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annotate lispref/streams.texi @ 13652:0923c642e324
Exclude subdirs.el.
author | Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org> |
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date | Sat, 25 Nov 1995 05:49:37 +0000 |
parents | a6eb5f12b0f3 |
children | 4263612ea038 |
rev | line source |
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6381 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 Free Software Foundation, Inc. | |
4 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. | |
5 @setfilename ../info/streams | |
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6 @node Read and Print, Minibuffers, Debugging, Top |
6381 | 7 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
8 @chapter Reading and Printing Lisp Objects | |
9 | |
10 @dfn{Printing} and @dfn{reading} are the operations of converting Lisp | |
11 objects to textual form and vice versa. They use the printed | |
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12 representations and read syntax described in @ref{Lisp Data Types}. |
6381 | 13 |
14 This chapter describes the Lisp functions for reading and printing. | |
15 It also describes @dfn{streams}, which specify where to get the text (if | |
16 reading) or where to put it (if printing). | |
17 | |
18 @menu | |
19 * Streams Intro:: Overview of streams, reading and printing. | |
20 * Input Streams:: Various data types that can be used as input streams. | |
21 * Input Functions:: Functions to read Lisp objects from text. | |
22 * Output Streams:: Various data types that can be used as output streams. | |
23 * Output Functions:: Functions to print Lisp objects as text. | |
24 * Output Variables:: Variables that control what the printing functions do. | |
25 @end menu | |
26 | |
27 @node Streams Intro | |
28 @section Introduction to Reading and Printing | |
29 @cindex Lisp reader | |
30 @cindex printing | |
31 @cindex reading | |
32 | |
33 @dfn{Reading} a Lisp object means parsing a Lisp expression in textual | |
34 form and producing a corresponding Lisp object. This is how Lisp | |
35 programs get into Lisp from files of Lisp code. We call the text the | |
36 @dfn{read syntax} of the object. For example, the text @samp{(a .@: 5)} | |
37 is the read syntax for a cons cell whose @sc{car} is @code{a} and whose | |
38 @sc{cdr} is the number 5. | |
39 | |
40 @dfn{Printing} a Lisp object means producing text that represents that | |
41 object---converting the object to its printed representation. Printing | |
42 the cons cell described above produces the text @samp{(a .@: 5)}. | |
43 | |
44 Reading and printing are more or less inverse operations: printing the | |
45 object that results from reading a given piece of text often produces | |
46 the same text, and reading the text that results from printing an object | |
47 usually produces a similar-looking object. For example, printing the | |
48 symbol @code{foo} produces the text @samp{foo}, and reading that text | |
49 returns the symbol @code{foo}. Printing a list whose elements are | |
50 @code{a} and @code{b} produces the text @samp{(a b)}, and reading that | |
7219 | 51 text produces a list (but not the same list) with elements @code{a} |
6381 | 52 and @code{b}. |
53 | |
54 However, these two operations are not precisely inverses. There are | |
12098 | 55 three kinds of exceptions: |
6381 | 56 |
57 @itemize @bullet | |
58 @item | |
59 Printing can produce text that cannot be read. For example, buffers, | |
60 windows, frames, subprocesses and markers print into text that starts | |
61 with @samp{#}; if you try to read this text, you get an error. There is | |
62 no way to read those data types. | |
63 | |
64 @item | |
65 One object can have multiple textual representations. For example, | |
66 @samp{1} and @samp{01} represent the same integer, and @samp{(a b)} and | |
67 @samp{(a .@: (b))} represent the same list. Reading will accept any of | |
68 the alternatives, but printing must choose one of them. | |
12098 | 69 |
70 @item | |
71 Comments can appear at certain points in the middle of an object's | |
72 read sequence without affecting the result of reading it. | |
6381 | 73 @end itemize |
74 | |
75 @node Input Streams | |
76 @section Input Streams | |
77 @cindex stream (for reading) | |
78 @cindex input stream | |
79 | |
80 Most of the Lisp functions for reading text take an @dfn{input stream} | |
81 as an argument. The input stream specifies where or how to get the | |
82 characters of the text to be read. Here are the possible types of input | |
83 stream: | |
84 | |
85 @table @asis | |
86 @item @var{buffer} | |
87 @cindex buffer input stream | |
88 The input characters are read from @var{buffer}, starting with the | |
89 character directly after point. Point advances as characters are read. | |
90 | |
91 @item @var{marker} | |
92 @cindex marker input stream | |
93 The input characters are read from the buffer that @var{marker} is in, | |
94 starting with the character directly after the marker. The marker | |
95 position advances as characters are read. The value of point in the | |
96 buffer has no effect when the stream is a marker. | |
97 | |
98 @item @var{string} | |
99 @cindex string input stream | |
100 The input characters are taken from @var{string}, starting at the first | |
101 character in the string and using as many characters as required. | |
102 | |
103 @item @var{function} | |
104 @cindex function input stream | |
105 The input characters are generated by @var{function}, one character per | |
106 call. Normally @var{function} is called with no arguments, and should | |
107 return a character. | |
108 | |
109 @cindex unreading | |
110 Occasionally @var{function} is called with one argument (always a | |
111 character). When that happens, @var{function} should save the argument | |
112 and arrange to return it on the next call. This is called | |
113 @dfn{unreading} the character; it happens when the Lisp reader reads one | |
114 character too many and wants to ``put it back where it came from''. | |
115 | |
116 @item @code{t} | |
117 @cindex @code{t} input stream | |
118 @code{t} used as a stream means that the input is read from the | |
119 minibuffer. In fact, the minibuffer is invoked once and the text | |
120 given by the user is made into a string that is then used as the | |
121 input stream. | |
122 | |
123 @item @code{nil} | |
124 @cindex @code{nil} input stream | |
125 @code{nil} supplied as an input stream means to use the value of | |
126 @code{standard-input} instead; that value is the @dfn{default input | |
127 stream}, and must be a non-@code{nil} input stream. | |
128 | |
129 @item @var{symbol} | |
130 A symbol as input stream is equivalent to the symbol's function | |
131 definition (if any). | |
132 @end table | |
133 | |
7219 | 134 Here is an example of reading from a stream that is a buffer, showing |
6381 | 135 where point is located before and after: |
136 | |
137 @example | |
138 @group | |
139 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
140 This@point{} is the contents of foo. | |
141 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
142 @end group | |
143 | |
144 @group | |
145 (read (get-buffer "foo")) | |
146 @result{} is | |
147 @end group | |
148 @group | |
149 (read (get-buffer "foo")) | |
150 @result{} the | |
151 @end group | |
152 | |
153 @group | |
154 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
155 This is the@point{} contents of foo. | |
156 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
157 @end group | |
158 @end example | |
159 | |
160 @noindent | |
7219 | 161 Note that the first read skips a space. Reading skips any amount of |
162 whitespace preceding the significant text. | |
6381 | 163 |
164 In Emacs 18, reading a symbol discarded the delimiter terminating the | |
165 symbol. Thus, point would end up at the beginning of @samp{contents} | |
166 rather than after @samp{the}. The Emacs 19 behavior is superior because | |
12098 | 167 it correctly handles input such as @samp{bar(foo)}, where the |
168 open-parenthesis that ends one object is needed as the beginning of | |
169 another object. | |
6381 | 170 |
171 Here is an example of reading from a stream that is a marker, | |
7219 | 172 initially positioned at the beginning of the buffer shown. The value |
6381 | 173 read is the symbol @code{This}. |
174 | |
175 @example | |
176 @group | |
177 | |
178 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
179 This is the contents of foo. | |
180 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
181 @end group | |
182 | |
183 @group | |
184 (setq m (set-marker (make-marker) 1 (get-buffer "foo"))) | |
185 @result{} #<marker at 1 in foo> | |
186 @end group | |
187 @group | |
188 (read m) | |
189 @result{} This | |
190 @end group | |
191 @group | |
192 m | |
7219 | 193 @result{} #<marker at 5 in foo> ;; @r{Before the first space.} |
6381 | 194 @end group |
195 @end example | |
196 | |
197 Here we read from the contents of a string: | |
198 | |
199 @example | |
200 @group | |
201 (read "(When in) the course") | |
202 @result{} (When in) | |
203 @end group | |
204 @end example | |
205 | |
206 The following example reads from the minibuffer. The | |
207 prompt is: @w{@samp{Lisp expression: }}. (That is always the prompt | |
208 used when you read from the stream @code{t}.) The user's input is shown | |
209 following the prompt. | |
210 | |
211 @example | |
212 @group | |
213 (read t) | |
214 @result{} 23 | |
215 ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- | |
216 Lisp expression: @kbd{23 @key{RET}} | |
217 ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- | |
218 @end group | |
219 @end example | |
220 | |
221 Finally, here is an example of a stream that is a function, named | |
222 @code{useless-stream}. Before we use the stream, we initialize the | |
223 variable @code{useless-list} to a list of characters. Then each call to | |
7219 | 224 the function @code{useless-stream} obtains the next character in the list |
6381 | 225 or unreads a character by adding it to the front of the list. |
226 | |
227 @example | |
228 @group | |
229 (setq useless-list (append "XY()" nil)) | |
230 @result{} (88 89 40 41) | |
231 @end group | |
232 | |
233 @group | |
234 (defun useless-stream (&optional unread) | |
235 (if unread | |
236 (setq useless-list (cons unread useless-list)) | |
237 (prog1 (car useless-list) | |
238 (setq useless-list (cdr useless-list))))) | |
239 @result{} useless-stream | |
240 @end group | |
241 @end example | |
242 | |
243 @noindent | |
244 Now we read using the stream thus constructed: | |
245 | |
246 @example | |
247 @group | |
248 (read 'useless-stream) | |
249 @result{} XY | |
250 @end group | |
251 | |
252 @group | |
253 useless-list | |
7219 | 254 @result{} (40 41) |
6381 | 255 @end group |
256 @end example | |
257 | |
258 @noindent | |
7219 | 259 Note that the open and close parentheses remains in the list. The Lisp |
260 reader encountered the open parenthesis, decided that it ended the | |
261 input, and unread it. Another attempt to read from the stream at this | |
262 point would read @samp{()} and return @code{nil}. | |
6381 | 263 |
264 @defun get-file-char | |
265 This function is used internally as an input stream to read from the | |
266 input file opened by the function @code{load}. Don't use this function | |
267 yourself. | |
268 @end defun | |
269 | |
270 @node Input Functions | |
271 @section Input Functions | |
272 | |
273 This section describes the Lisp functions and variables that pertain | |
274 to reading. | |
275 | |
276 In the functions below, @var{stream} stands for an input stream (see | |
277 the previous section). If @var{stream} is @code{nil} or omitted, it | |
278 defaults to the value of @code{standard-input}. | |
279 | |
280 @kindex end-of-file | |
281 An @code{end-of-file} error is signaled if reading encounters an | |
7219 | 282 unterminated list, vector, or string. |
6381 | 283 |
284 @defun read &optional stream | |
285 This function reads one textual Lisp expression from @var{stream}, | |
286 returning it as a Lisp object. This is the basic Lisp input function. | |
287 @end defun | |
288 | |
289 @defun read-from-string string &optional start end | |
290 @cindex string to object | |
291 This function reads the first textual Lisp expression from the text in | |
292 @var{string}. It returns a cons cell whose @sc{car} is that expression, | |
293 and whose @sc{cdr} is an integer giving the position of the next | |
294 remaining character in the string (i.e., the first one not read). | |
295 | |
7219 | 296 If @var{start} is supplied, then reading begins at index @var{start} in |
297 the string (where the first character is at index 0). If @var{end} is | |
298 also supplied, then reading stops just before that index, as if the rest | |
299 of the string were not there. | |
6381 | 300 |
301 For example: | |
302 | |
303 @example | |
304 @group | |
305 (read-from-string "(setq x 55) (setq y 5)") | |
306 @result{} ((setq x 55) . 11) | |
307 @end group | |
308 @group | |
309 (read-from-string "\"A short string\"") | |
310 @result{} ("A short string" . 16) | |
311 @end group | |
312 | |
313 @group | |
314 ;; @r{Read starting at the first character.} | |
315 (read-from-string "(list 112)" 0) | |
316 @result{} ((list 112) . 10) | |
317 @end group | |
318 @group | |
319 ;; @r{Read starting at the second character.} | |
320 (read-from-string "(list 112)" 1) | |
7219 | 321 @result{} (list . 5) |
6381 | 322 @end group |
323 @group | |
324 ;; @r{Read starting at the seventh character,} | |
325 ;; @r{and stopping at the ninth.} | |
326 (read-from-string "(list 112)" 6 8) | |
327 @result{} (11 . 8) | |
328 @end group | |
329 @end example | |
330 @end defun | |
331 | |
332 @defvar standard-input | |
333 This variable holds the default input stream---the stream that | |
334 @code{read} uses when the @var{stream} argument is @code{nil}. | |
335 @end defvar | |
336 | |
337 @node Output Streams | |
338 @section Output Streams | |
339 @cindex stream (for printing) | |
340 @cindex output stream | |
341 | |
342 An output stream specifies what to do with the characters produced | |
343 by printing. Most print functions accept an output stream as an | |
344 optional argument. Here are the possible types of output stream: | |
345 | |
346 @table @asis | |
347 @item @var{buffer} | |
348 @cindex buffer output stream | |
349 The output characters are inserted into @var{buffer} at point. | |
350 Point advances as characters are inserted. | |
351 | |
352 @item @var{marker} | |
353 @cindex marker output stream | |
354 The output characters are inserted into the buffer that @var{marker} | |
7219 | 355 points into, at the marker position. The marker position advances as |
6381 | 356 characters are inserted. The value of point in the buffer has no effect |
357 on printing when the stream is a marker. | |
358 | |
359 @item @var{function} | |
360 @cindex function output stream | |
361 The output characters are passed to @var{function}, which is responsible | |
362 for storing them away. It is called with a single character as | |
363 argument, as many times as there are characters to be output, and is | |
364 free to do anything at all with the characters it receives. | |
365 | |
366 @item @code{t} | |
367 @cindex @code{t} output stream | |
368 The output characters are displayed in the echo area. | |
369 | |
370 @item @code{nil} | |
371 @cindex @code{nil} output stream | |
372 @code{nil} specified as an output stream means to the value of | |
373 @code{standard-output} instead; that value is the @dfn{default output | |
374 stream}, and must be a non-@code{nil} output stream. | |
375 | |
376 @item @var{symbol} | |
377 A symbol as output stream is equivalent to the symbol's function | |
378 definition (if any). | |
379 @end table | |
380 | |
7219 | 381 Many of the valid output streams are also valid as input streams. The |
382 difference between input and output streams is therefore mostly one of | |
383 how you use a Lisp object, not a distinction of types of object. | |
384 | |
6381 | 385 Here is an example of a buffer used as an output stream. Point is |
386 initially located as shown immediately before the @samp{h} in | |
387 @samp{the}. At the end, point is located directly before that same | |
388 @samp{h}. | |
389 | |
390 @cindex print example | |
391 @example | |
392 @group | |
393 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
394 This is t@point{}he contents of foo. | |
395 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
396 @end group | |
397 | |
398 (print "This is the output" (get-buffer "foo")) | |
399 @result{} "This is the output" | |
400 | |
401 @group | |
402 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
403 This is t | |
404 "This is the output" | |
405 @point{}he contents of foo. | |
406 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
407 @end group | |
408 @end example | |
409 | |
410 Now we show a use of a marker as an output stream. Initially, the | |
7219 | 411 marker is in buffer @code{foo}, between the @samp{t} and the @samp{h} in |
412 the word @samp{the}. At the end, the marker has advanced over the | |
413 inserted text so that it remains positioned before the same @samp{h}. | |
414 Note that the location of point, shown in the usual fashion, has no | |
415 effect. | |
6381 | 416 |
417 @example | |
418 @group | |
419 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
420 "This is the @point{}output" | |
421 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
422 @end group | |
423 | |
424 @group | |
425 m | |
426 @result{} #<marker at 11 in foo> | |
427 @end group | |
428 | |
429 @group | |
430 (print "More output for foo." m) | |
431 @result{} "More output for foo." | |
432 @end group | |
433 | |
434 @group | |
435 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
436 "This is t | |
437 "More output for foo." | |
438 he @point{}output" | |
439 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
440 @end group | |
441 | |
442 @group | |
443 m | |
444 @result{} #<marker at 35 in foo> | |
445 @end group | |
446 @end example | |
447 | |
448 The following example shows output to the echo area: | |
449 | |
450 @example | |
451 @group | |
452 (print "Echo Area output" t) | |
453 @result{} "Echo Area output" | |
454 ---------- Echo Area ---------- | |
455 "Echo Area output" | |
456 ---------- Echo Area ---------- | |
457 @end group | |
458 @end example | |
459 | |
460 Finally, we show the use of a function as an output stream. The | |
461 function @code{eat-output} takes each character that it is given and | |
462 conses it onto the front of the list @code{last-output} (@pxref{Building | |
463 Lists}). At the end, the list contains all the characters output, but | |
464 in reverse order. | |
465 | |
466 @example | |
467 @group | |
468 (setq last-output nil) | |
469 @result{} nil | |
470 @end group | |
471 | |
472 @group | |
473 (defun eat-output (c) | |
474 (setq last-output (cons c last-output))) | |
475 @result{} eat-output | |
476 @end group | |
477 | |
478 @group | |
479 (print "This is the output" 'eat-output) | |
480 @result{} "This is the output" | |
481 @end group | |
482 | |
483 @group | |
484 last-output | |
485 @result{} (10 34 116 117 112 116 117 111 32 101 104 | |
486 116 32 115 105 32 115 105 104 84 34 10) | |
487 @end group | |
488 @end example | |
489 | |
490 @noindent | |
491 Now we can put the output in the proper order by reversing the list: | |
492 | |
493 @example | |
494 @group | |
495 (concat (nreverse last-output)) | |
496 @result{} " | |
497 \"This is the output\" | |
498 " | |
499 @end group | |
500 @end example | |
501 | |
7219 | 502 @noindent |
503 Calling @code{concat} converts the list to a string so you can see its | |
504 contents more clearly. | |
505 | |
6381 | 506 @node Output Functions |
507 @section Output Functions | |
508 | |
509 This section describes the Lisp functions for printing Lisp objects. | |
510 | |
511 @cindex @samp{"} in printing | |
512 @cindex @samp{\} in printing | |
513 @cindex quoting characters in printing | |
514 @cindex escape characters in printing | |
515 Some of the Emacs printing functions add quoting characters to the | |
516 output when necessary so that it can be read properly. The quoting | |
517 characters used are @samp{"} and @samp{\}; they distinguish strings from | |
518 symbols, and prevent punctuation characters in strings and symbols from | |
7219 | 519 being taken as delimiters when reading. @xref{Printed Representation}, |
520 for full details. You specify quoting or no quoting by the choice of | |
521 printing function. | |
6381 | 522 |
523 If the text is to be read back into Lisp, then it is best to print | |
524 with quoting characters to avoid ambiguity. Likewise, if the purpose is | |
525 to describe a Lisp object clearly for a Lisp programmer. However, if | |
526 the purpose of the output is to look nice for humans, then it is better | |
527 to print without quoting. | |
528 | |
529 Printing a self-referent Lisp object requires an infinite amount of | |
530 text. In certain cases, trying to produce this text leads to a stack | |
531 overflow. Emacs detects such recursion and prints @samp{#@var{level}} | |
532 instead of recursively printing an object already being printed. For | |
533 example, here @samp{#0} indicates a recursive reference to the object at | |
534 level 0 of the current print operation: | |
535 | |
536 @example | |
537 (setq foo (list nil)) | |
538 @result{} (nil) | |
539 (setcar foo foo) | |
540 @result{} (#0) | |
541 @end example | |
542 | |
543 In the functions below, @var{stream} stands for an output stream. | |
544 (See the previous section for a description of output streams.) If | |
545 @var{stream} is @code{nil} or omitted, it defaults to the value of | |
546 @code{standard-output}. | |
547 | |
548 @defun print object &optional stream | |
549 @cindex Lisp printer | |
550 The @code{print} function is a convenient way of printing. It outputs | |
551 the printed representation of @var{object} to @var{stream}, printing in | |
552 addition one newline before @var{object} and another after it. Quoting | |
553 characters are used. @code{print} returns @var{object}. For example: | |
554 | |
555 @example | |
556 @group | |
557 (progn (print 'The\ cat\ in) | |
558 (print "the hat") | |
559 (print " came back")) | |
560 @print{} | |
561 @print{} The\ cat\ in | |
562 @print{} | |
563 @print{} "the hat" | |
564 @print{} | |
565 @print{} " came back" | |
566 @print{} | |
567 @result{} " came back" | |
568 @end group | |
569 @end example | |
570 @end defun | |
571 | |
572 @defun prin1 object &optional stream | |
573 This function outputs the printed representation of @var{object} to | |
7219 | 574 @var{stream}. It does not print newlines to separate output as |
575 @code{print} does, but it does use quoting characters just like | |
576 @code{print}. It returns @var{object}. | |
6381 | 577 |
578 @example | |
579 @group | |
580 (progn (prin1 'The\ cat\ in) | |
581 (prin1 "the hat") | |
582 (prin1 " came back")) | |
583 @print{} The\ cat\ in"the hat"" came back" | |
584 @result{} " came back" | |
585 @end group | |
586 @end example | |
587 @end defun | |
588 | |
589 @defun princ object &optional stream | |
590 This function outputs the printed representation of @var{object} to | |
591 @var{stream}. It returns @var{object}. | |
592 | |
593 This function is intended to produce output that is readable by people, | |
594 not by @code{read}, so it doesn't insert quoting characters and doesn't | |
595 put double-quotes around the contents of strings. It does not add any | |
596 spacing between calls. | |
597 | |
598 @example | |
599 @group | |
600 (progn | |
601 (princ 'The\ cat) | |
602 (princ " in the \"hat\"")) | |
603 @print{} The cat in the "hat" | |
604 @result{} " in the \"hat\"" | |
605 @end group | |
606 @end example | |
607 @end defun | |
608 | |
609 @defun terpri &optional stream | |
610 @cindex newline in print | |
611 This function outputs a newline to @var{stream}. The name stands | |
612 for ``terminate print''. | |
613 @end defun | |
614 | |
615 @defun write-char character &optional stream | |
616 This function outputs @var{character} to @var{stream}. It returns | |
617 @var{character}. | |
618 @end defun | |
619 | |
620 @defun prin1-to-string object &optional noescape | |
621 @cindex object to string | |
622 This function returns a string containing the text that @code{prin1} | |
623 would have printed for the same argument. | |
624 | |
625 @example | |
626 @group | |
627 (prin1-to-string 'foo) | |
628 @result{} "foo" | |
629 @end group | |
630 @group | |
631 (prin1-to-string (mark-marker)) | |
632 @result{} "#<marker at 2773 in strings.texi>" | |
633 @end group | |
634 @end example | |
635 | |
636 If @var{noescape} is non-@code{nil}, that inhibits use of quoting | |
637 characters in the output. (This argument is supported in Emacs versions | |
638 19 and later.) | |
639 | |
640 @example | |
641 @group | |
642 (prin1-to-string "foo") | |
643 @result{} "\"foo\"" | |
644 @end group | |
645 @group | |
646 (prin1-to-string "foo" t) | |
647 @result{} "foo" | |
648 @end group | |
649 @end example | |
650 | |
651 See @code{format}, in @ref{String Conversion}, for other ways to obtain | |
652 the printed representation of a Lisp object as a string. | |
653 @end defun | |
654 | |
655 @node Output Variables | |
656 @section Variables Affecting Output | |
657 | |
658 @defvar standard-output | |
659 The value of this variable is the default output stream---the stream | |
660 that print functions use when the @var{stream} argument is @code{nil}. | |
661 @end defvar | |
662 | |
663 @defvar print-escape-newlines | |
664 @cindex @samp{\n} in print | |
665 @cindex escape characters | |
666 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, then newline characters in strings | |
667 are printed as @samp{\n} and formfeeds are printed as @samp{\f}. | |
668 Normally these characters are printed as actual newlines and formfeeds. | |
669 | |
670 This variable affects the print functions @code{prin1} and @code{print}, | |
671 as well as everything that uses them. It does not affect @code{princ}. | |
672 Here is an example using @code{prin1}: | |
673 | |
674 @example | |
675 @group | |
676 (prin1 "a\nb") | |
677 @print{} "a | |
678 @print{} b" | |
679 @result{} "a | |
680 b" | |
681 @end group | |
682 | |
683 @group | |
684 (let ((print-escape-newlines t)) | |
685 (prin1 "a\nb")) | |
686 @print{} "a\nb" | |
687 @result{} "a | |
688 b" | |
689 @end group | |
690 @end example | |
691 | |
692 @noindent | |
693 In the second expression, the local binding of | |
694 @code{print-escape-newlines} is in effect during the call to | |
695 @code{prin1}, but not during the printing of the result. | |
696 @end defvar | |
697 | |
698 @defvar print-length | |
699 @cindex printing limits | |
700 The value of this variable is the maximum number of elements of a list | |
701 that will be printed. If a list being printed has more than this many | |
7219 | 702 elements, it is abbreviated with an ellipsis. |
6381 | 703 |
704 If the value is @code{nil} (the default), then there is no limit. | |
705 | |
706 @example | |
707 @group | |
708 (setq print-length 2) | |
709 @result{} 2 | |
710 @end group | |
711 @group | |
712 (print '(1 2 3 4 5)) | |
713 @print{} (1 2 ...) | |
714 @result{} (1 2 ...) | |
715 @end group | |
716 @end example | |
717 @end defvar | |
718 | |
719 @defvar print-level | |
720 The value of this variable is the maximum depth of nesting of | |
7219 | 721 parentheses and brackets when printed. Any list or vector at a depth |
6381 | 722 exceeding this limit is abbreviated with an ellipsis. A value of |
723 @code{nil} (which is the default) means no limit. | |
724 | |
725 This variable exists in version 19 and later versions. | |
726 @end defvar |