF to separate lines.
|
|
789 * MS-DOS Printing:: How to specify the printer on MS-DOS.
|
|
790 * MS-DOS Processes:: Running subprocesses on MS-DOS.
|
|
791 * Windows Processes:: Running subprocesses on Windows.
|
|
792 * Windows System Menu:: Controlling what the ALT key does.
|
|
793 @end menu
|
|
794
|
|
795 @iftex
|
|
796 @unnumbered Preface
|
|
797
|
|
798 This manual documents the use and simple customization of the Emacs
|
|
799 editor. The reader is not expected to be a programmer; simple
|
|
800 customizations do not require programming skill. But the user who is not
|
|
801 interested in customizing can ignore the scattered customization hints.
|
|
802
|
|
803 This is primarily a reference manual, but can also be used as a
|
|
804 primer. For complete beginners, it is a good idea to start with the
|
|
805 on-line, learn-by-doing tutorial, before reading the manual. To run the
|
|
806 tutorial, start Emacs and type @kbd{C-h t}. This way you can learn
|
|
807 Emacs by using Emacs on a specially designed file which describes
|
|
808 commands, tells you when to try them, and then explains the results you
|
|
809 see.
|
|
810
|
|
811 On first reading, just skim chapters 1 and 2, which describe the
|
|
812 notational conventions of the manual and the general appearance of the
|
|
813 Emacs display screen. Note which questions are answered in these
|
|
814 chapters, so you can refer back later. After reading chapter 4, you
|
|
815 should practice the commands there. The next few chapters describe
|
|
816 fundamental techniques and concepts that are used constantly. You need
|
|
817 to understand them thoroughly, experimenting with them if necessary.
|
|
818
|
|
819 Chapters 14 through 19 describe intermediate-level features that are
|
|
820 useful for all kinds of editing. Chapter 20 and following chapters
|
|
821 describe features that you may or may not want to use; read those
|
|
822 chapters when you need them.
|
|
823
|
|
824 Read the Trouble chapter if Emacs does not seem to be working
|
|
825 properly. It explains how to cope with some common problems
|
|
826 (@pxref{Lossage}), as well as when and how to report Emacs bugs
|
|
827 (@pxref{Bugs}).
|
|
828
|
|
829 To find the documentation on a particular command, look in the index.
|
|
830 Keys (character commands) and command names have separate indexes. There
|
|
831 is also a glossary, with a cross reference for each term.
|
|
832
|
|
833 This manual is available as a printed book and also as an Info file.
|
|
834 The Info file is for on-line perusal with the Info program, which will
|
|
835 be the principal way of viewing documentation on-line in the GNU system.
|
|
836 Both the Info file and the Info program itself are distributed along
|
|
837 with GNU Emacs. The Info file and the printed book contain
|
|
838 substantially the same text and are generated from the same source
|
|
839 files, which are also distributed along with GNU Emacs.
|
|
840
|
|
841 GNU Emacs is a member of the Emacs editor family. There are many Emacs
|
|
842 editors, all sharing common principles of organization. For information on
|
|
843 the underlying philosophy of Emacs and the lessons learned from its
|
|
844 development, write for a copy of AI memo 519a, ``Emacs, the Extensible,
|
|
845 Customizable Self-Documenting Display Editor,'' to Publications Department,
|
|
846 Artificial Intelligence Lab, 545 Tech Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA@. At
|
|
847 last report they charge $2.25 per copy. Another useful publication is LCS
|
|
848 TM-165, ``A Cookbook for an Emacs,'' by Craig Finseth, available from
|
|
849 Publications Department, Laboratory for Computer Science, 545 Tech Square,
|
|
850 Cambridge, MA 02139, USA@. The price today is $3.
|
|
851
|
|
852 This edition of the manual is intended for use with GNU Emacs installed
|
|
853 on GNU and Unix systems. GNU Emacs can also be used on VMS, MS-DOS
|
|
854 (also called MS-DOG), Windows NT, and Windows 95 systems. Those systems use
|
|
855 different file name syntax; in addition, VMS and MS-DOS do not support
|
|
856 all GNU Emacs features. We don't try to describe VMS usage in this
|
|
857 manual. @xref{MS-DOS}, for information about using Emacs on MS-DOS.
|
|
858 @end iftex
|
|
859
|
|
860 @node Distrib, Copying, Top, Top
|
|
861 @unnumbered Distribution
|
|
862
|
|
863 GNU Emacs is @dfn{free software}; this means that everyone is free to
|
|
864 use it and free to redistribute it on certain conditions. GNU Emacs is
|
|
865 not in the public domain; it is copyrighted and there are restrictions
|
|
866 on its distribution, but these restrictions are designed to permit
|
|
867 everything that a good cooperating citizen would want to do. What is
|
|
868 not allowed is to try to prevent others from further sharing any version
|
|
869 of GNU Emacs that they might get from you. The precise conditions are
|
|
870 found in the GNU General Public License that comes with Emacs and also
|
|
871 appears following this section.
|
|
872
|
|
873 One way to get a copy of GNU Emacs is from someone else who has it. You
|
|
874 need not ask for our permission to do so, or tell any one else; just
|
|
875 copy it. If you have access to the Internet, you can get the latest
|
|
876 distribution version of GNU Emacs by anonymous FTP; see the file
|
|
877 @file{etc/FTP} in the Emacs distribution for more information.
|
|
878
|
|
879 You may also receive GNU Emacs when you buy a computer. Computer
|
|
880 manufacturers are free to distribute copies on the same terms that apply to
|
|
881 everyone else. These terms require them to give you the full sources,
|
|
882 including whatever changes they may have made, and to permit you to
|
|
883 redistribute the GNU Emacs received from them under the usual terms of the
|
|
884 General Public License. In other words, the program must be free for you
|
|
885 when you get it, not just free for the manufacturer.
|
|
886
|
|
887 You can also order copies of GNU Emacs from the Free Software Foundation
|
|
888 on CD-ROM@. This is a convenient and reliable way to get a copy; it is
|
|
889 also a good way to help fund our work. (The Foundation has always
|
|
890 received most of its funds in this way.) An order form is included in
|
|
891 the file @file{etc/ORDERS} in the Emacs distribution, and on our web
|
|
892 site in @url{http://www.gnu.org/order/order.html}. For further
|
|
893 information, write to
|
|
894
|
|
895 @display
|
|
896 Free Software Foundation
|
|
897 59 Temple Place, Suite 330
|
|
898 Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
|
|
899 USA
|
|
900 @end display
|
|
901
|
|
902 The income from distribution fees goes to support the foundation's
|
|
903 purpose: the development of new free software, and improvements to our
|
|
904 existing programs including GNU Emacs.
|
|
905
|
|
906 If you find GNU Emacs useful, please @strong{send a donation} to the
|
|
907 Free Software Foundation to support our work. Donations to the Free
|
|
908 Software Foundation are tax deductible in the US. If you use GNU Emacs
|
|
909 at your workplace, please suggest that the company make a donation. If
|
|
910 company policy is unsympathetic to the idea of donating to charity, you
|
|
911 might instead suggest ordering a CD-ROM from the Foundation
|
|
912 occasionally, or subscribing to periodic updates.
|
|
913
|
|
914 @iftex
|
|
915 Contributors to GNU Emacs include Per Abrahamsen, Jay K. Adams, Joe
|
|
916 Arceneaux, Boaz Ben-Zvi, Jim Blandy, Terrence Brannon, Frank Bresz,
|
|
917 Peter Breton, Kevin Broadey, Vincent Broman, David M. Brown, Bill
|
|
918 Carpenter, Hans Chalupsky, Bob Chassell, James Clark, Mike Clarkson,
|
|
919 Glynn Clements, Andrew Csillag, Doug Cutting, Michael DeCorte, Gary
|
|
920 Delp, Matthieu Devin, Eri Ding, Carsten Dominik, Scott Draves, Viktor
|
|
921 Dukhovni, John Eaton, Rolf Ebert, Stephen Eglen, Torbj@"orn Einarsson,
|
|
922 Tsugumoto Enami, Hans Henrik Eriksen, Michael Ernst, Ata Etemadi,
|
|
923 Frederick Farnback, Fred Fish, Karl Fogel, Gary Foster, Noah Friedman,
|
|
924 Keith Gabryelski, Kevin Gallagher, Kevin Gallo, Howard Gayle, Stephen
|
|
925 Gildea, David Gillespie, Bob Glickstein, Boris Goldowsky, Michelangelo
|
|
926 Grigni, Michael Gschwind, Henry Guillaume, Doug Gwyn, Ken'ichi Handa ,
|
|
927 Chris Hanson, K. Shane Hartman, John Heidemann, Markus Heritsch, Karl
|
|
928 Heuer, Manabu Higashida, Anders Holst, Kurt Hornik, Tom Houlder, Lars
|
|
929 Ingebrigtsen, Andrew Innes, Michael K. Johnson, Kyle Jones, Tomoji
|
|
930 Kagatani, Brewster Kahle, David Kaufman, Henry Kautz, Howard Kaye,
|
|
931 Michael Kifer, Richard King, Larry K. Kolodney, Robert Krawitz,
|
|
932 Sebastian Kremer, Geoff Kuenning, David K@aa gedal, Daniel LaLiberte,
|
|
933 Aaron Larson, James R. Larus, Frederic Lepied, Lars Lindberg, Eric
|
|
934 Ludlam, Neil M. Mager, Ken Manheimer, Bill Mann, Brian Marick, Simon
|
|
935 Marshall, Bengt Martensson, Charlie Martin, Thomas May, Roland McGrath,
|
|
936 David Megginson, Wayne Mesard, Richard Mlynarik, Keith Moore, Erik
|
|
937 Naggum, Thomas Neumann, Mike Newton, Jurgen Nickelsen, Jeff Norden,
|
|
938 Andrew Norman, Jeff Peck, Damon Anton Permezel, Tom Perrine, Jens
|
|
939 Petersen, Daniel Pfeiffer, Fred Pierresteguy, Christian Plaunt,
|
|
940 Francesco A. Potorti, Michael D. Prange, Ashwin Ram, Eric S. Raymond,
|
|
941 Paul Reilly, Edward M. Reingold, Rob Riepel, Roland B. Roberts, John
|
|
942 Robinson, Danny Roozendaal, William Rosenblatt, Guillermo J. Rozas, Ivar
|
|
943 Rummelhoff, Wolfgang Rupprecht, James B. Salem, Masahiko Sato, William
|
|
944 Schelter, Ralph Schleicher, Gregor Schmid, Michael Schmidt, Ronald
|
|
945 S. Schnell, Philippe Schnoebelen, Stephen Schoef, Randal Schwartz,
|
|
946 Manuel Serrano, Stanislav Shalunov, Mark Shapiro, Richard Sharman, Olin
|
|
947 Shivers, Espen Skoglund, Rick Sladkey, Lynn Slater, Chris Smith, David
|
|
948 Smith, Paul D. Smith, William Sommerfeld, Michael Staats, Sam Steingold,
|
|
949 Ake Stenhoff, Peter Stephenson, Jonathan Stigelman, Steve Strassman,
|
|
950 Jens T. Berger Thielemann, Spencer Thomas, Jim Thompson, Masanobu Umeda,
|
|
951 Neil W. Van Dyke, Ulrik Vieth, Geoffrey Voelker, Johan Vromans, Barry
|
|
952 Warsaw, Morten Welinder, Joseph Brian Wells, Rodney Whitby, Ed
|
|
953 Wilkinson, Mike Williams, Steven A. Wood, Dale R. Worley, Felix
|
|
954 S. T. Wu, Tom Wurgler, Eli Zaretskii, Jamie Zawinski, Ian T. Zimmermann,
|
|
955 Reto Zimmermann, and Neal Ziring.
|
|
956 @end iftex
|
|
957
|
|
958 @node Copying, Intro, Distrib, Top
|
|
959 @unnumbered GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
|
|
960 @center Version 2, June 1991
|
|
961
|
|
962 @display
|
|
963 Copyright @copyright{} 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
|
|
964 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
|
|
965
|
|
966 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
|
|
967 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
|
|
968 @end display
|
|
969
|
|
970 @unnumberedsec Preamble
|
|
971
|
|
972 The licenses for most software are designed to take away your
|
|
973 freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public
|
|
974 License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free
|
|
975 software---to make sure the software is free for all its users. This
|
|
976 General Public License applies to most of the Free Software
|
|
977 Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to
|
|
978 using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by
|
|
979 the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to
|
|
980 your programs, too.
|
|
981
|
|
982 When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
|
|
983 price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
|
|
984 have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
|
|
985 this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it
|
|
986 if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it
|
|
987 in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.
|
|
988
|
|
989 To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid
|
|
990 anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights.
|
|
991 These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you
|
|
992 distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.
|
|
993
|
|
994 For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether
|
|
995 gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that
|
|
996 you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the
|
|
997 source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their
|
|
998 rights.
|
|
999
|
|
1000 We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and
|
|
1001 (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy,
|
|
1002 distribute and/or modify the software.
|
|
1003
|
|
1004 Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain
|
|
1005 that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free
|
|
1006 software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we
|
|
1007 want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so
|
|
1008 that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original
|
|
1009 authors' reputations.
|
|
1010
|
|
1011 Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software
|
|
1012 patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free
|
|
1013 program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the
|
|
1014 program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any
|
|
1015 patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.
|
|
1016
|
|
1017 The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
|
|
1018 modification follow.
|
|
1019
|
|
1020 @iftex
|
|
1021 @unnumberedsec TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
|
|
1022 @end iftex
|
|
1023 @ifinfo
|
|
1024 @center TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
|
|
1025 @end ifinfo
|
|
1026
|
|
1027 @enumerate 0
|
|
1028 @item
|
|
1029 This License applies to any program or other work which contains
|
|
1030 a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed
|
|
1031 under the terms of this General Public License. The ``Program'', below,
|
|
1032 refers to any such program or work, and a ``work based on the Program''
|
|
1033 means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law:
|
|
1034 that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it,
|
|
1035 either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another
|
|
1036 language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in
|
|
1037 the term ``modification''.) Each licensee is addressed as ``you''.
|
|
1038
|
|
1039 Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not
|
|
1040 covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of
|
|
1041 running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program
|
|
1042 is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the
|
|
1043 Program (independent of having been made by running the Program).
|
|
1044 Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.
|
|
1045
|
|
1046 @item
|
|
1047 You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's
|
|
1048 source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you
|
|
1049 conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate
|
|
1050 copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the
|
|
1051 notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty;
|
|
1052 and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License
|
|
1053 along with the Program.
|
|
1054
|
|
1055 You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and
|
|
1056 you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.
|
|
1057
|
|
1058 @item
|
|
1059 You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion
|
|
1060 of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and
|
|
1061 distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1
|
|
1062 above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:
|
|
1063
|
|
1064 @enumerate a
|
|
1065 @item
|
|
1066 You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices
|
|
1067 stating that you changed the files and the date of any change.
|
|
1068
|
|
1069 @item
|
|
1070 You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in
|
|
1071 whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any
|
|
1072 part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third
|
|
1073 parties under the terms of this License.
|
|
1074
|
|
1075 @item
|
|
1076 If the modified program normally reads commands interactively
|
|
1077 when run, you must cause it, when started running for such
|
|
1078 interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an
|
|
1079 announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a
|
|
1080 notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide
|
|
1081 a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under
|
|
1082 these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this
|
|
1083 License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but
|
|
1084 does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on
|
|
1085 the Program is not required to print an announcement.)
|
|
1086 @end enumerate
|
|
1087
|
|
1088 These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If
|
|
1089 identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program,
|
|
1090 and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in
|
|
1091 themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those
|
|
1092 sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you
|
|
1093 distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based
|
|
1094 on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of
|
|
1095 this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the
|
|
1096 entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.
|
|
1097
|
|
1098 Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest
|
|
1099 your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to
|
|
1100 exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or
|
|
1101 collective works based on the Program.
|
|
1102
|
|
1103 In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program
|
|
1104 with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of
|
|
1105 a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under
|
|
1106 the scope of this License.
|
|
1107
|
|
1108 @item
|
|
1109 You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it,
|
|
1110 under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of
|
|
1111 Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:
|
|
1112
|
|
1113 @enumerate a
|
|
1114 @item
|
|
1115 Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable
|
|
1116 source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections
|
|
1117 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
|
|
1118
|
|
1119 @item
|
|
1120 Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three
|
|
1121 years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your
|
|
1122 cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete
|
|
1123 machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be
|
|
1124 distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium
|
|
1125 customarily used for software interchange; or,
|
|
1126
|
|
1127 @item
|
|
1128 Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer
|
|
1129 to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is
|
|
1130 allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you
|
|
1131 received the program in object code or executable form with such
|
|
1132 an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)
|
|
1133 @end enumerate
|
|
1134
|
|
1135 The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for
|
|
1136 making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source
|
|
1137 code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any
|
|
1138 associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to
|
|
1139 control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a
|
|
1140 special exception, the source code distributed need not include
|
|
1141 anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary
|
|
1142 form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the
|
|
1143 operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component
|
|
1144 itself accompanies the executable.
|
|
1145
|
|
1146 If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering
|
|
1147 access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent
|
|
1148 access to copy the source code from the same place counts as
|
|
1149 distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not
|
|
1150 compelled to copy the source along with the object code.
|
|
1151
|
|
1152 @item
|
|
1153 You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program
|
|
1154 except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt
|
|
1155 otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is
|
|
1156 void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
|
|
1157 However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under
|
|
1158 this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
|
|
1159 parties remain in full compliance.
|
|
1160
|
|
1161 @item
|
|
1162 You are not required to accept this License, since you have not
|
|
1163 signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or
|
|
1164 distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are
|
|
1165 prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by
|
|
1166 modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the
|
|
1167 Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and
|
|
1168 all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying
|
|
1169 the Program or works based on it.
|
|
1170
|
|
1171 @item
|
|
1172 Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the
|
|
1173 Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the
|
|
1174 original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to
|
|
1175 these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further
|
|
1176 restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein.
|
|
1177 You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to
|
|
1178 this License.
|
|
1179
|
|
1180 @item
|
|
1181 If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent
|
|
1182 infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues),
|
|
1183 conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
|
|
1184 otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
|
|
1185 excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot
|
|
1186 distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this
|
|
1187 License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you
|
|
1188 may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent
|
|
1189 license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by
|
|
1190 all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then
|
|
1191 the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to
|
|
1192 refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.
|
|
1193
|
|
1194 If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under
|
|
1195 any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to
|
|
1196 apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other
|
|
1197 circumstances.
|
|
1198
|
|
1199 It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any
|
|
1200 patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any
|
|
1201 such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the
|
|
1202 integrity of the free software distribution system, which is
|
|
1203 implemented by public license practices. Many people have made
|
|
1204 generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed
|
|
1205 through that system in reliance on consistent application of that
|
|
1206 system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing
|
|
1207 to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot
|
|
1208 impose that choice.
|
|
1209
|
|
1210 This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to
|
|
1211 be a consequence of the rest of this License.
|
|
1212
|
|
1213 @item
|
|
1214 If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in
|
|
1215 certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the
|
|
1216 original copyright holder who places the Program under this License
|
|
1217 may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding
|
|
1218 those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among
|
|
1219 countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates
|
|
1220 the limitation as if written in the body of this License.
|
|
1221
|
|
1222 @item
|
|
1223 The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions
|
|
1224 of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will
|
|
1225 be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
|
|
1226 address new problems or concerns.
|
|
1227
|
|
1228 Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program
|
|
1229 specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and ``any
|
|
1230 later version'', you have the option of following the terms and conditions
|
|
1231 either of that version or of any later version published by the Free
|
|
1232 Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of
|
|
1233 this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software
|
|
1234 Foundation.
|
|
1235
|
|
1236 @item
|
|
1237 If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free
|
|
1238 programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author
|
|
1239 to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free
|
|
1240 Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes
|
|
1241 make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals
|
|
1242 of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and
|
|
1243 of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.
|
|
1244
|
|
1245 @iftex
|
|
1246 @heading NO WARRANTY
|
|
1247 @end iftex
|
|
1248 @ifinfo
|
|
1249 @center NO WARRANTY
|
|
1250 @end ifinfo
|
|
1251
|
|
1252 @item
|
|
1253 BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY
|
|
1254 FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW@. EXCEPT WHEN
|
|
1255 OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES
|
|
1256 PROVIDE THE PROGRAM ``AS IS'' WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED
|
|
1257 OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
|
|
1258 MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE@. THE ENTIRE RISK AS
|
|
1259 TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU@. SHOULD THE
|
|
1260 PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING,
|
|
1261 REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
|
|
1262
|
|
1263 @item
|
|
1264 IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
|
|
1265 WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR
|
|
1266 REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES,
|
|
1267 INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING
|
|
1268 OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED
|
|
1269 TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY
|
|
1270 YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER
|
|
1271 PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE
|
|
1272 POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
|
|
1273 @end enumerate
|
|
1274
|
|
1275 @iftex
|
|
1276 @heading END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
|
|
1277 @end iftex
|
|
1278 @ifinfo
|
|
1279 @center END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
|
|
1280 @end ifinfo
|
|
1281
|
|
1282 @page
|
|
1283 @unnumberedsec How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
|
|
1284
|
|
1285 If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
|
|
1286 possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
|
|
1287 free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
|
|
1288
|
|
1289 To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest
|
|
1290 to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
|
|
1291 convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
|
|
1292 the ``copyright'' line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
|
|
1293
|
|
1294 @smallexample
|
|
1295 @var{one line to give the program's name and an idea of what it does.}
|
|
1296 Copyright (C) 19@var{yy} @var{name of author}
|
|
1297
|
|
1298 This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
|
|
1299 modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
|
|
1300 as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
|
|
1301 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
|
|
1302
|
|
1303 This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
|
|
1304 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
|
|
1305 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE@. See the
|
|
1306 GNU General Public License for more details.
|
|
1307
|
|
1308 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
|
|
1309 with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
|
|
1310 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
|
|
1311 @end smallexample
|
|
1312
|
|
1313 Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
|
|
1314
|
|
1315 If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this
|
|
1316 when it starts in an interactive mode:
|
|
1317
|
|
1318 @smallexample
|
|
1319 Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 19@var{yy} @var{name of author}
|
|
1320 Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details
|
|
1321 type `show w'. This is free software, and you are welcome
|
|
1322 to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c'
|
|
1323 for details.
|
|
1324 @end smallexample
|
|
1325
|
|
1326 The hypothetical commands @samp{show w} and @samp{show c} should show
|
|
1327 the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the
|
|
1328 commands you use may be called something other than @samp{show w} and
|
|
1329 @samp{show c}; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items---whatever
|
|
1330 suits your program.
|
|
1331
|
|
1332 You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your
|
|
1333 school, if any, to sign a ``copyright disclaimer'' for the program, if
|
|
1334 necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names:
|
|
1335
|
|
1336 @smallexample
|
|
1337 @group
|
|
1338 Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright
|
|
1339 interest in the program `Gnomovision'
|
|
1340 (which makes passes at compilers) written
|
|
1341 by James Hacker.
|
|
1342
|
|
1343 @var{signature of Ty Coon}, 1 April 1989
|
|
1344 Ty Coon, President of Vice
|
|
1345 @end group
|
|
1346 @end smallexample
|
|
1347
|
|
1348 This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into
|
|
1349 proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may
|
|
1350 consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the
|
|
1351 library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General
|
|
1352 Public License instead of this License.
|
|
1353
|
|
1354 @node Intro, Glossary, Copying, Top
|
|
1355 @unnumbered Introduction
|
|
1356
|
|
1357 You are reading about GNU Emacs, the GNU incarnation of the advanced,
|
|
1358 self-documenting, customizable, extensible real-time display editor Emacs.
|
|
1359 (The `G' in `GNU' is not silent.)
|
|
1360
|
|
1361 We say that Emacs is a @dfn{display} editor because normally the text
|
|
1362 being edited is visible on the screen and is updated automatically as you
|
|
1363 type your commands. @xref{Screen,Display}.
|
|
1364
|
|
1365 We call it a @dfn{real-time} editor because the display is updated very
|
|
1366 frequently, usually after each character or pair of characters you
|
|
1367 type. This minimizes the amount of information you must keep in your
|
|
1368 head as you edit. @xref{Basic,Real-time,Basic Editing}.
|
|
1369
|
|
1370 We call Emacs advanced because it provides facilities that go beyond
|
|
1371 simple insertion and deletion: controlling subprocesses; automatic
|
|
1372 indentation of programs; viewing two or more files at once; editing
|
|
1373 formatted text; and dealing in terms of characters, words, lines,
|
|
1374 sentences, paragraphs, and pages, as well as expressions and comments in
|
|
1375 several different programming languages.
|
|
1376
|
|
1377 @dfn{Self-documenting} means that at any time you can type a special
|
|
1378 character, @kbd{Control-h}, to find out what your options are. You can
|
|
1379 also use it to find out what any command does, or to find all the commands
|
|
1380 that pertain to a topic. @xref{Help}.
|
|
1381
|
|
1382 @dfn{Customizable} means that you can change the definitions of Emacs
|
|
1383 commands in little ways. For example, if you use a programming language in
|
|
1384 which comments start with @samp{<**} and end with @samp{**>}, you can tell
|
|
1385 the Emacs comment manipulation commands to use those strings
|
|
1386 (@pxref{Comments}). Another sort of customization is rearrangement of the
|
|
1387 command set. For example, if you prefer the four basic cursor motion
|
|
1388 commands (up, down, left and right) on keys in a diamond pattern on the
|
|
1389 keyboard, you can rebind the keys that way. @xref{Customization}.
|
|
1390
|
|
1391 @dfn{Extensible} means that you can go beyond simple customization and
|
|
1392 write entirely new commands, programs in the Lisp language to be run by
|
|
1393 Emacs's own Lisp interpreter. Emacs is an ``on-line extensible''
|
|
1394 system, which means that it is divided into many functions that call
|
|
1395 each other, any of which can be redefined in the middle of an editing
|
|
1396 session. Almost any part of Emacs can be replaced without making a
|
|
1397 separate copy of all of Emacs. Most of the editing commands of Emacs
|
|
1398 are written in Lisp already; the few exceptions could have been written
|
|
1399 in Lisp but are written in C for efficiency. Although only a programmer
|
|
1400 can write an extension, anybody can use it afterward. If you want to
|
|
1401 learn Emacs Lisp programming, we recommend the @cite{Introduction to
|
|
1402 Emacs Lisp} by Robert J. Chassell, also published by the Free Software
|
|
1403 Foundation.
|
|
1404
|
|
1405 When run under the X Window System, Emacs provides its own menus and
|
|
1406 convenient bindings to mouse buttons. But Emacs can provide many of the
|
|
1407 benefits of a window system on a text-only terminal. For instance, you
|
|
1408 can look at or edit several files at once, move text between files, and
|
|
1409 edit files while running shell commands.
|
|
1410
|
|
1411 @include screen.texi
|
|
1412 @include commands.texi
|
|
1413 @include entering.texi
|
|
1414 @include basic.texi
|
|
1415 @include mini.texi
|
|
1416 @include m-x.texi
|
|
1417 @include help.texi
|
|
1418 @include mark.texi
|
|
1419 @include killing.texi
|
|
1420 @include regs.texi
|
|
1421 @include display.texi
|
|
1422 @include search.texi
|
|
1423 @include fixit.texi
|
|
1424 @include files.texi
|
|
1425 @include buffers.texi
|
|
1426 @include windows.texi
|
|
1427 @include frames.texi
|
|
1428 @include mule.texi
|
|
1429 @include major.texi
|
|
1430 @include indent.texi
|
|
1431 @include text.texi
|
|
1432 @include programs.texi
|
|
1433 @include building.texi
|
|
1434 @include abbrevs.texi
|
|
1435 @include picture.texi
|
|
1436 @include sending.texi
|
|
1437 @include rmail.texi
|
|
1438 @include dired.texi
|
|
1439 @include calendar.texi
|
|
1440 @include misc.texi
|
|
1441 @include custom.texi
|
|
1442 @include trouble.texi
|
|
1443 @include cmdargs.texi
|
|
1444
|
|
1445 @include anti.texi
|
|
1446 @include msdog.texi
|
|
1447 @include gnu.texi
|
|
1448 @include glossary.texi
|
|
1449 @ifinfo
|
|
1450 @include ack.texi
|
|
1451 @end ifinfo
|
|
1452
|
|
1453 @node Key Index, Command Index, Glossary, Top
|
|
1454 @unnumbered Key (Character) Index
|
|
1455 @printindex ky
|
|
1456
|
|
1457 @node Command Index, Variable Index, Key Index, Top
|
|
1458 @unnumbered Command and Function Index
|
|
1459 @printindex fn
|
|
1460
|
|
1461 @node Variable Index, Concept Index, Command Index, Top
|
|
1462 @unnumbered Variable Index
|
|
1463 @printindex vr
|
|
1464
|
|
1465 @node Concept Index, Acknowledgments, Variable Index, Top
|
|
1466 @unnumbered Concept Index
|
|
1467 @printindex cp
|
|
1468
|
|
1469 @summarycontents
|
|
1470 @contents
|
|
1471 @bye
|
|
1472
|