Mercurial > emacs
annotate man/basic.texi @ 78911:0b2aed7831d4
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author | Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org> |
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date | Fri, 28 Sep 2007 03:31:02 +0000 |
parents | 6a00e3595d41 |
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25829 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
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2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2000, 2001, |
75348 | 3 @c 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25829 | 4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
5 @node Basic, Minibuffer, Exiting, Top | |
6 @chapter Basic Editing Commands | |
7 | |
8 @kindex C-h t | |
9 @findex help-with-tutorial | |
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10 Here we explain the basics of how to enter text, make corrections, |
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11 and save the text in a file. If this material is new to you, we |
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12 suggest you first run the Emacs learn-by-doing tutorial, by typing |
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13 @kbd{Control-h t} inside Emacs. (@code{help-with-tutorial}). |
25829 | 14 |
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15 To clear and redisplay the screen, type @kbd{C-l} (@code{recenter}). |
25829 | 16 |
17 @menu | |
18 | |
19 * Inserting Text:: Inserting text by simply typing it. | |
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20 * Moving Point:: Moving the cursor to the place where you want to |
25829 | 21 change something. |
22 * Erasing:: Deleting and killing text. | |
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23 * Basic Undo:: Undoing recent changes in the text. |
25829 | 24 * Files: Basic Files. Visiting, creating, and saving files. |
25 * Help: Basic Help. Asking what a character does. | |
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26 * Blank Lines:: Making and deleting blank lines. |
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27 * Continuation Lines:: How Emacs displays lines too wide for the screen. |
25829 | 28 * Position Info:: What page, line, row, or column is point on? |
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29 * Arguments:: Numeric arguments for repeating a command N times. |
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30 * Repeating:: Repeating the previous command quickly. |
25829 | 31 @end menu |
32 | |
33 @node Inserting Text | |
34 @section Inserting Text | |
35 | |
36 @cindex insertion | |
37 @cindex graphic characters | |
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38 Typing printing characters inserts them into the text you are |
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39 editing. It inserts them into the buffer at the cursor; more |
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40 precisely, it inserts them at @dfn{point}, but the cursor normally |
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41 shows where point is. @xref{Point}. |
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42 |
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43 Insertion moves the cursor forward, and the following text moves |
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44 forward with the cursor. If the text in the buffer is @samp{FOOBAR}, |
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45 with the cursor before the @samp{B}, and you type @kbd{XX}, you get |
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46 @samp{FOOXXBAR}, with the cursor still before the @samp{B}. |
25829 | 47 |
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48 To @dfn{delete} text you have just inserted, use the large key |
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49 labeled @key{DEL}, @key{BACKSPACE} or @key{DELETE} which is a short |
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50 distance above the @key{RET} or @key{ENTER} key. Regardless of the |
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51 label on that key, Emacs thinks of it as @key{DEL}, and that's what we |
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52 call it in this manual. @key{DEL} is the key you normally use outside |
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53 Emacs to erase the last character that you typed. |
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54 |
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55 The @key{DEL} key deletes the character @emph{before} the cursor. |
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56 As a consequence, the cursor and all the characters after it move |
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57 backwards. If you type a printing character and then type @key{DEL}, |
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58 they cancel out. |
25829 | 59 |
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60 On most computers, Emacs sets up @key{DEL} automatically. In some |
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61 cases, especially with text-only terminals, Emacs may guess wrong. If |
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62 the key that ought to erase the last character doesn't do it in Emacs, |
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63 see @ref{DEL Does Not Delete}. |
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64 |
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65 Most PC keyboards have both a @key{BACKSPACE} key a little ways |
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66 above @key{RET} or @key{ENTER}, and a @key{DELETE} key elsewhere. On |
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67 these keyboards, Emacs tries to set up @key{BACKSPACE} as @key{DEL}. |
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68 The @key{DELETE} key deletes ``forwards'' like @kbd{C-d} (see below), |
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69 which means it deletes the character underneath the cursor (after |
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70 point). |
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71 |
25829 | 72 @kindex RET |
73 @cindex newline | |
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74 To end a line and start typing a new one, type @key{RET}. (This |
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75 key may be labeled @key{RETURN} or @key{ENTER}, but in Emacs we call |
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76 it @key{RET}.) This inserts a newline character in the buffer. If |
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77 point is at the end of the line, this creates a new blank line after |
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78 it. If point is in the middle of a line, the effect is to split that |
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79 line. Typing @key{DEL} when the cursor is at the beginning of a line |
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80 deletes the preceding newline character, thus joining the line with |
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81 the one before it. |
25829 | 82 |
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83 Emacs can split lines automatically when they become too long, if |
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84 you turn on a special minor mode called @dfn{Auto Fill} mode. |
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85 @xref{Filling}, for Auto Fill mode and other methods of @dfn{filling} |
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86 text. |
25829 | 87 |
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88 If you prefer printing characters to replace (overwrite) existing |
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89 text, rather than shove it to the right, you should enable Overwrite |
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90 mode, a minor mode. @xref{Minor Modes}. |
25829 | 91 |
92 @cindex quoting | |
93 @kindex C-q | |
94 @findex quoted-insert | |
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95 Only printing characters and @key{SPC} insert themselves in Emacs. |
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96 Other characters act as editing commands and do not insert themselves. |
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97 These include control characters, and characters with codes above 200 |
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98 octal. If you need to insert one of these characters in the buffer, |
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99 you must @dfn{quote} it by typing the character @kbd{Control-q} |
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100 (@code{quoted-insert}) first. (This character's name is normally |
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101 written @kbd{C-q} for short.) There are two ways to use |
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102 @kbd{C-q}: |
25829 | 103 |
104 @itemize @bullet | |
105 @item | |
106 @kbd{C-q} followed by any non-graphic character (even @kbd{C-g}) | |
107 inserts that character. | |
108 | |
109 @item | |
110 @kbd{C-q} followed by a sequence of octal digits inserts the character | |
111 with the specified octal character code. You can use any number of | |
37152 | 112 octal digits; any non-digit terminates the sequence. If the |
113 terminating character is @key{RET}, it serves only to terminate the | |
114 sequence. Any other non-digit terminates the sequence and then acts | |
115 as normal input---thus, @kbd{C-q 1 0 1 B} inserts @samp{AB}. | |
116 | |
117 The use of octal sequences is disabled in ordinary non-binary | |
118 Overwrite mode, to give you a convenient way to insert a digit instead | |
119 of overwriting with it. | |
25829 | 120 @end itemize |
121 | |
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122 @cindex 8-bit character codes |
25829 | 123 @noindent |
33518 | 124 When multibyte characters are enabled, if you specify a code in the |
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125 range 0200 through 0377 octal, @kbd{C-q} assumes that you intend to |
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126 use some ISO 8859-@var{n} character set, and converts the specified |
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127 code to the corresponding Emacs character code. @xref{Enabling |
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128 Multibyte}. You select @emph{which} of the ISO 8859 character sets to |
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129 use through your choice of language environment (@pxref{Language |
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130 Environments}). |
25829 | 131 |
132 @vindex read-quoted-char-radix | |
133 To use decimal or hexadecimal instead of octal, set the variable | |
134 @code{read-quoted-char-radix} to 10 or 16. If the radix is greater than | |
135 10, some letters starting with @kbd{a} serve as part of a character | |
136 code, just like digits. | |
137 | |
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138 A numeric argument tells @kbd{C-q} how many copies of the quoted |
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139 character to insert (@pxref{Arguments}). |
25829 | 140 |
141 @findex newline | |
142 @findex self-insert | |
143 Customization information: @key{DEL} in most modes runs the command | |
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144 @code{delete-backward-char}; @key{RET} runs the command |
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145 @code{newline}, and self-inserting printing characters run the command |
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146 @code{self-insert}, which inserts whatever character you typed. Some |
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147 major modes rebind @key{DEL} to other commands. |
25829 | 148 |
149 @node Moving Point | |
150 @section Changing the Location of Point | |
151 | |
152 @cindex arrow keys | |
153 @cindex moving point | |
154 @cindex movement | |
155 @cindex cursor motion | |
156 @cindex moving the cursor | |
157 To do more than insert characters, you have to know how to move point | |
158 (@pxref{Point}). The simplest way to do this is with arrow keys, or by | |
159 clicking the left mouse button where you want to move to. | |
160 | |
161 There are also control and meta characters for cursor motion. Some | |
68452 | 162 are equivalent to the arrow keys (it is faster to use these control |
163 keys than move your hand over to the arrow keys). Others do more | |
164 sophisticated things. | |
25829 | 165 |
166 @kindex C-a | |
167 @kindex C-e | |
168 @kindex C-f | |
169 @kindex C-b | |
170 @kindex C-n | |
171 @kindex C-p | |
172 @kindex M-> | |
173 @kindex M-< | |
174 @kindex M-r | |
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175 @kindex LEFT |
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176 @kindex RIGHT |
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177 @kindex UP |
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178 @kindex DOWN |
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179 @findex move-beginning-of-line |
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180 @findex move-end-of-line |
25829 | 181 @findex forward-char |
182 @findex backward-char | |
183 @findex next-line | |
184 @findex previous-line | |
185 @findex beginning-of-buffer | |
186 @findex end-of-buffer | |
187 @findex goto-char | |
188 @findex goto-line | |
189 @findex move-to-window-line | |
190 @table @kbd | |
191 @item C-a | |
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192 Move to the beginning of the line (@code{move-beginning-of-line}). |
25829 | 193 @item C-e |
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194 Move to the end of the line (@code{move-end-of-line}). |
25829 | 195 @item C-f |
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196 Move forward one character (@code{forward-char}). The right-arrow key |
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197 does the same thing. |
25829 | 198 @item C-b |
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199 Move backward one character (@code{backward-char}). The left-arrow |
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200 key has the same effect. |
25829 | 201 @item M-f |
202 Move forward one word (@code{forward-word}). | |
203 @item M-b | |
204 Move backward one word (@code{backward-word}). | |
205 @item C-n | |
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206 Move down one line vertically (@code{next-line}). This command |
25829 | 207 attempts to keep the horizontal position unchanged, so if you start in |
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208 the middle of one line, you move to the middle of the next. The |
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209 down-arrow key does the same thing. |
25829 | 210 @item C-p |
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211 Move up one line, vertically (@code{previous-line}). The up-arrow key |
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212 has the same effect. This command preserves position within the line, |
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213 like @kbd{C-n}. |
25829 | 214 @item M-r |
215 Move point to left margin, vertically centered in the window | |
216 (@code{move-to-window-line}). Text does not move on the screen. | |
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217 A numeric argument says which screen line to place point on, counting |
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218 downward from the top of the window (zero means the top line). A |
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219 negative argument counts lines up from the bottom (@minus{}1 means the |
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220 bottom line). |
25829 | 221 @item M-< |
222 Move to the top of the buffer (@code{beginning-of-buffer}). With | |
223 numeric argument @var{n}, move to @var{n}/10 of the way from the top. | |
224 @xref{Arguments}, for more information on numeric arguments.@refill | |
225 @item M-> | |
226 Move to the end of the buffer (@code{end-of-buffer}). | |
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227 @item C-v |
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228 @itemx @key{PAGEDOWN} |
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229 @itemx @key{PRIOR} |
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230 Scroll the display one screen forward, and move point if necessary to |
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231 put it on the screen (@code{scroll-up}). This doesn't always move |
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232 point, but it is commonly used to do so. If your keyboard has a |
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233 @key{PAGEDOWN} or @key{PRIOR} key, it does the same thing. |
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234 |
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235 Scrolling commands are described further in @ref{Scrolling}. |
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236 @item M-v |
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237 @itemx @key{PAGEUP} |
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238 @itemx @key{NEXT} |
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239 Scroll one screen backward, and move point if necessary to put it on |
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240 the screen (@code{scroll-down}). This doesn't always move point, but |
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241 it is commonly used to do so. If your keyboard has a @key{PAGEUP} or |
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242 @key{NEXT} key, it does the same thing. |
25829 | 243 @item M-x goto-char |
244 Read a number @var{n} and move point to buffer position @var{n}. | |
245 Position 1 is the beginning of the buffer. | |
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246 @item M-g M-g |
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247 @itemx M-g g |
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248 @itemx M-x goto-line |
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249 Read a number @var{n} and move point to the beginning of line number |
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250 @var{n}. Line 1 is the beginning of the buffer. If point is on or |
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251 just after a number in the buffer, and you type @key{RET} with the |
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252 minibuffer empty, that number is used for @var{n}. |
25829 | 253 @item C-x C-n |
254 @findex set-goal-column | |
255 @kindex C-x C-n | |
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256 Use the current column of point as the @dfn{semipermanent goal column} |
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257 for @kbd{C-n} and @kbd{C-p} (@code{set-goal-column}). When a |
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258 semipermanent goal column is in effect, those commands always try to |
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259 move to this column, or as close as possible to it, after moving |
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260 vertically. The goal column remains in effect until canceled. |
25829 | 261 @item C-u C-x C-n |
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262 Cancel the goal column. Henceforth, @kbd{C-n} and @kbd{C-p} try to |
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263 preserve the horizontal position, as usual. |
25829 | 264 @end table |
265 | |
266 @vindex track-eol | |
267 If you set the variable @code{track-eol} to a non-@code{nil} value, | |
38172 | 268 then @kbd{C-n} and @kbd{C-p}, when starting at the end of the line, move |
25829 | 269 to the end of another line. Normally, @code{track-eol} is @code{nil}. |
270 @xref{Variables}, for how to set variables such as @code{track-eol}. | |
271 | |
272 @vindex next-line-add-newlines | |
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273 @kbd{C-n} normally stops at the end of the buffer when you use it on |
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274 the last line of the buffer. However, if you set the variable |
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275 @code{next-line-add-newlines} to a non-@code{nil} value, @kbd{C-n} on |
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276 the last line of a buffer creates an additional line at the end and |
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277 moves down into it. |
25829 | 278 |
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279 @node Erasing |
25829 | 280 @section Erasing Text |
281 | |
282 @table @kbd | |
283 @item @key{DEL} | |
284 Delete the character before point (@code{delete-backward-char}). | |
285 @item C-d | |
286 Delete the character after point (@code{delete-char}). | |
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287 @item @key{DELETE} |
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288 @itemx @key{BACKSPACE} |
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289 One of these keys, whichever is the large key above the @key{RET} or |
68452 | 290 @key{ENTER} key, deletes the character before point---it is @key{DEL}. |
291 If @key{BACKSPACE} is @key{DEL}, and your keyboard also has @key{DELETE}, | |
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292 then @key{DELETE} deletes forwards, like @kbd{C-d}. |
25829 | 293 @item C-k |
294 Kill to the end of the line (@code{kill-line}). | |
295 @item M-d | |
296 Kill forward to the end of the next word (@code{kill-word}). | |
297 @item M-@key{DEL} | |
298 Kill back to the beginning of the previous word | |
299 (@code{backward-kill-word}). | |
300 @end table | |
301 | |
302 @cindex killing characters and lines | |
303 @cindex deleting characters and lines | |
304 @cindex erasing characters and lines | |
305 You already know about the @key{DEL} key which deletes the character | |
306 before point (that is, before the cursor). Another key, @kbd{Control-d} | |
307 (@kbd{C-d} for short), deletes the character after point (that is, the | |
308 character that the cursor is on). This shifts the rest of the text on | |
309 the line to the left. If you type @kbd{C-d} at the end of a line, it | |
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310 joins that line with the following line. |
25829 | 311 |
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312 To erase a larger amount of text, use the @kbd{C-k} key, which |
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313 erases (kills) a line at a time. If you type @kbd{C-k} at the |
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314 beginning or middle of a line, it kills all the text up to the end of |
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315 the line. If you type @kbd{C-k} at the end of a line, it joins that |
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316 line with the following line. |
25829 | 317 |
318 @xref{Killing}, for more flexible ways of killing text. | |
319 | |
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320 @node Basic Undo |
25829 | 321 @section Undoing Changes |
322 | |
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323 Emacs records a list of changes made in the buffer text, so you can |
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324 you can undo recent changes, as far as the records go. |
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325 Usually each editing command makes a separate entry in the undo |
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326 records, but sometimes an entry covers just part of a command, and |
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327 very simple commands may be grouped. |
25829 | 328 |
329 @table @kbd | |
330 @item C-x u | |
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331 Undo one entry of the undo records---usually, one command worth |
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332 (@code{undo}). |
25829 | 333 @item C-_ |
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334 @itemx C-/ |
25829 | 335 The same. |
336 @end table | |
337 | |
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338 The command @kbd{C-x u} (or @kbd{C-_} or @kbd{C-/}) is how you undo. |
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339 Normally this command undoes the last change, and moves point back to |
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340 where it was before the change. |
25829 | 341 |
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342 If you repeat @kbd{C-x u} (or its aliases), each repetition undoes |
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343 another, earlier change, back to the limit of the undo information |
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344 available. If all recorded changes have already been undone, the undo |
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345 command displays an error message and does nothing. |
68452 | 346 |
347 The undo command applies only to changes in the buffer; you can't | |
348 use it to undo mere cursor motion. However, some cursor motion | |
349 commands set the mark, so if you use these commands from time to time, | |
350 you can move back to the neighborhoods you have moved through by | |
351 popping the mark ring (@pxref{Mark Ring}). | |
25829 | 352 |
353 @node Basic Files | |
354 @section Files | |
355 | |
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356 Text that you insert in an Emacs buffer lasts only as long as the |
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357 Emacs session. To keep any text permanently you must put it in a |
25829 | 358 @dfn{file}. Files are named units of text which are stored by the |
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359 operating system for you to retrieve later by name. To use the |
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360 contents of a file in any way, you must specify the file name. That |
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361 includes editing the file with Emacs. |
25829 | 362 |
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363 Suppose there is a file named @file{test.emacs} in your home |
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364 directory. To begin editing this file in Emacs, type |
25829 | 365 |
366 @example | |
68452 | 367 C-x C-f test.emacs @key{RET} |
25829 | 368 @end example |
369 | |
370 @noindent | |
371 Here the file name is given as an @dfn{argument} to the command @kbd{C-x | |
372 C-f} (@code{find-file}). That command uses the @dfn{minibuffer} to | |
373 read the argument, and you type @key{RET} to terminate the argument | |
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374 (@pxref{Minibuffer}). |
25829 | 375 |
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376 Emacs obeys this command by @dfn{visiting} the file: it creates a |
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377 buffer, it copies the contents of the file into the buffer, and then |
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378 displays the buffer for editing. If you alter the text, you can |
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379 @dfn{save} the new text in the file by typing @kbd{C-x C-s} |
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380 (@code{save-buffer}). This copies the altered buffer contents back |
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381 into the file @file{test.emacs}, making them permanent. Until you |
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382 save, the changed text exists only inside Emacs, and the file |
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383 @file{test.emacs} is unaltered. |
25829 | 384 |
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385 To create a file, just visit it with @kbd{C-x C-f} as if it already |
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386 existed. This creates an empty buffer, in which you can insert the |
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387 text you want to put in the file. Emacs actually creates the file the |
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388 first time you save this buffer with @kbd{C-x C-s}. |
25829 | 389 |
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390 To learn more about using files in Emacs, see @ref{Files}. |
25829 | 391 |
392 @node Basic Help | |
393 @section Help | |
394 | |
395 @cindex getting help with keys | |
396 If you forget what a key does, you can find out with the Help | |
397 character, which is @kbd{C-h} (or @key{F1}, which is an alias for | |
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398 @kbd{C-h}). Type @kbd{C-h k} followed by the key of interest; for |
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399 example, @kbd{C-h k C-n} tells you what @kbd{C-n} does. @kbd{C-h} is |
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400 a prefix key; @kbd{C-h k} is just one of its subcommands (the command |
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401 @code{describe-key}). The other subcommands of @kbd{C-h} provide |
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402 different kinds of help. Type @kbd{C-h} twice to get a description of |
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403 all the help facilities. @xref{Help}. |
25829 | 404 |
405 @node Blank Lines | |
406 @section Blank Lines | |
407 | |
408 @cindex inserting blank lines | |
409 @cindex deleting blank lines | |
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410 Here are special commands and techniques for inserting and deleting |
25829 | 411 blank lines. |
412 | |
413 @table @kbd | |
414 @item C-o | |
415 Insert one or more blank lines after the cursor (@code{open-line}). | |
416 @item C-x C-o | |
417 Delete all but one of many consecutive blank lines | |
418 (@code{delete-blank-lines}). | |
419 @end table | |
420 | |
421 @kindex C-o | |
422 @kindex C-x C-o | |
423 @cindex blank lines | |
424 @findex open-line | |
425 @findex delete-blank-lines | |
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426 To insert a new line of text before an existing line, |
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427 type the new line of text, followed by @key{RET}. |
25829 | 428 However, it may be easier to see what you are doing if you first make a |
429 blank line and then insert the desired text into it. This is easy to do | |
430 using the key @kbd{C-o} (@code{open-line}), which inserts a newline | |
431 after point but leaves point in front of the newline. After @kbd{C-o}, | |
432 type the text for the new line. @kbd{C-o F O O} has the same effect as | |
433 @w{@kbd{F O O @key{RET}}}, except for the final location of point. | |
434 | |
435 You can make several blank lines by typing @kbd{C-o} several times, or | |
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436 by giving it a numeric argument specifying how many blank lines to make. |
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437 @xref{Arguments}, for how. If you have a fill prefix, the @kbd{C-o} |
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438 command inserts the fill prefix on the new line, if typed at the |
25829 | 439 beginning of a line. @xref{Fill Prefix}. |
440 | |
441 The easy way to get rid of extra blank lines is with the command | |
442 @kbd{C-x C-o} (@code{delete-blank-lines}). @kbd{C-x C-o} in a run of | |
443 several blank lines deletes all but one of them. @kbd{C-x C-o} on a | |
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444 lone blank line deletes that one. When point is on a nonblank line, |
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445 @kbd{C-x C-o} deletes all following blank lines (if any). |
25829 | 446 |
447 @node Continuation Lines | |
448 @section Continuation Lines | |
449 | |
450 @cindex continuation line | |
451 @cindex wrapping | |
452 @cindex line wrapping | |
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453 @cindex fringes, and continuation lines |
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454 When a text line is too long to fit in one screen line, Emacs |
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455 displays it on two or more screen lines. This is called |
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456 @dfn{continuation} or @dfn{line wrapping}. On graphical displays, |
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457 Emacs indicates line wrapping with small bent arrows in the left and |
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458 right window fringes. On text-only terminals, Emacs displays a |
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459 @samp{\} character at the right margin of a screen line if it is not |
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460 the last in its text line. This @samp{\} character says that the |
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461 following screen line is not really a new text line. |
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462 |
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463 When line wrapping occurs just before a character that is wider than one |
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464 column, some columns at the end of the previous screen line may be |
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465 ``empty.'' In this case, Emacs displays additional @samp{\} |
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466 characters in the ``empty'' columns before the @samp{\} |
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467 character that indicates continuation. |
25829 | 468 |
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469 Continued lines can be difficult to read, since lines can break in |
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470 the middle of a word. If you prefer, you can make Emacs insert a |
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471 newline automatically when a line gets too long, by using Auto Fill |
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472 mode. Or enable Long Lines mode, which ensures that wrapping only |
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473 occurs between words. @xref{Filling}. |
25829 | 474 |
475 @cindex truncation | |
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476 @cindex line truncation, and fringes |
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477 Emacs can optionally @dfn{truncate} long lines---this means |
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478 displaying just one screen line worth, and the rest of the long line |
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479 does not appear at all. @samp{$} in the last column or a small |
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480 straight arrow in the window's right fringe indicates a truncated |
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481 line. |
25829 | 482 |
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483 @xref{Line Truncation}, for more about line truncation, |
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484 and other variables that control how text is displayed. |
25829 | 485 |
486 @node Position Info | |
487 @section Cursor Position Information | |
488 | |
489 Here are commands to get information about the size and position of | |
490 parts of the buffer, and to count lines. | |
491 | |
492 @table @kbd | |
493 @item M-x what-page | |
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494 Display the page number of point, and the line number within that page. |
25829 | 495 @item M-x what-line |
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496 Display the line number of point in the whole buffer. |
25829 | 497 @item M-x line-number-mode |
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498 @itemx M-x column-number-mode |
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499 Toggle automatic display of the current line number or column number. |
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500 @xref{Optional Mode Line}. |
25829 | 501 @item M-= |
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502 Display the number of lines in the current region (@code{count-lines-region}). |
25829 | 503 @xref{Mark}, for information about the region. |
504 @item C-x = | |
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505 Display the character code of character after point, character position of |
25829 | 506 point, and column of point (@code{what-cursor-position}). |
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507 @item M-x hl-line-mode |
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508 Enable or disable highlighting of the current line. @xref{Cursor |
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509 Display}. |
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510 @item M-x size-indication-mode |
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511 Toggle automatic display of the size of the buffer. |
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512 @xref{Optional Mode Line}. |
25829 | 513 @end table |
514 | |
515 @findex what-page | |
516 @findex what-line | |
517 @cindex line number commands | |
518 @cindex location of point | |
519 @cindex cursor location | |
520 @cindex point location | |
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521 @kbd{M-x what-line} displays the current line number |
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522 in the echo area. You can also see the current line number in the |
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523 mode line; see @ref{Mode Line}; but if you narrow the buffer, the |
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524 line number in the mode line is relative to the accessible portion |
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525 (@pxref{Narrowing}). By contrast, @code{what-line} shows both the |
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526 line number relative to the narrowed region and the line number |
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527 relative to the whole buffer. |
25829 | 528 |
37152 | 529 @kbd{M-x what-page} counts pages from the beginning of the file, and |
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530 counts lines within the page, showing both numbers in the echo area. |
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531 @xref{Pages}. |
25829 | 532 |
533 @kindex M-= | |
534 @findex count-lines-region | |
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535 Use @kbd{M-=} (@code{count-lines-region}) to displays the number of |
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536 lines in the region (@pxref{Mark}). @xref{Pages}, for the command |
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537 @kbd{C-x l} which counts the lines in the current page. |
25829 | 538 |
539 @kindex C-x = | |
540 @findex what-cursor-position | |
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541 The command @kbd{C-x =} (@code{what-cursor-position}) shows what |
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542 cursor's column position, and other information about point and the |
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543 character after it. It displays a line in the echo area that looks |
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544 like this: |
25829 | 545 |
546 @smallexample | |
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547 Char: c (99, #o143, #x63) point=28062 of 36168 (78%) column=53 |
25829 | 548 @end smallexample |
549 | |
550 The four values after @samp{Char:} describe the character that follows | |
551 point, first by showing it and then by giving its character code in | |
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552 decimal, octal and hex. For a non-@acronym{ASCII} multibyte character, these are |
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553 followed by @samp{file} and the character's representation, in hex, in |
25829 | 554 the buffer's coding system, if that coding system encodes the character |
555 safely and with a single byte (@pxref{Coding Systems}). If the | |
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556 character's encoding is longer than one byte, Emacs shows @samp{file ...}. |
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557 |
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558 However, if the character displayed is in the range 0200 through |
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559 0377 octal, it may actually stand for an invalid UTF-8 byte read from |
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560 a file. In Emacs, that byte is represented as a sequence of 8-bit |
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561 characters, but all of them together display as the original invalid |
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562 byte, in octal code. In this case, @kbd{C-x =} shows @samp{part of |
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563 display ...} instead of @samp{file}. |
25829 | 564 |
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565 @samp{point=} is followed by the position of point expressed as a |
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566 character count. The start of the buffer is position 1, one character |
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567 later is position 2, and so on. The next, larger, number is the total |
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568 number of characters in the buffer. Afterward in parentheses comes |
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569 the position expressed as a percentage of the total size. |
25829 | 570 |
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571 @samp{column=} is followed by the horizontal position of point, in |
25829 | 572 columns from the left edge of the window. |
573 | |
574 If the buffer has been narrowed, making some of the text at the | |
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575 beginning and the end temporarily inaccessible, @kbd{C-x =} displays |
25829 | 576 additional text describing the currently accessible range. For example, it |
577 might display this: | |
578 | |
579 @smallexample | |
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580 Char: C (67, #o103, #x43) point=252 of 889 (28%) <231-599> column=0 |
25829 | 581 @end smallexample |
582 | |
583 @noindent | |
584 where the two extra numbers give the smallest and largest character | |
585 position that point is allowed to assume. The characters between those | |
586 two positions are the accessible ones. @xref{Narrowing}. | |
587 | |
588 If point is at the end of the buffer (or the end of the accessible | |
589 part), the @w{@kbd{C-x =}} output does not describe a character after | |
590 point. The output might look like this: | |
591 | |
592 @smallexample | |
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593 point=36169 of 36168 (EOB) column=0 |
25829 | 594 @end smallexample |
595 | |
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596 @cindex character set of character at point |
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597 @cindex font of character at point |
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598 @cindex text properties at point |
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599 @cindex face at point |
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600 @w{@kbd{C-u C-x =}} displays the following additional information about a |
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601 character. |
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602 |
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603 @itemize @bullet |
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604 @item |
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605 The character set name, and the codes that identify the character |
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606 within that character set; @acronym{ASCII} characters are identified |
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607 as belonging to the @code{ascii} character set. |
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608 |
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609 @item |
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610 The character's syntax and categories. |
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611 |
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612 @item |
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613 The character's encodings, both internally in the buffer, and externally |
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614 if you were to save the file. |
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615 |
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616 @item |
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617 What keys to type to input the character in the current input method |
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618 (if it supports the character). |
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619 |
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620 @item |
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621 If you are running Emacs on a graphical display, the font name and |
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622 glyph code for the character. If you are running Emacs on a text-only |
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623 terminal, the code(s) sent to the terminal. |
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624 |
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625 @item |
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626 The character's text properties (@pxref{Text Properties,,, |
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627 elisp, the Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}), including any faces usewd to |
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628 display the character, and any overlays containing it |
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629 (@pxref{Overlays,,, elisp, the same manual}). |
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630 @end itemize |
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631 |
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632 Here's an example showing the Latin-1 character A with grave accent, |
61066
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633 in a buffer whose coding system is @code{iso-latin-1}, whose |
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634 terminal coding system is @code{iso-latin-1} (so the terminal actually |
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|
635 displays the character as @samp{@`A}), and which has font-lock-mode |
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636 (@pxref{Font Lock}) enabled: |
25829 | 637 |
37152 | 638 @smallexample |
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639 character: @`A (2240, #o4300, #x8c0, U+00C0) |
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640 charset: latin-iso8859-1 |
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641 (Right-Hand Part of Latin Alphabet 1@dots{} |
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642 code point: #x40 |
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643 syntax: w which means: word |
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|
644 category: l:Latin |
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645 to input: type "`A" with latin-1-prefix |
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646 buffer code: #x81 #xC0 |
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647 file code: #xC0 (encoded by coding system iso-latin-1) |
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648 display: terminal code #xC0 |
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649 |
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650 There are text properties here: |
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651 fontified t |
37152 | 652 @end smallexample |
25829 | 653 |
654 @node Arguments | |
655 @section Numeric Arguments | |
656 @cindex numeric arguments | |
657 @cindex prefix arguments | |
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658 @cindex arguments to commands |
25829 | 659 |
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660 In mathematics and computer usage, @dfn{argument} means |
25829 | 661 ``data provided to a function or operation.'' You can give any Emacs |
662 command a @dfn{numeric argument} (also called a @dfn{prefix argument}). | |
663 Some commands interpret the argument as a repetition count. For | |
664 example, @kbd{C-f} with an argument of ten moves forward ten characters | |
665 instead of one. With these commands, no argument is equivalent to an | |
666 argument of one. Negative arguments tell most such commands to move or | |
667 act in the opposite direction. | |
668 | |
669 @kindex M-1 | |
670 @kindex M-@t{-} | |
671 @findex digit-argument | |
672 @findex negative-argument | |
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673 If your terminal keyboard has a @key{META} key (labeled @key{ALT} on |
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674 PC keyboards), the easiest way to specify a numeric argument is to |
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675 type digits and/or a minus sign while holding down the @key{META} key. |
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676 For example, |
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677 |
25829 | 678 @example |
679 M-5 C-n | |
680 @end example | |
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681 |
25829 | 682 @noindent |
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683 moves down five lines. The characters @kbd{Meta-1}, @kbd{Meta-2}, |
25829 | 684 and so on, as well as @kbd{Meta--}, do this because they are keys bound |
685 to commands (@code{digit-argument} and @code{negative-argument}) that | |
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686 are defined to set up an argument for the next command. |
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687 @kbd{Meta--} without digits normally means @minus{}1. Digits and |
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688 @kbd{-} modified with Control, or Control and Meta, also specify numeric |
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689 arguments. |
25829 | 690 |
691 @kindex C-u | |
692 @findex universal-argument | |
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693 You can also specify a numeric argument by typing @kbd{C-u} |
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694 (@code{universal-argument}) followed by the digits. The advantage of |
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695 @kbd{C-u} is that you can type the digits without modifier keys; thus, |
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696 @kbd{C-u} works on all terminals. For a negative argument, type a |
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697 minus sign after @kbd{C-u}. A minus sign without digits normally |
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698 means @minus{}1. |
25829 | 699 |
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700 @kbd{C-u} alone has the special meaning of |
68452 | 701 ``four times'': it multiplies the argument for the next command by |
702 four. @kbd{C-u C-u} multiplies it by sixteen. Thus, @kbd{C-u C-u | |
703 C-f} moves forward sixteen characters. This is a good way to move | |
704 forward ``fast,'' since it moves about 1/5 of a line in the usual size | |
705 screen. Other useful combinations are @kbd{C-u C-n}, @kbd{C-u C-u | |
706 C-n} (move down a good fraction of a screen), @kbd{C-u C-u C-o} (make | |
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707 ``a lot'' of blank lines), and @kbd{C-u C-k} (kill four lines). |
25829 | 708 |
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709 Some commands care whether there is an argument, but ignore its |
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710 value. For example, the command @kbd{M-q} (@code{fill-paragraph}) |
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711 fills text; with an argument, it justifies the text as well. |
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712 (@xref{Filling}, for more information on @kbd{M-q}.) Plain @kbd{C-u} |
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713 is a handy way of providing an argument for such commands. |
25829 | 714 |
715 Some commands use the value of the argument as a repeat count, but do | |
716 something peculiar when there is no argument. For example, the command | |
717 @kbd{C-k} (@code{kill-line}) with argument @var{n} kills @var{n} lines, | |
718 including their terminating newlines. But @kbd{C-k} with no argument is | |
719 special: it kills the text up to the next newline, or, if point is right at | |
720 the end of the line, it kills the newline itself. Thus, two @kbd{C-k} | |
721 commands with no arguments can kill a nonblank line, just like @kbd{C-k} | |
722 with an argument of one. (@xref{Killing}, for more information on | |
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723 @kbd{C-k}.) |
25829 | 724 |
725 A few commands treat a plain @kbd{C-u} differently from an ordinary | |
726 argument. A few others may treat an argument of just a minus sign | |
727 differently from an argument of @minus{}1. These unusual cases are | |
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728 described when they come up; they exist to make an individual command |
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729 more convenient, and they are documented in that command's |
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|
730 documentation string. |
25829 | 731 |
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732 You can use a numeric argument before a self-inserting character to |
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|
733 insert multiple copies of it. This is straightforward when the |
ddc3087f4c41
Many simplifications and improvements in wording.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68685
diff
changeset
|
734 character is not a digit; for example, @kbd{C-u 6 4 a} inserts 64 |
ddc3087f4c41
Many simplifications and improvements in wording.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68685
diff
changeset
|
735 copies of the character @samp{a}. But this does not work for |
ddc3087f4c41
Many simplifications and improvements in wording.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68685
diff
changeset
|
736 inserting digits; @kbd{C-u 6 4 1} specifies an argument of 641. You |
ddc3087f4c41
Many simplifications and improvements in wording.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68685
diff
changeset
|
737 can separate the argument from the digit to insert with another |
ddc3087f4c41
Many simplifications and improvements in wording.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68685
diff
changeset
|
738 @kbd{C-u}; for example, @kbd{C-u 6 4 C-u 1} does insert 64 copies of |
ddc3087f4c41
Many simplifications and improvements in wording.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68685
diff
changeset
|
739 the character @samp{1}. |
25829 | 740 |
72101
c7e4f78b81a6
Move periods and commas inside quotes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71114
diff
changeset
|
741 We use the term ``prefix argument'' as well as ``numeric argument,'' |
71045
ddc3087f4c41
Many simplifications and improvements in wording.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68685
diff
changeset
|
742 to emphasize that you type these argument before the command, and to |
ddc3087f4c41
Many simplifications and improvements in wording.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68685
diff
changeset
|
743 distinguish them from minibuffer arguments that come after the |
ddc3087f4c41
Many simplifications and improvements in wording.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68685
diff
changeset
|
744 command. |
25829 | 745 |
746 @node Repeating | |
747 @section Repeating a Command | |
748 @cindex repeating a command | |
749 | |
38738 | 750 Many simple commands, such as those invoked with a single key or |
751 with @kbd{M-x @var{command-name} @key{RET}}, can be repeated by | |
752 invoking them with a numeric argument that serves as a repeat count | |
753 (@pxref{Arguments}). However, if the command you want to repeat | |
71045
ddc3087f4c41
Many simplifications and improvements in wording.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68685
diff
changeset
|
754 prompts for input, or uses a numeric argument in another way, that |
ddc3087f4c41
Many simplifications and improvements in wording.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68685
diff
changeset
|
755 method won't work. |
38541
2540b694650b
(Repeating): Mention the numeric argument as another form of repetition,
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
38172
diff
changeset
|
756 |
25829 | 757 @kindex C-x z |
758 @findex repeat | |
759 The command @kbd{C-x z} (@code{repeat}) provides another way to repeat | |
760 an Emacs command many times. This command repeats the previous Emacs | |
761 command, whatever that was. Repeating a command uses the same arguments | |
762 that were used before; it does not read new arguments each time. | |
763 | |
764 To repeat the command more than once, type additional @kbd{z}'s: each | |
765 @kbd{z} repeats the command one more time. Repetition ends when you | |
766 type a character other than @kbd{z}, or press a mouse button. | |
767 | |
768 For example, suppose you type @kbd{C-u 2 0 C-d} to delete 20 | |
769 characters. You can repeat that command (including its argument) three | |
770 additional times, to delete a total of 80 characters, by typing @kbd{C-x | |
771 z z z}. The first @kbd{C-x z} repeats the command once, and each | |
772 subsequent @kbd{z} repeats it once again. | |
773 | |
52401 | 774 @ignore |
775 arch-tag: cda8952a-c439-41c1-aecf-4bc0d6482956 | |
776 @end ignore |