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annotate man/emacs.texi @ 25073:0cac51b5af77
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author | Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org> |
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date | Mon, 26 Jul 1999 19:05:40 +0000 |
parents | 3a17c21ea615 |
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24093 | 1 \input texinfo |
2 | |
3 @setchapternewpage odd | |
4 @settitle GNU Emacs Manual | |
5 @setfilename ../info/emacs | |
6 @synindex pg cp | |
7 | |
8 @ifinfo | |
9 @c The edition number appears in several places in this file | |
10 This is the thirteenth edition of the @cite{GNU Emacs Manual}, | |
11 updated for Emacs version 20.4 | |
12 @c Please REMEMBER to update edition number in *three* places in this file. | |
13 | |
14 @dircategory Editors | |
15 @direntry | |
16 * Emacs: (emacs). The extensible self-documenting text editor. | |
17 @end direntry | |
18 | |
19 Published by the Free Software Foundation | |
20 59 Temple Place, Suite 330 | |
21 Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA | |
22 | |
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23 Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999 |
24093 | 24 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25 | |
26 Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of | |
27 this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice | |
28 are preserved on all copies. | |
29 | |
30 @ignore | |
31 Permission is granted to process this file through Tex and print the | |
32 results, provided the printed document carries copying permission | |
33 notice identical to this one except for the removal of this paragraph | |
34 (this paragraph not being relevant to the printed manual). | |
35 | |
36 @end ignore | |
37 Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this | |
38 manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the | |
39 sections entitled ``The GNU Manifesto'', ``Distribution'' and ``GNU | |
40 General Public License'' are included exactly as in the original, and | |
41 provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the | |
42 terms of a permission notice identical to this one. | |
43 | |
44 Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual | |
45 into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, | |
46 except that the sections entitled ``The GNU Manifesto'', | |
47 ``Distribution'' and ``GNU General Public License'' may be included in a | |
48 translation approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the | |
49 original English. | |
50 @end ifinfo | |
51 @c | |
52 @c comment out this line if you do NOT want to have indication that | |
53 @c an index entry appears in the texinfo file near this line of text. | |
54 @c this line should definitely be commented out for printing a master | |
55 @c and for making the version to go on the floppy disk. | |
56 @c | |
57 @c @include /gd/gnu/doc/margins-comment-format.texi | |
58 | |
59 @c in general, keep the following line commented out, unless doing a | |
60 @c copy of this manual that will be published. the manual should go | |
61 @c onto the distribution in the full, 8.5 x 11" size. | |
62 | |
63 @smallbook | |
64 | |
65 @iftex | |
66 @kbdinputstyle code | |
67 | |
68 @shorttitlepage GNU Emacs Manual | |
69 @end iftex | |
70 @titlepage | |
71 @sp 6 | |
72 @center @titlefont{GNU Emacs Manual} | |
73 @sp 4 | |
74 @center Thirteenth Edition, Updated for Emacs Version 20.4 | |
75 @sp 5 | |
76 @center Richard Stallman | |
77 @page | |
78 @vskip 0pt plus 1filll | |
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79 Copyright @copyright{} 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999 |
24093 | 80 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
81 @sp 2 | |
82 Thirteenth Edition @* | |
83 Updated for Emacs Version 20.4, @* | |
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84 February 1999 |
24093 | 85 |
86 ISBN 1-882114-06-X | |
87 @sp 1 | |
88 Published by the Free Software Foundation @* | |
89 59 Temple Place, Suite 330 @* | |
90 Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA | |
91 @sp 1 | |
92 Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of | |
93 this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice | |
94 are preserved on all copies. | |
95 | |
96 Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this | |
97 manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the | |
98 sections entitled ``The GNU Manifesto'', ``Distribution'' and ``GNU | |
99 General Public License'' are included exactly as in the original, and | |
100 provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the | |
101 terms of a permission notice identical to this one. | |
102 | |
103 Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual | |
104 into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, | |
105 except that the sections entitled ``The GNU Manifesto'', | |
106 ``Distribution'' and ``GNU General Public License'' may be included in a | |
107 translation approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the | |
108 original English. | |
109 | |
110 @sp 2 | |
111 Cover art by Etienne Suvasa. | |
112 | |
113 @end titlepage | |
114 @page | |
115 @ifinfo | |
116 @node Top, Distrib, (dir), (dir) | |
117 @top The Emacs Editor | |
118 | |
119 Emacs is the extensible, customizable, self-documenting real-time | |
120 display editor. This Info file describes how to edit with Emacs and | |
121 some of how to customize it; it corresponds to GNU Emacs version 20.4. | |
122 For information on extending Emacs, see @ref{,Emacs Lisp,, elisp, The | |
123 Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. | |
124 @end ifinfo | |
125 | |
126 @ignore | |
127 These subcategories have been deleted for simplicity | |
128 and to avoid conflicts. | |
129 Completion | |
130 Backup Files | |
131 Auto-Saving: Protection Against Disasters | |
132 Snapshots | |
133 Text Mode | |
134 Outline Mode | |
135 @TeX{} Mode | |
136 Formatted Text | |
137 Fortran Mode | |
138 Fortran Indentation | |
139 Shell Command History | |
140 | |
141 The ones for Dired and Rmail have had the items turned into :: items | |
142 to avoid conflicts. | |
143 Also Running Shell Commands from Emacs | |
144 and Sending Mail and Registers and Minibuffer. | |
145 @end ignore | |
146 | |
147 @menu | |
148 * Distrib:: How to get the latest Emacs distribution. | |
149 * Copying:: The GNU General Public License gives you permission | |
150 to redistribute GNU Emacs on certain terms; | |
151 it also explains that there is no warranty. | |
152 * Intro:: An introduction to Emacs concepts. | |
153 * Glossary:: The glossary. | |
154 * Antinews:: Information about Emacs version 19. | |
155 * MS-DOS:: Using Emacs on MS-DOS (otherwise known as "MS-DOG"). | |
156 * Manifesto:: What's GNU? Gnu's Not Unix! | |
157 * Acknowledgments:: Major contributors to GNU Emacs. | |
158 | |
159 Indexes (nodes containing large menus) | |
160 * Key Index:: An item for each standard Emacs key sequence. | |
161 * Command Index:: An item for each command name. | |
162 * Variable Index:: An item for each documented variable. | |
163 * Concept Index:: An item for each concept. | |
164 | |
165 Important General Concepts | |
166 * Screen:: How to interpret what you see on the screen. | |
167 * User Input:: Kinds of input events (characters, buttons, | |
168 function keys). | |
169 * Keys:: Key sequences: what you type to request one | |
170 editing action. | |
171 * Commands:: Named functions run by key sequences to do editing. | |
172 * Text Characters:: Character set for text (the contents of buffers | |
173 and strings). | |
174 * Entering Emacs:: Starting Emacs from the shell. | |
175 * Exiting:: Stopping or killing Emacs. | |
176 * Command Arguments:: Hairy startup options. | |
177 | |
178 Fundamental Editing Commands | |
179 * Basic:: The most basic editing commands. | |
180 * Minibuffer:: Entering arguments that are prompted for. | |
181 * M-x:: Invoking commands by their names. | |
182 * Help:: Commands for asking Emacs about its commands. | |
183 | |
184 Important Text-Changing Commands | |
185 * Mark:: The mark: how to delimit a ``region'' of text. | |
186 * Killing:: Killing text. | |
187 * Yanking:: Recovering killed text. Moving text. | |
188 * Accumulating Text:: Other ways of copying text. | |
189 * Rectangles:: Operating on the text inside a rectangle on the screen. | |
190 * Registers:: Saving a text string or a location in the buffer. | |
191 * Display:: Controlling what text is displayed. | |
192 * Search:: Finding or replacing occurrences of a string. | |
193 * Fixit:: Commands especially useful for fixing typos. | |
194 | |
195 Major Structures of Emacs | |
196 * Files:: All about handling files. | |
197 * Buffers:: Multiple buffers; editing several files at once. | |
198 * Windows:: Viewing two pieces of text at once. | |
199 * Frames:: Running the same Emacs session in multiple X windows. | |
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200 * International:: Using non-ASCII character sets (the MULE features). |
24093 | 201 |
202 Advanced Features | |
203 * Major Modes:: Text mode vs. Lisp mode vs. C mode ... | |
204 * Indentation:: Editing the white space at the beginnings of lines. | |
205 * Text:: Commands and modes for editing English. | |
206 * Programs:: Commands and modes for editing programs. | |
207 * Building:: Compiling, running and debugging programs. | |
208 * Abbrevs:: How to define text abbreviations to reduce | |
209 the number of characters you must type. | |
210 * Picture:: Editing pictures made up of characters | |
211 using the quarter-plane screen model. | |
212 * Sending Mail:: Sending mail in Emacs. | |
213 * Rmail:: Reading mail in Emacs. | |
214 * Dired:: You can ``edit'' a directory to manage files in it. | |
215 * Calendar/Diary:: The calendar and diary facilities. | |
216 * Gnus:: How to read netnews with Emacs. | |
217 * Shell:: Executing shell commands from Emacs. | |
218 * Emacs Server:: Using Emacs as an editing server for @code{mail}, etc. | |
219 * Hardcopy:: Printing buffers or regions. | |
220 * Postscript:: Printing buffers or regions as Postscript. | |
221 * Postscript Variables:: | |
222 Customizing the Postscript printing commands. | |
223 * Sorting:: Sorting lines, paragraphs or pages within Emacs. | |
224 * Narrowing:: Restricting display and editing to a portion | |
225 of the buffer. | |
226 * Two-Column:: Splitting apart columns to edit them | |
227 in side-by-side windows. | |
228 * Editing Binary Files:: | |
229 Using Hexl mode to edit binary files. | |
230 * Saving Emacs Sessions:: | |
231 Saving Emacs state from one session to the next. | |
232 * Recursive Edit:: A command can allow you to do editing | |
233 "within the command". This is called a | |
234 `recursive editing level'. | |
235 * Emulation:: Emulating some other editors with Emacs. | |
236 * Dissociated Press:: Dissociating text for fun. | |
237 * Amusements:: Various games and hacks. | |
238 * Customization:: Modifying the behavior of Emacs. | |
239 | |
240 Recovery from Problems | |
241 * Quitting:: Quitting and aborting. | |
242 * Lossage:: What to do if Emacs is hung or malfunctioning. | |
243 * Bugs:: How and when to report a bug. | |
244 * Contributing:: How to contribute improvements to Emacs. | |
245 * Service:: How to get help for your own Emacs needs. | |
246 | |
247 Here are some other nodes which are really inferiors of the ones | |
248 already listed, mentioned here so you can get to them in one step: | |
249 | |
250 --- The Detailed Node Listing --- | |
251 | |
252 The Organization of the Screen | |
253 | |
254 * Point:: The place in the text where editing commands operate. | |
255 * Echo Area:: Short messages appear at the bottom of the screen. | |
256 * Mode Line:: Interpreting the mode line. | |
257 * Menu Bar:: How to use the menu bar. | |
258 | |
259 Basic Editing Commands | |
260 | |
261 * Inserting Text:: Inserting text by simply typing it. | |
262 * Moving Point:: How to move the cursor to the place where you want to | |
263 change something. | |
264 * Erasing:: Deleting and killing text. | |
265 * Undo:: Undoing recent changes in the text. | |
266 * Files: Basic Files. Visiting, creating, and saving files. | |
267 * Help: Basic Help. Asking what a character does. | |
268 * Blank Lines:: Commands to make or delete blank lines. | |
269 * Continuation Lines:: Lines too wide for the screen. | |
270 * Position Info:: What page, line, row, or column is point on? | |
271 * Arguments:: Numeric arguments for repeating a command. | |
272 | |
273 The Minibuffer | |
274 | |
275 * Minibuffer File:: Entering file names with the minibuffer. | |
276 * Minibuffer Edit:: How to edit in the minibuffer. | |
277 * Completion:: An abbreviation facility for minibuffer input. | |
278 * Minibuffer History:: Reusing recent minibuffer arguments. | |
279 * Repetition:: Re-executing commands that used the minibuffer. | |
280 | |
281 Help | |
282 | |
283 * Help Summary:: Brief list of all Help commands. | |
284 * Key Help:: Asking what a key does in Emacs. | |
285 * Name Help:: Asking about a command, variable or function name. | |
286 * Apropos:: Asking what pertains to a given topic. | |
287 * Library Keywords:: Finding Lisp libraries by keywords (topics). | |
288 * Language Help:: Help relating to international language support. | |
289 * Misc Help:: Other help commands. | |
290 | |
291 The Mark and the Region | |
292 | |
293 * Setting Mark:: Commands to set the mark. | |
294 * Transient Mark:: How to make Emacs highlight the region-- | |
295 when there is one. | |
296 * Using Region:: Summary of ways to operate on contents of the region. | |
297 * Marking Objects:: Commands to put region around textual units. | |
298 * Mark Ring:: Previous mark positions saved so you can go back there. | |
299 * Global Mark Ring:: Previous mark positions in various buffers. | |
300 | |
301 Deletion and Killing | |
302 | |
303 * Deletion:: Commands for deleting small amounts of text and | |
304 blank areas. | |
305 * Killing by Lines:: How to kill entire lines of text at one time. | |
306 * Other Kill Commands:: Commands to kill large regions of text and | |
307 syntactic units such as words and sentences. | |
308 | |
309 Yanking | |
310 | |
311 * Kill Ring:: Where killed text is stored. Basic yanking. | |
312 * Appending Kills:: Several kills in a row all yank together. | |
313 * Earlier Kills:: Yanking something killed some time ago. | |
314 | |
315 Registers | |
316 | |
317 * RegPos:: Saving positions in registers. | |
318 * RegText:: Saving text in registers. | |
319 * RegRect:: Saving rectangles in registers. | |
320 * RegConfig:: Saving window configurations in registers. | |
321 * RegFiles:: File names in registers. | |
322 * Bookmarks:: Bookmarks are like registers, but persistent. | |
323 | |
324 Controlling the Display | |
325 | |
326 * Scrolling:: Moving text up and down in a window. | |
327 * Horizontal Scrolling:: Moving text left and right in a window. | |
328 * Follow Mode:: Follow mode lets two windows scroll as one. | |
329 * Selective Display:: Hiding lines with lots of indentation. | |
330 * Optional Mode Line:: Optional mode line display features. | |
331 * Text Display:: How text is normally displayed. | |
332 * Display Vars:: Information on variables for customizing display. | |
333 | |
334 Searching and Replacement | |
335 | |
336 * Incremental Search:: Search happens as you type the string. | |
337 * Nonincremental Search:: Specify entire string and then search. | |
338 * Word Search:: Search for sequence of words. | |
339 * Regexp Search:: Search for match for a regexp. | |
340 * Regexps:: Syntax of regular expressions. | |
341 * Search Case:: To ignore case while searching, or not. | |
342 * Replace:: Search, and replace some or all matches. | |
343 * Other Repeating Search:: Operating on all matches for some regexp. | |
344 | |
345 Replacement Commands | |
346 | |
347 * Unconditional Replace:: Replacing all matches for a string. | |
348 * Regexp Replace:: Replacing all matches for a regexp. | |
349 * Replacement and Case:: How replacements preserve case of letters. | |
350 * Query Replace:: How to use querying. | |
351 | |
352 Commands for Fixing Typos | |
353 | |
354 * Kill Errors:: Commands to kill a batch of recently entered text. | |
355 * Transpose:: Exchanging two characters, words, lines, lists... | |
356 * Fixing Case:: Correcting case of last word entered. | |
357 * Spelling:: Apply spelling checker to a word or a whole buffer. | |
358 | |
359 File Handling | |
360 | |
361 * File Names:: How to type and edit file-name arguments. | |
362 * Visiting:: Visiting a file prepares Emacs to edit the file. | |
363 * Saving:: Saving makes your changes permanent. | |
364 * Reverting:: Reverting cancels all the changes not saved. | |
365 * Auto Save:: Auto Save periodically protects against loss of data. | |
366 * File Aliases:: Handling multiple names for one file. | |
367 * Version Control:: Version control systems (RCS, CVS and SCCS). | |
368 * Directories:: Creating, deleting, and listing file directories. | |
369 * Comparing Files:: Finding where two files differ. | |
370 * Misc File Ops:: Other things you can do on files. | |
371 * Compressed Files:: Accessing compressed files. | |
372 * Remote Files:: Accessing files on other sites. | |
373 * Quoted File Names:: Quoting special characters in file names. | |
374 | |
375 Saving Files | |
376 | |
377 * Backup:: How Emacs saves the old version of your file. | |
378 * Interlocking:: How Emacs protects against simultaneous editing | |
379 of one file by two users. | |
380 | |
381 Version Control | |
382 | |
383 * Introduction to VC:: How version control works in general. | |
384 * VC Mode Line:: How the mode line shows version control status. | |
385 * Basic VC Editing:: How to edit a file under version control. | |
386 * Old Versions:: Examining and comparing old versions. | |
387 * Secondary VC Commands:: The commands used a little less frequently. | |
388 * Branches:: Multiple lines of development. | |
389 * Snapshots:: Sets of file versions treated as a unit. | |
390 * Miscellaneous VC:: Various other commands and features of VC. | |
391 * Customizing VC:: Variables that change VC's behavior. | |
392 | |
393 Using Multiple Buffers | |
394 | |
395 * Select Buffer:: Creating a new buffer or reselecting an old one. | |
396 * List Buffers:: Getting a list of buffers that exist. | |
397 * Misc Buffer:: Renaming; changing read-onlyness; copying text. | |
398 * Kill Buffer:: Killing buffers you no longer need. | |
399 * Several Buffers:: How to go through the list of all buffers | |
400 and operate variously on several of them. | |
401 * Indirect Buffers:: An indirect buffer shares the text of another buffer. | |
402 | |
403 Multiple Windows | |
404 | |
405 * Basic Window:: Introduction to Emacs windows. | |
406 * Split Window:: New windows are made by splitting existing windows. | |
407 * Other Window:: Moving to another window or doing something to it. | |
408 * Pop Up Window:: Finding a file or buffer in another window. | |
409 * Force Same Window:: Forcing certain buffers to appear in the selected | |
410 window rather than in another window. | |
411 * Change Window:: Deleting windows and changing their sizes. | |
412 | |
413 Frames and X Windows | |
414 | |
415 * Mouse Commands:: Moving, cutting, and pasting, with the mouse. | |
416 * Secondary Selection:: Cutting without altering point and mark. | |
417 * Mouse References:: Using the mouse to select an item from a list. | |
418 * Menu Mouse Clicks:: Mouse clicks that bring up menus. | |
419 * Mode Line Mouse:: Mouse clicks on the mode line. | |
420 * Creating Frames:: Creating additional Emacs frames with various contents. | |
421 * Multiple Displays:: How one Emacs job can talk to several displays. | |
422 * Special Buffer Frames:: You can make certain buffers have their own frames. | |
423 * Frame Parameters:: Changing the colors and other modes of frames. | |
424 * Scroll Bars:: How to enable and disable scroll bars; how to use them. | |
425 * Menu Bars:: Enabling and disabling the menu bar. | |
426 * Faces:: How to change the display style using faces. | |
427 * Font Lock:: Minor mode for syntactic highlighting using faces. | |
428 * Support Modes:: Font Lock support modes make Font Lock faster. | |
429 * Misc X:: Iconifying and deleting frames. Region highlighting. | |
430 * Non-Window Terminals:: Multiple frames on terminals that show only one. | |
431 | |
432 Font Lock Support Modes | |
433 | |
434 * Fast Lock Mode:: Saving font information in files. | |
435 * Lazy Lock Mode:: Fontifying only text that is actually displayed. | |
436 * Fast or Lazy:: Which support mode is best for you? | |
437 | |
438 International Character Set Support | |
439 | |
440 * International Intro:: Basic concepts of multibyte characters. | |
441 * Enabling Multibyte:: Controlling whether to use multibyte characters. | |
442 * Language Environments:: Setting things up for the language you use. | |
443 * Input Methods:: Entering text characters not on your keyboard. | |
444 * Select Input Method:: Specifying your choice of input methods. | |
445 * Coding Systems:: Character set conversion when you read and | |
446 write files, and so on. | |
447 * Recognize Coding:: How Emacs figures out which conversion to use. | |
448 * Specify Coding:: Various ways to choose which conversion to use. | |
449 * Fontsets:: Fontsets are collections of fonts | |
450 that cover the whole spectrum of characters. | |
451 * Defining Fontsets:: Defining a new fontset. | |
452 * Single-Byte European Support:: | |
453 You can pick one European character set | |
454 to use without multibyte characters. | |
455 | |
456 Major Modes | |
457 | |
458 * Choosing Modes:: How major modes are specified or chosen. | |
459 | |
460 Indentation | |
461 | |
462 * Indentation Commands:: Various commands and techniques for indentation. | |
463 * Tab Stops:: You can set arbitrary "tab stops" and then | |
464 indent to the next tab stop when you want to. | |
465 * Just Spaces:: You can request indentation using just spaces. | |
466 | |
467 Commands for Human Languages | |
468 | |
469 * Words:: Moving over and killing words. | |
470 * Sentences:: Moving over and killing sentences. | |
471 * Paragraphs:: Moving over paragraphs. | |
472 * Pages:: Moving over pages. | |
473 * Filling:: Filling or justifying text. | |
474 * Case:: Changing the case of text. | |
475 * Text Mode:: The major modes for editing text files. | |
476 * Outline Mode:: Editing outlines. | |
477 * TeX Mode:: Editing input to the formatter TeX. | |
478 * Nroff Mode:: Editing input to the formatter nroff. | |
479 * Formatted Text:: Editing formatted text directly in WYSIWYG fashion. | |
480 | |
481 Filling Text | |
482 | |
483 * Auto Fill:: Auto Fill mode breaks long lines automatically. | |
484 * Fill Commands:: Commands to refill paragraphs and center lines. | |
485 * Fill Prefix:: Filling paragraphs that are indented | |
486 or in a comment, etc. | |
487 * Adaptive Fill:: How Emacs can determine the fill prefix automatically. | |
488 | |
489 Editing Programs | |
490 | |
491 * Program Modes:: Major modes for editing programs. | |
492 * Lists:: Expressions with balanced parentheses. | |
493 * List Commands:: The commands for working with list and sexps. | |
494 * Defuns:: Each program is made up of separate functions. | |
495 There are editing commands to operate on them. | |
496 * Program Indent:: Adjusting indentation to show the nesting. | |
497 * Matching:: Insertion of a close-delimiter flashes matching open. | |
498 * Comments:: Inserting, killing, and aligning comments. | |
499 * Balanced Editing:: Inserting two matching parentheses at once, etc. | |
500 * Symbol Completion:: Completion on symbol names of your program or language. | |
501 * Documentation:: Getting documentation of functions you plan to call. | |
502 * Change Log:: Maintaining a change history for your program. | |
503 * Tags:: Go directly to any function in your program in one | |
504 command. Tags remembers which file it is in. | |
505 * Emerge:: A convenient way of merging two versions of a program. | |
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506 * C Modes:: Special commands of C, C++, Objective-C and Java modes. |
24093 | 507 * Fortran:: Fortran mode and its special features. |
508 * Asm Mode:: Asm mode and its special features. | |
509 | |
510 Indentation for Programs | |
511 | |
512 * Basic Indent:: Indenting a single line. | |
513 * Multi-line Indent:: Commands to reindent many lines at once. | |
514 * Lisp Indent:: Specifying how each Lisp function should be indented. | |
515 * C Indent:: Choosing an indentation style for C code. | |
516 | |
517 Tags Tables | |
518 | |
519 * Tag Syntax:: Tag syntax for various types of code and text files. | |
520 * Create Tags Table:: Creating a tags table with @code{etags}. | |
521 * Select Tags Table:: How to visit a tags table. | |
522 * Find Tag:: Commands to find the definition of a specific tag. | |
523 * Tags Search:: Using a tags table for searching and replacing. | |
524 * List Tags:: Listing and finding tags defined in a file. | |
525 | |
526 Merging Files with Emerge | |
527 | |
528 * Overview of Emerge:: How to start Emerge. Basic concepts. | |
529 * Submodes of Emerge:: Fast mode vs. Edit mode. | |
530 Skip Prefers mode and Auto Advance mode. | |
531 * State of Difference:: You do the merge by specifying state A or B | |
532 for each difference. | |
533 * Merge Commands:: Commands for selecting a difference, | |
534 changing states of differences, etc. | |
535 * Exiting Emerge:: What to do when you've finished the merge. | |
536 * Combining in Emerge:: How to keep both alternatives for a difference. | |
537 * Fine Points of Emerge:: Misc. | |
538 | |
539 Compiling and Testing Programs | |
540 | |
541 * Compilation:: Compiling programs in languages other | |
542 than Lisp (C, Pascal, etc.). | |
543 * Compilation Mode:: The mode for visiting compiler errors. | |
544 * Compilation Shell:: Customizing your shell properly | |
545 for use in the compilation buffer. | |
546 * Debuggers:: Running symbolic debuggers for non-Lisp programs. | |
547 * Executing Lisp:: Various modes for editing Lisp programs, | |
548 with different facilities for running | |
549 the Lisp programs. | |
550 * Lisp Libraries:: Creating Lisp programs to run in Emacs. | |
551 * Lisp Interaction:: Executing Lisp in an Emacs buffer. | |
552 * Lisp Eval:: Executing a single Lisp expression in Emacs. | |
553 * External Lisp:: Communicating through Emacs with a separate Lisp. | |
554 | |
555 Running Debuggers Under Emacs | |
556 | |
557 * Starting GUD:: How to start a debugger subprocess. | |
558 * Debugger Operation:: Connection between the debugger and source buffers. | |
559 * Commands of GUD:: Key bindings for common commands. | |
560 * GUD Customization:: Defining your own commands for GUD. | |
561 | |
562 Abbrevs | |
563 | |
564 * Abbrev Concepts:: Fundamentals of defined abbrevs. | |
565 * Defining Abbrevs:: Defining an abbrev, so it will expand when typed. | |
566 * Expanding Abbrevs:: Controlling expansion: prefixes, canceling expansion. | |
567 * Editing Abbrevs:: Viewing or editing the entire list of defined abbrevs. | |
568 * Saving Abbrevs:: Saving the entire list of abbrevs for another session. | |
569 * Dynamic Abbrevs:: Abbreviations for words already in the buffer. | |
570 | |
571 Editing Pictures | |
572 | |
573 * Basic Picture:: Basic concepts and simple commands of Picture Mode. | |
574 * Insert in Picture:: Controlling direction of cursor motion | |
575 after "self-inserting" characters. | |
576 * Tabs in Picture:: Various features for tab stops and indentation. | |
577 * Rectangles in Picture:: Clearing and superimposing rectangles. | |
578 | |
579 Sending Mail | |
580 | |
581 * Mail Format:: Format of the mail being composed. | |
582 * Mail Headers:: Details of permitted mail header fields. | |
583 * Mail Aliases:: Abbreviating and grouping mail addresses. | |
584 * Mail Mode:: Special commands for editing mail being composed. | |
585 * Distracting NSA:: How to distract the NSA's attention. | |
586 * Mail Methods:: Using alternative mail-composition methods. | |
587 | |
588 Reading Mail with Rmail | |
589 | |
590 * Rmail Basics:: Basic concepts of Rmail, and simple use. | |
591 * Rmail Scrolling:: Scrolling through a message. | |
592 * Rmail Motion:: Moving to another message. | |
593 * Rmail Deletion:: Deleting and expunging messages. | |
594 * Rmail Inbox:: How mail gets into the Rmail file. | |
595 * Rmail Files:: Using multiple Rmail files. | |
596 * Rmail Output:: Copying message out to files. | |
597 * Rmail Labels:: Classifying messages by labeling them. | |
598 * Rmail Attributes:: Certain standard labels, called attributes. | |
599 * Rmail Reply:: Sending replies to messages you are viewing. | |
600 * Rmail Summary:: Summaries show brief info on many messages. | |
601 * Rmail Sorting:: Sorting messages in Rmail. | |
602 * Rmail Display:: How Rmail displays a message; customization. | |
603 * Rmail Editing:: Editing message text and headers in Rmail. | |
604 * Rmail Digest:: Extracting the messages from a digest message. | |
605 * Out of Rmail:: Converting an Rmail file to mailbox format. | |
606 * Rmail Rot13:: Reading messages encoded in the rot13 code. | |
607 * Movemail:: More details of fetching new mail. | |
608 | |
609 Dired, the Directory Editor | |
610 | |
611 * Dired Enter:: How to invoke Dired. | |
612 * Dired Commands:: Commands in the Dired buffer. | |
613 * Dired Deletion:: Deleting files with Dired. | |
614 * Flagging Many Files:: Flagging files based on their names. | |
615 * Dired Visiting:: Other file operations through Dired. | |
616 * Marks vs Flags:: Flagging for deletion vs marking. | |
617 * Operating on Files:: How to copy, rename, print, compress, etc. | |
618 either one file or several files. | |
619 * Shell Commands in Dired:: Running a shell command on the marked files. | |
620 * Transforming File Names:: Using patterns to rename multiple files. | |
621 * Comparison in Dired:: Running `diff' by way of Dired. | |
622 * Subdirectories in Dired:: Adding subdirectories to the Dired buffer. | |
623 * Subdirectory Motion:: Moving across subdirectories, and up and down. | |
624 * Hiding Subdirectories:: Making subdirectories visible or invisible. | |
625 * Dired Updating:: Discarding lines for files of no interest. | |
626 * Dired and Find:: Using `find' to choose the files for Dired. | |
627 | |
628 The Calendar and the Diary | |
629 | |
630 * Calendar Motion:: Moving through the calendar; selecting a date. | |
631 * Scroll Calendar:: Bringing earlier or later months onto the screen. | |
632 * Counting Days:: How many days are there between two dates? | |
633 * General Calendar:: Exiting or recomputing the calendar. | |
634 * LaTeX Calendar:: Print a calendar using LaTeX. | |
635 * Holidays:: Displaying dates of holidays. | |
636 * Sunrise/Sunset:: Displaying local times of sunrise and sunset. | |
637 * Lunar Phases:: Displaying phases of the moon. | |
638 * Other Calendars:: Converting dates to other calendar systems. | |
639 * Diary:: Displaying events from your diary. | |
640 * Appointments:: Reminders when it's time to do something. | |
641 * Daylight Savings:: How to specify when daylight savings time is active. | |
642 | |
643 Movement in the Calendar | |
644 | |
645 * Calendar Unit Motion:: Moving by days, weeks, months, and years. | |
646 * Move to Beginning or End:: Moving to start/end of weeks, months, and years. | |
647 * Specified Dates:: Moving to the current date or another | |
648 specific date. | |
649 | |
650 Conversion To and From Other Calendars | |
651 | |
652 * Calendar Systems:: The calendars Emacs understands | |
653 (aside from Gregorian). | |
654 * To Other Calendar:: Converting the selected date to various calendars. | |
655 * From Other Calendar:: Moving to a date specified in another calendar. | |
656 * Mayan Calendar:: Moving to a date specified in a Mayan calendar. | |
657 | |
658 The Diary | |
659 | |
660 * Diary Commands:: Viewing diary entries and associated calendar dates. | |
661 * Format of Diary File:: Entering events in your diary. | |
662 * Date Formats:: Various ways you can specify dates. | |
663 * Adding to Diary:: Commands to create diary entries. | |
664 * Special Diary Entries:: Anniversaries, blocks of dates, cyclic entries, etc. | |
665 | |
666 @sc{Gnus} | |
667 | |
668 * Buffers of Gnus:: The group, summary, and article buffers. | |
669 * Gnus Startup:: What you should know about starting Gnus. | |
670 * Summary of Gnus:: A short description of the basic Gnus commands. | |
671 | |
672 Running Shell Commands from Emacs | |
673 | |
674 * Single Shell:: How to run one shell command and return. | |
675 * Interactive Shell:: Permanent shell taking input via Emacs. | |
676 * Shell Mode:: Special Emacs commands used with permanent shell. | |
677 * Shell History:: Repeating previous commands in a shell buffer. | |
678 * Shell Options:: Options for customizing Shell mode. | |
679 * Remote Host:: Connecting to another computer. | |
680 | |
681 Customization | |
682 | |
683 * Minor Modes:: Each minor mode is one feature you can turn on | |
684 independently of any others. | |
685 * Variables:: Many Emacs commands examine Emacs variables | |
686 to decide what to do; by setting variables, | |
687 you can control their functioning. | |
688 * Keyboard Macros:: A keyboard macro records a sequence of | |
689 keystrokes to be replayed with a single command. | |
690 * Key Bindings:: The keymaps say what command each key runs. | |
691 By changing them, you can "redefine keys". | |
692 * Keyboard Translations:: | |
693 If your keyboard passes an undesired code | |
694 for a key, you can tell Emacs to | |
695 substitute another code. | |
696 * Syntax:: The syntax table controls how words and | |
697 expressions are parsed. | |
698 * Init File:: How to write common customizations in the | |
699 @file{.emacs} file. | |
700 | |
701 Variables | |
702 | |
703 * Examining:: Examining or setting one variable's value. | |
704 * Easy Customization:: | |
705 Convenient and easy customization of variables. | |
706 * Hooks:: Hook variables let you specify programs for parts | |
707 of Emacs to run on particular occasions. | |
708 * Locals:: Per-buffer values of variables. | |
709 * File Variables:: How files can specify variable values. | |
710 | |
711 Keyboard Macros | |
712 | |
713 * Basic Kbd Macro:: Defining and running keyboard macros. | |
714 * Save Kbd Macro:: Giving keyboard macros names; saving them in files. | |
715 * Kbd Macro Query:: Making keyboard macros do different things each time. | |
716 | |
717 Customizing Key Bindings | |
718 | |
719 * Keymaps:: Generalities. The global keymap. | |
720 * Prefix Keymaps:: Keymaps for prefix keys. | |
721 * Local Keymaps:: Major and minor modes have their own keymaps. | |
722 * Minibuffer Maps:: The minibuffer uses its own local keymaps. | |
723 * Rebinding:: How to redefine one key's meaning conveniently. | |
724 * Init Rebinding:: Rebinding keys with your init file, @file{.emacs}. | |
725 * Function Keys:: Rebinding terminal function keys. | |
726 * Named ASCII Chars:: Distinguishing @key{TAB} from @kbd{C-i}, and so on. | |
727 * Mouse Buttons:: Rebinding mouse buttons in Emacs. | |
728 * Disabling:: Disabling a command means confirmation is required | |
729 before it can be executed. This is done to protect | |
730 beginners from surprises. | |
731 | |
732 The Init File, @file{~/.emacs} | |
733 | |
734 * Init Syntax:: Syntax of constants in Emacs Lisp. | |
735 * Init Examples:: How to do some things with an init file. | |
736 * Terminal Init:: Each terminal type can have an init file. | |
737 * Find Init:: How Emacs finds the init file. | |
738 | |
739 Dealing with Emacs Trouble | |
740 | |
741 * DEL Gets Help:: What to do if @key{DEL} doesn't delete. | |
742 * Stuck Recursive:: `[...]' in mode line around the parentheses. | |
743 * Screen Garbled:: Garbage on the screen. | |
744 * Text Garbled:: Garbage in the text. | |
745 * Unasked-for Search:: Spontaneous entry to incremental search. | |
746 * Memory Full:: How to cope when you run out of memory. | |
747 * Emergency Escape:: Emergency escape--- | |
748 What to do if Emacs stops responding. | |
749 * Total Frustration:: When you are at your wits' end. | |
750 | |
751 Reporting Bugs | |
752 | |
753 * Criteria: Bug Criteria. Have you really found a bug? | |
754 * Understanding Bug Reporting:: How to report a bug effectively. | |
755 * Checklist:: Steps to follow for a good bug report. | |
756 * Sending Patches:: How to send a patch for GNU Emacs. | |
757 | |
758 Command Line Options and Arguments | |
759 | |
760 * Action Arguments:: Arguments to visit files, load libraries, | |
761 and call functions. | |
762 * Initial Options:: Arguments that take effect while starting Emacs. | |
763 * Command Example:: Examples of using command line arguments. | |
764 * Resume Arguments:: Specifying arguments when you resume a running Emacs. | |
765 * Environment:: Environment variables that Emacs uses. | |
766 | |
767 * Display X:: Changing the default display and using remote login. | |
768 * Font X:: Choosing a font for text, under X. | |
769 * Colors X:: Choosing colors, under X. | |
770 * Window Size X:: Start-up window size, under X. | |
771 * Borders X:: Internal and external borders, under X. | |
772 * Title X:: Specifying the initial frame's title. | |
773 * Icons X:: Choosing what sort of icon to use, under X. | |
774 * Resources X:: Advanced use of classes and resources, under X. | |
775 * Lucid Resources:: X resources for Lucid menus. | |
776 * Motif Resources:: X resources for Motif menus. | |
777 | |
778 Environment Variables | |
779 | |
780 * General Variables:: Environment variables that all versions of Emacs use. | |
781 * Misc Variables:: Certain system specific variables. | |
782 | |
24094
1a575df191bb
(Top): Include Windows 98 in the MS-DOS section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
24093
diff
changeset
|
783 MS-DOS and Windows 95/98/NT |
24093 | 784 |
785 * MS-DOS Input:: Keyboard and mouse usage on MS-DOS. | |
786 * MS-DOS Display:: Fonts, frames and display size on MS-DOS. | |
787 * MS-DOS File Names:: File-name conventions on MS-DOS. | |
788 * Text and Binary:: Text files on MS-DOS use CRLF to separate lines. | |
789 * MS-DOS Printing:: How to specify the printer on MS-DOS. | |
790 * MS-DOS Processes:: Running subprocesses on MS-DOS. | |
791 * Windows Processes:: Running subprocesses on Windows. | |
792 * Windows System Menu:: Controlling what the ALT key does. | |
793 @end menu | |
794 | |
795 @iftex | |
796 @unnumbered Preface | |
797 | |
798 This manual documents the use and simple customization of the Emacs | |
799 editor. The reader is not expected to be a programmer; simple | |
800 customizations do not require programming skill. But the user who is not | |
801 interested in customizing can ignore the scattered customization hints. | |
802 | |
803 This is primarily a reference manual, but can also be used as a | |
804 primer. For complete beginners, it is a good idea to start with the | |
805 on-line, learn-by-doing tutorial, before reading the manual. To run the | |
806 tutorial, start Emacs and type @kbd{C-h t}. This way you can learn | |
807 Emacs by using Emacs on a specially designed file which describes | |
808 commands, tells you when to try them, and then explains the results you | |
809 see. | |
810 | |
811 On first reading, just skim chapters 1 and 2, which describe the | |
812 notational conventions of the manual and the general appearance of the | |
813 Emacs display screen. Note which questions are answered in these | |
814 chapters, so you can refer back later. After reading chapter 4, you | |
815 should practice the commands there. The next few chapters describe | |
816 fundamental techniques and concepts that are used constantly. You need | |
817 to understand them thoroughly, experimenting with them if necessary. | |
818 | |
819 Chapters 14 through 19 describe intermediate-level features that are | |
820 useful for all kinds of editing. Chapter 20 and following chapters | |
821 describe features that you may or may not want to use; read those | |
822 chapters when you need them. | |
823 | |
824 Read the Trouble chapter if Emacs does not seem to be working | |
825 properly. It explains how to cope with some common problems | |
826 (@pxref{Lossage}), as well as when and how to report Emacs bugs | |
827 (@pxref{Bugs}). | |
828 | |
829 To find the documentation on a particular command, look in the index. | |
830 Keys (character commands) and command names have separate indexes. There | |
831 is also a glossary, with a cross reference for each term. | |
832 | |
833 This manual is available as a printed book and also as an Info file. | |
834 The Info file is for on-line perusal with the Info program, which will | |
835 be the principal way of viewing documentation on-line in the GNU system. | |
836 Both the Info file and the Info program itself are distributed along | |
837 with GNU Emacs. The Info file and the printed book contain | |
838 substantially the same text and are generated from the same source | |
839 files, which are also distributed along with GNU Emacs. | |
840 | |
841 GNU Emacs is a member of the Emacs editor family. There are many Emacs | |
842 editors, all sharing common principles of organization. For information on | |
843 the underlying philosophy of Emacs and the lessons learned from its | |
844 development, write for a copy of AI memo 519a, ``Emacs, the Extensible, | |
845 Customizable Self-Documenting Display Editor,'' to Publications Department, | |
846 Artificial Intelligence Lab, 545 Tech Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA@. At | |
847 last report they charge $2.25 per copy. Another useful publication is LCS | |
848 TM-165, ``A Cookbook for an Emacs,'' by Craig Finseth, available from | |
849 Publications Department, Laboratory for Computer Science, 545 Tech Square, | |
850 Cambridge, MA 02139, USA@. The price today is $3. | |
851 | |
852 This edition of the manual is intended for use with GNU Emacs installed | |
853 on GNU and Unix systems. GNU Emacs can also be used on VMS, MS-DOS | |
854 (also called MS-DOG), Windows NT, and Windows 95 systems. Those systems use | |
855 different file name syntax; in addition, VMS and MS-DOS do not support | |
856 all GNU Emacs features. We don't try to describe VMS usage in this | |
857 manual. @xref{MS-DOS}, for information about using Emacs on MS-DOS. | |
858 @end iftex | |
859 | |
860 @node Distrib, Copying, Top, Top | |
861 @unnumbered Distribution | |
862 | |
863 GNU Emacs is @dfn{free software}; this means that everyone is free to | |
864 use it and free to redistribute it on certain conditions. GNU Emacs is | |
865 not in the public domain; it is copyrighted and there are restrictions | |
866 on its distribution, but these restrictions are designed to permit | |
867 everything that a good cooperating citizen would want to do. What is | |
868 not allowed is to try to prevent others from further sharing any version | |
869 of GNU Emacs that they might get from you. The precise conditions are | |
870 found in the GNU General Public License that comes with Emacs and also | |
871 appears following this section. | |
872 | |
873 One way to get a copy of GNU Emacs is from someone else who has it. You | |
874 need not ask for our permission to do so, or tell any one else; just | |
875 copy it. If you have access to the Internet, you can get the latest | |
876 distribution version of GNU Emacs by anonymous FTP; see the file | |
877 @file{etc/FTP} in the Emacs distribution for more information. | |
878 | |
879 You may also receive GNU Emacs when you buy a computer. Computer | |
880 manufacturers are free to distribute copies on the same terms that apply to | |
881 everyone else. These terms require them to give you the full sources, | |
882 including whatever changes they may have made, and to permit you to | |
883 redistribute the GNU Emacs received from them under the usual terms of the | |
884 General Public License. In other words, the program must be free for you | |
885 when you get it, not just free for the manufacturer. | |
886 | |
887 You can also order copies of GNU Emacs from the Free Software Foundation | |
888 on CD-ROM@. This is a convenient and reliable way to get a copy; it is | |
889 also a good way to help fund our work. (The Foundation has always | |
890 received most of its funds in this way.) An order form is included in | |
891 the file @file{etc/ORDERS} in the Emacs distribution, and on our web | |
892 site in @url{http://www.gnu.org/order/order.html}. For further | |
893 information, write to | |
894 | |
895 @display | |
896 Free Software Foundation | |
897 59 Temple Place, Suite 330 | |
898 Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA | |
899 USA | |
900 @end display | |
901 | |
902 The income from distribution fees goes to support the foundation's | |
903 purpose: the development of new free software, and improvements to our | |
904 existing programs including GNU Emacs. | |
905 | |
906 If you find GNU Emacs useful, please @strong{send a donation} to the | |
907 Free Software Foundation to support our work. Donations to the Free | |
908 Software Foundation are tax deductible in the US. If you use GNU Emacs | |
909 at your workplace, please suggest that the company make a donation. If | |
910 company policy is unsympathetic to the idea of donating to charity, you | |
911 might instead suggest ordering a CD-ROM from the Foundation | |
912 occasionally, or subscribing to periodic updates. | |
913 | |
914 @iftex | |
915 Contributors to GNU Emacs include Per Abrahamsen, Jay K. Adams, Joe | |
916 Arceneaux, Boaz Ben-Zvi, Jim Blandy, Terrence Brannon, Frank Bresz, | |
917 Peter Breton, Kevin Broadey, Vincent Broman, David M. Brown, Bill | |
918 Carpenter, Hans Chalupsky, Bob Chassell, James Clark, Mike Clarkson, | |
919 Glynn Clements, Andrew Csillag, Doug Cutting, Michael DeCorte, Gary | |
920 Delp, Matthieu Devin, Eri Ding, Carsten Dominik, Scott Draves, Viktor | |
921 Dukhovni, John Eaton, Rolf Ebert, Stephen Eglen, Torbj@"orn Einarsson, | |
922 Tsugumoto Enami, Hans Henrik Eriksen, Michael Ernst, Ata Etemadi, | |
923 Frederick Farnback, Fred Fish, Karl Fogel, Gary Foster, Noah Friedman, | |
924 Keith Gabryelski, Kevin Gallagher, Kevin Gallo, Howard Gayle, Stephen | |
925 Gildea, David Gillespie, Bob Glickstein, Boris Goldowsky, Michelangelo | |
24882 | 926 Grigni, Michael Gschwind, Henry Guillaume, Doug Gwyn, Ken'ichi Handa, |
24093 | 927 Chris Hanson, K. Shane Hartman, John Heidemann, Markus Heritsch, Karl |
928 Heuer, Manabu Higashida, Anders Holst, Kurt Hornik, Tom Houlder, Lars | |
929 Ingebrigtsen, Andrew Innes, Michael K. Johnson, Kyle Jones, Tomoji | |
930 Kagatani, Brewster Kahle, David Kaufman, Henry Kautz, Howard Kaye, | |
931 Michael Kifer, Richard King, Larry K. Kolodney, Robert Krawitz, | |
932 Sebastian Kremer, Geoff Kuenning, David K@aa gedal, Daniel LaLiberte, | |
933 Aaron Larson, James R. Larus, Frederic Lepied, Lars Lindberg, Eric | |
934 Ludlam, Neil M. Mager, Ken Manheimer, Bill Mann, Brian Marick, Simon | |
935 Marshall, Bengt Martensson, Charlie Martin, Thomas May, Roland McGrath, | |
936 David Megginson, Wayne Mesard, Richard Mlynarik, Keith Moore, Erik | |
937 Naggum, Thomas Neumann, Mike Newton, Jurgen Nickelsen, Jeff Norden, | |
938 Andrew Norman, Jeff Peck, Damon Anton Permezel, Tom Perrine, Jens | |
939 Petersen, Daniel Pfeiffer, Fred Pierresteguy, Christian Plaunt, | |
940 Francesco A. Potorti, Michael D. Prange, Ashwin Ram, Eric S. Raymond, | |
941 Paul Reilly, Edward M. Reingold, Rob Riepel, Roland B. Roberts, John | |
942 Robinson, Danny Roozendaal, William Rosenblatt, Guillermo J. Rozas, Ivar | |
943 Rummelhoff, Wolfgang Rupprecht, James B. Salem, Masahiko Sato, William | |
944 Schelter, Ralph Schleicher, Gregor Schmid, Michael Schmidt, Ronald | |
945 S. Schnell, Philippe Schnoebelen, Stephen Schoef, Randal Schwartz, | |
946 Manuel Serrano, Stanislav Shalunov, Mark Shapiro, Richard Sharman, Olin | |
947 Shivers, Espen Skoglund, Rick Sladkey, Lynn Slater, Chris Smith, David | |
948 Smith, Paul D. Smith, William Sommerfeld, Michael Staats, Sam Steingold, | |
949 Ake Stenhoff, Peter Stephenson, Jonathan Stigelman, Steve Strassman, | |
950 Jens T. Berger Thielemann, Spencer Thomas, Jim Thompson, Masanobu Umeda, | |
951 Neil W. Van Dyke, Ulrik Vieth, Geoffrey Voelker, Johan Vromans, Barry | |
952 Warsaw, Morten Welinder, Joseph Brian Wells, Rodney Whitby, Ed | |
953 Wilkinson, Mike Williams, Steven A. Wood, Dale R. Worley, Felix | |
954 S. T. Wu, Tom Wurgler, Eli Zaretskii, Jamie Zawinski, Ian T. Zimmermann, | |
955 Reto Zimmermann, and Neal Ziring. | |
956 @end iftex | |
957 | |
958 @node Copying, Intro, Distrib, Top | |
959 @unnumbered GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE | |
960 @center Version 2, June 1991 | |
961 | |
962 @display | |
963 Copyright @copyright{} 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. | |
964 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA | |
965 | |
966 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies | |
967 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. | |
968 @end display | |
969 | |
970 @unnumberedsec Preamble | |
971 | |
972 The licenses for most software are designed to take away your | |
973 freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public | |
974 License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free | |
975 software---to make sure the software is free for all its users. This | |
976 General Public License applies to most of the Free Software | |
977 Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to | |
978 using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by | |
979 the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to | |
980 your programs, too. | |
981 | |
982 When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not | |
983 price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you | |
984 have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for | |
985 this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it | |
986 if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it | |
987 in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things. | |
988 | |
989 To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid | |
990 anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. | |
991 These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you | |
992 distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it. | |
993 | |
994 For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether | |
995 gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that | |
996 you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the | |
997 source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their | |
998 rights. | |
999 | |
1000 We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and | |
1001 (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, | |
1002 distribute and/or modify the software. | |
1003 | |
1004 Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain | |
1005 that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free | |
1006 software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we | |
1007 want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so | |
1008 that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original | |
1009 authors' reputations. | |
1010 | |
1011 Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software | |
1012 patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free | |
1013 program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the | |
1014 program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any | |
1015 patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all. | |
1016 | |
1017 The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and | |
1018 modification follow. | |
1019 | |
1020 @iftex | |
1021 @unnumberedsec TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION | |
1022 @end iftex | |
1023 @ifinfo | |
1024 @center TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION | |
1025 @end ifinfo | |
1026 | |
1027 @enumerate 0 | |
1028 @item | |
1029 This License applies to any program or other work which contains | |
1030 a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed | |
1031 under the terms of this General Public License. The ``Program'', below, | |
1032 refers to any such program or work, and a ``work based on the Program'' | |
1033 means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law: | |
1034 that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it, | |
1035 either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another | |
1036 language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in | |
1037 the term ``modification''.) Each licensee is addressed as ``you''. | |
1038 | |
1039 Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not | |
1040 covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of | |
1041 running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program | |
1042 is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the | |
1043 Program (independent of having been made by running the Program). | |
1044 Whether that is true depends on what the Program does. | |
1045 | |
1046 @item | |
1047 You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's | |
1048 source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you | |
1049 conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate | |
1050 copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the | |
1051 notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty; | |
1052 and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License | |
1053 along with the Program. | |
1054 | |
1055 You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and | |
1056 you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee. | |
1057 | |
1058 @item | |
1059 You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion | |
1060 of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and | |
1061 distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 | |
1062 above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions: | |
1063 | |
1064 @enumerate a | |
1065 @item | |
1066 You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices | |
1067 stating that you changed the files and the date of any change. | |
1068 | |
1069 @item | |
1070 You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in | |
1071 whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any | |
1072 part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third | |
1073 parties under the terms of this License. | |
1074 | |
1075 @item | |
1076 If the modified program normally reads commands interactively | |
1077 when run, you must cause it, when started running for such | |
1078 interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an | |
1079 announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a | |
1080 notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide | |
1081 a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under | |
1082 these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this | |
1083 License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but | |
1084 does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on | |
1085 the Program is not required to print an announcement.) | |
1086 @end enumerate | |
1087 | |
1088 These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If | |
1089 identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program, | |
1090 and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in | |
1091 themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those | |
1092 sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you | |
1093 distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based | |
1094 on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of | |
1095 this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the | |
1096 entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it. | |
1097 | |
1098 Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest | |
1099 your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to | |
1100 exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or | |
1101 collective works based on the Program. | |
1102 | |
1103 In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program | |
1104 with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of | |
1105 a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under | |
1106 the scope of this License. | |
1107 | |
1108 @item | |
1109 You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, | |
1110 under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of | |
1111 Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following: | |
1112 | |
1113 @enumerate a | |
1114 @item | |
1115 Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable | |
1116 source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections | |
1117 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or, | |
1118 | |
1119 @item | |
1120 Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three | |
1121 years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your | |
1122 cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete | |
1123 machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be | |
1124 distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium | |
1125 customarily used for software interchange; or, | |
1126 | |
1127 @item | |
1128 Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer | |
1129 to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is | |
1130 allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you | |
1131 received the program in object code or executable form with such | |
1132 an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.) | |
1133 @end enumerate | |
1134 | |
1135 The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for | |
1136 making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source | |
1137 code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any | |
1138 associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to | |
1139 control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a | |
1140 special exception, the source code distributed need not include | |
1141 anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary | |
1142 form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the | |
1143 operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component | |
1144 itself accompanies the executable. | |
1145 | |
1146 If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering | |
1147 access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent | |
1148 access to copy the source code from the same place counts as | |
1149 distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not | |
1150 compelled to copy the source along with the object code. | |
1151 | |
1152 @item | |
1153 You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program | |
1154 except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt | |
1155 otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is | |
1156 void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. | |
1157 However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under | |
1158 this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such | |
1159 parties remain in full compliance. | |
1160 | |
1161 @item | |
1162 You are not required to accept this License, since you have not | |
1163 signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or | |
1164 distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are | |
1165 prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by | |
1166 modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the | |
1167 Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and | |
1168 all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying | |
1169 the Program or works based on it. | |
1170 | |
1171 @item | |
1172 Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the | |
1173 Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the | |
1174 original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to | |
1175 these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further | |
1176 restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein. | |
1177 You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to | |
1178 this License. | |
1179 | |
1180 @item | |
1181 If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent | |
1182 infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues), | |
1183 conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or | |
1184 otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not | |
1185 excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot | |
1186 distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this | |
1187 License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you | |
1188 may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent | |
1189 license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by | |
1190 all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then | |
1191 the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to | |
1192 refrain entirely from distribution of the Program. | |
1193 | |
1194 If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under | |
1195 any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to | |
1196 apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other | |
1197 circumstances. | |
1198 | |
1199 It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any | |
1200 patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any | |
1201 such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the | |
1202 integrity of the free software distribution system, which is | |
1203 implemented by public license practices. Many people have made | |
1204 generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed | |
1205 through that system in reliance on consistent application of that | |
1206 system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing | |
1207 to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot | |
1208 impose that choice. | |
1209 | |
1210 This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to | |
1211 be a consequence of the rest of this License. | |
1212 | |
1213 @item | |
1214 If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in | |
1215 certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the | |
1216 original copyright holder who places the Program under this License | |
1217 may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding | |
1218 those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among | |
1219 countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates | |
1220 the limitation as if written in the body of this License. | |
1221 | |
1222 @item | |
1223 The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions | |
1224 of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will | |
1225 be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to | |
1226 address new problems or concerns. | |
1227 | |
1228 Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program | |
1229 specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and ``any | |
1230 later version'', you have the option of following the terms and conditions | |
1231 either of that version or of any later version published by the Free | |
1232 Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of | |
1233 this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software | |
1234 Foundation. | |
1235 | |
1236 @item | |
1237 If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free | |
1238 programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author | |
1239 to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free | |
1240 Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes | |
1241 make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals | |
1242 of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and | |
1243 of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally. | |
1244 | |
1245 @iftex | |
1246 @heading NO WARRANTY | |
1247 @end iftex | |
1248 @ifinfo | |
1249 @center NO WARRANTY | |
1250 @end ifinfo | |
1251 | |
1252 @item | |
1253 BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY | |
1254 FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW@. EXCEPT WHEN | |
1255 OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES | |
1256 PROVIDE THE PROGRAM ``AS IS'' WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED | |
1257 OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF | |
1258 MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE@. THE ENTIRE RISK AS | |
1259 TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU@. SHOULD THE | |
1260 PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, | |
1261 REPAIR OR CORRECTION. | |
1262 | |
1263 @item | |
1264 IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING | |
1265 WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR | |
1266 REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, | |
1267 INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING | |
1268 OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED | |
1269 TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY | |
1270 YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER | |
1271 PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE | |
1272 POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. | |
1273 @end enumerate | |
1274 | |
1275 @iftex | |
1276 @heading END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS | |
1277 @end iftex | |
1278 @ifinfo | |
1279 @center END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS | |
1280 @end ifinfo | |
1281 | |
1282 @page | |
1283 @unnumberedsec How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs | |
1284 | |
1285 If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest | |
1286 possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it | |
1287 free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms. | |
1288 | |
1289 To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest | |
1290 to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively | |
1291 convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least | |
1292 the ``copyright'' line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. | |
1293 | |
1294 @smallexample | |
1295 @var{one line to give the program's name and an idea of what it does.} | |
1296 Copyright (C) 19@var{yy} @var{name of author} | |
1297 | |
1298 This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or | |
1299 modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License | |
1300 as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 | |
1301 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. | |
1302 | |
1303 This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, | |
1304 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of | |
1305 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE@. See the | |
1306 GNU General Public License for more details. | |
1307 | |
1308 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along | |
1309 with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., | |
1310 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. | |
1311 @end smallexample | |
1312 | |
1313 Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. | |
1314 | |
1315 If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this | |
1316 when it starts in an interactive mode: | |
1317 | |
1318 @smallexample | |
1319 Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 19@var{yy} @var{name of author} | |
1320 Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details | |
1321 type `show w'. This is free software, and you are welcome | |
1322 to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c' | |
1323 for details. | |
1324 @end smallexample | |
1325 | |
1326 The hypothetical commands @samp{show w} and @samp{show c} should show | |
1327 the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the | |
1328 commands you use may be called something other than @samp{show w} and | |
1329 @samp{show c}; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items---whatever | |
1330 suits your program. | |
1331 | |
1332 You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your | |
1333 school, if any, to sign a ``copyright disclaimer'' for the program, if | |
1334 necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names: | |
1335 | |
1336 @smallexample | |
1337 @group | |
1338 Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright | |
1339 interest in the program `Gnomovision' | |
1340 (which makes passes at compilers) written | |
1341 by James Hacker. | |
1342 | |
1343 @var{signature of Ty Coon}, 1 April 1989 | |
1344 Ty Coon, President of Vice | |
1345 @end group | |
1346 @end smallexample | |
1347 | |
1348 This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into | |
1349 proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may | |
1350 consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the | |
1351 library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General | |
1352 Public License instead of this License. | |
1353 | |
1354 @node Intro, Glossary, Copying, Top | |
1355 @unnumbered Introduction | |
1356 | |
1357 You are reading about GNU Emacs, the GNU incarnation of the advanced, | |
1358 self-documenting, customizable, extensible real-time display editor Emacs. | |
1359 (The `G' in `GNU' is not silent.) | |
1360 | |
1361 We say that Emacs is a @dfn{display} editor because normally the text | |
1362 being edited is visible on the screen and is updated automatically as you | |
1363 type your commands. @xref{Screen,Display}. | |
1364 | |
1365 We call it a @dfn{real-time} editor because the display is updated very | |
1366 frequently, usually after each character or pair of characters you | |
1367 type. This minimizes the amount of information you must keep in your | |
1368 head as you edit. @xref{Basic,Real-time,Basic Editing}. | |
1369 | |
1370 We call Emacs advanced because it provides facilities that go beyond | |
1371 simple insertion and deletion: controlling subprocesses; automatic | |
1372 indentation of programs; viewing two or more files at once; editing | |
1373 formatted text; and dealing in terms of characters, words, lines, | |
1374 sentences, paragraphs, and pages, as well as expressions and comments in | |
1375 several different programming languages. | |
1376 | |
1377 @dfn{Self-documenting} means that at any time you can type a special | |
1378 character, @kbd{Control-h}, to find out what your options are. You can | |
1379 also use it to find out what any command does, or to find all the commands | |
1380 that pertain to a topic. @xref{Help}. | |
1381 | |
1382 @dfn{Customizable} means that you can change the definitions of Emacs | |
1383 commands in little ways. For example, if you use a programming language in | |
1384 which comments start with @samp{<**} and end with @samp{**>}, you can tell | |
1385 the Emacs comment manipulation commands to use those strings | |
1386 (@pxref{Comments}). Another sort of customization is rearrangement of the | |
1387 command set. For example, if you prefer the four basic cursor motion | |
1388 commands (up, down, left and right) on keys in a diamond pattern on the | |
1389 keyboard, you can rebind the keys that way. @xref{Customization}. | |
1390 | |
1391 @dfn{Extensible} means that you can go beyond simple customization and | |
1392 write entirely new commands, programs in the Lisp language to be run by | |
1393 Emacs's own Lisp interpreter. Emacs is an ``on-line extensible'' | |
1394 system, which means that it is divided into many functions that call | |
1395 each other, any of which can be redefined in the middle of an editing | |
1396 session. Almost any part of Emacs can be replaced without making a | |
1397 separate copy of all of Emacs. Most of the editing commands of Emacs | |
1398 are written in Lisp already; the few exceptions could have been written | |
1399 in Lisp but are written in C for efficiency. Although only a programmer | |
1400 can write an extension, anybody can use it afterward. If you want to | |
1401 learn Emacs Lisp programming, we recommend the @cite{Introduction to | |
1402 Emacs Lisp} by Robert J. Chassell, also published by the Free Software | |
1403 Foundation. | |
1404 | |
1405 When run under the X Window System, Emacs provides its own menus and | |
1406 convenient bindings to mouse buttons. But Emacs can provide many of the | |
1407 benefits of a window system on a text-only terminal. For instance, you | |
1408 can look at or edit several files at once, move text between files, and | |
1409 edit files while running shell commands. | |
1410 | |
1411 @include screen.texi | |
1412 @include commands.texi | |
1413 @include entering.texi | |
1414 @include basic.texi | |
1415 @include mini.texi | |
1416 @include m-x.texi | |
1417 @include help.texi | |
1418 @include mark.texi | |
1419 @include killing.texi | |
1420 @include regs.texi | |
1421 @include display.texi | |
1422 @include search.texi | |
1423 @include fixit.texi | |
1424 @include files.texi | |
1425 @include buffers.texi | |
1426 @include windows.texi | |
1427 @include frames.texi | |
1428 @include mule.texi | |
1429 @include major.texi | |
1430 @include indent.texi | |
1431 @include text.texi | |
1432 @include programs.texi | |
1433 @include building.texi | |
1434 @include abbrevs.texi | |
1435 @include picture.texi | |
1436 @include sending.texi | |
1437 @include rmail.texi | |
1438 @include dired.texi | |
1439 @include calendar.texi | |
1440 @include misc.texi | |
1441 @include custom.texi | |
1442 @include trouble.texi | |
1443 @include cmdargs.texi | |
1444 | |
1445 @include anti.texi | |
1446 @include msdog.texi | |
1447 @include gnu.texi | |
1448 @include glossary.texi | |
1449 @ifinfo | |
1450 @include ack.texi | |
1451 @end ifinfo | |
1452 | |
1453 @node Key Index, Command Index, Glossary, Top | |
1454 @unnumbered Key (Character) Index | |
1455 @printindex ky | |
1456 | |
1457 @node Command Index, Variable Index, Key Index, Top | |
1458 @unnumbered Command and Function Index | |
1459 @printindex fn | |
1460 | |
1461 @node Variable Index, Concept Index, Command Index, Top | |
1462 @unnumbered Variable Index | |
1463 @printindex vr | |
1464 | |
1465 @node Concept Index, Acknowledgments, Variable Index, Top | |
1466 @unnumbered Concept Index | |
1467 @printindex cp | |
1468 | |
1469 @summarycontents | |
1470 @contents | |
1471 @bye | |
1472 |