Mercurial > emacs
annotate man/display.texi @ 41220:0a6ed29cea73
Comment change.
author | Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org> |
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date | Sat, 17 Nov 2001 22:41:26 +0000 |
parents | f6a4184f6285 |
children | 608e18d9fb18 |
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The log entry for the previous version was a spazz. Ignore it.
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1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
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2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 86, 87, 93, 94, 95, 1997, 2000, 2001 |
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3 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25829 | 4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
5 @node Display, Search, Registers, Top | |
6 @chapter Controlling the Display | |
7 | |
8 Since only part of a large buffer fits in the window, Emacs tries to | |
9 show a part that is likely to be interesting. Display-control commands | |
10 allow you to specify which part of the text you want to see, and how to | |
11 display it. | |
12 | |
13 @menu | |
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14 * Faces:: How to change the display style using faces. |
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15 * Font Lock:: Minor mode for syntactic highlighting using faces. |
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16 * Highlight Changes:: Using colors to show where you changed the buffer. |
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17 * Highlight Interactively:: Tell Emacs what text to highlight. |
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18 * Trailing Whitespace:: Showing possibly-spurious trailing whitespace. |
25829 | 19 * Scrolling:: Moving text up and down in a window. |
20 * Horizontal Scrolling:: Moving text left and right in a window. | |
21 * Follow Mode:: Follow mode lets two windows scroll as one. | |
22 * Selective Display:: Hiding lines with lots of indentation. | |
23 * Optional Mode Line:: Optional mode line display features. | |
24 * Text Display:: How text characters are normally displayed. | |
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25 * Display Custom:: Information on variables for customizing display. |
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26 * Cursor Display:: Features for displaying the cursor. |
25829 | 27 @end menu |
28 | |
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29 @node Faces |
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30 @section Using Multiple Typefaces |
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31 @cindex faces |
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32 |
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33 When using Emacs with a window system, you can set up multiple |
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34 styles of displaying characters. Each style is called a @dfn{face}. |
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35 Each face can specify various attributes, such as the height, weight |
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36 and slant of the characters, the foreground and background color, and |
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37 underlining. But it does not have to specify all of them. |
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38 |
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39 Features which rely on text in multiple faces (such as Font Lock mode) |
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40 will also work on non-windowed terminals that can display more than one |
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41 face, whether by colors or underlining and emboldening. This includes |
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42 the console on GNU/Linux, an @code{xterm} which supports colors, the |
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43 MS-DOS display (@pxref{MS-DOS}), and the MS-Windows version invoked with |
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44 the @option{-nw} option. Emacs determines automatically whether the |
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45 terminal has this capability. |
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46 |
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47 You control the appearance of a part of the text in the buffer by |
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48 specifying the face or faces to use for it. The style of display used |
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49 for any given character is determined by combining the attributes of |
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50 all the applicable faces specified for that character. Any attribute |
38745 | 51 that isn't specified by these faces is taken from the @code{default} face, |
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52 whose attributes reflect the default settings of the frame itself. |
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53 |
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54 Enriched mode, the mode for editing formatted text, includes several |
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55 commands and menus for specifying faces for text in the buffer. |
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56 @xref{Format Faces}, for how to specify the font for text in the |
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57 buffer. @xref{Format Colors}, for how to specify the foreground and |
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58 background color. |
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59 |
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60 @cindex face colors, setting |
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61 @findex set-face-foreground |
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62 @findex set-face-background |
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63 To alter the appearance of a face, use the customization buffer. |
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64 @xref{Face Customization}. You can also use X resources to specify |
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65 attributes of particular faces (@pxref{Resources X}). Alternatively, |
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66 you can change the foreground and background colors of a specific face |
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67 with @kbd{M-x set-face-foreground} and @kbd{M-x set-face-background}. |
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68 These commands prompt in the minibuffer for a face name and a color |
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69 name, with completion, and then set that face to use the specified |
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70 color. Changing the colors of the @code{default} face also changes |
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71 the foreground and background colors on all frames, both existing and |
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72 those to be created in the future. (You can also set foreground and |
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73 background colors for the current frame only; see @ref{Frame |
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74 Parameters}.) |
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75 |
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76 Emacs 21 can correctly display variable-width fonts, but Emacs |
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77 commands that calculate width and indentation do not know how to |
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78 calculate variable widths. This can sometimes lead to incorrect |
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79 results when you use variable-width fonts. In particular, indentation |
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80 commands can give inconsistent results, so we recommend you avoid |
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81 variable-width fonts for editing program source code. Filling will |
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82 sometimes make lines too long or too short. We plan to address these |
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83 issues in future Emacs versions. |
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84 |
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85 @findex list-faces-display |
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86 To see what faces are currently defined, and what they look like, type |
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87 @kbd{M-x list-faces-display}. It's possible for a given face to look |
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88 different in different frames; this command shows the appearance in the |
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89 frame in which you type it. Here's a list of the standard defined |
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90 faces: |
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91 |
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92 @table @code |
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93 @item default |
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94 This face is used for ordinary text that doesn't specify any other face. |
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95 @item mode-line |
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96 This face is used for mode lines. By default, it's drawn with shadows |
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97 for a ``raised'' effect on window systems, and drawn as the inverse of |
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98 the default face on non-windowed terminals. @xref{Display Custom}. |
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99 @item header-line |
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100 Similar to @code{mode-line} for a window's header line. Most modes |
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101 don't use the header line, but the Info mode does. |
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102 @item highlight |
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103 This face is used for highlighting portions of text, in various modes. |
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104 For example, mouse-sensitive text is highlighted using this face. |
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105 @item isearch |
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106 This face is used for highlighting Isearch matches. |
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107 @item isearch-lazy-highlight-face |
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108 This face is used for lazy highlighting of Isearch matches other than |
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109 the current one. |
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110 @item region |
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111 This face is used for displaying a selected region (when Transient Mark |
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112 mode is enabled---see below). |
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113 @item secondary-selection |
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114 This face is used for displaying a secondary X selection (@pxref{Secondary |
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115 Selection}). |
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116 @item bold |
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117 This face uses a bold variant of the default font, if it has one. |
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118 @item italic |
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119 This face uses an italic variant of the default font, if it has one. |
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120 @item bold-italic |
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121 This face uses a bold italic variant of the default font, if it has one. |
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122 @item underline |
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123 This face underlines text. |
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124 @item fixed-pitch |
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125 The basic fixed-pitch face. |
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126 @item fringe |
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127 @cindex fringe |
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128 The face for the fringes to the left and right of windows on graphic |
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129 displays. (The fringes are the narrow portions of the Emacs frame |
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130 between the text area and the window's right and left borders.) |
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131 @item scroll-bar |
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132 This face determines the visual appearance of the scroll bar. |
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133 @item border |
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134 This face determines the color of the frame border. |
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135 @item cursor |
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136 This face determines the color of the cursor. |
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137 @item mouse |
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138 This face determines the color of the mouse pointer. |
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139 @item tool-bar |
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140 This is the basic tool-bar face. No text appears in the tool bar, but the |
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141 colors of this face affect the appearance of tool bar icons. |
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142 @item tooltip |
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143 This face is used for tooltips. |
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144 @item menu |
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145 This face determines the colors and font of Emacs's menus. Setting the |
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146 font of LessTif/Motif menus is currently not supported; attempts to set |
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147 the font are ignored in this case. |
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148 @item trailing-whitespace |
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149 The face for highlighting trailing whitespace when |
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150 @code{show-trailing-whitespace} is non-nil; see @ref{Trailing Whitespace}. |
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151 @item variable-pitch |
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152 The basic variable-pitch face. |
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153 @end table |
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154 |
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155 @cindex @code{region} face |
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156 When Transient Mark mode is enabled, the text of the region is |
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157 highlighted when the mark is active. This uses the face named |
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158 @code{region}; you can control the style of highlighting by changing the |
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159 style of this face (@pxref{Face Customization}). @xref{Transient Mark}, |
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160 for more information about Transient Mark mode and activation and |
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161 deactivation of the mark. |
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162 |
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163 One easy way to use faces is to turn on Font Lock mode. This minor |
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164 mode, which is always local to a particular buffer, arranges to |
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165 choose faces according to the syntax of the text you are editing. It |
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166 can recognize comments and strings in most languages; in several |
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167 languages, it can also recognize and properly highlight various other |
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168 important constructs. @xref{Font Lock}, for more information about |
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169 Font Lock mode and syntactic highlighting. |
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170 |
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171 You can print out the buffer with the highlighting that appears |
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172 on your screen using the command @code{ps-print-buffer-with-faces}. |
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173 @xref{PostScript}. |
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174 |
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175 @node Font Lock |
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176 @section Font Lock mode |
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177 @cindex Font Lock mode |
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178 @cindex mode, Font Lock |
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179 @cindex syntax highlighting and coloring |
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180 |
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181 Font Lock mode is a minor mode, always local to a particular |
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182 buffer, which highlights (or ``fontifies'') using various faces |
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183 according to the syntax of the text you are editing. It can |
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184 recognize comments and strings in most languages; in several |
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185 languages, it can also recognize and properly highlight various other |
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186 important constructs---for example, names of functions being defined |
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187 or reserved keywords. |
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188 |
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189 @findex font-lock-mode |
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190 @findex turn-on-font-lock |
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191 The command @kbd{M-x font-lock-mode} turns Font Lock mode on or off |
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192 according to the argument, and toggles the mode when it has no argument. |
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193 The function @code{turn-on-font-lock} unconditionally enables Font Lock |
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194 mode. This is useful in mode-hook functions. For example, to enable |
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195 Font Lock mode whenever you edit a C file, you can do this: |
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196 |
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197 @example |
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198 (add-hook 'c-mode-hook 'turn-on-font-lock) |
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199 @end example |
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200 |
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201 @findex global-font-lock-mode |
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202 @vindex global-font-lock-mode |
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203 To turn on Font Lock mode automatically in all modes which support |
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204 it, customize the user option @code{global-font-lock-mode} or use the |
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205 function @code{global-font-lock-mode} in your @file{.emacs} file, like |
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206 this: |
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207 |
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208 @example |
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209 (global-font-lock-mode 1) |
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210 @end example |
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211 |
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212 Font Lock mode uses several specifically named faces to do its job, |
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213 including @code{font-lock-string-face}, @code{font-lock-comment-face}, |
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214 and others. The easiest way to find them all is to use completion |
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215 on the face name in @code{set-face-foreground}. |
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216 |
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217 To change the colors or the fonts used by Font Lock mode to fontify |
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218 different parts of text, just change these faces. There are |
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219 two ways to do it: |
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220 |
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221 @itemize @bullet |
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222 @item |
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223 Invoke @kbd{M-x set-face-foreground} or @kbd{M-x set-face-background} |
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224 to change the colors of a particular face used by Font Lock. |
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225 @xref{Faces}. The command @kbd{M-x list-faces-display} displays all |
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226 the faces currently known to Emacs, including those used by Font Lock. |
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227 |
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228 @item |
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229 Customize the faces interactively with @kbd{M-x customize-face}, as |
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230 described in @ref{Face Customization}. |
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231 @end itemize |
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232 |
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233 To get the full benefit of Font Lock mode, you need to choose a |
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234 default font which has bold, italic, and bold-italic variants; or else |
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235 you need to have a color or gray-scale screen. |
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236 |
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237 @vindex font-lock-maximum-decoration |
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238 The variable @code{font-lock-maximum-decoration} specifies the |
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239 preferred level of fontification, for modes that provide multiple |
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240 levels. Level 1 is the least amount of fontification; some modes |
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241 support levels as high as 3. The normal default is ``as high as |
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242 possible.'' You can specify an integer, which applies to all modes, or |
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243 you can specify different numbers for particular major modes; for |
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244 example, to use level 1 for C/C++ modes, and the default level |
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245 otherwise, use this: |
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246 |
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247 @example |
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248 (setq font-lock-maximum-decoration |
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249 '((c-mode . 1) (c++-mode . 1))) |
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250 @end example |
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251 |
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252 @vindex font-lock-maximum-size |
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253 Fontification can be too slow for large buffers, so you can suppress |
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254 it. The variable @code{font-lock-maximum-size} specifies a buffer size, |
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255 beyond which buffer fontification is suppressed. |
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256 |
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257 @c @w is used below to prevent a bad page-break. |
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258 @vindex font-lock-beginning-of-syntax-function |
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259 @cindex incorrect fontification |
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260 @cindex parenthesis in column zero and fontification |
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261 @cindex brace in column zero and fontification |
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262 Comment and string fontification (or ``syntactic'' fontification) |
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263 relies on analysis of the syntactic structure of the buffer text. For |
38745 | 264 the sake of speed, some modes, including C mode and Lisp mode, |
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265 rely on a special convention: an open-parenthesis or open-brace in the |
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266 leftmost column always defines the @w{beginning} of a defun, and is |
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267 thus always outside any string or comment. (@xref{Left Margin |
38210 | 268 Paren}.) If you don't follow this convention, Font Lock mode can |
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269 misfontify the text that follows an open-parenthesis or open-brace in |
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270 the leftmost column that is inside a string or comment. |
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271 |
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272 @cindex slow display during scrolling |
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273 The variable @code{font-lock-beginning-of-syntax-function} (always |
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274 buffer-local) specifies how Font Lock mode can find a position |
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275 guaranteed to be outside any comment or string. In modes which use the |
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276 leftmost column parenthesis convention, the default value of the variable |
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277 is @code{beginning-of-defun}---that tells Font Lock mode to use the |
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278 convention. If you set this variable to @code{nil}, Font Lock no longer |
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279 relies on the convention. This avoids incorrect results, but the price |
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280 is that, in some cases, fontification for a changed text must rescan |
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281 buffer text from the beginning of the buffer. This can considerably |
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282 slow down redisplay while scrolling, particularly if you are close to |
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283 the end of a large buffer. |
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284 |
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285 @findex font-lock-add-keywords |
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286 Font Lock highlighting patterns already exist for many modes, but you |
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287 may want to fontify additional patterns. You can use the function |
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288 @code{font-lock-add-keywords}, to add your own highlighting patterns for |
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289 a particular mode. For example, to highlight @samp{FIXME:} words in C |
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290 comments, use this: |
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291 |
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292 @example |
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293 (font-lock-add-keywords |
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294 'c-mode |
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295 '(("\\<\\(FIXME\\):" 1 font-lock-warning-face t))) |
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296 @end example |
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297 |
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298 @findex font-lock-remove-keywords |
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299 To remove keywords from the font-lock highlighting patterns, use the |
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300 function @code{font-lock-remove-keywords}. |
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301 |
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302 @node Highlight Changes |
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303 @section Highlight Changes Mode |
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304 |
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305 @findex highlight-changes-mode |
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306 Use @kbd{M-x highlight-changes-mode} to enable a minor mode |
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307 that uses faces (colors, typically) to indicate which parts of |
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308 the buffer were changed most recently. |
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309 |
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310 @node Highlight Interactively |
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311 @section Interactive Highlighting by Matching |
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312 @cindex highlighting by matching |
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313 @cindex interactive highlighting |
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314 |
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315 It is sometimes useful to highlight the strings that match a certain |
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316 regular expression. For example, you might wish to see all the |
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317 references to a certain variable in a program source file, or highlight |
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318 certain parts in a voluminous output of some program, or make certain |
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319 cliches stand out in an article. |
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320 |
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321 @findex hi-lock-mode |
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322 Use the @kbd{M-x hi-lock-mode} command to turn on a minor mode that |
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323 allows you to specify regular expressions of the text to be |
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324 highlighted. Hi-lock mode works like Font Lock (@pxref{Font Lock}), |
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325 except that it lets you specify explicitly what parts of text to |
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326 highlight. You control Hi-lock mode with these commands: |
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327 |
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328 @table @kbd |
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329 @item C-x w h @var{regexp} @key{RET} @var{face} @key{RET} |
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330 @kindex C-x w h |
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331 @findex highlight-regexp |
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332 Highlight text that matches |
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333 @var{regexp} using face @var{face} (@code{highlight-regexp}). |
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334 By using this command more than once, you can highlight various |
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335 parts of the text in different ways. |
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336 |
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337 @item C-x w r @var{regexp} @key{RET} |
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338 @kindex C-x w r |
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339 @findex unhighlight-regexp |
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340 Unhighlight @var{regexp} (@code{unhighlight-regexp}). You must enter |
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341 one of the regular expressions currently specified for highlighting. |
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342 (You can use completion, or choose from a menu, to enter one of them |
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343 conveniently.) |
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344 |
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345 @item C-x w l @var{regexp} @key{RET} @var{face} @key{RET} |
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346 @kindex C-x w l |
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347 @findex highlight-lines-matching-regexp |
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348 @cindex lines, highlighting |
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349 @cindex highlighting lines of text |
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350 Highlight entire lines containing a match for @var{regexp}, using face |
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351 @var{face} (@code{highlight-lines-matching-regexp}). |
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352 |
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353 @item C-x w b |
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354 @kindex C-x w b |
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355 @findex hi-lock-write-interactive-patterns |
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356 Insert all the current highlighting regexp/face pairs into the buffer |
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357 at point, with comment delimiters to prevent them from changing your |
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358 program. This key binding runs the |
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359 @code{hi-lock-write-interactive-patterns} command. |
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360 |
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361 These patterns will be read the next time you visit the file while |
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362 Hi-lock mode is enabled, or whenever you use the @kbd{M-x |
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363 hi-lock-find-patterns} command. |
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364 |
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365 @item C-x w i |
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366 @kindex C-x w i |
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367 @findex hi-lock-find-patterns |
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368 @vindex hi-lock-exclude-modes |
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369 Re-read regexp/face pairs in the current buffer |
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370 (@code{hi-lock-write-interactive-patterns}). The list of pairs is |
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371 found no matter where in the buffer it may be. |
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372 |
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373 This command does nothing if the major mode is a member of the list |
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374 @code{hi-lock-exclude-modes}. |
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375 @end table |
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376 |
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377 @node Trailing Whitespace |
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378 @section Trailing Whitespace |
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379 |
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380 @cindex trailing whitespace |
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381 @cindex whitespace, trailing |
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382 @vindex show-trailing-whitespace |
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383 It is easy to leave unnecessary spaces at the end of a line without |
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384 realizing it. In most cases, this @dfn{trailing whitespace} has no |
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385 effect, but there are special circumstances where it matters. |
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386 |
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387 You can make trailing whitespace visible on the screen by setting the |
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388 buffer-local variable @code{show-trailing-whitespace} to @code{t}. Then |
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389 Emacs displays trailing whitespace in the face |
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390 @code{trailing-whitespace}. |
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391 |
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392 Trailing whitespace is defined as spaces or tabs at the end of a |
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393 line. But trailing whitespace is not displayed specially if point is |
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394 at the end of the line containing the whitespace. (Doing that looks |
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395 ugly while you are typing in new text, and the location of point is |
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396 enough in that case to show you that the spaces are present.) |
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397 |
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398 @findex delete-trailing-whitespace |
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399 To delete all trailing whitespace within the current buffer's |
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400 restriction (@pxref{Narrowing}), type @kbd{M-x |
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401 delete-trailing-whitespace @key{RET}}. (This command does not remove |
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402 the form-feed characters.) |
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403 |
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404 @vindex indicate-empty-lines |
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405 @vindex default-indicate-empty-lines |
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406 @cindex empty lines |
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407 Emacs can indicate empty lines at the end of the buffer with a |
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408 special bitmap on the left fringe of the window. To enable this |
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409 feature, set the buffer-local variable @code{indicate-empty-lines} to |
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410 a non-@code{nil} value. The default value of this variable is |
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411 controlled by the variable @code{default-indicate-empty-lines}; |
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412 by setting that variable, you can enable or disable this feature |
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413 for all new buffers. |
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414 |
25829 | 415 @node Scrolling |
416 @section Scrolling | |
417 | |
418 If a buffer contains text that is too large to fit entirely within a | |
419 window that is displaying the buffer, Emacs shows a contiguous portion of | |
420 the text. The portion shown always contains point. | |
421 | |
422 @cindex scrolling | |
423 @dfn{Scrolling} means moving text up or down in the window so that | |
424 different parts of the text are visible. Scrolling forward means that text | |
425 moves up, and new text appears at the bottom. Scrolling backward moves | |
426 text down and new text appears at the top. | |
427 | |
428 Scrolling happens automatically if you move point past the bottom or top | |
429 of the window. You can also explicitly request scrolling with the commands | |
430 in this section. | |
431 | |
432 @table @kbd | |
433 @item C-l | |
434 Clear screen and redisplay, scrolling the selected window to center | |
435 point vertically within it (@code{recenter}). | |
436 @item C-v | |
437 Scroll forward (a windowful or a specified number of lines) (@code{scroll-up}). | |
438 @item @key{NEXT} | |
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439 @itemx @key{PAGEDOWN} |
25829 | 440 Likewise, scroll forward. |
441 @item M-v | |
442 Scroll backward (@code{scroll-down}). | |
443 @item @key{PRIOR} | |
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444 @itemx @key{PAGEUP} |
25829 | 445 Likewise, scroll backward. |
446 @item @var{arg} C-l | |
447 Scroll so point is on line @var{arg} (@code{recenter}). | |
448 @item C-M-l | |
449 Scroll heuristically to bring useful information onto the screen | |
450 (@code{reposition-window}). | |
451 @end table | |
452 | |
453 @kindex C-l | |
454 @findex recenter | |
455 The most basic scrolling command is @kbd{C-l} (@code{recenter}) with | |
456 no argument. It clears the entire screen and redisplays all windows. | |
457 In addition, it scrolls the selected window so that point is halfway | |
458 down from the top of the window. | |
459 | |
460 @kindex C-v | |
461 @kindex M-v | |
462 @kindex NEXT | |
463 @kindex PRIOR | |
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464 @kindex PAGEDOWN |
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465 @kindex PAGEUP |
25829 | 466 @findex scroll-up |
467 @findex scroll-down | |
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468 @vindex next-screen-context-lines |
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469 To read the buffer a windowful at a time, use @kbd{C-v} |
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470 (@code{scroll-up}) with no argument. This scrolls forward by nearly |
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471 the whole window height. The effect is to take the two lines at the |
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472 bottom of the window and put them at the top, followed by nearly a |
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473 whole windowful of lines that were not previously visible. If point |
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474 was in the text that scrolled off the top, it ends up at the new top |
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475 of the window. |
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476 |
38745 | 477 @kbd{M-v} (@code{scroll-down}) with no argument scrolls backward in |
478 a similar way, also with overlap. The number of lines of overlap | |
479 across a @kbd{C-v} or @kbd{M-v} is controlled by the variable | |
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480 @code{next-screen-context-lines}; by default, it is 2. The function |
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481 keys @key{NEXT} and @key{PRIOR}, or @key{PAGEDOWN} and @key{PAGEUP}, |
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482 are equivalent to @kbd{C-v} and @kbd{M-v}. |
25829 | 483 |
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484 The commands @kbd{C-v} and @kbd{M-v} with a numeric argument scroll |
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485 the text in the selected window up or down a few lines. @kbd{C-v} |
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486 with an argument moves the text and point up, together, that many |
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487 lines; it brings the same number of new lines into view at the bottom |
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488 of the window. @kbd{M-v} with numeric argument scrolls the text |
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489 downward, bringing that many new lines into view at the top of the |
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490 window. @kbd{C-v} with a negative argument is like @kbd{M-v} and vice |
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491 versa. |
25829 | 492 |
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493 The names of scroll commands are based on the direction that the |
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494 text moves in the window. Thus, the command to scroll forward is |
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495 called @code{scroll-up} because it moves the text upward on the |
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496 screen. The keys @key{PAGEDOWN} and @key{PAGEUP} derive their names |
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497 and customary meanings from a different convention that developed |
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498 elsewhere; hence the strange result that @key{PAGEDOWN} runs |
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499 @code{scroll-up}. |
25829 | 500 |
501 @vindex scroll-preserve-screen-position | |
502 Some users like the full-screen scroll commands to keep point at the | |
503 same screen line. To enable this behavior, set the variable | |
504 @code{scroll-preserve-screen-position} to a non-@code{nil} value. This | |
505 mode is convenient for browsing through a file by scrolling by | |
506 screenfuls; if you come back to the screen where you started, point goes | |
507 back to the line where it started. However, this mode is inconvenient | |
508 when you move to the next screen in order to move point to the text | |
509 there. | |
510 | |
511 Another way to do scrolling is with @kbd{C-l} with a numeric argument. | |
512 @kbd{C-l} does not clear the screen when given an argument; it only scrolls | |
513 the selected window. With a positive argument @var{n}, it repositions text | |
514 to put point @var{n} lines down from the top. An argument of zero puts | |
515 point on the very top line. Point does not move with respect to the text; | |
516 rather, the text and point move rigidly on the screen. @kbd{C-l} with a | |
517 negative argument puts point that many lines from the bottom of the window. | |
518 For example, @kbd{C-u - 1 C-l} puts point on the bottom line, and @kbd{C-u | |
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519 - 5 C-l} puts it five lines from the bottom. @kbd{C-u C-l} scrolls to put |
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520 point at the center (vertically) of the selected window. |
25829 | 521 |
522 @kindex C-M-l | |
523 @findex reposition-window | |
524 The @kbd{C-M-l} command (@code{reposition-window}) scrolls the current | |
525 window heuristically in a way designed to get useful information onto | |
526 the screen. For example, in a Lisp file, this command tries to get the | |
527 entire current defun onto the screen if possible. | |
528 | |
529 @vindex scroll-conservatively | |
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530 Scrolling happens automatically when point moves out of the visible |
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531 portion of the text. Normally, automatic scrolling centers point |
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532 vertically within the window. However, if you set |
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533 @code{scroll-conservatively} to a small number @var{n}, then if you |
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534 move point just a little off the screen---less than @var{n} |
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535 lines---then Emacs scrolls the text just far enough to bring point |
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536 back on screen. By default, @code{scroll-conservatively} is 0. |
25829 | 537 |
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538 @cindex aggressive scrolling |
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539 @vindex scroll-up-aggressively |
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540 @vindex scroll-down-aggressively |
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541 When the window does scroll by a longer distance, you can control |
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542 how aggressively it scrolls, by setting the variables |
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543 @code{scroll-up-aggressively} and @code{scroll-down-aggressively}. |
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544 The value of @code{scroll-up-aggressively} should be either |
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545 @code{nil}, or a fraction @var{f} between 0 and 1. A fraction |
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546 specifies where on the screen to put point when scrolling upward. |
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547 More precisely, when a window scrolls up because point is above the |
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548 window start, the new start position is chosen to put point @var{f} |
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549 part of the window height from the top. The larger @var{f}, the more |
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550 aggressive the scrolling. |
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551 |
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552 @code{nil}, which is the default, scrolls to put point at the center. |
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553 So it is equivalent to .5. |
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554 |
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555 Likewise, @code{scroll-down-aggressively} is used for scrolling |
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556 down. The value, @var{f}, specifies how far point should be placed |
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557 from the bottom of the window; thus, as with |
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558 @code{scroll-up-aggressively}, a larger value is more aggressive. |
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559 |
25829 | 560 @vindex scroll-margin |
561 The variable @code{scroll-margin} restricts how close point can come | |
562 to the top or bottom of a window. Its value is a number of screen | |
563 lines; if point comes within that many lines of the top or bottom of the | |
564 window, Emacs recenters the window. By default, @code{scroll-margin} is | |
565 0. | |
566 | |
567 @node Horizontal Scrolling | |
568 @section Horizontal Scrolling | |
569 @cindex horizontal scrolling | |
570 | |
571 @dfn{Horizontal scrolling} means shifting all the lines sideways | |
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572 within a window---so that some of the text near the left margin is not |
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573 displayed at all. Emacs does this automatically in any window that |
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574 uses line truncation rather than continuation: whenever point moves |
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575 off the left or right edge of the screen, Emacs scrolls the buffer |
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576 horizontally to make point visible. |
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577 |
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578 When a window has been scrolled horizontally, text lines are truncated |
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579 rather than continued (@pxref{Continuation Lines}), with a @samp{$} |
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580 appearing in the first column when there is text truncated to the left, |
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581 and in the last column when there is text truncated to the right. |
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582 |
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583 You can use these commands to do explicit horizontal scrolling. |
25829 | 584 |
585 @table @kbd | |
586 @item C-x < | |
587 Scroll text in current window to the left (@code{scroll-left}). | |
588 @item C-x > | |
589 Scroll to the right (@code{scroll-right}). | |
590 @end table | |
591 | |
592 @kindex C-x < | |
593 @kindex C-x > | |
594 @findex scroll-left | |
595 @findex scroll-right | |
596 The command @kbd{C-x <} (@code{scroll-left}) scrolls the selected | |
597 window to the left by @var{n} columns with argument @var{n}. This moves | |
598 part of the beginning of each line off the left edge of the window. | |
599 With no argument, it scrolls by almost the full width of the window (two | |
600 columns less, to be precise). | |
601 | |
602 @kbd{C-x >} (@code{scroll-right}) scrolls similarly to the right. The | |
603 window cannot be scrolled any farther to the right once it is displayed | |
604 normally (with each line starting at the window's left margin); | |
605 attempting to do so has no effect. This means that you don't have to | |
606 calculate the argument precisely for @w{@kbd{C-x >}}; any sufficiently large | |
607 argument will restore the normal display. | |
608 | |
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609 If you scroll a window horizontally by hand, that sets a lower bound |
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610 for automatic horizontal scrolling. Automatic scrolling will continue |
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611 to scroll the window, but never farther to the right than the amount |
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612 you previously set by @code{scroll-left}. |
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613 |
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614 @vindex automatic-hscrolling |
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615 To disable automatic horizontal scrolling, set the variable |
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616 @code{automatic-hscrolling} to @code{nil}. |
34749 | 617 |
25829 | 618 @node Follow Mode |
619 @section Follow Mode | |
620 @cindex Follow mode | |
621 @cindex mode, Follow | |
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622 @findex follow-mode |
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623 @cindex windows, synchronizing |
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624 @cindex synchronizing windows |
25829 | 625 |
626 @dfn{Follow mode} is a minor mode that makes two windows showing the | |
627 same buffer scroll as one tall ``virtual window.'' To use Follow mode, | |
628 go to a frame with just one window, split it into two side-by-side | |
629 windows using @kbd{C-x 3}, and then type @kbd{M-x follow-mode}. From | |
630 then on, you can edit the buffer in either of the two windows, or scroll | |
631 either one; the other window follows it. | |
632 | |
36245 | 633 In Follow mode, if you move point outside the portion visible in one |
634 window and into the portion visible in the other window, that selects | |
635 the other window---again, treating the two as if they were parts of | |
636 one large window. | |
637 | |
25829 | 638 To turn off Follow mode, type @kbd{M-x follow-mode} a second time. |
639 | |
640 @node Selective Display | |
641 @section Selective Display | |
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642 @cindex selective display |
25829 | 643 @findex set-selective-display |
644 @kindex C-x $ | |
645 | |
646 Emacs has the ability to hide lines indented more than a certain number | |
647 of columns (you specify how many columns). You can use this to get an | |
648 overview of a part of a program. | |
649 | |
650 To hide lines, type @kbd{C-x $} (@code{set-selective-display}) with a | |
651 numeric argument @var{n}. Then lines with at least @var{n} columns of | |
652 indentation disappear from the screen. The only indication of their | |
653 presence is that three dots (@samp{@dots{}}) appear at the end of each | |
654 visible line that is followed by one or more hidden ones. | |
655 | |
656 The commands @kbd{C-n} and @kbd{C-p} move across the hidden lines as | |
657 if they were not there. | |
658 | |
659 The hidden lines are still present in the buffer, and most editing | |
660 commands see them as usual, so you may find point in the middle of the | |
661 hidden text. When this happens, the cursor appears at the end of the | |
662 previous line, after the three dots. If point is at the end of the | |
663 visible line, before the newline that ends it, the cursor appears before | |
664 the three dots. | |
665 | |
666 To make all lines visible again, type @kbd{C-x $} with no argument. | |
667 | |
668 @vindex selective-display-ellipses | |
669 If you set the variable @code{selective-display-ellipses} to | |
670 @code{nil}, the three dots do not appear at the end of a line that | |
671 precedes hidden lines. Then there is no visible indication of the | |
672 hidden lines. This variable becomes local automatically when set. | |
673 | |
674 @node Optional Mode Line | |
675 @section Optional Mode Line Features | |
676 | |
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677 @cindex line number display |
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678 @cindex display of line number |
25829 | 679 @findex line-number-mode |
680 The current line number of point appears in the mode line when Line | |
681 Number mode is enabled. Use the command @kbd{M-x line-number-mode} to | |
682 turn this mode on and off; normally it is on. The line number appears | |
683 before the buffer percentage @var{pos}, with the letter @samp{L} to | |
684 indicate what it is. @xref{Minor Modes}, for more information about | |
685 minor modes and about how to use this command. | |
686 | |
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687 @cindex narrowing, and line number display |
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688 If you have narrowed the buffer (@pxref{Narrowing}), the displayed |
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689 line number is relative to the accessible portion of the buffer. |
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690 |
25829 | 691 @vindex line-number-display-limit |
692 If the buffer is very large (larger than the value of | |
693 @code{line-number-display-limit}), then the line number doesn't appear. | |
694 Emacs doesn't compute the line number when the buffer is large, because | |
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695 that would be too slow. Set it to @code{nil} to remove the limit. |
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696 |
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697 @vindex line-number-display-limit-width |
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698 Line-number computation can also be slow if the lines in the buffer |
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699 are too long. For this reason, Emacs normally doesn't display line |
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700 numbers if the average width, in characters, of lines near point is |
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701 larger than the value of the variable |
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702 @code{line-number-display-limit-width}. The default value is 200 |
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703 characters. |
25829 | 704 |
705 @cindex Column Number mode | |
706 @cindex mode, Column Number | |
707 @findex column-number-mode | |
708 You can also display the current column number by turning on Column | |
709 Number mode. It displays the current column number preceded by the | |
710 letter @samp{C}. Type @kbd{M-x column-number-mode} to toggle this mode. | |
711 | |
712 @findex display-time | |
713 @cindex time (on mode line) | |
714 Emacs can optionally display the time and system load in all mode | |
30870 | 715 lines. To enable this feature, type @kbd{M-x display-time} or customize |
716 the option @code{display-time-mode}. The information added to the mode | |
717 line usually appears after the buffer name, before the mode names and | |
718 their parentheses. It looks like this: | |
25829 | 719 |
720 @example | |
721 @var{hh}:@var{mm}pm @var{l.ll} | |
722 @end example | |
723 | |
724 @noindent | |
725 @vindex display-time-24hr-format | |
726 Here @var{hh} and @var{mm} are the hour and minute, followed always by | |
727 @samp{am} or @samp{pm}. @var{l.ll} is the average number of running | |
728 processes in the whole system recently. (Some fields may be missing if | |
729 your operating system cannot support them.) If you prefer time display | |
730 in 24-hour format, set the variable @code{display-time-24hr-format} | |
731 to @code{t}. | |
732 | |
733 @cindex mail (on mode line) | |
28800 | 734 @vindex display-time-use-mail-icon |
735 @vindex display-time-mail-face | |
25829 | 736 The word @samp{Mail} appears after the load level if there is mail |
28800 | 737 for you that you have not read yet. On a graphical display you can use |
738 an icon instead of @samp{Mail} by customizing | |
739 @code{display-time-use-mail-icon}; this may save some space on the mode | |
740 line. You can customize @code{display-time-mail-face} to make the mail | |
741 indicator prominent. | |
25829 | 742 |
39267 | 743 @cindex mode line, 3D appearance |
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744 @cindex attributes of mode line, changing |
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745 @cindex non-integral number of lines in a window |
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746 By default, the mode line is drawn on graphics displays with |
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747 3D-style highlighting, like that of a button when it is not being |
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748 pressed. If you don't like this effect, you can disable the 3D |
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749 highlighting of the mode line, by customizing the attributes of the |
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750 @code{mode-line} face in your @file{.emacs} init file, like this: |
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751 |
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752 @example |
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753 (set-face-attribute 'mode-line nil :box nil) |
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754 @end example |
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755 |
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756 @noindent |
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757 Alternatively, you can turn off the box attribute in your |
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758 @file{.Xdefaults} file: |
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759 |
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760 @example |
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761 Emacs.mode-line.AttributeBox: off |
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762 @end example |
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763 |
25829 | 764 @node Text Display |
765 @section How Text Is Displayed | |
766 @cindex characters (in text) | |
767 | |
768 ASCII printing characters (octal codes 040 through 0176) in Emacs | |
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769 buffers are displayed with their graphics, as are non-ASCII multibyte |
25829 | 770 printing characters (octal codes above 0400). |
771 | |
772 Some ASCII control characters are displayed in special ways. The | |
773 newline character (octal code 012) is displayed by starting a new line. | |
774 The tab character (octal code 011) is displayed by moving to the next | |
775 tab stop column (normally every 8 columns). | |
776 | |
777 Other ASCII control characters are normally displayed as a caret | |
778 (@samp{^}) followed by the non-control version of the character; thus, | |
779 control-A is displayed as @samp{^A}. | |
780 | |
33744 | 781 Non-ASCII characters 0200 through 0237 (octal) are displayed with |
782 octal escape sequences; thus, character code 0230 (octal) is displayed | |
783 as @samp{\230}. The display of character codes 0240 through 0377 | |
784 (octal) may be either as escape sequences or as graphics. They do not | |
38115
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785 normally occur in multibyte buffers, but if they do, they are displayed |
33744 | 786 as Latin-1 graphics. In unibyte mode, if you enable European display |
787 they are displayed using their graphics (assuming your terminal supports | |
788 them), otherwise as escape sequences. @xref{Single-Byte Character | |
789 Support}. | |
25829 | 790 |
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791 @node Display Custom |
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792 @section Customization of Display |
25829 | 793 |
794 This section contains information for customization only. Beginning | |
795 users should skip it. | |
796 | |
797 @vindex mode-line-inverse-video | |
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798 The variable @code{mode-line-inverse-video} is an obsolete way of |
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|
799 controlling whether the mode line is displayed in inverse video; the |
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800 preferred way of doing this is to change the @code{mode-line} face. |
38832
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801 @xref{Mode Line}. However, if @code{mode-line-inverse-video} has a |
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802 value of @code{nil}, then the @code{mode-line} face will be ignored, |
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|
803 and mode-lines will be drawn using the default text face. |
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804 @xref{Faces}. |
25829 | 805 |
806 @vindex inverse-video | |
807 If the variable @code{inverse-video} is non-@code{nil}, Emacs attempts | |
808 to invert all the lines of the display from what they normally are. | |
809 | |
810 @vindex visible-bell | |
811 If the variable @code{visible-bell} is non-@code{nil}, Emacs attempts | |
812 to make the whole screen blink when it would normally make an audible bell | |
813 sound. This variable has no effect if your terminal does not have a way | |
814 to make the screen blink.@refill | |
815 | |
816 @vindex no-redraw-on-reenter | |
817 When you reenter Emacs after suspending, Emacs normally clears the | |
818 screen and redraws the entire display. On some terminals with more than | |
819 one page of memory, it is possible to arrange the termcap entry so that | |
820 the @samp{ti} and @samp{te} strings (output to the terminal when Emacs | |
821 is entered and exited, respectively) switch between pages of memory so | |
822 as to use one page for Emacs and another page for other output. Then | |
823 you might want to set the variable @code{no-redraw-on-reenter} | |
824 non-@code{nil}; this tells Emacs to assume, when resumed, that the | |
825 screen page it is using still contains what Emacs last wrote there. | |
826 | |
827 @vindex echo-keystrokes | |
828 The variable @code{echo-keystrokes} controls the echoing of multi-character | |
829 keys; its value is the number of seconds of pause required to cause echoing | |
830 to start, or zero meaning don't echo at all. @xref{Echo Area}. | |
831 | |
832 @vindex ctl-arrow | |
38048
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Proofreading fixes from Danny Colascione <qtmstr@optonline.net>.
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833 If the variable @code{ctl-arrow} is @code{nil}, all control characters in |
25829 | 834 the buffer are displayed with octal escape sequences, except for newline |
835 and tab. Altering the value of @code{ctl-arrow} makes it local to the | |
836 current buffer; until that time, the default value is in effect. The | |
837 default is initially @code{t}. @xref{Display Tables,, Display Tables, | |
838 elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. | |
839 | |
840 @vindex tab-width | |
841 Normally, a tab character in the buffer is displayed as whitespace which | |
842 extends to the next display tab stop position, and display tab stops come | |
843 at intervals equal to eight spaces. The number of spaces per tab is | |
844 controlled by the variable @code{tab-width}, which is made local by | |
845 changing it, just like @code{ctl-arrow}. Note that how the tab character | |
846 in the buffer is displayed has nothing to do with the definition of | |
847 @key{TAB} as a command. The variable @code{tab-width} must have an | |
848 integer value between 1 and 1000, inclusive. | |
849 | |
850 @c @vindex truncate-lines @c No index entry here, because we have one | |
851 @c in the continuation section. | |
852 If the variable @code{truncate-lines} is non-@code{nil}, then each | |
853 line of text gets just one screen line for display; if the text line is | |
854 too long, display shows only the part that fits. If | |
855 @code{truncate-lines} is @code{nil}, then long text lines display as | |
856 more than one screen line, enough to show the whole text of the line. | |
857 @xref{Continuation Lines}. Altering the value of @code{truncate-lines} | |
858 makes it local to the current buffer; until that time, the default value | |
859 is in effect. The default is initially @code{nil}. | |
860 | |
861 @c @vindex truncate-partial-width-windows @c Idx entry is in Split Windows. | |
862 If the variable @code{truncate-partial-width-windows} is | |
863 non-@code{nil}, it forces truncation rather than continuation in any | |
864 window less than the full width of the screen or frame, regardless of | |
865 the value of @code{truncate-lines}. For information about side-by-side | |
866 windows, see @ref{Split Window}. See also @ref{Display,, Display, | |
867 elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. | |
868 | |
869 @vindex baud-rate | |
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870 The variable @code{baud-rate} holds the output speed of the |
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871 terminal, as far as Emacs knows. Setting this variable does not |
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872 change the speed of actual data transmission, but the value is used |
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873 for calculations. On terminals, it affects padding, and decisions |
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Minor changes in previous change.
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874 about whether to scroll part of the screen or redraw it instead. |
37123
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baud-rate affects incremental search.
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875 It also affects the behavior of incremental search. |
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(Display Vars): Fix description of the role of
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876 |
36150
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|
877 On window-systems, @code{baud-rate} is only used to determine how |
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|
878 frequently to look for pending input during display updating. A |
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879 higher value of @code{baud-rate} means that check for pending input |
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|
880 will be done less frequently. |
25829 | 881 |
882 You can customize the way any particular character code is displayed | |
883 by means of a display table. @xref{Display Tables,, Display Tables, | |
884 elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. | |
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|
885 |
36260 | 886 @cindex hourglass pointer display |
887 @vindex hourglass-delay | |
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888 On a window system, Emacs can optionally display the mouse pointer |
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|
889 in a special shape to say that Emacs is busy. To turn this feature on |
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|
890 or off, customize the group @code{cursor}. You can also control the |
3a9de976b35c
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|
891 amount of time Emacs must remain busy before the busy indicator is |
36260 | 892 displayed, by setting the variable @code{hourglass-delay}. |
36156
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|
893 |
39162
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Describe tty-suppress-bold-inverse-default-colors.
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|
894 @findex tty-suppress-bold-inverse-default-colors |
af44a4698df4
Describe tty-suppress-bold-inverse-default-colors.
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changeset
|
895 On some text-only terminals, bold face and inverse video together |
af44a4698df4
Describe tty-suppress-bold-inverse-default-colors.
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|
896 result in text that is hard to read. Call the function |
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Describe tty-suppress-bold-inverse-default-colors.
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|
897 @code{tty-suppress-bold-inverse-default-colors} with a non-@code{nil} |
af44a4698df4
Describe tty-suppress-bold-inverse-default-colors.
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|
898 argument to suppress the effect of bold-face in this case. |
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changeset
|
899 |
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900 @node Cursor Display |
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901 @section Displaying the Cursor |
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|
902 |
36150
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|
903 @findex hl-line-mode |
38661
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(Display Cursor): Add an index entry for "highlight current line".
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changeset
|
904 @cindex highlight current line |
36150
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905 @findex blink-cursor-mode |
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|
906 @cindex cursor, locating visually |
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|
907 @cindex cursor, blinking |
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changeset
|
908 There are a number of ways to customize the display of the cursor. |
38939
cc4d7a50664e
(Cursor Display): Don't say that hl-line-mode
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38923
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changeset
|
909 @kbd{M-x hl-line-mode} enables or disables a minor mode which |
36156
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Delete info on Font Lock Support Modes.
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changeset
|
910 highlights the line containing point. On window systems, the command |
36150
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Display Vars node renamed Display Custom.
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changeset
|
911 @kbd{M-x blink-cursor-mode} turns on or off the blinking of the |
46e59561af4c
Display Vars node renamed Display Custom.
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changeset
|
912 cursor. (On terminals, the terminal itself blinks the cursor, and |
36151
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913 Emacs has no control over it.) |
36150
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|
914 |
46e59561af4c
Display Vars node renamed Display Custom.
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changeset
|
915 You can customize the cursor's color, and whether it blinks, using |
46e59561af4c
Display Vars node renamed Display Custom.
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diff
changeset
|
916 the @code{cursor} Custom group (@pxref{Easy Customization}). |
36156
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changeset
|
917 |
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changeset
|
918 @vindex x-stretch-cursor |
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changeset
|
919 @cindex wide block cursor |
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changeset
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920 When displaying on a window system, Emacs can optionally draw the |
3a9de976b35c
Delete info on Font Lock Support Modes.
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|
921 block cursor as wide as the character under the cursor---for example, |
3a9de976b35c
Delete info on Font Lock Support Modes.
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changeset
|
922 if the cursor is on a tab character, it would cover the full width |
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Delete info on Font Lock Support Modes.
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changeset
|
923 occupied by that tab character. To enable this feature, set the |
3a9de976b35c
Delete info on Font Lock Support Modes.
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|
924 variable @code{x-stretch-cursor} to a non-@code{nil} value. |
36181
d10f042c719f
Document cursor-in-non-selected-windows.
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|
925 |
d10f042c719f
Document cursor-in-non-selected-windows.
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changeset
|
926 @cindex cursor in non-selected windows |
d10f042c719f
Document cursor-in-non-selected-windows.
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changeset
|
927 @vindex cursor-in-non-selected-windows |
36263
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Remove redundant index entries.
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diff
changeset
|
928 Normally, the cursor in non-selected windows is shown as a hollow box. |
11db0318031d
Remove redundant index entries.
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36260
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changeset
|
929 To turn off cursor display in non-selected windows, customize the option |
37229
80947e6a8952
(Cursor Display): show-cursor-in-non-selected-windows was renamed.
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37175
diff
changeset
|
930 @code{cursor-in-non-selected-windows} to assign it a @code{nil} value. |