Mercurial > emacs
annotate etc/emacs.1 @ 63158:0c1cf4d7cbaf
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author | Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca> |
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date | Thu, 09 Jun 2005 03:15:05 +0000 |
parents | 695cf19ef79e |
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rev | line source |
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36224 | 1 .\" Copyright (C) 1995, 1999, 2000, 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
36223 | 2 .\" |
3 .\" This file is part of GNU Emacs. | |
4 .\" | |
5 .\" GNU Emacs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify | |
6 .\" it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by | |
7 .\" the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) | |
8 .\" any later version. | |
9 .\" | |
10 .\" GNU Emacs is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, | |
11 .\" but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of | |
12 .\" MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the | |
13 .\" GNU General Public License for more details. | |
14 .\" | |
15 .\" You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License | |
16 .\" along with GNU Emacs; see the file COPYING. If not, write to the | |
17 .\" Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, | |
18 .\" Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. | |
19 .\" | |
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20 '\" t |
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21 .TH EMACS 1 "2001 November 23" |
25852 | 22 .UC 4 |
23 .SH NAME | |
24 emacs \- GNU project Emacs | |
25 .SH SYNOPSIS | |
26 .B emacs | |
27 [ | |
28 .I command-line switches | |
29 ] [ | |
30 .I files ... | |
31 ] | |
32 .br | |
33 .SH DESCRIPTION | |
34 .I GNU Emacs | |
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35 is a version of |
25852 | 36 .I Emacs, |
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37 written by the author of the original (PDP-10) |
25852 | 38 .I Emacs, |
39 Richard Stallman. | |
40 .br | |
41 The primary documentation of GNU Emacs is in the GNU Emacs Manual, | |
42 which you can read on line using Info, a subsystem of Emacs. Please | |
43 look there for complete and up-to-date documentation. This man page | |
44 is updated only when someone volunteers to do so; the Emacs | |
45 maintainers' priority goal is to minimize the amount of time this man | |
46 page takes away from other more useful projects. | |
47 .br | |
48 The user functionality of GNU Emacs encompasses | |
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49 everything other |
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50 .I Emacs |
25852 | 51 editors do, and it is easily extensible since its |
52 editing commands are written in Lisp. | |
53 .PP | |
54 .I Emacs | |
55 has an extensive interactive help facility, | |
56 but the facility assumes that you know how to manipulate | |
57 .I Emacs | |
58 windows and buffers. | |
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59 CTRL-h or F1 enters the Help facility. Help Tutorial (CTRL-h t) |
25852 | 60 requests an interactive tutorial which can teach beginners the fundamentals |
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61 of |
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62 .I Emacs |
25852 | 63 in a few minutes. |
64 Help Apropos (CTRL-h a) helps you | |
65 find a command given its functionality, Help Character (CTRL-h c) | |
66 describes a given character's effect, and Help Function (CTRL-h f) | |
67 describes a given Lisp function specified by name. | |
68 .PP | |
69 .I Emacs's | |
70 Undo can undo several steps of modification to your buffers, so it is | |
71 easy to recover from editing mistakes. | |
72 .PP | |
73 .I GNU Emacs's | |
74 many special packages handle mail reading (RMail) and sending (Mail), | |
75 outline editing (Outline), compiling (Compile), running subshells | |
76 within | |
77 .I Emacs | |
78 windows (Shell), running a Lisp read-eval-print loop | |
79 (Lisp-Interaction-Mode), and automated psychotherapy (Doctor). | |
80 .PP | |
81 There is an extensive reference manual, but | |
82 users of other Emacses | |
83 should have little trouble adapting even | |
84 without a copy. Users new to | |
85 .I Emacs | |
86 will be able | |
87 to use basic features fairly rapidly by studying the tutorial and | |
88 using the self-documentation features. | |
89 .PP | |
90 .SM Emacs Options | |
91 .PP | |
92 The following options are of general interest: | |
93 .TP 8 | |
94 .I file | |
95 Edit | |
96 .I file. | |
97 .TP | |
98 .BI \+ number | |
99 Go to the line specified by | |
100 .I number | |
101 (do not insert a space between the "+" sign and | |
102 the number). | |
103 .TP | |
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104 .BI \+ line:column |
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105 Go to the specified |
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106 .I line |
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107 and |
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108 .I column |
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109 .TP |
25852 | 110 .B \-q |
111 Do not load an init file. | |
112 .TP | |
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113 .B \-no-site-file |
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114 Do not load the site-wide startup file. |
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115 .TP |
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116 .BI \-debug-init |
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117 Enable |
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118 .I Emacs |
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119 Lisp debugger during the processing of the user init file |
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120 .BI ~/.emacs. |
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121 This is useful for debugging problems in the init file. |
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122 .TP |
25852 | 123 .BI \-u " user" |
124 Load | |
125 .I user's | |
126 init file. | |
127 .TP | |
128 .BI \-t " file" | |
129 Use specified | |
130 .I file | |
131 as the terminal instead of using stdin/stdout. | |
132 This must be the first argument specified in the command line. | |
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133 .TP |
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134 .B \-version |
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135 Display |
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136 .I Emacs |
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137 version information and exit. |
25852 | 138 .PP |
139 The following options are lisp-oriented | |
140 (these options are processed in the order encountered): | |
141 .TP 8 | |
142 .BI \-f " function" | |
143 Execute the lisp function | |
144 .I function. | |
145 .TP | |
146 .BI \-l " file" | |
147 Load the lisp code in the file | |
148 .I file. | |
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149 .TP |
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150 .BI \-eval " expr" |
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151 Evaluate the Lisp expression |
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152 .I expr. |
25852 | 153 .PP |
154 The following options are useful when running | |
155 .I Emacs | |
156 as a batch editor: | |
157 .TP 8 | |
158 .BI \-batch | |
159 Edit in batch mode. The editor will send messages to stderr. This | |
160 option must be the first in the argument list. You must use -l and -f | |
161 options to specify files to execute and functions to call. | |
162 .TP | |
163 .B \-kill | |
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164 Exit |
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165 .I Emacs |
25852 | 166 while in batch mode. |
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167 .TP |
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168 .BI \-L " directory" |
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169 Add |
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170 .I directory |
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171 to the list of directories |
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172 .I Emacs |
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173 searches for Lisp files. |
25852 | 174 .\" START DELETING HERE IF YOU'RE NOT USING X |
175 .PP | |
176 .SM Using Emacs with X | |
177 .PP | |
178 .I Emacs | |
179 has been tailored to work well with the X window system. | |
180 If you run | |
181 .I Emacs | |
182 from under X windows, it will create its own X window to | |
183 display in. You will probably want to start the editor | |
184 as a background process | |
185 so that you can continue using your original window. | |
186 .PP | |
187 .I Emacs | |
188 can be started with the following X switches: | |
189 .TP 8 | |
190 .BI \-name " name" | |
191 Specifies the name which should be assigned to the initial | |
192 .I Emacs | |
193 window. This controls looking up X resources as well as the window title. | |
194 .TP 8 | |
195 .BI \-title " name" | |
196 Specifies the title for the initial X window. | |
197 .TP 8 | |
198 .B \-r | |
199 Display the | |
200 .I Emacs | |
201 window in reverse video. | |
202 .TP | |
203 .B \-i | |
204 Use the "kitchen sink" bitmap icon when iconifying the | |
205 .I Emacs | |
206 window. | |
207 .TP | |
208 .BI \-font " font, " \-fn " font" | |
209 Set the | |
210 .I Emacs | |
211 window's font to that specified by | |
212 .I font. | |
213 You will find the various | |
214 .I X | |
215 fonts in the | |
216 .I /usr/lib/X11/fonts | |
217 directory. | |
218 Note that | |
219 .I Emacs | |
220 will only accept fixed width fonts. | |
221 Under the X11 Release 4 font-naming conventions, any font with the | |
222 value "m" or "c" in the eleventh field of the font name is a fixed | |
223 width font. Furthermore, fonts whose name are of the form | |
224 .IR width x height | |
225 are generally fixed width, as is the font | |
226 .IR fixed . | |
227 See | |
228 .IR xlsfonts (1) | |
229 for more information. | |
230 | |
231 When you specify a font, be sure to put a space between the | |
232 switch and the font name. | |
233 .TP | |
30349 | 234 .BI \-bw " pixels" |
25852 | 235 Set the |
236 .I Emacs | |
237 window's border width to the number of pixels specified by | |
238 .I pixels. | |
239 Defaults to one pixel on each side of the window. | |
240 .TP | |
241 .BI \-ib " pixels" | |
242 Set the window's internal border width to the number of pixels specified | |
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243 by |
25852 | 244 .I pixels. |
245 Defaults to one pixel of padding on each side of the window. | |
246 .PP | |
247 .TP 8 | |
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248 .BI \-\-geometry " geometry" |
25852 | 249 Set the |
250 .I Emacs | |
251 window's width, height, and position as specified. The geometry | |
252 specification is in the standard X format; see | |
253 .IR X (1) | |
254 for more information. | |
255 The width and height are specified in characters; the default is 80 by | |
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256 24. See the Emacs manual, section "Options for Window Size and Position", |
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257 for information on how window sizes interact |
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258 with selecting or deselecting the tool bar and menu bar. |
25852 | 259 .PP |
260 .TP 8 | |
261 .BI \-fg " color" | |
262 On color displays, sets the color of the text. | |
263 | |
264 See the file | |
265 .I /usr/lib/X11/rgb.txt | |
266 for a list of valid | |
267 color names. | |
268 .TP | |
269 .BI \-bg " color" | |
270 On color displays, | |
271 sets the color of the window's background. | |
272 .TP | |
273 .BI \-bd " color" | |
274 On color displays, | |
275 sets the color of the window's border. | |
276 .TP | |
277 .BI \-cr " color" | |
278 On color displays, | |
279 sets the color of the window's text cursor. | |
280 .TP | |
281 .BI \-ms " color" | |
282 On color displays, | |
283 sets the color of the window's mouse cursor. | |
284 .TP | |
285 .BI \-d " displayname, " \-display " displayname" | |
286 Create the | |
287 .I Emacs | |
288 window on the display specified by | |
289 .IR displayname . | |
290 Must be the first option specified in the command line. | |
291 .TP | |
292 .B \-nw | |
293 Tells | |
294 .I Emacs | |
295 not to use its special interface to X. If you use this | |
296 switch when invoking | |
297 .I Emacs | |
298 from an | |
299 .IR xterm (1) | |
300 window, display is done in that window. | |
301 This must be the first option specified in the command line. | |
302 .PP | |
303 You can set | |
304 .I X | |
305 default values for your | |
306 .I Emacs | |
307 windows in your | |
308 .I \.Xresources | |
309 file (see | |
310 .IR xrdb (1)). | |
311 Use the following format: | |
312 .IP | |
313 emacs.keyword:value | |
314 .PP | |
315 where | |
316 .I value | |
317 specifies the default value of | |
318 .I keyword. | |
319 .I Emacs | |
320 lets you set default values for the following keywords: | |
321 .TP 8 | |
322 .B font (\fPclass\fB Font) | |
323 Sets the window's text font. | |
324 .TP | |
325 .B reverseVideo (\fPclass\fB ReverseVideo) | |
326 If | |
327 .I reverseVideo's | |
328 value is set to | |
329 .I on, | |
330 the window will be displayed in reverse video. | |
331 .TP | |
332 .B bitmapIcon (\fPclass\fB BitmapIcon) | |
333 If | |
334 .I bitmapIcon's | |
335 value is set to | |
336 .I on, | |
337 the window will iconify into the "kitchen sink." | |
338 .TP | |
339 .B borderWidth (\fPclass\fB BorderWidth) | |
340 Sets the window's border width in pixels. | |
341 .TP | |
342 .B internalBorder (\fPclass\fB BorderWidth) | |
343 Sets the window's internal border width in pixels. | |
344 .TP | |
345 .B foreground (\fPclass\fB Foreground) | |
346 For color displays, | |
347 sets the window's text color. | |
348 .TP | |
349 .B background (\fPclass\fB Background) | |
350 For color displays, | |
351 sets the window's background color. | |
352 .TP | |
353 .B borderColor (\fPclass\fB BorderColor) | |
354 For color displays, | |
355 sets the color of the window's border. | |
356 .TP | |
357 .B cursorColor (\fPclass\fB Foreground) | |
358 For color displays, | |
359 sets the color of the window's text cursor. | |
360 .TP | |
361 .B pointerColor (\fPclass\fB Foreground) | |
362 For color displays, | |
363 sets the color of the window's mouse cursor. | |
364 .TP | |
365 .B geometry (\fPclass\fB Geometry) | |
366 Sets the geometry of the | |
367 .I Emacs | |
368 window (as described above). | |
369 .TP | |
370 .B title (\fPclass\fB Title) | |
371 Sets the title of the | |
372 .I Emacs | |
373 window. | |
374 .TP | |
375 .B iconName (\fPclass\fB Title) | |
376 Sets the icon name for the | |
377 .I Emacs | |
378 window icon. | |
379 .PP | |
380 If you try to set color values while using a black and white display, | |
381 the window's characteristics will default as follows: | |
382 the foreground color will be set to black, | |
383 the background color will be set to white, | |
384 the border color will be set to grey, | |
385 and the text and mouse cursors will be set to black. | |
386 .PP | |
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387 .SM Using the Mouse |
25852 | 388 .PP |
389 The following lists the mouse button bindings for the | |
390 .I Emacs | |
391 window under X11. | |
392 | |
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393 .TS |
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394 l l. |
25852 | 395 MOUSE BUTTON FUNCTION |
396 left Set point. | |
397 middle Paste text. | |
398 right Cut text into X cut buffer. | |
399 SHIFT-middle Cut text into X cut buffer. | |
400 SHIFT-right Paste text. | |
401 CTRL-middle Cut text into X cut buffer and kill it. | |
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402 CTRL-right T{ |
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403 Select this window, then split it into |
25852 | 404 two windows. Same as typing CTRL-x 2. |
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405 T} |
25852 | 406 .\" START DELETING HERE IF YOU'RE NOT USING X MENUS |
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407 CTRL-SHIFT-left T{ |
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408 X buffer menu--hold the buttons and keys |
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409 down, wait for menu to appear, select |
25852 | 410 buffer, and release. Move mouse out of |
411 menu and release to cancel. | |
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412 T} |
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413 CTRL-SHIFT-middle X help menu--pop up index card menu for Emacs help. |
25852 | 414 .\" STOP DELETING HERE IF YOU'RE NOT USING X MENUS |
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415 CTRL-SHIFT-right T{ |
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416 Select window with mouse, and delete all |
25852 | 417 other windows. Same as typing CTRL-x 1. |
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418 T} |
25852 | 419 .\" STOP DELETING HERE IF YOU'RE NOT USING X |
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420 .TE |
25852 | 421 .PP |
422 .SH MANUALS | |
423 You can order printed copies of the GNU Emacs Manual from the Free | |
424 Software Foundation, which develops GNU software. See the file ORDERS | |
425 for ordering information. | |
426 .br | |
427 Your local Emacs maintainer might also have copies available. As | |
428 with all software and publications from FSF, everyone is permitted to | |
429 make and distribute copies of the Emacs manual. The TeX source to the | |
430 manual is also included in the Emacs source distribution. | |
431 .PP | |
432 .SH FILES | |
433 /usr/local/info - files for the Info documentation browser | |
434 (a subsystem of Emacs) to refer to. Currently not much of Unix | |
435 is documented here, but the complete text of the Emacs reference | |
436 manual is included in a convenient tree structured form. | |
437 | |
438 /usr/local/share/emacs/$VERSION/src - C source files and object files | |
439 | |
440 /usr/local/share/emacs/$VERSION/lisp - Lisp source files and compiled files | |
441 that define most editing commands. Some are preloaded; | |
442 others are autoloaded from this directory when used. | |
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443 |
25852 | 444 /usr/local/share/emacs/$VERSION/etc - various programs that are used with |
445 GNU Emacs, and some files of information. | |
446 | |
447 /usr/local/share/emacs/$VERSION/etc/DOC.* - contains the documentation | |
448 strings for the Lisp primitives and preloaded Lisp functions | |
449 of GNU Emacs. They are stored here to reduce the size of | |
450 Emacs proper. | |
451 | |
452 /usr/local/share/emacs/$VERSION/etc/OTHER.EMACSES discusses GNU Emacs | |
453 vs. other versions of Emacs. | |
454 .br | |
455 /usr/local/share/emacs/$VERSION/etc/SERVICE lists people offering | |
456 various services to assist users of GNU Emacs, including education, | |
457 troubleshooting, porting and customization. | |
458 .br | |
459 These files also have information useful to anyone wishing to write | |
460 programs in the Emacs Lisp extension language, which has not yet been fully | |
461 documented. | |
462 | |
463 /usr/local/com/emacs/lock - holds lock files that are made for all | |
464 files being modified in Emacs, to prevent simultaneous modification | |
465 of one file by two users. | |
466 | |
467 .\" START DELETING HERE IF YOU'RE NOT USING X | |
468 /usr/lib/X11/rgb.txt - list of valid X color names. | |
469 .\" STOP DELETING HERE IF YOU'RE NOT USING X | |
470 .PP | |
471 .SH BUGS | |
472 There is a mailing list, bug-gnu-emacs@prep.ai.mit.edu on the internet | |
473 (ucbvax!prep.ai.mit.edu!bug-gnu-emacs on UUCPnet), for reporting Emacs | |
474 bugs and fixes. But before reporting something as a bug, please try | |
475 to be sure that it really is a bug, not a misunderstanding or a | |
476 deliberate feature. We ask you to read the section ``Reporting Emacs | |
477 Bugs'' near the end of the reference manual (or Info system) for hints | |
478 on how and when to report bugs. Also, include the version number of | |
479 the Emacs you are running in \fIevery\fR bug report that you send in. | |
480 | |
481 Do not expect a personal answer to a bug report. The purpose of reporting | |
482 bugs is to get them fixed for everyone in the next release, if possible. | |
483 For personal assistance, look in the SERVICE file (see above) for | |
484 a list of people who offer it. | |
485 | |
486 Please do not send anything but bug reports to this mailing list. | |
487 Send requests to be added to mailing lists to the special list | |
488 info-gnu-emacs-request@prep.ai.mit.edu (or the corresponding UUCP | |
489 address). For more information about Emacs mailing lists, see the | |
490 file /usr/local/emacs/etc/MAILINGLISTS. Bugs tend actually to be | |
491 fixed if they can be isolated, so it is in your interest to report | |
492 them in such a way that they can be easily reproduced. | |
493 .PP | |
494 Bugs that I know about are: shell will not work with programs | |
495 running in Raw mode on some Unix versions. | |
496 .SH UNRESTRICTIONS | |
497 .PP | |
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498 .I Emacs |
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499 is free; anyone may redistribute copies of |
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500 .I Emacs |
25852 | 501 to |
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502 anyone under the terms stated in the |
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503 .I Emacs |
25852 | 504 General Public License, |
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505 a copy of which accompanies each copy of |
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506 .I Emacs |
25852 | 507 and which also |
508 appears in the reference manual. | |
509 .PP | |
510 Copies of | |
511 .I Emacs | |
512 may sometimes be received packaged with distributions of Unix systems, | |
513 but it is never included in the scope of any license covering those | |
514 systems. Such inclusion violates the terms on which distribution | |
515 is permitted. In fact, the primary purpose of the General Public | |
516 License is to prohibit anyone from attaching any other restrictions | |
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517 to redistribution of |
25852 | 518 .I Emacs. |
519 .PP | |
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520 Richard Stallman encourages you to improve and extend |
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521 .I Emacs, |
25852 | 522 and urges that |
523 you contribute your extensions to the GNU library. Eventually GNU | |
524 (Gnu's Not Unix) will be a complete replacement for Berkeley | |
525 Unix. | |
526 Everyone will be free to use, copy, study and change the GNU system. | |
527 .SH SEE ALSO | |
528 X(1), xlsfonts(1), xterm(1), xrdb(1) | |
529 .SH AUTHORS | |
530 .PP | |
531 .I Emacs | |
532 was written by Richard Stallman and the Free Software Foundation. | |
533 Joachim Martillo and Robert Krawitz added the X features. | |
37455 | 534 .SH COPYING |
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535 Copyright |
37455 | 536 .if t \(co |
537 .if n (c) | |
37514 | 538 1995, 1999, 2000, 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
37455 | 539 .PP |
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540 Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this |
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541 document provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are |
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542 preserved on all copies. |
37455 | 543 .PP |
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544 Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of |
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545 this document under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that |
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546 the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of |
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547 a permission notice identical to this one. |
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548 .PP |
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549 Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this |
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550 document into another language, under the above conditions for |
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551 modified versions, except that this permission notice may be stated |
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552 in a translation approved by the Free Software Foundation. |
52401 | 553 |
554 .\" arch-tag: 04dfd376-b46e-4924-919a-cecc3b257eaa |