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annotate man/frames.texi @ 34767:0be0c72fb0ad
(mail-mode): Set `comment-start' to the yank prefix.
author | Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org> |
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date | Thu, 21 Dec 2000 02:11:01 +0000 |
parents | ae23bd13d2ee |
children | 94d46968a93f |
rev | line source |
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25829 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
28126 | 2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 86, 87, 93, 94, 95, 97, 99, 2000 |
3 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc. | |
25829 | 4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
5 @node Frames, International, Windows, Top | |
6 @chapter Frames and X Windows | |
7 @cindex frames | |
8 | |
9 When using the X Window System, you can create multiple windows at the | |
10 X level in a single Emacs session. Each X window that belongs to Emacs | |
11 displays a @dfn{frame} which can contain one or several Emacs windows. | |
12 A frame initially contains a single general-purpose Emacs window which | |
13 you can subdivide vertically or horizontally into smaller windows. A | |
14 frame normally contains its own echo area and minibuffer, but you can | |
15 make frames that don't have these---they use the echo area and | |
16 minibuffer of another frame. | |
17 | |
18 Editing you do in one frame also affects the other frames. For | |
19 instance, if you put text in the kill ring in one frame, you can yank it | |
20 in another frame. If you exit Emacs through @kbd{C-x C-c} in one frame, | |
21 it terminates all the frames. To delete just one frame, use @kbd{C-x 5 | |
22 0}. | |
23 | |
24 To avoid confusion, we reserve the word ``window'' for the | |
25 subdivisions that Emacs implements, and never use it to refer to a | |
26 frame. | |
27 | |
28 Emacs compiled for MS-DOS emulates some aspects of the window system | |
29 so that you can use many of the features described in this chapter. | |
30 @xref{MS-DOS Input}, for more information. | |
31 | |
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32 @cindex MS Windows |
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33 Emacs compiled for MS Windows mostly supports the same features as |
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34 under X. |
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35 |
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36 Features which rely on text in multiple faces (such as Font Lock mode) |
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37 will also work on non-windowed terminals that can display more than one |
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38 face, whether by colors or underlining and emboldening, such as the |
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39 Linux console. Emacs determines automatically whether the terminal has |
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40 such support. |
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41 |
25829 | 42 @menu |
43 * Mouse Commands:: Moving, cutting, and pasting, with the mouse. | |
44 * Secondary Selection:: Cutting without altering point and mark. | |
33920 | 45 * Clipboard:: Using the clipboard for selections. |
25829 | 46 * Mouse References:: Using the mouse to select an item from a list. |
47 * Menu Mouse Clicks:: Mouse clicks that bring up menus. | |
48 * Mode Line Mouse:: Mouse clicks on the mode line. | |
49 * Speedbar:: How to make and use a speedbar frame. | |
50 * Creating Frames:: Creating additional Emacs frames with various contents. | |
51 * Multiple Displays:: How one Emacs job can talk to several displays. | |
52 * Special Buffer Frames:: You can make certain buffers have their own frames. | |
53 * Frame Parameters:: Changing the colors and other modes of frames. | |
54 * Scroll Bars:: How to enable and disable scroll bars; how to use them. | |
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55 * Wheeled Mice:: Using mouse wheels for scrolling. |
25829 | 56 * Menu Bars:: Enabling and disabling the menu bar. |
31609 | 57 * Tool Bars:: Enabling and disabling the tool bar. |
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58 * Dialog Boxes:: Controlling use of dialog boxes. |
25829 | 59 * Faces:: How to change the display style using faces. |
60 * Font Lock:: Minor mode for syntactic highlighting using faces. | |
61 * Support Modes:: Font Lock support modes make Font Lock faster. | |
62 * Highlight Changes:: Using colors to show where you changed the buffer. | |
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63 * Highlight Interactively:: Tell Emacs what text to highlight. |
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64 * Trailing Whitespace:: Showing possibly-spurious trailing whitespace. |
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65 * Tooltips:: Showing `tooltips', AKA `ballon help' for active text. |
28124 | 66 * Mouse Avoidance:: Moving the mouse pointer out of the way. |
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67 * Misc X:: Iconifying and deleting frames. |
25829 | 68 * Non-Window Terminals:: Multiple frames on terminals that show only one. |
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69 * XTerm Mouse:: Using the mouse in an XTerm terminal emulator. |
25829 | 70 @end menu |
71 | |
72 @node Mouse Commands | |
73 @section Mouse Commands for Editing | |
74 @cindex mouse buttons (what they do) | |
75 | |
76 The mouse commands for selecting and copying a region are mostly | |
77 compatible with the @code{xterm} program. You can use the same mouse | |
78 commands for copying between Emacs and other X client programs. | |
79 | |
80 @kindex DELETE | |
81 If you select a region with any of these mouse commands, and then | |
82 immediately afterward type the @key{DELETE} function key, it deletes the | |
83 region that you selected. The @key{BACKSPACE} function key and the | |
84 ASCII character @key{DEL} do not do this; if you type any other key | |
85 in between the mouse command and @key{DELETE}, it does not do this. | |
86 | |
87 @findex mouse-set-region | |
88 @findex mouse-set-point | |
89 @findex mouse-yank-at-click | |
90 @findex mouse-save-then-click | |
91 @kindex Mouse-1 | |
92 @kindex Mouse-2 | |
93 @kindex Mouse-3 | |
94 @table @kbd | |
95 @item Mouse-1 | |
96 Move point to where you click (@code{mouse-set-point}). | |
97 This is normally the left button. | |
98 | |
99 @item Drag-Mouse-1 | |
100 Set the region to the text you select by dragging, and copy it to the | |
101 kill ring (@code{mouse-set-region}). You can specify both ends of the | |
102 region with this single command. | |
103 | |
104 @vindex mouse-scroll-min-lines | |
105 If you move the mouse off the top or bottom of the window while | |
106 dragging, the window scrolls at a steady rate until you move the mouse | |
107 back into the window. This way, you can select regions that don't fit | |
108 entirely on the screen. The number of lines scrolled per step depends | |
109 on how far away from the window edge the mouse has gone; the variable | |
110 @code{mouse-scroll-min-lines} specifies a minimum step size. | |
111 | |
112 @item Mouse-2 | |
113 Yank the last killed text, where you click (@code{mouse-yank-at-click}). | |
114 This is normally the middle button. | |
115 | |
116 @item Mouse-3 | |
117 This command, @code{mouse-save-then-kill}, has several functions | |
118 depending on where you click and the status of the region. | |
119 | |
120 The most basic case is when you click @kbd{Mouse-1} in one place and | |
121 then @kbd{Mouse-3} in another. This selects the text between those two | |
122 positions as the region. It also copies the new region to the kill | |
123 ring, so that you can copy it to someplace else. | |
124 | |
125 If you click @kbd{Mouse-1} in the text, scroll with the scroll bar, and | |
126 then click @kbd{Mouse-3}, it remembers where point was before scrolling | |
127 (where you put it with @kbd{Mouse-1}), and uses that position as the | |
128 other end of the region. This is so that you can select a region that | |
129 doesn't fit entirely on the screen. | |
130 | |
131 More generally, if you do not have a highlighted region, @kbd{Mouse-3} | |
132 selects the text between point and the click position as the region. It | |
133 does this by setting the mark where point was, and moving point to where | |
134 you click. | |
135 | |
136 If you have a highlighted region, or if the region was set just before | |
137 by dragging button 1, @kbd{Mouse-3} adjusts the nearer end of the region | |
138 by moving it to where you click. The adjusted region's text also | |
139 replaces the old region's text in the kill ring. | |
140 | |
141 If you originally specified the region using a double or triple | |
142 @kbd{Mouse-1}, so that the region is defined to consist of entire words | |
143 or lines, then adjusting the region with @kbd{Mouse-3} also proceeds by | |
144 entire words or lines. | |
145 | |
146 If you use @kbd{Mouse-3} a second time consecutively, at the same place, | |
147 that kills the region already selected. | |
148 | |
149 @item Double-Mouse-1 | |
150 This key sets the region around the word which you click on. If you | |
151 click on a character with ``symbol'' syntax (such as underscore, in C | |
152 mode), it sets the region around the symbol surrounding that character. | |
153 | |
154 If you click on a character with open-parenthesis or close-parenthesis | |
155 syntax, it sets the region around the parenthetical grouping (sexp) | |
156 which that character starts or ends. If you click on a character with | |
157 string-delimiter syntax (such as a singlequote or doublequote in C), it | |
158 sets the region around the string constant (using heuristics to figure | |
159 out whether that character is the beginning or the end of it). | |
160 | |
161 @item Double-Drag-Mouse-1 | |
162 This key selects a region made up of the words you drag across. | |
163 | |
164 @item Triple-Mouse-1 | |
165 This key sets the region around the line you click on. | |
166 | |
167 @item Triple-Drag-Mouse-1 | |
168 This key selects a region made up of the lines you drag across. | |
169 @end table | |
170 | |
171 The simplest way to kill text with the mouse is to press @kbd{Mouse-1} | |
172 at one end, then press @kbd{Mouse-3} twice at the other end. | |
173 @xref{Killing}. To copy the text into the kill ring without deleting it | |
174 from the buffer, press @kbd{Mouse-3} just once---or just drag across the | |
175 text with @kbd{Mouse-1}. Then you can copy it elsewhere by yanking it. | |
176 | |
177 @vindex mouse-yank-at-point | |
178 To yank the killed or copied text somewhere else, move the mouse there | |
179 and press @kbd{Mouse-2}. @xref{Yanking}. However, if | |
180 @code{mouse-yank-at-point} is non-@code{nil}, @kbd{Mouse-2} yanks at | |
181 point. Then it does not matter where you click, or even which of the | |
182 frame's windows you click on. The default value is @code{nil}. This | |
183 variable also affects yanking the secondary selection. | |
184 | |
185 @cindex cutting and X | |
186 @cindex pasting and X | |
187 @cindex X cutting and pasting | |
188 To copy text to another X window, kill it or save it in the kill ring. | |
189 Under X, this also sets the @dfn{primary selection}. Then use the | |
190 ``paste'' or ``yank'' command of the program operating the other window | |
191 to insert the text from the selection. | |
192 | |
193 To copy text from another X window, use the ``cut'' or ``copy'' command | |
194 of the program operating the other window, to select the text you want. | |
195 Then yank it in Emacs with @kbd{C-y} or @kbd{Mouse-2}. | |
196 | |
197 These cutting and pasting commands also work on MS-Windows. | |
198 | |
199 @cindex primary selection | |
200 @cindex cut buffer | |
201 @cindex selection, primary | |
202 @vindex x-cut-buffer-max | |
203 When Emacs puts text into the kill ring, or rotates text to the front | |
204 of the kill ring, it sets the @dfn{primary selection} in the X server. | |
205 This is how other X clients can access the text. Emacs also stores the | |
206 text in the cut buffer, but only if the text is short enough | |
207 (@code{x-cut-buffer-max} specifies the maximum number of characters); | |
208 putting long strings in the cut buffer can be slow. | |
209 | |
210 The commands to yank the first entry in the kill ring actually check | |
211 first for a primary selection in another program; after that, they check | |
212 for text in the cut buffer. If neither of those sources provides text | |
213 to yank, the kill ring contents are used. | |
214 | |
215 @node Secondary Selection | |
216 @section Secondary Selection | |
217 @cindex secondary selection | |
218 | |
219 The @dfn{secondary selection} is another way of selecting text using | |
220 X. It does not use point or the mark, so you can use it to kill text | |
221 without setting point or the mark. | |
222 | |
223 @table @kbd | |
224 @findex mouse-set-secondary | |
225 @kindex M-Drag-Mouse-1 | |
226 @item M-Drag-Mouse-1 | |
227 Set the secondary selection, with one end at the place where you press | |
228 down the button, and the other end at the place where you release it | |
229 (@code{mouse-set-secondary}). The highlighting appears and changes as | |
230 you drag. | |
231 | |
232 If you move the mouse off the top or bottom of the window while | |
233 dragging, the window scrolls at a steady rate until you move the mouse | |
234 back into the window. This way, you can mark regions that don't fit | |
235 entirely on the screen. | |
236 | |
237 @findex mouse-start-secondary | |
238 @kindex M-Mouse-1 | |
239 @item M-Mouse-1 | |
240 Set one endpoint for the @dfn{secondary selection} | |
241 (@code{mouse-start-secondary}). | |
242 | |
243 @findex mouse-secondary-save-then-kill | |
244 @kindex M-Mouse-3 | |
245 @item M-Mouse-3 | |
246 Make a secondary selection, using the place specified with @kbd{M-Mouse-1} | |
247 as the other end (@code{mouse-secondary-save-then-kill}). A second click | |
248 at the same place kills the secondary selection just made. | |
249 | |
250 @findex mouse-yank-secondary | |
251 @kindex M-Mouse-2 | |
252 @item M-Mouse-2 | |
253 Insert the secondary selection where you click | |
254 (@code{mouse-yank-secondary}). This places point at the end of the | |
255 yanked text. | |
256 @end table | |
257 | |
258 Double or triple clicking of @kbd{M-Mouse-1} operates on words and | |
259 lines, much like @kbd{Mouse-1}. | |
260 | |
261 If @code{mouse-yank-at-point} is non-@code{nil}, @kbd{M-Mouse-2} | |
262 yanks at point. Then it does not matter precisely where you click; all | |
263 that matters is which window you click on. @xref{Mouse Commands}. | |
264 | |
33920 | 265 @node Clipboard |
266 @section Using the Clipboard | |
267 @cindex X clipboard | |
268 @cindex clipboard | |
269 @vindex x-select-enable-clipboard | |
270 @findex menu-bar-enable-clipboard | |
271 @cindex OpenWindows | |
272 @cindex Gnome | |
273 | |
274 As well as the primary and secondary selection types, X supports a | |
275 @dfn{clipboard} selection type which is used by some applications, | |
276 particularly under OpenWindows and Gnome. | |
277 | |
278 The command @kbd{M-x menu-bar-enable-clipboard} makes the @code{Cut}, | |
279 @code{Paste} and @code{Copy} menu items, as well as the keys of the same | |
280 names, all use the clipboard. | |
281 | |
282 You can customize the option @code{x-select-enable-clipboard} to make | |
283 the Emacs yank functions consult the clipboard before the primary | |
284 selection, and to make the kill functions to store in the clipboard as | |
285 well as the primary selection. Otherwise they do not access the | |
286 clipboard at all. Using the clipboard is the default on MS-Windows, | |
287 unlike most systems. | |
288 | |
25829 | 289 @node Mouse References |
290 @section Following References with the Mouse | |
291 @kindex Mouse-2 @r{(selection)} | |
292 | |
293 Some Emacs buffers display lists of various sorts. These include | |
294 lists of files, of buffers, of possible completions, of matches for | |
295 a pattern, and so on. | |
296 | |
297 Since yanking text into these buffers is not very useful, most of them | |
298 define @kbd{Mouse-2} specially, as a command to use or view the item you | |
299 click on. | |
300 | |
301 For example, if you click @kbd{Mouse-2} on a file name in a Dired | |
302 buffer, you visit that file. If you click @kbd{Mouse-2} on an error | |
303 message in the @samp{*Compilation*} buffer, you go to the source code | |
304 for that error message. If you click @kbd{Mouse-2} on a completion in | |
305 the @samp{*Completions*} buffer, you choose that completion. | |
306 | |
307 You can usually tell when @kbd{Mouse-2} has this special sort of | |
308 meaning because the sensitive text highlights when you move the mouse | |
309 over it. | |
310 | |
311 @node Menu Mouse Clicks | |
312 @section Mouse Clicks for Menus | |
313 | |
314 Mouse clicks modified with the @key{CTRL} and @key{SHIFT} keys | |
315 bring up menus. | |
316 | |
317 @table @kbd | |
318 @item C-Mouse-1 | |
30872 | 319 @kindex C-Mouse-1 |
320 @findex msb-mode | |
321 @cindex MSB minor mode | |
322 @cindex mode, MSB | |
25829 | 323 This menu is for selecting a buffer. |
324 | |
30872 | 325 The MSB (`mouse select buffer') global minor mode alters this menu to a |
326 form some people prefer and which is customizable. See the Custom group | |
327 @code{msb}. | |
328 | |
25829 | 329 @item C-Mouse-2 |
30872 | 330 @kindex C-Mouse-2 |
25829 | 331 This menu is for specifying faces and other text properties |
332 for editing formatted text. @xref{Formatted Text}. | |
333 | |
334 @item C-Mouse-3 | |
30872 | 335 @kindex C-Mouse-3 |
336 This menu is mode-specific. For most modes if Menu-bar mode is on, this | |
337 menu has the same items as all the mode-specific menu-bar menus put | |
338 together. Some modes may specify a different menu for this | |
339 button.@footnote{Some systems use @kbd{Mouse-3} for a mode-specific | |
340 menu. We took a survey of users, and found they preferred to keep | |
341 @kbd{Mouse-3} for selecting and killing regions. Hence the decision to | |
342 use @kbd{C-Mouse-3} for this menu.} If Menu-bar mode is off, this menu | |
343 contains all the items which would be present in the menu bar---not just | |
344 the mode-specific ones---so that you can access them without having to | |
345 display the menu bar. | |
25829 | 346 |
347 @item S-mouse-1 | |
348 This menu is for specifying the frame's principal font. | |
349 @end table | |
350 | |
351 @node Mode Line Mouse | |
352 @section Mode Line Mouse Commands | |
30872 | 353 @cindex mode line, mouse |
354 @cindex mouse on mode line | |
25829 | 355 |
356 You can use mouse clicks on window mode lines to select and manipulate | |
357 windows. | |
358 | |
359 @table @kbd | |
360 @item Mouse-1 | |
30872 | 361 @kindex mode-line mouse-1 |
25829 | 362 @kbd{Mouse-1} on a mode line selects the window above. By dragging |
363 @kbd{Mouse-1} on the mode line, you can move it, thus changing the | |
364 height of the windows above and below. | |
365 | |
366 @item Mouse-2 | |
30872 | 367 @kindex mode-line mouse-2 |
25829 | 368 @kbd{Mouse-2} on a mode line expands that window to fill its frame. |
369 | |
370 @item Mouse-3 | |
30872 | 371 @kindex mode-line mouse-3 |
25829 | 372 @kbd{Mouse-3} on a mode line deletes the window above. |
373 | |
374 @item C-Mouse-2 | |
30872 | 375 @kindex mode-line C-mouse-2 |
25829 | 376 @kbd{C-Mouse-2} on a mode line splits the window above |
377 horizontally, above the place in the mode line where you click. | |
378 @end table | |
379 | |
30872 | 380 @kindex vertical-scroll-bar mouse-1 |
25829 | 381 @kbd{C-Mouse-2} on a scroll bar splits the corresponding window |
382 vertically. @xref{Split Window}. | |
383 | |
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384 The commands above apply to areas of the mode line which do not have |
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385 mouse bindings of their own. Normally some areas, such as those |
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386 displaying the buffer name and the major mode name, have their own mouse |
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387 bindings. Help on these bindings is echoed when the mouse is positioned |
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388 over them. |
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389 |
25829 | 390 @node Creating Frames |
391 @section Creating Frames | |
392 @cindex creating frames | |
393 | |
394 @kindex C-x 5 | |
395 The prefix key @kbd{C-x 5} is analogous to @kbd{C-x 4}, with parallel | |
396 subcommands. The difference is that @kbd{C-x 5} commands create a new | |
397 frame rather than just a new window in the selected frame (@pxref{Pop | |
398 Up Window}). If an existing visible or iconified frame already displays | |
399 the requested material, these commands use the existing frame, after | |
400 raising or deiconifying as necessary. | |
401 | |
402 The various @kbd{C-x 5} commands differ in how they find or create the | |
403 buffer to select: | |
404 | |
405 @table @kbd | |
30984 | 406 @item C-x 5 1 |
407 @kindex C-x 5 1 | |
408 @findex delete-other-frames | |
409 Delete all frames except the selected one (@code{delete-other-frames}). | |
25829 | 410 @item C-x 5 2 |
411 @kindex C-x 5 2 | |
412 @findex make-frame-command | |
413 Create a new frame (@code{make-frame-command}). | |
414 @item C-x 5 b @var{bufname} @key{RET} | |
415 Select buffer @var{bufname} in another frame. This runs | |
416 @code{switch-to-buffer-other-frame}. | |
417 @item C-x 5 f @var{filename} @key{RET} | |
418 Visit file @var{filename} and select its buffer in another frame. This | |
419 runs @code{find-file-other-frame}. @xref{Visiting}. | |
420 @item C-x 5 d @var{directory} @key{RET} | |
421 Select a Dired buffer for directory @var{directory} in another frame. | |
422 This runs @code{dired-other-frame}. @xref{Dired}. | |
423 @item C-x 5 m | |
424 Start composing a mail message in another frame. This runs | |
425 @code{mail-other-frame}. It is the other-frame variant of @kbd{C-x m}. | |
426 @xref{Sending Mail}. | |
427 @item C-x 5 . | |
428 Find a tag in the current tag table in another frame. This runs | |
429 @code{find-tag-other-frame}, the multiple-frame variant of @kbd{M-.}. | |
430 @xref{Tags}. | |
431 @item C-x 5 r @var{filename} @key{RET} | |
432 @kindex C-x 5 r | |
433 @findex find-file-read-only-other-frame | |
434 Visit file @var{filename} read-only, and select its buffer in another | |
435 frame. This runs @code{find-file-read-only-other-frame}. | |
436 @xref{Visiting}. | |
437 @end table | |
438 | |
439 @cindex default-frame-alist | |
440 @cindex initial-frame-alist | |
441 You can control the appearance of new frames you create by setting the | |
442 frame parameters in @code{default-frame-alist}. You can use the | |
443 variable @code{initial-frame-alist} to specify parameters that affect | |
444 only the initial frame. @xref{Initial Parameters,,, elisp, The Emacs | |
445 Lisp Reference Manual}, for more information. | |
446 | |
447 @cindex font (default) | |
448 The easiest way to specify the principal font for all your Emacs | |
449 frames is with an X resource (@pxref{Font X}), but you can also do it by | |
450 modifying @code{default-frame-alist} to specify the @code{font} | |
451 parameter, as shown here: | |
452 | |
453 @example | |
454 (add-to-list 'default-frame-alist '(font . "10x20")) | |
455 @end example | |
456 | |
457 @node Speedbar | |
458 @section Making and Using a Speedbar Frame | |
459 @cindex speedbar | |
460 | |
461 An Emacs frame can have a @dfn{speedbar}, which is a vertical window | |
462 that serves as a scrollable menu of files you could visit and tags | |
463 within those files. To create a speedbar, type @kbd{M-x speedbar}; this | |
464 creates a speedbar window for the selected frame. From then on, you can | |
465 click on a file name in the speedbar to visit that file in the | |
466 corresponding Emacs frame, or click on a tag name to jump to that tag in | |
467 the Emacs frame. | |
468 | |
469 Initially the speedbar lists the immediate contents of the current | |
470 directory, one file per line. Each line also has a box, @samp{[+]} or | |
471 @samp{<+>}, that you can click on with @kbd{Mouse-2} to ``open up'' the | |
472 contents of that item. If the line names a directory, opening it adds | |
473 the contents of that directory to the speedbar display, underneath the | |
474 directory's own line. If the line lists an ordinary file, opening it up | |
475 adds a list of the tags in that file to the speedbar display. When a | |
476 file is opened up, the @samp{[+]} changes to @samp{[-]}; you can click | |
477 on that box to ``close up'' that file (hide its contents). | |
478 | |
479 Some major modes, including Rmail mode, Info, and GUD, have | |
480 specialized ways of putting useful items into the speedbar for you to | |
481 select. For example, in Rmail mode, the speedbar shows a list of Rmail | |
482 files, and lets you move the current message to another Rmail file by | |
483 clicking on its @samp{<M>} box. | |
484 | |
485 A speedbar belongs to one Emacs frame, and always operates on that | |
486 frame. If you use multiple frames, you can make a speedbar for some or | |
487 all of the frames; type @kbd{M-x speedbar} in any given frame to make a | |
488 speedbar for it. | |
489 | |
490 @node Multiple Displays | |
491 @section Multiple Displays | |
492 @cindex multiple displays | |
493 | |
494 A single Emacs can talk to more than one X Windows display. | |
495 Initially, Emacs uses just one display---the one specified with the | |
29107 | 496 @env{DISPLAY} environment variable or with the @samp{--display} option |
25829 | 497 (@pxref{Initial Options}). To connect to another display, use the |
498 command @code{make-frame-on-display}: | |
499 | |
500 @findex make-frame-on-display | |
501 @table @kbd | |
502 @item M-x make-frame-on-display @key{RET} @var{display} @key{RET} | |
503 Create a new frame on display @var{display}. | |
504 @end table | |
505 | |
506 A single X server can handle more than one screen. When you open | |
507 frames on two screens belonging to one server, Emacs knows they share a | |
508 single keyboard, and it treats all the commands arriving from these | |
509 screens as a single stream of input. | |
510 | |
511 When you open frames on different X servers, Emacs makes a separate | |
512 input stream for each server. This way, two users can type | |
513 simultaneously on the two displays, and Emacs will not garble their | |
514 input. Each server also has its own selected frame. The commands you | |
515 enter with a particular X server apply to that server's selected frame. | |
516 | |
517 Despite these features, people using the same Emacs job from different | |
518 displays can still interfere with each other if they are not careful. | |
519 For example, if any one types @kbd{C-x C-c}, that exits the Emacs job | |
520 for all of them! | |
521 | |
522 @node Special Buffer Frames | |
523 @section Special Buffer Frames | |
524 | |
525 @vindex special-display-buffer-names | |
526 You can make certain chosen buffers, for which Emacs normally creates | |
527 a second window when you have just one window, appear in special frames | |
528 of their own. To do this, set the variable | |
529 @code{special-display-buffer-names} to a list of buffer names; any | |
530 buffer whose name is in that list automatically gets a special frame, | |
531 when an Emacs command wants to display it ``in another window.'' | |
532 | |
533 For example, if you set the variable this way, | |
534 | |
535 @example | |
536 (setq special-display-buffer-names | |
537 '("*Completions*" "*grep*" "*tex-shell*")) | |
538 @end example | |
539 | |
540 @noindent | |
541 then completion lists, @code{grep} output and the @TeX{} mode shell | |
542 buffer get individual frames of their own. These frames, and the | |
543 windows in them, are never automatically split or reused for any other | |
544 buffers. They continue to show the buffers they were created for, | |
545 unless you alter them by hand. Killing the special buffer deletes its | |
546 frame automatically. | |
547 | |
548 @vindex special-display-regexps | |
549 More generally, you can set @code{special-display-regexps} to a list | |
550 of regular expressions; then a buffer gets its own frame if its name | |
551 matches any of those regular expressions. (Once again, this applies only | |
552 to buffers that normally get displayed for you in a separate window.) | |
553 | |
554 @vindex special-display-frame-alist | |
555 The variable @code{special-display-frame-alist} specifies the frame | |
556 parameters for these frames. It has a default value, so you don't need | |
557 to set it. | |
558 | |
559 For those who know Lisp, an element of | |
560 @code{special-display-buffer-names} or @code{special-display-regexps} | |
561 can also be a list. Then the first element is the buffer name or | |
562 regular expression; the rest of the list specifies how to create the | |
563 frame. It can be an association list specifying frame parameter values; | |
564 these values take precedence over parameter values specified in | |
565 @code{special-display-frame-alist}. Alternatively, it can have this | |
566 form: | |
567 | |
568 @example | |
569 (@var{function} @var{args}...) | |
570 @end example | |
571 | |
572 @noindent | |
573 where @var{function} is a symbol. Then the frame is constructed by | |
574 calling @var{function}; its first argument is the buffer, and its | |
575 remaining arguments are @var{args}. | |
576 | |
577 An analogous feature lets you specify buffers which should be | |
578 displayed in the selected window. @xref{Force Same Window}. The | |
579 same-window feature takes precedence over the special-frame feature; | |
580 therefore, if you add a buffer name to | |
581 @code{special-display-buffer-names} and it has no effect, check to see | |
582 whether that feature is also in use for the same buffer name. | |
583 | |
584 @node Frame Parameters | |
585 @section Setting Frame Parameters | |
586 @cindex colors | |
587 @cindex Auto-Raise mode | |
588 @cindex Auto-Lower mode | |
589 | |
590 This section describes commands for altering the display style and | |
591 window management behavior of the selected frame. | |
592 | |
593 @findex set-foreground-color | |
594 @findex set-background-color | |
595 @findex set-cursor-color | |
596 @findex set-mouse-color | |
597 @findex set-border-color | |
598 @findex auto-raise-mode | |
599 @findex auto-lower-mode | |
600 @table @kbd | |
601 @item M-x set-foreground-color @key{RET} @var{color} @key{RET} | |
602 Specify color @var{color} for the foreground of the selected frame. | |
603 (This also changes the foreground color of the default face.) | |
604 | |
605 @item M-x set-background-color @key{RET} @var{color} @key{RET} | |
606 Specify color @var{color} for the background of the selected frame. | |
607 (This also changes the background color of the default face.) | |
608 | |
609 @item M-x set-cursor-color @key{RET} @var{color} @key{RET} | |
610 Specify color @var{color} for the cursor of the selected frame. | |
611 | |
612 @item M-x set-mouse-color @key{RET} @var{color} @key{RET} | |
613 Specify color @var{color} for the mouse cursor when it is over the | |
614 selected frame. | |
615 | |
616 @item M-x set-border-color @key{RET} @var{color} @key{RET} | |
617 Specify color @var{color} for the border of the selected frame. | |
618 | |
619 @item M-x list-colors-display | |
620 Display the defined color names and show what the colors look like. | |
621 This command is somewhat slow. | |
622 | |
623 @item M-x auto-raise-mode | |
624 Toggle whether or not the selected frame should auto-raise. Auto-raise | |
625 means that every time you move the mouse onto the frame, it raises the | |
626 frame. | |
627 | |
628 Note that this auto-raise feature is implemented by Emacs itself. Some | |
629 window managers also implement auto-raise. If you enable auto-raise for | |
630 Emacs frames in your X window manager, it should work, but it is beyond | |
631 Emacs's control and therefore @code{auto-raise-mode} has no effect on | |
632 it. | |
633 | |
634 @item M-x auto-lower-mode | |
635 Toggle whether or not the selected frame should auto-lower. | |
636 Auto-lower means that every time you move the mouse off the frame, | |
637 the frame moves to the bottom of the stack of X windows. | |
638 | |
639 The command @code{auto-lower-mode} has no effect on auto-lower | |
640 implemented by the X window manager. To control that, you must use | |
641 the appropriate window manager features. | |
642 | |
643 @findex set-frame-font | |
644 @item M-x set-frame-font @key{RET} @var{font} @key{RET} | |
645 @cindex font (principal) | |
646 Specify font @var{font} as the principal font for the selected frame. | |
647 The principal font controls several face attributes of the | |
648 @code{default} face (@pxref{Faces}). For example, if the principal font | |
649 has a height of 12 pt, all text will be drawn in 12 pt fonts, unless you | |
650 use another face that specifies a different height. @xref{Font X}, for | |
651 ways to list the available fonts on your system. | |
652 | |
653 @kindex S-Mouse-1 | |
654 You can also set a frame's principal font through a pop-up menu. | |
655 Press @kbd{S-Mouse-1} to activate this menu. | |
656 @end table | |
657 | |
658 In Emacs versions that use an X toolkit, the color-setting and | |
659 font-setting functions don't affect menus and the menu bar, since they | |
660 are displayed by their own widget classes. To change the appearance of | |
661 the menus and menu bar, you must use X resources (@pxref{Resources X}). | |
662 @xref{Colors X}, regarding colors. @xref{Font X}, regarding choice of | |
663 font. | |
664 | |
665 For information on frame parameters and customization, see @ref{Frame | |
666 Parameters,,, elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. | |
667 | |
668 @node Scroll Bars | |
669 @section Scroll Bars | |
670 @cindex Scroll Bar mode | |
671 @cindex mode, Scroll Bar | |
672 | |
673 When using X, Emacs normally makes a @dfn{scroll bar} at the left of | |
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674 each Emacs window.@footnote{Placing it at the left is usually more |
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675 useful with overlapping frames with text starting at the left margin.} |
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676 The scroll bar runs the height of the window, and shows a moving |
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677 rectangular inner box which represents the portion of the buffer |
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678 currently displayed. The entire height of the scroll bar represents the |
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679 entire length of the buffer. |
25829 | 680 |
681 You can use @kbd{Mouse-2} (normally, the middle button) in the scroll | |
682 bar to move or drag the inner box up and down. If you move it to the | |
683 top of the scroll bar, you see the top of the buffer. If you move it to | |
684 the bottom of the scroll bar, you see the bottom of the buffer. | |
685 | |
686 The left and right buttons in the scroll bar scroll by controlled | |
687 increments. @kbd{Mouse-1} (normally, the left button) moves the line at | |
688 the level where you click up to the top of the window. @kbd{Mouse-3} | |
689 (normally, the right button) moves the line at the top of the window | |
690 down to the level where you click. By clicking repeatedly in the same | |
691 place, you can scroll by the same distance over and over. | |
692 | |
34523 | 693 If you are using Emacs's own implementation of scroll bars, as opposed |
34444 | 694 to scroll bars from an X toolkit, you can also click @kbd{C-Mouse-2} in |
695 the scroll bar to split a window vertically. The split occurs on the | |
696 line where you click. | |
25829 | 697 |
698 @findex scroll-bar-mode | |
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699 @vindex scroll-bar-mode |
25829 | 700 You can enable or disable Scroll Bar mode with the command @kbd{M-x |
701 scroll-bar-mode}. With no argument, it toggles the use of scroll bars. | |
702 With an argument, it turns use of scroll bars on if and only if the | |
703 argument is positive. This command applies to all frames, including | |
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704 frames yet to be created. Customize the option @code{scroll-bar-mode} |
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705 to control the use of scroll bars at startup. You can use it to specify |
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706 that they are placed at the right of windows if you prefer that. You |
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707 can use the X resource @samp{verticalScrollBars} to control the initial |
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708 setting of Scroll Bar mode similarly. @xref{Resources X}. |
25829 | 709 |
710 @findex toggle-scroll-bar | |
711 To enable or disable scroll bars for just the selected frame, use the | |
712 @kbd{M-x toggle-scroll-bar} command. | |
713 | |
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714 @node Wheeled Mice |
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715 @section Scrolling With `Wheeled' Mice |
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716 |
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717 @cindex mouse wheel |
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718 @findex mwheel-install |
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719 Some mice have a `wheel' instead of a third button. You can usually |
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720 click the wheel to act as @kbd{mouse-3}. You can also use the wheel to |
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721 scroll windows instead of using the scroll bar or keyboard commands. |
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722 Use @kbd{M-x mwheel-install} to set up the wheel for scrolling or put |
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723 @samp{(require 'mwheel)} in your @file{.emacs}. (Support for the wheel |
30872 | 724 depends on the system generating appropriate events for Emacs.) |
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725 |
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726 @vindex mwheel-follow-mouse |
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727 @vindex mwheel-scroll-amount |
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728 The variables @code{mwheel-follow-mouse} and @code{mwheel-scroll-amount} |
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729 determine where and by how much buffers are scrolled. |
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730 |
25829 | 731 @node Menu Bars |
732 @section Menu Bars | |
733 @cindex Menu Bar mode | |
734 @cindex mode, Menu Bar | |
735 | |
736 You can turn display of menu bars on or off with @kbd{M-x | |
31609 | 737 menu-bar-mode} or by customizing the option @code{menu-bar-mode}. |
738 With no argument, this command toggles Menu Bar mode, a | |
25829 | 739 minor mode. With an argument, the command turns Menu Bar mode on if the |
740 argument is positive, off if the argument is not positive. You can use | |
741 the X resource @samp{menuBarLines} to control the initial setting of | |
31609 | 742 Menu Bar mode. @xref{Resources X}. |
743 | |
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744 @kindex C-Mouse-3@r{, when menu bar is turned off} |
31609 | 745 Expert users often turn off the menu bar, especially on text-only |
746 terminals, where this makes one additional line available for text. If | |
747 the menu bar is off, you can still pop up a menu of its contents with | |
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748 @kbd{C-mouse-3} on a display which supports popup menus. @xref{Menu |
31609 | 749 Mouse Clicks}. |
25829 | 750 |
751 @xref{Menu Bar}, for information on how to invoke commands with the | |
752 menu bar. | |
753 | |
31609 | 754 @node Tool Bars |
755 @section Tool Bars | |
756 @cindex Tool Bar mode | |
757 @cindex mode, Tool Bar | |
34040 | 758 @cindex icons, tool bar |
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759 |
31609 | 760 You can turn display of tool bars on or off with @kbd{M-x tool-bar-mode} |
761 analogously to @code{menu-bar-mode}. @xref{Menu Bars}. This will only | |
34040 | 762 work in an Emacs with appropriate image support for the available icons |
763 on a graphic display. By default, monochrome (PBM or XBM format) icons | |
764 are used. XPM format icons, which normally look better, will normally | |
765 be used if Emacs was built with XPM support. | |
31609 | 766 |
34040 | 767 There is a global tool bar with useful items and some modes define their |
768 own tool bars to replace it.@footnote{We could provide more if suitable | |
769 icons are contributed.} Some items are removed from the global bar in | |
770 `special' modes not designed for editing text. | |
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771 |
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772 @node Dialog Boxes |
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773 @section Using Dialog Boxes |
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774 @cindex dialog boxes |
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775 |
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776 @vindex use-dialog-box |
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777 Certain operations invoked from menus will use a window system dialog |
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778 box to get information via the mouse if such dialog boxes are supported. |
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779 This includes yes/no questions and file selection under Motif/LessTif |
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780 and MS Windows. Customize the option @code{use-dialog-box} to suppress |
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781 the use of dialog boxes. |
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782 |
25829 | 783 @node Faces |
784 @section Using Multiple Typefaces | |
785 @cindex faces | |
786 | |
787 When using Emacs with X, you can set up multiple styles of displaying | |
788 characters. The aspects of style that you can control are the type | |
789 font, the foreground color, the background color, and whether to | |
790 underline. Emacs on MS-DOS supports faces partially by letting you | |
791 control the foreground and background colors of each face | |
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792 (@pxref{MS-DOS}). On non-windowed terminals faces are supported to the |
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793 extent the terminal can display them. |
25829 | 794 |
795 The way you control display style is by defining named @dfn{faces}. | |
796 Each face can specify a type font, a foreground color, a background | |
797 color, and an underline flag; but it does not have to specify all of | |
798 them. Then by specifying the face or faces to use for a given part | |
799 of the text in the buffer, you control how that text appears. | |
800 | |
801 The style of display used for a given character in the text is | |
802 determined by combining several faces. Any aspect of the display style | |
803 that isn't specified by overlays or text properties comes from the frame | |
804 itself. | |
805 | |
806 Enriched mode, the mode for editing formatted text, includes several | |
807 commands and menus for specifying faces. @xref{Format Faces}, for how | |
808 to specify the font for text in the buffer. @xref{Format Colors}, for | |
809 how to specify the foreground and background color. | |
810 | |
811 To alter the appearance of a face, use the customization buffer. | |
812 @xref{Face Customization}. You can also use X resources to specify | |
813 attributes of particular faces (@pxref{Resources X}). | |
814 | |
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815 @cindex face colors, setting |
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816 @findex set-face-foreground |
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817 @findex set-face-background |
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818 Alternatively, you could change the foreground and background colors |
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819 of a specific face with @kbd{M-x set-face-foreground} and @kbd{M-x |
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820 set-face-background}. These commands prompt in the minibuffer for a |
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821 face name and a color name, with completion, and then setup that face to |
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822 use the specified color. |
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823 |
25829 | 824 @findex list-faces-display |
825 To see what faces are currently defined, and what they look like, type | |
826 @kbd{M-x list-faces-display}. It's possible for a given face to look | |
827 different in different frames; this command shows the appearance in the | |
828 frame in which you type it. Here's a list of the standardly defined | |
829 faces: | |
830 | |
831 @table @code | |
832 @item default | |
833 This face is used for ordinary text that doesn't specify any other face. | |
834 @item modeline | |
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835 This face is used for mode lines. By default, it's drawn with shadows |
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836 for a `raised' effect under X and set up as the inverse of the default |
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837 face on non-windowed terminals. @xref{Display Vars}. |
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838 @item header-line |
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839 Similar to @code{modeline} for a window's header line. |
25829 | 840 @item highlight |
841 This face is used for highlighting portions of text, in various modes. | |
842 @item region | |
843 This face is used for displaying a selected region (when Transient Mark | |
844 mode is enabled---see below). | |
845 @item secondary-selection | |
846 This face is used for displaying a secondary selection (@pxref{Secondary | |
847 Selection}). | |
848 @item bold | |
849 This face uses a bold variant of the default font, if it has one. | |
850 @item italic | |
851 This face uses an italic variant of the default font, if it has one. | |
852 @item bold-italic | |
853 This face uses a bold italic variant of the default font, if it has one. | |
854 @item underline | |
855 This face underlines text. | |
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856 @item fixed-pitch |
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857 The basic fixed-pitch face. |
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858 @item fringe |
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859 The face for the fringes to the left and right of windows under X. |
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860 @item scroll-bar |
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861 This face determines the colors of the scroll bar. |
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862 @item border |
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863 This face determines the color of the frame border. |
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864 @item cursor |
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865 This face determines the color of the cursor. |
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866 @item mouse |
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867 This face determines the color of the mouse pointer. |
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868 @item tool-bar |
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869 The basic tool-bar face. |
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870 @item menu |
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871 This face determines the colors and font of Emacs's menus. Setting the |
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872 font of LessTif/Motif menus is currently not supported; attempts to set |
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873 the font are ignored in this case. |
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874 @item trailing-whitespace |
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875 The face for highlighting trailing whitespace when |
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876 @code{show-trailing-whitespace} is non-nil. |
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877 @item variable-pitch |
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878 The basic variable-pitch face. |
25829 | 879 @end table |
880 | |
881 @cindex @code{region} face | |
882 When Transient Mark mode is enabled, the text of the region is | |
883 highlighted when the mark is active. This uses the face named | |
884 @code{region}; you can control the style of highlighting by changing the | |
885 style of this face (@pxref{Face Customization}). @xref{Transient Mark}, | |
886 for more information about Transient Mark mode and activation and | |
887 deactivation of the mark. | |
888 | |
889 One easy way to use faces is to turn on Font Lock mode. This minor | |
890 mode, which is always local to a particular buffer, arranges to | |
891 choose faces according to the syntax of the text you are editing. It | |
892 can recognize comments and strings in most languages; in several | |
893 languages, it can also recognize and properly highlight various other | |
894 important constructs. @xref{Font Lock}, for more information about | |
895 Font Lock mode and syntactic highlighting. | |
896 | |
897 You can print out the buffer with the highlighting that appears | |
898 on your screen using the command @code{ps-print-buffer-with-faces}. | |
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899 @xref{PostScript}. |
25829 | 900 |
901 @node Font Lock | |
902 @section Font Lock mode | |
903 @cindex Font Lock mode | |
904 @cindex mode, Font Lock | |
905 @cindex syntax highlighting | |
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906 @cindex syntax coloring |
25829 | 907 |
908 Font Lock mode is a minor mode, always local to a particular | |
909 buffer, which highlights (or ``fontifies'') using various faces | |
910 according to the syntax of the text you are editing. It can | |
911 recognize comments and strings in most languages; in several | |
912 languages, it can also recognize and properly highlight various other | |
913 important constructs---for example, names of functions being defined | |
914 or reserved keywords. | |
915 | |
916 @findex font-lock-mode | |
917 @findex turn-on-font-lock | |
918 The command @kbd{M-x font-lock-mode} turns Font Lock mode on or off | |
919 according to the argument, and toggles the mode when it has no argument. | |
920 The function @code{turn-on-font-lock} unconditionally enables Font Lock | |
921 mode. This is useful in mode-hook functions. For example, to enable | |
922 Font Lock mode whenever you edit a C file, you can do this: | |
923 | |
924 @example | |
925 (add-hook 'c-mode-hook 'turn-on-font-lock) | |
926 @end example | |
927 | |
928 @findex global-font-lock-mode | |
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929 @vindex global-font-lock-mode |
25829 | 930 To turn on Font Lock mode automatically in all modes which support it, |
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931 customize the user option @code{global-font-lock-mode} or use the |
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932 function @code{global-font-lock-mode}, like this: |
25829 | 933 |
934 @example | |
935 (global-font-lock-mode 1) | |
936 @end example | |
937 | |
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938 To change the colors or the fonts used by Font Lock mode to fontify |
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939 different parts of text, you can use one of the following: |
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940 |
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941 @itemize @bullet |
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942 @item |
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943 Invoke @kbd{M-x set-face-foreground} or @kbd{M-x set-face-background} to |
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944 change the colors of a particular face, such as |
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945 @code{font-lock-variable-name-face}, used by Font Lock. @xref{Faces}. |
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946 The command @kbd{M-x list-faces-display} displays all the faces |
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947 currently known to Emacs, including those used by Font Lock. |
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948 |
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949 @item |
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950 Customize the faces interactively with @kbd{M-x customize-face}, as |
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951 described in @ref{Face Customization}. |
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952 @end itemize |
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953 |
25829 | 954 @kindex M-g M-g |
955 @findex font-lock-fontify-block | |
956 In Font Lock mode, when you edit the text, the highlighting updates | |
957 automatically in the line that you changed. Most changes don't affect | |
958 the highlighting of subsequent lines, but occasionally they do. To | |
959 rehighlight a range of lines, use the command @kbd{M-g M-g} | |
960 (@code{font-lock-fontify-block}). | |
961 | |
962 @vindex font-lock-mark-block-function | |
963 In certain major modes, @kbd{M-g M-g} refontifies the entire current | |
964 function. (The variable @code{font-lock-mark-block-function} controls | |
965 how to find the current function.) In other major modes, @kbd{M-g M-g} | |
966 refontifies 16 lines above and below point. | |
967 | |
968 With a prefix argument @var{n}, @kbd{M-g M-g} refontifies @var{n} | |
969 lines above and below point, regardless of the mode. | |
970 | |
971 To get the full benefit of Font Lock mode, you need to choose a | |
972 default font which has bold, italic, and bold-italic variants; or else | |
973 you need to have a color or gray-scale screen. | |
974 | |
975 @vindex font-lock-maximum-decoration | |
976 The variable @code{font-lock-maximum-decoration} specifies the | |
977 preferred level of fontification, for modes that provide multiple | |
978 levels. Level 1 is the least amount of fontification; some modes | |
979 support levels as high as 3. The normal default is ``as high as | |
980 possible.'' You can specify an integer, which applies to all modes, or | |
981 you can specify different numbers for particular major modes; for | |
982 example, to use level 1 for C/C++ modes, and the default level | |
983 otherwise, use this: | |
984 | |
985 @example | |
986 (setq font-lock-maximum-decoration | |
987 '((c-mode . 1) (c++-mode . 1))) | |
988 @end example | |
989 | |
990 @vindex font-lock-maximum-size | |
991 Fontification can be too slow for large buffers, so you can suppress | |
992 it. The variable @code{font-lock-maximum-size} specifies a buffer size, | |
993 beyond which buffer fontification is suppressed. | |
994 | |
995 @c @w is used below to prevent a bad page-break. | |
996 @vindex font-lock-beginning-of-syntax-function | |
997 Comment and string fontification (or ``syntactic'' fontification) | |
998 relies on analysis of the syntactic structure of the buffer text. For | |
999 the purposes of speed, some modes including C mode and Lisp mode rely on | |
1000 a special convention: an open-parenthesis in the leftmost column always | |
1001 defines the @w{beginning} of a defun, and is thus always outside any string | |
1002 or comment. (@xref{Defuns}.) If you don't follow this convention, | |
1003 then Font Lock mode can misfontify the text after an open-parenthesis in | |
1004 the leftmost column that is inside a string or comment. | |
1005 | |
1006 The variable @code{font-lock-beginning-of-syntax-function} (always | |
1007 buffer-local) specifies how Font Lock mode can find a position | |
1008 guaranteed to be outside any comment or string. In modes which use the | |
1009 leftmost column parenthesis convention, the default value of the variable | |
1010 is @code{beginning-of-defun}---that tells Font Lock mode to use the | |
1011 convention. If you set this variable to @code{nil}, Font Lock no longer | |
1012 relies on the convention. This avoids incorrect results, but the price | |
1013 is that, in some cases, fontification for a changed text must rescan | |
1014 buffer text from the beginning of the buffer. | |
1015 | |
1016 @findex font-lock-add-keywords | |
1017 Font Lock highlighting patterns already exist for many modes, but you | |
1018 may want to fontify additional patterns. You can use the function | |
1019 @code{font-lock-add-keywords}, to add your own highlighting patterns for | |
1020 a particular mode. For example, to highlight @samp{FIXME:} words in C | |
1021 comments, use this: | |
1022 | |
1023 @example | |
1024 (font-lock-add-keywords | |
1025 'c-mode | |
1026 '(("\\<\\(FIXME\\):" 1 font-lock-warning-face t))) | |
1027 @end example | |
1028 | |
1029 @node Support Modes | |
1030 @section Font Lock Support Modes | |
1031 | |
1032 Font Lock support modes make Font Lock mode faster for large buffers. | |
1033 There are two support modes: Fast Lock mode and Lazy Lock mode. They | |
1034 use two different methods of speeding up Font Lock mode. | |
1035 | |
1036 @menu | |
1037 * Fast Lock Mode:: Saving font information in files. | |
1038 * Lazy Lock Mode:: Fontifying only text that is actually displayed. | |
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1039 * JIT Lock Mode:: Like Lazy Lock, but generally faster. |
25829 | 1040 * Fast or Lazy:: Which support mode is best for you? |
1041 @end menu | |
1042 | |
1043 @node Fast Lock Mode | |
1044 @subsection Fast Lock Mode | |
1045 | |
1046 @cindex Fast Lock mode | |
1047 @cindex mode, Fast Lock | |
1048 To make Font Lock mode faster for buffers visiting large files, you | |
1049 can use Fast Lock mode. Fast Lock mode saves the font information for | |
1050 each file in a separate cache file; each time you visit the file, it | |
1051 rereads the font information from the cache file instead of refontifying | |
1052 the text from scratch. | |
1053 | |
1054 @findex fast-lock-mode | |
1055 The command @kbd{M-x fast-lock-mode} turns Fast Lock mode on or off, | |
1056 according to the argument (with no argument, it toggles). You can also | |
1057 arrange to enable Fast Lock mode whenever you use Font Lock mode, like | |
1058 this: | |
1059 | |
1060 @example | |
1061 (setq font-lock-support-mode 'fast-lock-mode) | |
1062 @end example | |
1063 | |
1064 @vindex fast-lock-minimum-size | |
1065 It is not worth writing a cache file for small buffers. Therefore, | |
1066 the variable @code{fast-lock-minimum-size} specifies a minimum file size | |
1067 for caching font information. | |
1068 | |
1069 @vindex fast-lock-cache-directories | |
1070 The variable @code{fast-lock-cache-directories} specifies where to put | |
1071 the cache files. Its value is a list of directories to try; @code{"."} | |
1072 means the same directory as the file being edited. The default value is | |
1073 @w{@code{("." "~/.emacs-flc")}}, which means to use the same directory if | |
1074 possible, and otherwise the directory @file{~/.emacs-flc}. | |
1075 | |
1076 @vindex fast-lock-save-others | |
1077 The variable @code{fast-lock-save-others} specifies whether Fast Lock | |
1078 mode should save cache files for files that you do not own. A | |
1079 non-@code{nil} value means yes (and that is the default). | |
1080 | |
1081 @node Lazy Lock Mode | |
1082 @subsection Lazy Lock Mode | |
1083 @cindex Lazy Lock mode | |
1084 @cindex mode, Lazy Lock | |
1085 | |
1086 To make Font Lock mode faster for large buffers, you can use Lazy Lock | |
1087 mode to reduce the amount of text that is fontified. In Lazy Lock mode, | |
1088 buffer fontification is demand-driven; it happens to portions of the | |
1089 buffer that are about to be displayed. And fontification of your | |
1090 changes is deferred; it happens only when Emacs has been idle for a | |
1091 certain short period of time. | |
1092 | |
1093 @findex lazy-lock-mode | |
1094 The command @kbd{M-x lazy-lock-mode} turns Lazy Lock mode on or off, | |
1095 according to the argument (with no argument, it toggles). You can also | |
1096 arrange to enable Lazy Lock mode whenever you use Font Lock mode, like | |
1097 this: | |
1098 | |
1099 @example | |
1100 (setq font-lock-support-mode 'lazy-lock-mode) | |
1101 @end example | |
1102 | |
1103 @vindex lazy-lock-minimum-size | |
1104 It is not worth avoiding buffer fontification for small buffers. | |
1105 Therefore, the variable @code{lazy-lock-minimum-size} specifies a | |
1106 minimum buffer size for demand-driven buffer fontification. Buffers | |
1107 smaller than that are fontified all at once, as in plain Font Lock mode. | |
1108 | |
1109 @vindex lazy-lock-defer-time | |
1110 When you alter the buffer, Lazy Lock mode defers fontification of the | |
1111 text you changed. The variable @code{lazy-lock-defer-time} specifies | |
1112 how many seconds Emacs must be idle before it starts fontifying your | |
1113 changes. If the value is 0, then changes are fontified immediately, as | |
1114 in plain Font Lock mode. | |
1115 | |
1116 @vindex lazy-lock-defer-on-scrolling | |
1117 Lazy Lock mode normally fontifies newly visible portions of the buffer | |
1118 before they are first displayed. However, if the value of | |
1119 @code{lazy-lock-defer-on-scrolling} is non-@code{nil}, newly visible | |
1120 text is fontified only when Emacs is idle for | |
1121 @code{lazy-lock-defer-time} seconds. | |
1122 | |
1123 @vindex lazy-lock-defer-contextually | |
1124 In some modes, including C mode and Emacs Lisp mode, changes in one | |
1125 line's contents can alter the context for subsequent lines, and thus | |
1126 change how they ought to be fontified. Ordinarily, you must type | |
1127 @kbd{M-g M-g} to refontify the subsequent lines. However, if you set | |
1128 the variable @code{lazy-lock-defer-contextually} to non-@code{nil}, Lazy | |
1129 Lock mode does this automatically, after @code{lazy-lock-defer-time} | |
1130 seconds. | |
1131 | |
1132 @cindex stealth fontification | |
1133 When Emacs is idle for a long time, Lazy Lock fontifies additional | |
1134 portions of the buffer, not yet displayed, in case you will display them | |
1135 later. This is called @dfn{stealth fontification}. | |
1136 | |
1137 @vindex lazy-lock-stealth-time | |
1138 @vindex lazy-lock-stealth-lines | |
1139 @vindex lazy-lock-stealth-verbose | |
1140 The variable @code{lazy-lock-stealth-time} specifies how many seconds | |
1141 Emacs has to be idle before stealth fontification starts. A value of | |
1142 @code{nil} means no stealth fontification. The variables | |
1143 @code{lazy-lock-stealth-lines} and @code{lazy-lock-stealth-verbose} | |
1144 specify the granularity and verbosity of stealth fontification. | |
1145 | |
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1146 @node JIT Lock Mode |
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1147 @subsection JIT Lock Mode |
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1148 |
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1149 @findex jit-lock-mode |
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1150 This Just-In-time support mode is roughly equivalent to Lazy Lock but is |
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1151 generally faster and more robust. It supports stealth and deferred |
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1152 contextual fontification. |
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1153 |
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1154 Font-lock uses @code{jit-lock-mode} as default support mode, so you |
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1155 don't have to do anything to activate it. |
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1156 |
25829 | 1157 @node Fast or Lazy |
1158 @subsection Fast Lock or Lazy Lock? | |
1159 | |
1160 Here is a simple guide to help you choose one of the Font Lock support | |
1161 modes. | |
1162 | |
1163 @itemize @bullet | |
1164 @item | |
1165 Fast Lock mode intervenes only during file visiting and buffer | |
1166 killing (and related events); therefore buffer editing and window | |
1167 scrolling are no faster or slower than in plain Font Lock mode. | |
1168 | |
1169 @item | |
1170 Fast Lock mode is slower at reading a cache file than Lazy Lock | |
1171 mode is at fontifying a window; therefore Fast Lock mode is slower at | |
1172 visiting a file than Lazy Lock mode. | |
1173 | |
1174 @item | |
1175 Lazy Lock mode intervenes during window scrolling to fontify text that | |
1176 scrolls onto the screen; therefore, scrolling is slower than in plain | |
1177 Font Lock mode. | |
1178 | |
1179 @item | |
1180 Lazy Lock mode doesn't fontify during buffer editing (it defers | |
1181 fontification of changes); therefore, editing is faster than in plain | |
1182 Font Lock mode. | |
1183 | |
1184 @item | |
1185 Fast Lock mode can be fooled by a file that is kept under version | |
1186 control software; therefore buffer fontification may occur even when | |
1187 a cache file exists for the file. | |
1188 | |
1189 @item | |
1190 Fast Lock mode only works with a buffer visiting a file; Lazy Lock | |
1191 mode works with any buffer. | |
1192 | |
1193 @item | |
1194 Fast Lock mode generates cache files; Lazy Lock mode does not. | |
1195 @end itemize | |
1196 | |
1197 @vindex font-lock-support-mode | |
1198 The variable @code{font-lock-support-mode} specifies which of these | |
1199 support modes to use; for example, to specify that Fast Lock mode is | |
1200 used for C/C++ modes, and Lazy Lock mode otherwise, set the variable | |
1201 like this: | |
1202 | |
1203 @example | |
1204 (setq font-lock-support-mode | |
1205 '((c-mode . fast-lock-mode) (c++-mode . fast-lock-mode) | |
1206 (t . lazy-lock-mode))) | |
1207 @end example | |
1208 | |
1209 @node Highlight Changes | |
1210 @section Highlight Changes Mode | |
1211 | |
1212 @findex highlight-changes-mode | |
1213 Use @kbd{M-x highlight-changes-mode} to enable a minor mode | |
1214 that uses faces (colors, typically) to indicate which parts of | |
1215 the buffer were changed most recently. | |
1216 | |
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1217 @node Highlight Interactively |
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1218 @section Interactive Highlighting of Arbitrary Text |
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1219 |
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1220 @cindex highlighting, arbitrary text |
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1221 @cindex interactive highlighting |
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1222 Sometimes, you could need to highlight arbitrary strings in the |
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1223 buffer. For example, you might wish to see all the references to a |
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1224 certain variable in a program source file or highlight certain parts in |
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1225 a voluminous output of some program, or make certain cliches stand out. |
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1226 |
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1227 @findex hi-lock-mode |
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1228 Use the @kbd{M-x hi-lock-mode} command to turn on a minor mode that |
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1229 allows you to specify regular expressions of the text to be highlighted. |
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1230 @code{hi-lock-mode} works like Font Lock (@pxref{Font Lock}), except |
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1231 that it lets you control what parts of text are highlighted. |
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1232 @code{hi-lock-mode} provides several functions: |
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1233 |
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1234 @table @kbd |
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1235 @item C-x w h |
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1236 @kindex C-x w i |
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1237 @findex highlight-regexp |
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1238 Specify the regular expression (@pxref{Regexps}) for the parts of buffer |
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1239 text that are to be highlighted (@code{highlight-regexp}). It prompts |
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1240 for the regular expression, then for the name of the face with which to |
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1241 highlight the text that matches. |
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1242 |
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1243 @item C-x w r |
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1244 @kindex C-x w r |
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1245 @findex unhighlight-regexp |
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1246 Unhighlight @var{regexp} (@code{unhighlight-regexp}). Prompts for the |
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1247 regular expression, and will accept only one of the regexps inserted by |
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1248 other @code{hi-lock} commands. |
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1249 |
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1250 @item C-x w l |
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1251 @kindex C-x w l |
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1252 @findex highlight-lines-matching-regexp |
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1253 @cindex lines, highlighting |
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1254 @cindex highlighting lines of text |
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1255 Specify the regular expression (@pxref{Regexps}) for the lines of buffer |
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1256 text that are to be highlighted |
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1257 (@code{highlight-lines-matching-regexp}). It prompts for the regular |
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1258 expression, then for the name of the face with which to highlight the |
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1259 matching lines. |
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1260 |
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1261 @item C-x w b |
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1262 @kindex C-x w b |
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1263 @findex hi-lock-write-interactive-patterns |
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1264 This runs the @code{hi-lock-write-interactive-patterns} command which |
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1265 inserts the patterns added by @kbd{M-x highlight-regexp} and @kbd{M-x |
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1266 highlight-lines-matching-regexp} into the current buffer at point, as |
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1267 comments. These patterns will be read the next time the file is |
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1268 visited, or when the @kbd{M-x hi-lock-find-patterns} command is issued. |
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1269 |
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1270 @item C-x w i |
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1271 @kindex C-x w i |
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1272 @findex hi-lock-find-patterns |
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1273 @vindex hi-lock-exclude-modes |
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1274 Re-read patterns stored in a buffer in the format produced by @kbd{M-x |
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1275 hi-lock-write-interactive-patterns} |
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1276 (@code{hi-lock-write-interactive-patterns}. If you invoke this command |
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1277 in a buffer whose major mode is a member of the list that is the value |
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1278 of the variable @code{hi-lock-exclude-modes}, this command has no |
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1279 effect. |
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1280 @end table |
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1281 |
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1282 |
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1283 @node Trailing Whitespace |
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1284 @section Trailing Whitespace |
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1285 |
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1286 @cindex trailing whitespace |
28124 | 1287 @cindex whitespace, trailing |
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1288 @vindex show-trailing-whitespace |
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1289 The option @code{show-trailing-whitespace} can be customized so that |
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1290 Emacs displays trailing whitespace in the face |
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1291 @code{trailing-whitespace}. Trailing whitespace is defined as spaces or |
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1292 tabs at the end of a line. To avoid busy highlighting when entering new |
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1293 text, trailing whitespace is not displayed if point is at the end of the |
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1294 line containing the whitespace. |
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|
1295 |
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1296 @node Tooltips |
28124 | 1297 @section Tooltips (or `Balloon Help') |
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1298 |
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1299 @cindex balloon help |
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1300 @findex tooltip-mode |
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1301 Tooltips are small X windows displaying a help string at the current |
28432 | 1302 mouse position, typically over text---including the mode line---which |
1303 can be activated with the mouse or other keys. (This facility is | |
1304 sometimes known as `balloon help'.) Tooltips may be available for menu | |
1305 items too. | |
1306 | |
1307 To use tooltips, customize the user option @code{tooltip-mode}. The | |
1308 customization group @code{tooltip} controls various aspects of their | |
1309 display. If Tooltip mode is not activated, the help text is displayed | |
1310 in the echo area instead. | |
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1311 |
28124 | 1312 @node Mouse Avoidance |
1313 @section Mouse Avoidance | |
1314 | |
1315 Mouse Avoidance mode keeps the window system mouse pointer away from | |
1316 point to avoid obscuring text. Whenever the mouse is moved, the frame | |
1317 is also raised. To use it, customize the option | |
1318 @code{mouse-avoidance-mode}. You can set this to various values to move | |
1319 the mouse in several ways: | |
1320 | |
1321 @table @code | |
1322 @item banish | |
1323 Move the mouse to the upper-right corner on any keypress; | |
1324 @item exile | |
1325 Move the mouse to the corner only if the cursor gets too close, | |
1326 and allow it to return once the cursor is out of the way; | |
1327 @item jump | |
1328 If the cursor gets too close to the mouse, displace the mouse | |
1329 a random distance & direction; | |
1330 @item animate | |
1331 As @code{jump}, but shows steps along the way for illusion of motion; | |
1332 @item cat-and-mouse | |
1333 The same as @code{animate}; | |
1334 @item proteus | |
1335 As @code{animate}, but changes the shape of the mouse pointer too. | |
1336 @end table | |
1337 | |
1338 You can also use the command @kbd{M-x mouse-avoidance-mode} to turn on | |
1339 the mode. | |
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1340 |
25829 | 1341 @node Misc X |
1342 @section Miscellaneous X Window Features | |
1343 | |
1344 The following commands let you create, delete and operate on frames: | |
1345 | |
1346 @table @kbd | |
1347 @item C-z | |
1348 @kindex C-z @r{(X windows)} | |
1349 @findex iconify-or-deiconify-frame | |
1350 Iconify the selected Emacs frame (@code{iconify-or-deiconify-frame}). | |
1351 The normal meaning of @kbd{C-z}, to suspend Emacs, is not useful under a | |
1352 window system, so it has a different binding in that case. | |
1353 | |
1354 If you type this command on an Emacs frame's icon, it deiconifies the frame. | |
1355 | |
1356 @item C-x 5 0 | |
1357 @kindex C-x 5 0 | |
1358 @findex delete-frame | |
1359 Delete the selected frame (@code{delete-frame}). This is not allowed if | |
1360 there is only one frame. | |
1361 | |
1362 @item C-x 5 o | |
1363 @kindex C-x 5 o | |
1364 @findex other-frame | |
1365 Select another frame, raise it, and warp the mouse to it so that it | |
1366 stays selected. If you repeat this command, it cycles through all the | |
1367 frames on your terminal. | |
28432 | 1368 |
1369 @item C-x 5 1 | |
1370 @kindex C-x 5 1 | |
1371 @findex delete-other-frames | |
1372 Delete all frames except the selected one. | |
25829 | 1373 @end table |
1374 | |
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1375 @cindex busy-cursor display |
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1376 @vindex busy-cursor-delay |
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1377 Emacs can optionally display a busy cursor on X and other window |
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1378 systems. To turn this on or off, customize the group @code{cursor}. |
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1379 You can also control the amount of time Emacs is busy before the |
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1380 busy-cursor is displayed, by customizing the value of the variable |
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1381 @code{busy-cursor-delay}. |
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1382 |
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1383 @vindex x-stretch-cursor |
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1384 @cindex wide block cursor |
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1385 Emacs on X can draw the block cursor as wide as the glyph under the |
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1386 cursor. For example, if the cursor is on a TAB character, it is drawn |
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1387 as wide as that TAB is on the display. To turn on this feature, set the |
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1388 variable @code{x-stretch-cursor} to a non-nil value. |
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1389 |
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1390 @vindex indicate-empty-lines |
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1391 @vindex default-indicate-empty-lines |
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1392 @cindex empty lines |
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1393 Empty display lines at the end of the buffer can be optionally marked |
31187 | 1394 with a special bitmap on the left fringe of the window. This is |
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1395 activated by setting the buffer-local variable |
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1396 @code{indicate-empty-lines} to a non-nil value. The default value of |
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1397 this variable is found in @code{default-indicate-empty-lines}. |
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1398 |
25829 | 1399 @node Non-Window Terminals |
1400 @section Non-Window Terminals | |
1401 @cindex non-window terminals | |
1402 @cindex single-frame terminals | |
1403 | |
1404 If your terminal does not have a window system that Emacs supports, | |
1405 then it can display only one Emacs frame at a time. However, you can | |
1406 still create multiple Emacs frames, and switch between them. Switching | |
1407 frames on these terminals is much like switching between different | |
1408 window configurations. | |
1409 | |
1410 Use @kbd{C-x 5 2} to create a new frame and switch to it; use @kbd{C-x | |
1411 5 o} to cycle through the existing frames; use @kbd{C-x 5 0} to delete | |
1412 the current frame. | |
1413 | |
1414 Each frame has a number to distinguish it. If your terminal can | |
1415 display only one frame at a time, the selected frame's number @var{n} | |
1416 appears near the beginning of the mode line, in the form | |
1417 @samp{F@var{n}}. | |
1418 | |
1419 @findex set-frame-name | |
1420 @findex select-frame-by-name | |
1421 @samp{F@var{n}} is actually the frame's name. You can also specify a | |
1422 different name if you wish, and you can select a frame by its name. Use | |
1423 the command @kbd{M-x set-frame-name @key{RET} @var{name} @key{RET}} to | |
1424 specify a new name for the selected frame, and use @kbd{M-x | |
1425 select-frame-by-name @key{RET} @var{name} @key{RET}} to select a frame | |
1426 according to its name. The name you specify appears in the mode line | |
1427 when the frame is selected. | |
1428 | |
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1429 @node XTerm Mouse |
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1430 @section Using a Mouse in Terminal Emulators |
28124 | 1431 @cindex xterm, mouse support |
1432 @cindex terminal emulators, mouse support | |
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1433 |
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1434 Some terminal emulators under X support mouse clicks in the terminal |
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1435 window. In a terminal emulator which is compatible with @code{xterm}, |
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1436 you can use @kbd{M-x xterm-mouse-mode} to enable simple use of the |
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1437 mouse---only single clicks are supported. The normal @code{xterm} mouse |
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1438 functionality is still available by holding down the @kbd{SHIFT} key |
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1439 when you press the mouse button. |