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annotate lispref/variables.texi @ 71213:0d37356ac991
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date | Sun, 04 Jun 2006 19:21:51 +0000 |
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6510 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
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3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, |
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4 @c 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
6510 | 5 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. |
6 @setfilename ../info/variables | |
7 @node Variables, Functions, Control Structures, Top | |
8 @chapter Variables | |
9 @cindex variable | |
10 | |
11 A @dfn{variable} is a name used in a program to stand for a value. | |
12 Nearly all programming languages have variables of some sort. In the | |
13 text of a Lisp program, variables are written using the syntax for | |
14 symbols. | |
15 | |
16 In Lisp, unlike most programming languages, programs are represented | |
17 primarily as Lisp objects and only secondarily as text. The Lisp | |
18 objects used for variables are symbols: the symbol name is the variable | |
19 name, and the variable's value is stored in the value cell of the | |
20 symbol. The use of a symbol as a variable is independent of its use as | |
21 a function name. @xref{Symbol Components}. | |
22 | |
23 The Lisp objects that constitute a Lisp program determine the textual | |
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24 form of the program---it is simply the read syntax for those Lisp |
6510 | 25 objects. This is why, for example, a variable in a textual Lisp program |
26 is written using the read syntax for the symbol that represents the | |
27 variable. | |
28 | |
29 @menu | |
30 * Global Variables:: Variable values that exist permanently, everywhere. | |
31 * Constant Variables:: Certain "variables" have values that never change. | |
32 * Local Variables:: Variable values that exist only temporarily. | |
33 * Void Variables:: Symbols that lack values. | |
34 * Defining Variables:: A definition says a symbol is used as a variable. | |
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35 * Tips for Defining:: Things you should think about when you |
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36 define a variable. |
6510 | 37 * Accessing Variables:: Examining values of variables whose names |
38 are known only at run time. | |
39 * Setting Variables:: Storing new values in variables. | |
40 * Variable Scoping:: How Lisp chooses among local and global values. | |
41 * Buffer-Local Variables:: Variable values in effect only in one buffer. | |
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42 * Frame-Local Variables:: Variable values in effect only in one frame. |
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43 * Future Local Variables:: New kinds of local values we might add some day. |
62367 | 44 * File Local Variables:: Handling local variable lists in files. |
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45 * Variable Aliases:: Variables that are aliases for other variables. |
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46 * Variables with Restricted Values:: Non-constant variables whose value can |
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47 @emph{not} be an arbitrary Lisp object. |
6510 | 48 @end menu |
49 | |
50 @node Global Variables | |
51 @section Global Variables | |
52 @cindex global variable | |
53 | |
54 The simplest way to use a variable is @dfn{globally}. This means that | |
55 the variable has just one value at a time, and this value is in effect | |
56 (at least for the moment) throughout the Lisp system. The value remains | |
57 in effect until you specify a new one. When a new value replaces the | |
58 old one, no trace of the old value remains in the variable. | |
59 | |
60 You specify a value for a symbol with @code{setq}. For example, | |
61 | |
62 @example | |
63 (setq x '(a b)) | |
64 @end example | |
65 | |
66 @noindent | |
67 gives the variable @code{x} the value @code{(a b)}. Note that | |
68 @code{setq} does not evaluate its first argument, the name of the | |
69 variable, but it does evaluate the second argument, the new value. | |
70 | |
71 Once the variable has a value, you can refer to it by using the symbol | |
72 by itself as an expression. Thus, | |
73 | |
74 @example | |
75 @group | |
76 x @result{} (a b) | |
77 @end group | |
78 @end example | |
79 | |
80 @noindent | |
81 assuming the @code{setq} form shown above has already been executed. | |
82 | |
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83 If you do set the same variable again, the new value replaces the old |
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84 one: |
6510 | 85 |
86 @example | |
87 @group | |
88 x | |
89 @result{} (a b) | |
90 @end group | |
91 @group | |
92 (setq x 4) | |
93 @result{} 4 | |
94 @end group | |
95 @group | |
96 x | |
97 @result{} 4 | |
98 @end group | |
99 @end example | |
100 | |
101 @node Constant Variables | |
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102 @section Variables that Never Change |
6510 | 103 @vindex nil |
104 @vindex t | |
105 @kindex setting-constant | |
26200 | 106 @cindex keyword symbol |
6510 | 107 |
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108 In Emacs Lisp, certain symbols normally evaluate to themselves. These |
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109 include @code{nil} and @code{t}, as well as any symbol whose name starts |
26200 | 110 with @samp{:} (these are called @dfn{keywords}). These symbols cannot |
111 be rebound, nor can their values be changed. Any attempt to set or bind | |
112 @code{nil} or @code{t} signals a @code{setting-constant} error. The | |
113 same is true for a keyword (a symbol whose name starts with @samp{:}), | |
114 if it is interned in the standard obarray, except that setting such a | |
115 symbol to itself is not an error. | |
6510 | 116 |
117 @example | |
118 @group | |
119 nil @equiv{} 'nil | |
120 @result{} nil | |
121 @end group | |
122 @group | |
123 (setq nil 500) | |
124 @error{} Attempt to set constant symbol: nil | |
125 @end group | |
126 @end example | |
127 | |
27528 | 128 @defun keywordp object |
129 @tindex keywordp | |
130 function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a symbol whose name | |
131 starts with @samp{:}, interned in the standard obarray, and returns | |
132 @code{nil} otherwise. | |
133 @end defun | |
134 | |
6510 | 135 @node Local Variables |
136 @section Local Variables | |
137 @cindex binding local variables | |
138 @cindex local variables | |
139 @cindex local binding | |
140 @cindex global binding | |
141 | |
142 Global variables have values that last until explicitly superseded | |
143 with new values. Sometimes it is useful to create variable values that | |
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144 exist temporarily---only until a certain part of the program finishes. |
6510 | 145 These values are called @dfn{local}, and the variables so used are |
146 called @dfn{local variables}. | |
147 | |
148 For example, when a function is called, its argument variables receive | |
149 new local values that last until the function exits. The @code{let} | |
150 special form explicitly establishes new local values for specified | |
151 variables; these last until exit from the @code{let} form. | |
152 | |
153 @cindex shadowing of variables | |
154 Establishing a local value saves away the previous value (or lack of | |
155 one) of the variable. When the life span of the local value is over, | |
156 the previous value is restored. In the mean time, we say that the | |
157 previous value is @dfn{shadowed} and @dfn{not visible}. Both global and | |
158 local values may be shadowed (@pxref{Scope}). | |
159 | |
160 If you set a variable (such as with @code{setq}) while it is local, | |
161 this replaces the local value; it does not alter the global value, or | |
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162 previous local values, that are shadowed. To model this behavior, we |
6510 | 163 speak of a @dfn{local binding} of the variable as well as a local value. |
164 | |
165 The local binding is a conceptual place that holds a local value. | |
166 Entry to a function, or a special form such as @code{let}, creates the | |
167 local binding; exit from the function or from the @code{let} removes the | |
168 local binding. As long as the local binding lasts, the variable's value | |
169 is stored within it. Use of @code{setq} or @code{set} while there is a | |
170 local binding stores a different value into the local binding; it does | |
171 not create a new binding. | |
172 | |
173 We also speak of the @dfn{global binding}, which is where | |
174 (conceptually) the global value is kept. | |
175 | |
176 @cindex current binding | |
177 A variable can have more than one local binding at a time (for | |
178 example, if there are nested @code{let} forms that bind it). In such a | |
179 case, the most recently created local binding that still exists is the | |
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180 @dfn{current binding} of the variable. (This rule is called |
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181 @dfn{dynamic scoping}; see @ref{Variable Scoping}.) If there are no |
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182 local bindings, the variable's global binding is its current binding. |
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183 We sometimes call the current binding the @dfn{most-local existing |
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184 binding}, for emphasis. Ordinary evaluation of a symbol always returns |
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185 the value of its current binding. |
6510 | 186 |
187 The special forms @code{let} and @code{let*} exist to create | |
188 local bindings. | |
189 | |
190 @defspec let (bindings@dots{}) forms@dots{} | |
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191 This special form binds variables according to @var{bindings} and then |
6510 | 192 evaluates all of the @var{forms} in textual order. The @code{let}-form |
193 returns the value of the last form in @var{forms}. | |
194 | |
195 Each of the @var{bindings} is either @w{(i) a} symbol, in which case | |
196 that symbol is bound to @code{nil}; or @w{(ii) a} list of the form | |
197 @code{(@var{symbol} @var{value-form})}, in which case @var{symbol} is | |
198 bound to the result of evaluating @var{value-form}. If @var{value-form} | |
199 is omitted, @code{nil} is used. | |
200 | |
201 All of the @var{value-form}s in @var{bindings} are evaluated in the | |
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202 order they appear and @emph{before} binding any of the symbols to them. |
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203 Here is an example of this: @code{z} is bound to the old value of |
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204 @code{y}, which is 2, not the new value of @code{y}, which is 1. |
6510 | 205 |
206 @example | |
207 @group | |
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208 (setq y 2) |
6510 | 209 @result{} 2 |
210 @end group | |
211 @group | |
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212 (let ((y 1) |
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213 (z y)) |
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214 (list y z)) |
6510 | 215 @result{} (1 2) |
216 @end group | |
217 @end example | |
218 @end defspec | |
219 | |
220 @defspec let* (bindings@dots{}) forms@dots{} | |
221 This special form is like @code{let}, but it binds each variable right | |
222 after computing its local value, before computing the local value for | |
223 the next variable. Therefore, an expression in @var{bindings} can | |
224 reasonably refer to the preceding symbols bound in this @code{let*} | |
225 form. Compare the following example with the example above for | |
226 @code{let}. | |
227 | |
228 @example | |
229 @group | |
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230 (setq y 2) |
6510 | 231 @result{} 2 |
232 @end group | |
233 @group | |
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234 (let* ((y 1) |
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235 (z y)) ; @r{Use the just-established value of @code{y}.} |
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236 (list y z)) |
6510 | 237 @result{} (1 1) |
238 @end group | |
239 @end example | |
240 @end defspec | |
241 | |
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242 Here is a complete list of the other facilities that create local |
6510 | 243 bindings: |
244 | |
245 @itemize @bullet | |
246 @item | |
247 Function calls (@pxref{Functions}). | |
248 | |
249 @item | |
250 Macro calls (@pxref{Macros}). | |
251 | |
252 @item | |
253 @code{condition-case} (@pxref{Errors}). | |
254 @end itemize | |
255 | |
12098 | 256 Variables can also have buffer-local bindings (@pxref{Buffer-Local |
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257 Variables}) and frame-local bindings (@pxref{Frame-Local Variables}); a |
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258 few variables have terminal-local bindings (@pxref{Multiple Displays}). |
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259 These kinds of bindings work somewhat like ordinary local bindings, but |
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260 they are localized depending on ``where'' you are in Emacs, rather than |
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261 localized in time. |
12098 | 262 |
56215 | 263 @defvar max-specpdl-size |
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264 @anchor{Definition of max-specpdl-size} |
6510 | 265 @cindex variable limit error |
266 @cindex evaluation error | |
267 @cindex infinite recursion | |
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268 This variable defines the limit on the total number of local variable |
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269 bindings and @code{unwind-protect} cleanups (@pxref{Cleanups,, |
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270 Cleaning Up from Nonlocal Exits}) that are allowed before signaling an |
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271 error (with data @code{"Variable binding depth exceeds |
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272 max-specpdl-size"}). |
6510 | 273 |
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274 This limit, with the associated error when it is exceeded, is one way |
6510 | 275 that Lisp avoids infinite recursion on an ill-defined function. |
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276 @code{max-lisp-eval-depth} provides another limit on depth of nesting. |
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277 @xref{Definition of max-lisp-eval-depth,, Eval}. |
6510 | 278 |
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279 The default value is 1000. Entry to the Lisp debugger increases the |
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280 value, if there is little room left, to make sure the debugger itself |
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281 has room to execute. |
6510 | 282 @end defvar |
283 | |
284 @node Void Variables | |
285 @section When a Variable is ``Void'' | |
286 @kindex void-variable | |
287 @cindex void variable | |
288 | |
289 If you have never given a symbol any value as a global variable, we | |
290 say that that symbol's global value is @dfn{void}. In other words, the | |
291 symbol's value cell does not have any Lisp object in it. If you try to | |
292 evaluate the symbol, you get a @code{void-variable} error rather than | |
293 a value. | |
294 | |
295 Note that a value of @code{nil} is not the same as void. The symbol | |
296 @code{nil} is a Lisp object and can be the value of a variable just as any | |
297 other object can be; but it is @emph{a value}. A void variable does not | |
298 have any value. | |
299 | |
300 After you have given a variable a value, you can make it void once more | |
301 using @code{makunbound}. | |
302 | |
303 @defun makunbound symbol | |
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304 This function makes the current variable binding of @var{symbol} void. |
6510 | 305 Subsequent attempts to use this symbol's value as a variable will signal |
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306 the error @code{void-variable}, unless and until you set it again. |
6510 | 307 |
308 @code{makunbound} returns @var{symbol}. | |
309 | |
310 @example | |
311 @group | |
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312 (makunbound 'x) ; @r{Make the global value of @code{x} void.} |
6510 | 313 @result{} x |
314 @end group | |
315 @group | |
316 x | |
317 @error{} Symbol's value as variable is void: x | |
318 @end group | |
319 @end example | |
320 | |
321 If @var{symbol} is locally bound, @code{makunbound} affects the most | |
322 local existing binding. This is the only way a symbol can have a void | |
323 local binding, since all the constructs that create local bindings | |
324 create them with values. In this case, the voidness lasts at most as | |
325 long as the binding does; when the binding is removed due to exit from | |
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326 the construct that made it, the previous local or global binding is |
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327 reexposed as usual, and the variable is no longer void unless the newly |
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328 reexposed binding was void all along. |
6510 | 329 |
330 @smallexample | |
331 @group | |
332 (setq x 1) ; @r{Put a value in the global binding.} | |
333 @result{} 1 | |
334 (let ((x 2)) ; @r{Locally bind it.} | |
335 (makunbound 'x) ; @r{Void the local binding.} | |
336 x) | |
337 @error{} Symbol's value as variable is void: x | |
338 @end group | |
339 @group | |
340 x ; @r{The global binding is unchanged.} | |
341 @result{} 1 | |
342 | |
343 (let ((x 2)) ; @r{Locally bind it.} | |
344 (let ((x 3)) ; @r{And again.} | |
345 (makunbound 'x) ; @r{Void the innermost-local binding.} | |
346 x)) ; @r{And refer: it's void.} | |
347 @error{} Symbol's value as variable is void: x | |
348 @end group | |
349 | |
350 @group | |
351 (let ((x 2)) | |
352 (let ((x 3)) | |
353 (makunbound 'x)) ; @r{Void inner binding, then remove it.} | |
354 x) ; @r{Now outer @code{let} binding is visible.} | |
355 @result{} 2 | |
356 @end group | |
357 @end smallexample | |
358 @end defun | |
359 | |
360 A variable that has been made void with @code{makunbound} is | |
361 indistinguishable from one that has never received a value and has | |
362 always been void. | |
363 | |
364 You can use the function @code{boundp} to test whether a variable is | |
365 currently void. | |
366 | |
367 @defun boundp variable | |
368 @code{boundp} returns @code{t} if @var{variable} (a symbol) is not void; | |
369 more precisely, if its current binding is not void. It returns | |
370 @code{nil} otherwise. | |
371 | |
372 @smallexample | |
373 @group | |
374 (boundp 'abracadabra) ; @r{Starts out void.} | |
375 @result{} nil | |
376 @end group | |
377 @group | |
378 (let ((abracadabra 5)) ; @r{Locally bind it.} | |
379 (boundp 'abracadabra)) | |
380 @result{} t | |
381 @end group | |
382 @group | |
383 (boundp 'abracadabra) ; @r{Still globally void.} | |
384 @result{} nil | |
385 @end group | |
386 @group | |
387 (setq abracadabra 5) ; @r{Make it globally nonvoid.} | |
388 @result{} 5 | |
389 @end group | |
390 @group | |
391 (boundp 'abracadabra) | |
392 @result{} t | |
393 @end group | |
394 @end smallexample | |
395 @end defun | |
396 | |
397 @node Defining Variables | |
398 @section Defining Global Variables | |
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399 @cindex variable definition |
6510 | 400 |
401 You may announce your intention to use a symbol as a global variable | |
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402 with a @dfn{variable definition}: a special form, either @code{defconst} |
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403 or @code{defvar}. |
6510 | 404 |
405 In Emacs Lisp, definitions serve three purposes. First, they inform | |
406 people who read the code that certain symbols are @emph{intended} to be | |
407 used a certain way (as variables). Second, they inform the Lisp system | |
408 of these things, supplying a value and documentation. Third, they | |
409 provide information to utilities such as @code{etags} and | |
410 @code{make-docfile}, which create data bases of the functions and | |
411 variables in a program. | |
412 | |
413 The difference between @code{defconst} and @code{defvar} is primarily | |
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414 a matter of intent, serving to inform human readers of whether the value |
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415 should ever change. Emacs Lisp does not restrict the ways in which a |
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416 variable can be used based on @code{defconst} or @code{defvar} |
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417 declarations. However, it does make a difference for initialization: |
6510 | 418 @code{defconst} unconditionally initializes the variable, while |
419 @code{defvar} initializes it only if it is void. | |
420 | |
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421 @ignore |
6510 | 422 One would expect user option variables to be defined with |
423 @code{defconst}, since programs do not change them. Unfortunately, this | |
424 has bad results if the definition is in a library that is not preloaded: | |
425 @code{defconst} would override any prior value when the library is | |
426 loaded. Users would like to be able to set user options in their init | |
427 files, and override the default values given in the definitions. For | |
428 this reason, user options must be defined with @code{defvar}. | |
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429 @end ignore |
6510 | 430 |
431 @defspec defvar symbol [value [doc-string]] | |
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432 This special form defines @var{symbol} as a variable and can also |
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433 initialize and document it. The definition informs a person reading |
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434 your code that @var{symbol} is used as a variable that might be set or |
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435 changed. Note that @var{symbol} is not evaluated; the symbol to be |
6510 | 436 defined must appear explicitly in the @code{defvar}. |
437 | |
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438 If @var{symbol} is void and @var{value} is specified, @code{defvar} |
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439 evaluates it and sets @var{symbol} to the result. But if @var{symbol} |
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440 already has a value (i.e., it is not void), @var{value} is not even |
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441 evaluated, and @var{symbol}'s value remains unchanged. If @var{value} |
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442 is omitted, the value of @var{symbol} is not changed in any case. |
6510 | 443 |
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444 If @var{symbol} has a buffer-local binding in the current buffer, |
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445 @code{defvar} operates on the default value, which is buffer-independent, |
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446 not the current (buffer-local) binding. It sets the default value if |
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447 the default value is void. @xref{Buffer-Local Variables}. |
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448 |
12098 | 449 When you evaluate a top-level @code{defvar} form with @kbd{C-M-x} in |
450 Emacs Lisp mode (@code{eval-defun}), a special feature of | |
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451 @code{eval-defun} arranges to set the variable unconditionally, without |
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452 testing whether its value is void. |
6510 | 453 |
454 If the @var{doc-string} argument appears, it specifies the documentation | |
455 for the variable. (This opportunity to specify documentation is one of | |
456 the main benefits of defining the variable.) The documentation is | |
457 stored in the symbol's @code{variable-documentation} property. The | |
458 Emacs help functions (@pxref{Documentation}) look for this property. | |
459 | |
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460 If the variable is a user option that users would want to set |
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461 interactively, you should use @samp{*} as the first character of |
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462 @var{doc-string}. This lets users set the variable conveniently using |
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463 the @code{set-variable} command. Note that you should nearly always |
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464 use @code{defcustom} instead of @code{defvar} to define these |
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465 variables, so that users can use @kbd{M-x customize} and related |
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466 commands to set them. @xref{Customization}. |
6510 | 467 |
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468 Here are some examples. This form defines @code{foo} but does not |
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469 initialize it: |
6510 | 470 |
471 @example | |
472 @group | |
473 (defvar foo) | |
474 @result{} foo | |
475 @end group | |
476 @end example | |
477 | |
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478 This example initializes the value of @code{bar} to @code{23}, and gives |
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479 it a documentation string: |
6510 | 480 |
481 @example | |
482 @group | |
483 (defvar bar 23 | |
484 "The normal weight of a bar.") | |
485 @result{} bar | |
486 @end group | |
487 @end example | |
488 | |
489 The following form changes the documentation string for @code{bar}, | |
490 making it a user option, but does not change the value, since @code{bar} | |
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491 already has a value. (The addition @code{(1+ nil)} would get an error |
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492 if it were evaluated, but since it is not evaluated, there is no error.) |
6510 | 493 |
494 @example | |
495 @group | |
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496 (defvar bar (1+ nil) |
6510 | 497 "*The normal weight of a bar.") |
498 @result{} bar | |
499 @end group | |
500 @group | |
501 bar | |
502 @result{} 23 | |
503 @end group | |
504 @end example | |
505 | |
506 Here is an equivalent expression for the @code{defvar} special form: | |
507 | |
508 @example | |
509 @group | |
510 (defvar @var{symbol} @var{value} @var{doc-string}) | |
511 @equiv{} | |
512 (progn | |
513 (if (not (boundp '@var{symbol})) | |
514 (setq @var{symbol} @var{value})) | |
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515 (if '@var{doc-string} |
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516 (put '@var{symbol} 'variable-documentation '@var{doc-string})) |
6510 | 517 '@var{symbol}) |
518 @end group | |
519 @end example | |
520 | |
521 The @code{defvar} form returns @var{symbol}, but it is normally used | |
522 at top level in a file where its value does not matter. | |
523 @end defspec | |
524 | |
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525 @defspec defconst symbol value [doc-string] |
6510 | 526 This special form defines @var{symbol} as a value and initializes it. |
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527 It informs a person reading your code that @var{symbol} has a standard |
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528 global value, established here, that should not be changed by the user |
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529 or by other programs. Note that @var{symbol} is not evaluated; the |
6510 | 530 symbol to be defined must appear explicitly in the @code{defconst}. |
531 | |
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532 @code{defconst} always evaluates @var{value}, and sets the value of |
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533 @var{symbol} to the result. If @var{symbol} does have a buffer-local |
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534 binding in the current buffer, @code{defconst} sets the default value, |
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535 not the buffer-local value. (But you should not be making |
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536 buffer-local bindings for a symbol that is defined with |
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537 @code{defconst}.) |
6510 | 538 |
539 Here, @code{pi} is a constant that presumably ought not to be changed | |
540 by anyone (attempts by the Indiana State Legislature notwithstanding). | |
541 As the second form illustrates, however, this is only advisory. | |
542 | |
543 @example | |
544 @group | |
545 (defconst pi 3.1415 "Pi to five places.") | |
546 @result{} pi | |
547 @end group | |
548 @group | |
549 (setq pi 3) | |
550 @result{} pi | |
551 @end group | |
552 @group | |
553 pi | |
554 @result{} 3 | |
555 @end group | |
556 @end example | |
557 @end defspec | |
558 | |
559 @defun user-variable-p variable | |
560 @cindex user option | |
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561 This function returns @code{t} if @var{variable} is a user option---a |
6510 | 562 variable intended to be set by the user for customization---and |
563 @code{nil} otherwise. (Variables other than user options exist for the | |
564 internal purposes of Lisp programs, and users need not know about them.) | |
565 | |
27528 | 566 User option variables are distinguished from other variables either |
567 though being declared using @code{defcustom}@footnote{They may also be | |
568 declared equivalently in @file{cus-start.el}.} or by the first character | |
569 of their @code{variable-documentation} property. If the property exists | |
570 and is a string, and its first character is @samp{*}, then the variable | |
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571 is a user option. Aliases of user options are also user options. |
6510 | 572 @end defun |
573 | |
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574 @kindex variable-interactive |
6510 | 575 If a user option variable has a @code{variable-interactive} property, |
12098 | 576 the @code{set-variable} command uses that value to control reading the |
577 new value for the variable. The property's value is used as if it were | |
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578 specified in @code{interactive} (@pxref{Using Interactive}). However, |
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579 this feature is largely obsoleted by @code{defcustom} |
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580 (@pxref{Customization}). |
6510 | 581 |
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582 @strong{Warning:} If the @code{defconst} and @code{defvar} special |
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583 forms are used while the variable has a local binding (made with |
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584 @code{let}, or a function argument), they set the local-binding's |
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585 value; the top-level binding is not changed. This is not what you |
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586 usually want. To prevent it, use these special forms at top level in |
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587 a file, where normally no local binding is in effect, and make sure to |
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588 load the file before making a local binding for the variable. |
6510 | 589 |
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590 @node Tips for Defining |
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591 @section Tips for Defining Variables Robustly |
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592 |
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593 When you define a variable whose value is a function, or a list of |
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594 functions, use a name that ends in @samp{-function} or |
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595 @samp{-functions}, respectively. |
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596 |
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597 There are several other variable name conventions; |
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598 here is a complete list: |
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599 |
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600 @table @samp |
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601 @item @dots{}-hook |
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602 The variable is a normal hook (@pxref{Hooks}). |
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603 |
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604 @item @dots{}-function |
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605 The value is a function. |
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606 |
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607 @item @dots{}-functions |
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608 The value is a list of functions. |
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609 |
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610 @item @dots{}-form |
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611 The value is a form (an expression). |
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612 |
37583 | 613 @item @dots{}-forms |
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614 The value is a list of forms (expressions). |
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615 |
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616 @item @dots{}-predicate |
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617 The value is a predicate---a function of one argument that returns |
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618 non-@code{nil} for ``good'' arguments and @code{nil} for ``bad'' |
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619 arguments. |
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620 |
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621 @item @dots{}-flag |
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622 The value is significant only as to whether it is @code{nil} or not. |
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623 |
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624 @item @dots{}-program |
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625 The value is a program name. |
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626 |
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627 @item @dots{}-command |
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628 The value is a whole shell command. |
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629 |
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630 @item @samp{}-switches |
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631 The value specifies options for a command. |
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632 @end table |
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633 |
37583 | 634 When you define a variable, always consider whether you should mark |
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635 it as ``risky''; see @ref{File Local Variables}. |
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636 |
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637 When defining and initializing a variable that holds a complicated |
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638 value (such as a keymap with bindings in it), it's best to put the |
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639 entire computation of the value into the @code{defvar}, like this: |
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640 |
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641 @example |
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642 (defvar my-mode-map |
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643 (let ((map (make-sparse-keymap))) |
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644 (define-key map "\C-c\C-a" 'my-command) |
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645 @dots{} |
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646 map) |
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647 @var{docstring}) |
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648 @end example |
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649 |
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650 @noindent |
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651 This method has several benefits. First, if the user quits while |
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652 loading the file, the variable is either still uninitialized or |
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653 initialized properly, never in-between. If it is still uninitialized, |
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654 reloading the file will initialize it properly. Second, reloading the |
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655 file once the variable is initialized will not alter it; that is |
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656 important if the user has run hooks to alter part of the contents (such |
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657 as, to rebind keys). Third, evaluating the @code{defvar} form with |
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658 @kbd{C-M-x} @emph{will} reinitialize the map completely. |
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659 |
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660 Putting so much code in the @code{defvar} form has one disadvantage: |
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661 it puts the documentation string far away from the line which names the |
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662 variable. Here's a safe way to avoid that: |
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663 |
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664 @example |
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665 (defvar my-mode-map nil |
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666 @var{docstring}) |
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667 (unless my-mode-map |
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668 (let ((map (make-sparse-keymap))) |
30502 | 669 (define-key map "\C-c\C-a" 'my-command) |
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670 @dots{} |
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671 (setq my-mode-map map))) |
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672 @end example |
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673 |
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674 @noindent |
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675 This has all the same advantages as putting the initialization inside |
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676 the @code{defvar}, except that you must type @kbd{C-M-x} twice, once on |
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677 each form, if you do want to reinitialize the variable. |
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678 |
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679 But be careful not to write the code like this: |
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680 |
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681 @example |
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682 (defvar my-mode-map nil |
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683 @var{docstring}) |
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684 (unless my-mode-map |
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685 (setq my-mode-map (make-sparse-keymap)) |
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686 (define-key my-mode-map "\C-c\C-a" 'my-command) |
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687 @dots{}) |
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688 @end example |
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689 |
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690 @noindent |
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691 This code sets the variable, then alters it, but it does so in more than |
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692 one step. If the user quits just after the @code{setq}, that leaves the |
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693 variable neither correctly initialized nor void nor @code{nil}. Once |
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694 that happens, reloading the file will not initialize the variable; it |
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695 will remain incomplete. |
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696 |
6510 | 697 @node Accessing Variables |
698 @section Accessing Variable Values | |
699 | |
700 The usual way to reference a variable is to write the symbol which | |
701 names it (@pxref{Symbol Forms}). This requires you to specify the | |
702 variable name when you write the program. Usually that is exactly what | |
703 you want to do. Occasionally you need to choose at run time which | |
704 variable to reference; then you can use @code{symbol-value}. | |
705 | |
706 @defun symbol-value symbol | |
707 This function returns the value of @var{symbol}. This is the value in | |
708 the innermost local binding of the symbol, or its global value if it | |
709 has no local bindings. | |
710 | |
711 @example | |
712 @group | |
713 (setq abracadabra 5) | |
714 @result{} 5 | |
715 @end group | |
716 @group | |
717 (setq foo 9) | |
718 @result{} 9 | |
719 @end group | |
720 | |
721 @group | |
722 ;; @r{Here the symbol @code{abracadabra}} | |
723 ;; @r{is the symbol whose value is examined.} | |
724 (let ((abracadabra 'foo)) | |
725 (symbol-value 'abracadabra)) | |
726 @result{} foo | |
727 @end group | |
728 | |
729 @group | |
730 ;; @r{Here the value of @code{abracadabra},} | |
731 ;; @r{which is @code{foo},} | |
732 ;; @r{is the symbol whose value is examined.} | |
733 (let ((abracadabra 'foo)) | |
734 (symbol-value abracadabra)) | |
735 @result{} 9 | |
736 @end group | |
737 | |
738 @group | |
739 (symbol-value 'abracadabra) | |
740 @result{} 5 | |
741 @end group | |
742 @end example | |
743 | |
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744 A @code{void-variable} error is signaled if the current binding of |
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745 @var{symbol} is void. |
6510 | 746 @end defun |
747 | |
748 @node Setting Variables | |
749 @section How to Alter a Variable Value | |
750 | |
751 The usual way to change the value of a variable is with the special | |
752 form @code{setq}. When you need to compute the choice of variable at | |
753 run time, use the function @code{set}. | |
754 | |
755 @defspec setq [symbol form]@dots{} | |
756 This special form is the most common method of changing a variable's | |
757 value. Each @var{symbol} is given a new value, which is the result of | |
758 evaluating the corresponding @var{form}. The most-local existing | |
759 binding of the symbol is changed. | |
760 | |
761 @code{setq} does not evaluate @var{symbol}; it sets the symbol that you | |
762 write. We say that this argument is @dfn{automatically quoted}. The | |
763 @samp{q} in @code{setq} stands for ``quoted.'' | |
764 | |
765 The value of the @code{setq} form is the value of the last @var{form}. | |
766 | |
767 @example | |
768 @group | |
769 (setq x (1+ 2)) | |
770 @result{} 3 | |
771 @end group | |
772 x ; @r{@code{x} now has a global value.} | |
773 @result{} 3 | |
774 @group | |
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775 (let ((x 5)) |
6510 | 776 (setq x 6) ; @r{The local binding of @code{x} is set.} |
777 x) | |
778 @result{} 6 | |
779 @end group | |
780 x ; @r{The global value is unchanged.} | |
781 @result{} 3 | |
782 @end example | |
783 | |
784 Note that the first @var{form} is evaluated, then the first | |
785 @var{symbol} is set, then the second @var{form} is evaluated, then the | |
786 second @var{symbol} is set, and so on: | |
787 | |
788 @example | |
789 @group | |
790 (setq x 10 ; @r{Notice that @code{x} is set before} | |
791 y (1+ x)) ; @r{the value of @code{y} is computed.} | |
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792 @result{} 11 |
6510 | 793 @end group |
794 @end example | |
795 @end defspec | |
796 | |
797 @defun set symbol value | |
798 This function sets @var{symbol}'s value to @var{value}, then returns | |
799 @var{value}. Since @code{set} is a function, the expression written for | |
800 @var{symbol} is evaluated to obtain the symbol to set. | |
801 | |
802 The most-local existing binding of the variable is the binding that is | |
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803 set; shadowed bindings are not affected. |
6510 | 804 |
805 @example | |
806 @group | |
807 (set one 1) | |
808 @error{} Symbol's value as variable is void: one | |
809 @end group | |
810 @group | |
811 (set 'one 1) | |
812 @result{} 1 | |
813 @end group | |
814 @group | |
815 (set 'two 'one) | |
816 @result{} one | |
817 @end group | |
818 @group | |
819 (set two 2) ; @r{@code{two} evaluates to symbol @code{one}.} | |
820 @result{} 2 | |
821 @end group | |
822 @group | |
823 one ; @r{So it is @code{one} that was set.} | |
824 @result{} 2 | |
825 (let ((one 1)) ; @r{This binding of @code{one} is set,} | |
826 (set 'one 3) ; @r{not the global value.} | |
827 one) | |
828 @result{} 3 | |
829 @end group | |
830 @group | |
831 one | |
832 @result{} 2 | |
833 @end group | |
834 @end example | |
835 | |
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836 If @var{symbol} is not actually a symbol, a @code{wrong-type-argument} |
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837 error is signaled. |
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838 |
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839 @example |
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840 (set '(x y) 'z) |
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841 @error{} Wrong type argument: symbolp, (x y) |
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842 @end example |
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843 |
6510 | 844 Logically speaking, @code{set} is a more fundamental primitive than |
845 @code{setq}. Any use of @code{setq} can be trivially rewritten to use | |
846 @code{set}; @code{setq} could even be defined as a macro, given the | |
847 availability of @code{set}. However, @code{set} itself is rarely used; | |
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848 beginners hardly need to know about it. It is useful only for choosing |
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849 at run time which variable to set. For example, the command |
6510 | 850 @code{set-variable}, which reads a variable name from the user and then |
851 sets the variable, needs to use @code{set}. | |
852 | |
853 @cindex CL note---@code{set} local | |
854 @quotation | |
7194
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855 @b{Common Lisp note:} In Common Lisp, @code{set} always changes the |
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856 symbol's ``special'' or dynamic value, ignoring any lexical bindings. |
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857 In Emacs Lisp, all variables and all bindings are dynamic, so @code{set} |
6510 | 858 always affects the most local existing binding. |
859 @end quotation | |
860 @end defun | |
861 | |
12067 | 862 One other function for setting a variable is designed to add |
863 an element to a list if it is not already present in the list. | |
864 | |
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865 @defun add-to-list symbol element &optional append |
12067 | 866 This function sets the variable @var{symbol} by consing @var{element} |
867 onto the old value, if @var{element} is not already a member of that | |
12098 | 868 value. It returns the resulting list, whether updated or not. The |
869 value of @var{symbol} had better be a list already before the call. | |
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870 Membership is tested using @code{equal}. |
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871 |
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872 Normally, if @var{element} is added, it is added to the front of |
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873 @var{symbol}, but if the optional argument @var{append} is |
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874 non-@code{nil}, it is added at the end. |
12098 | 875 |
876 The argument @var{symbol} is not implicitly quoted; @code{add-to-list} | |
877 is an ordinary function, like @code{set} and unlike @code{setq}. Quote | |
878 the argument yourself if that is what you want. | |
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879 @end defun |
12067 | 880 |
881 Here's a scenario showing how to use @code{add-to-list}: | |
882 | |
883 @example | |
884 (setq foo '(a b)) | |
885 @result{} (a b) | |
886 | |
887 (add-to-list 'foo 'c) ;; @r{Add @code{c}.} | |
888 @result{} (c a b) | |
889 | |
890 (add-to-list 'foo 'b) ;; @r{No effect.} | |
891 @result{} (c a b) | |
892 | |
893 foo ;; @r{@code{foo} was changed.} | |
894 @result{} (c a b) | |
895 @end example | |
896 | |
897 An equivalent expression for @code{(add-to-list '@var{var} | |
898 @var{value})} is this: | |
899 | |
900 @example | |
901 (or (member @var{value} @var{var}) | |
902 (setq @var{var} (cons @var{value} @var{var}))) | |
903 @end example | |
904 | |
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905 @defun add-to-ordered-list symbol element &optional order |
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906 This function sets the variable @var{symbol} by inserting |
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907 @var{element} into the old value, which must be a list, at the |
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908 position specified by @var{order}. If @var{element} is already a |
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909 member of the list, its position in the list is adjusted according |
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910 to @var{order}. Membership is tested using @code{eq}. |
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911 This function returns the resulting list, whether updated or not. |
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912 |
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913 The @var{order} is typically a number (integer or float), and the |
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914 elements of the list are sorted in non-decreasing numerical order. |
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915 |
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916 @var{order} may also be omitted or @code{nil}. Then the numeric order |
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917 of @var{element} stays unchanged if it already has one; otherwise, |
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918 @var{element} has no numeric order. Elements without a numeric list |
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919 order are placed at the end of the list, in no particular order. |
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920 |
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921 Any other value for @var{order} removes the numeric order of @var{element} |
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922 if it already has one; otherwise, it is equivalent to @code{nil}. |
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923 |
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924 The argument @var{symbol} is not implicitly quoted; |
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925 @code{add-to-ordered-list} is an ordinary function, like @code{set} |
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926 and unlike @code{setq}. Quote the argument yourself if that is what |
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927 you want. |
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928 |
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929 The ordering information is stored in a hash table on @var{symbol}'s |
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930 @code{list-order} property. |
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931 @end defun |
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932 |
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933 Here's a scenario showing how to use @code{add-to-ordered-list}: |
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934 |
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935 @example |
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936 (setq foo '()) |
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937 @result{} nil |
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938 |
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939 (add-to-ordered-list 'foo 'a 1) ;; @r{Add @code{a}.} |
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940 @result{} (a) |
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941 |
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942 (add-to-ordered-list 'foo 'c 3) ;; @r{Add @code{c}.} |
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943 @result{} (a c) |
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944 |
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945 (add-to-ordered-list 'foo 'b 2) ;; @r{Add @code{b}.} |
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946 @result{} (a b c) |
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947 |
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948 (add-to-ordered-list 'foo 'b 4) ;; @r{Move @code{b}.} |
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949 @result{} (a c b) |
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950 |
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951 (add-to-ordered-list 'foo 'd) ;; @r{Append @code{d}.} |
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952 @result{} (a c b d) |
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953 |
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954 (add-to-ordered-list 'foo 'e) ;; @r{Add @code{e}}. |
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955 @result{} (a c b e d) |
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956 |
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957 foo ;; @r{@code{foo} was changed.} |
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958 @result{} (a c b e d) |
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959 @end example |
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960 |
6510 | 961 @node Variable Scoping |
962 @section Scoping Rules for Variable Bindings | |
963 | |
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964 A given symbol @code{foo} can have several local variable bindings, |
6510 | 965 established at different places in the Lisp program, as well as a global |
966 binding. The most recently established binding takes precedence over | |
967 the others. | |
968 | |
969 @cindex scope | |
970 @cindex extent | |
971 @cindex dynamic scoping | |
52784 | 972 @cindex lexical scoping |
6510 | 973 Local bindings in Emacs Lisp have @dfn{indefinite scope} and |
974 @dfn{dynamic extent}. @dfn{Scope} refers to @emph{where} textually in | |
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975 the source code the binding can be accessed. ``Indefinite scope'' means |
6510 | 976 that any part of the program can potentially access the variable |
977 binding. @dfn{Extent} refers to @emph{when}, as the program is | |
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978 executing, the binding exists. ``Dynamic extent'' means that the binding |
6510 | 979 lasts as long as the activation of the construct that established it. |
980 | |
981 The combination of dynamic extent and indefinite scope is called | |
982 @dfn{dynamic scoping}. By contrast, most programming languages use | |
983 @dfn{lexical scoping}, in which references to a local variable must be | |
984 located textually within the function or block that binds the variable. | |
985 | |
986 @cindex CL note---special variables | |
987 @quotation | |
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988 @b{Common Lisp note:} Variables declared ``special'' in Common Lisp are |
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989 dynamically scoped, like all variables in Emacs Lisp. |
6510 | 990 @end quotation |
991 | |
992 @menu | |
993 * Scope:: Scope means where in the program a value is visible. | |
994 Comparison with other languages. | |
995 * Extent:: Extent means how long in time a value exists. | |
996 * Impl of Scope:: Two ways to implement dynamic scoping. | |
997 * Using Scoping:: How to use dynamic scoping carefully and avoid problems. | |
998 @end menu | |
999 | |
1000 @node Scope | |
1001 @subsection Scope | |
1002 | |
1003 Emacs Lisp uses @dfn{indefinite scope} for local variable bindings. | |
1004 This means that any function anywhere in the program text might access a | |
1005 given binding of a variable. Consider the following function | |
1006 definitions: | |
1007 | |
1008 @example | |
1009 @group | |
1010 (defun binder (x) ; @r{@code{x} is bound in @code{binder}.} | |
1011 (foo 5)) ; @r{@code{foo} is some other function.} | |
1012 @end group | |
1013 | |
1014 @group | |
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1015 (defun user () ; @r{@code{x} is used ``free'' in @code{user}.} |
6510 | 1016 (list x)) |
1017 @end group | |
1018 @end example | |
1019 | |
1020 In a lexically scoped language, the binding of @code{x} in | |
1021 @code{binder} would never be accessible in @code{user}, because | |
1022 @code{user} is not textually contained within the function | |
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1023 @code{binder}. However, in dynamically-scoped Emacs Lisp, @code{user} |
6510 | 1024 may or may not refer to the binding of @code{x} established in |
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1025 @code{binder}, depending on the circumstances: |
6510 | 1026 |
1027 @itemize @bullet | |
1028 @item | |
1029 If we call @code{user} directly without calling @code{binder} at all, | |
1030 then whatever binding of @code{x} is found, it cannot come from | |
1031 @code{binder}. | |
1032 | |
1033 @item | |
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1034 If we define @code{foo} as follows and then call @code{binder}, then the |
6510 | 1035 binding made in @code{binder} will be seen in @code{user}: |
1036 | |
1037 @example | |
1038 @group | |
1039 (defun foo (lose) | |
1040 (user)) | |
1041 @end group | |
1042 @end example | |
1043 | |
1044 @item | |
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1045 However, if we define @code{foo} as follows and then call @code{binder}, |
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1046 then the binding made in @code{binder} @emph{will not} be seen in |
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1047 @code{user}: |
6510 | 1048 |
1049 @example | |
1050 (defun foo (x) | |
1051 (user)) | |
1052 @end example | |
1053 | |
1054 @noindent | |
1055 Here, when @code{foo} is called by @code{binder}, it binds @code{x}. | |
1056 (The binding in @code{foo} is said to @dfn{shadow} the one made in | |
1057 @code{binder}.) Therefore, @code{user} will access the @code{x} bound | |
1058 by @code{foo} instead of the one bound by @code{binder}. | |
1059 @end itemize | |
1060 | |
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1061 Emacs Lisp uses dynamic scoping because simple implementations of |
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1062 lexical scoping are slow. In addition, every Lisp system needs to offer |
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1063 dynamic scoping at least as an option; if lexical scoping is the norm, |
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1064 there must be a way to specify dynamic scoping instead for a particular |
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1065 variable. It might not be a bad thing for Emacs to offer both, but |
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1066 implementing it with dynamic scoping only was much easier. |
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1067 |
6510 | 1068 @node Extent |
1069 @subsection Extent | |
1070 | |
1071 @dfn{Extent} refers to the time during program execution that a | |
1072 variable name is valid. In Emacs Lisp, a variable is valid only while | |
1073 the form that bound it is executing. This is called @dfn{dynamic | |
1074 extent}. ``Local'' or ``automatic'' variables in most languages, | |
1075 including C and Pascal, have dynamic extent. | |
1076 | |
1077 One alternative to dynamic extent is @dfn{indefinite extent}. This | |
1078 means that a variable binding can live on past the exit from the form | |
1079 that made the binding. Common Lisp and Scheme, for example, support | |
1080 this, but Emacs Lisp does not. | |
1081 | |
1082 To illustrate this, the function below, @code{make-add}, returns a | |
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1083 function that purports to add @var{n} to its own argument @var{m}. This |
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1084 would work in Common Lisp, but it does not do the job in Emacs Lisp, |
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1085 because after the call to @code{make-add} exits, the variable @code{n} |
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1086 is no longer bound to the actual argument 2. |
6510 | 1087 |
1088 @example | |
1089 (defun make-add (n) | |
1090 (function (lambda (m) (+ n m)))) ; @r{Return a function.} | |
1091 @result{} make-add | |
1092 (fset 'add2 (make-add 2)) ; @r{Define function @code{add2}} | |
1093 ; @r{with @code{(make-add 2)}.} | |
1094 @result{} (lambda (m) (+ n m)) | |
1095 (add2 4) ; @r{Try to add 2 to 4.} | |
1096 @error{} Symbol's value as variable is void: n | |
1097 @end example | |
1098 | |
1099 @cindex closures not available | |
1100 Some Lisp dialects have ``closures'', objects that are like functions | |
1101 but record additional variable bindings. Emacs Lisp does not have | |
1102 closures. | |
1103 | |
1104 @node Impl of Scope | |
1105 @subsection Implementation of Dynamic Scoping | |
1106 @cindex deep binding | |
1107 | |
1108 A simple sample implementation (which is not how Emacs Lisp actually | |
1109 works) may help you understand dynamic binding. This technique is | |
1110 called @dfn{deep binding} and was used in early Lisp systems. | |
1111 | |
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1112 Suppose there is a stack of bindings, which are variable-value pairs. |
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1113 At entry to a function or to a @code{let} form, we can push bindings |
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1114 onto the stack for the arguments or local variables created there. We |
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1115 can pop those bindings from the stack at exit from the binding |
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1116 construct. |
6510 | 1117 |
1118 We can find the value of a variable by searching the stack from top to | |
1119 bottom for a binding for that variable; the value from that binding is | |
1120 the value of the variable. To set the variable, we search for the | |
1121 current binding, then store the new value into that binding. | |
1122 | |
1123 As you can see, a function's bindings remain in effect as long as it | |
1124 continues execution, even during its calls to other functions. That is | |
1125 why we say the extent of the binding is dynamic. And any other function | |
1126 can refer to the bindings, if it uses the same variables while the | |
1127 bindings are in effect. That is why we say the scope is indefinite. | |
1128 | |
1129 @cindex shallow binding | |
1130 The actual implementation of variable scoping in GNU Emacs Lisp uses a | |
1131 technique called @dfn{shallow binding}. Each variable has a standard | |
1132 place in which its current value is always found---the value cell of the | |
1133 symbol. | |
1134 | |
1135 In shallow binding, setting the variable works by storing a value in | |
1136 the value cell. Creating a new binding works by pushing the old value | |
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1137 (belonging to a previous binding) onto a stack, and storing the new |
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1138 local value in the value cell. Eliminating a binding works by popping |
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1139 the old value off the stack, into the value cell. |
6510 | 1140 |
1141 We use shallow binding because it has the same results as deep | |
1142 binding, but runs faster, since there is never a need to search for a | |
1143 binding. | |
1144 | |
1145 @node Using Scoping | |
1146 @subsection Proper Use of Dynamic Scoping | |
1147 | |
1148 Binding a variable in one function and using it in another is a | |
1149 powerful technique, but if used without restraint, it can make programs | |
1150 hard to understand. There are two clean ways to use this technique: | |
1151 | |
1152 @itemize @bullet | |
1153 @item | |
1154 Use or bind the variable only in a few related functions, written close | |
1155 together in one file. Such a variable is used for communication within | |
1156 one program. | |
1157 | |
1158 You should write comments to inform other programmers that they can see | |
1159 all uses of the variable before them, and to advise them not to add uses | |
1160 elsewhere. | |
1161 | |
1162 @item | |
1163 Give the variable a well-defined, documented meaning, and make all | |
1164 appropriate functions refer to it (but not bind it or set it) wherever | |
1165 that meaning is relevant. For example, the variable | |
1166 @code{case-fold-search} is defined as ``non-@code{nil} means ignore case | |
1167 when searching''; various search and replace functions refer to it | |
1168 directly or through their subroutines, but do not bind or set it. | |
1169 | |
1170 Then you can bind the variable in other programs, knowing reliably what | |
1171 the effect will be. | |
1172 @end itemize | |
1173 | |
12098 | 1174 In either case, you should define the variable with @code{defvar}. |
1175 This helps other people understand your program by telling them to look | |
1176 for inter-function usage. It also avoids a warning from the byte | |
1177 compiler. Choose the variable's name to avoid name conflicts---don't | |
1178 use short names like @code{x}. | |
1179 | |
6510 | 1180 @node Buffer-Local Variables |
1181 @section Buffer-Local Variables | |
1182 @cindex variables, buffer-local | |
1183 @cindex buffer-local variables | |
1184 | |
1185 Global and local variable bindings are found in most programming | |
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1186 languages in one form or another. Emacs, however, also supports additional, |
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1187 unusual kinds of variable binding: @dfn{buffer-local} bindings, which |
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1188 apply only in one buffer, and @dfn{frame-local} bindings, which apply only in |
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1189 one frame. Having different values for a variable in different buffers |
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1190 and/or frames is an important customization method. |
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1191 |
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1192 This section describes buffer-local bindings; for frame-local |
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1193 bindings, see the following section, @ref{Frame-Local Variables}. (A few |
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1194 variables have bindings that are local to each terminal; see |
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1195 @ref{Multiple Displays}.) |
6510 | 1196 |
1197 @menu | |
1198 * Intro to Buffer-Local:: Introduction and concepts. | |
1199 * Creating Buffer-Local:: Creating and destroying buffer-local bindings. | |
1200 * Default Value:: The default value is seen in buffers | |
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1201 that don't have their own buffer-local values. |
6510 | 1202 @end menu |
1203 | |
1204 @node Intro to Buffer-Local | |
1205 @subsection Introduction to Buffer-Local Variables | |
1206 | |
1207 A buffer-local variable has a buffer-local binding associated with a | |
1208 particular buffer. The binding is in effect when that buffer is | |
1209 current; otherwise, it is not in effect. If you set the variable while | |
1210 a buffer-local binding is in effect, the new value goes in that binding, | |
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1211 so its other bindings are unchanged. This means that the change is |
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1212 visible only in the buffer where you made it. |
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1213 |
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1214 The variable's ordinary binding, which is not associated with any |
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1215 specific buffer, is called the @dfn{default binding}. In most cases, |
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1216 this is the global binding. |
6510 | 1217 |
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1218 A variable can have buffer-local bindings in some buffers but not in |
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1219 other buffers. The default binding is shared by all the buffers that |
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1220 don't have their own bindings for the variable. (This includes all |
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1221 newly-created buffers.) If you set the variable in a buffer that does |
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1222 not have a buffer-local binding for it, this sets the default binding |
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1223 (assuming there are no frame-local bindings to complicate the matter), |
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1224 so the new value is visible in all the buffers that see the default |
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1225 binding. |
6510 | 1226 |
1227 The most common use of buffer-local bindings is for major modes to change | |
1228 variables that control the behavior of commands. For example, C mode and | |
1229 Lisp mode both set the variable @code{paragraph-start} to specify that only | |
1230 blank lines separate paragraphs. They do this by making the variable | |
1231 buffer-local in the buffer that is being put into C mode or Lisp mode, and | |
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1232 then setting it to the new value for that mode. @xref{Major Modes}. |
6510 | 1233 |
1234 The usual way to make a buffer-local binding is with | |
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1235 @code{make-local-variable}, which is what major mode commands typically |
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1236 use. This affects just the current buffer; all other buffers (including |
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1237 those yet to be created) will continue to share the default value unless |
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1238 they are explicitly given their own buffer-local bindings. |
6510 | 1239 |
1240 @cindex automatically buffer-local | |
1241 A more powerful operation is to mark the variable as | |
1242 @dfn{automatically buffer-local} by calling | |
1243 @code{make-variable-buffer-local}. You can think of this as making the | |
1244 variable local in all buffers, even those yet to be created. More | |
1245 precisely, the effect is that setting the variable automatically makes | |
1246 the variable local to the current buffer if it is not already so. All | |
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1247 buffers start out by sharing the default value of the variable as usual, |
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1248 but setting the variable creates a buffer-local binding for the current |
6510 | 1249 buffer. The new value is stored in the buffer-local binding, leaving |
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1250 the default binding untouched. This means that the default value cannot |
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1251 be changed with @code{setq} in any buffer; the only way to change it is |
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1252 with @code{setq-default}. |
6510 | 1253 |
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1254 @strong{Warning:} When a variable has buffer-local or frame-local |
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1255 bindings in one or more buffers, @code{let} rebinds the binding that's |
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1256 currently in effect. For instance, if the current buffer has a |
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1257 buffer-local value, @code{let} temporarily rebinds that. If no |
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1258 buffer-local or frame-local bindings are in effect, @code{let} rebinds |
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1259 the default value. If inside the @code{let} you then change to a |
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1260 different current buffer in which a different binding is in effect, |
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1261 you won't see the @code{let} binding any more. And if you exit the |
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1262 @code{let} while still in the other buffer, you won't see the |
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1263 unbinding occur (though it will occur properly). Here is an example |
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1264 to illustrate: |
6510 | 1265 |
1266 @example | |
1267 @group | |
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1268 (setq foo 'g) |
6510 | 1269 (set-buffer "a") |
1270 (make-local-variable 'foo) | |
1271 @end group | |
1272 (setq foo 'a) | |
1273 (let ((foo 'temp)) | |
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1274 ;; foo @result{} 'temp ; @r{let binding in buffer @samp{a}} |
6510 | 1275 (set-buffer "b") |
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1276 ;; foo @result{} 'g ; @r{the global value since foo is not local in @samp{b}} |
12098 | 1277 @var{body}@dots{}) |
6510 | 1278 @group |
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1279 foo @result{} 'g ; @r{exiting restored the local value in buffer @samp{a},} |
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1280 ; @r{but we don't see that in buffer @samp{b}} |
6510 | 1281 @end group |
1282 @group | |
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1283 (set-buffer "a") ; @r{verify the local value was restored} |
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1284 foo @result{} 'a |
6510 | 1285 @end group |
1286 @end example | |
1287 | |
1288 Note that references to @code{foo} in @var{body} access the | |
1289 buffer-local binding of buffer @samp{b}. | |
1290 | |
1291 When a file specifies local variable values, these become buffer-local | |
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1292 values when you visit the file. @xref{File Variables,,, emacs, The |
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1293 GNU Emacs Manual}. |
6510 | 1294 |
1295 @node Creating Buffer-Local | |
1296 @subsection Creating and Deleting Buffer-Local Bindings | |
1297 | |
1298 @deffn Command make-local-variable variable | |
1299 This function creates a buffer-local binding in the current buffer for | |
1300 @var{variable} (a symbol). Other buffers are not affected. The value | |
1301 returned is @var{variable}. | |
1302 | |
1303 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
1304 The buffer-local value of @var{variable} starts out as the same value | |
1305 @var{variable} previously had. If @var{variable} was void, it remains | |
1306 void. | |
1307 | |
1308 @example | |
1309 @group | |
1310 ;; @r{In buffer @samp{b1}:} | |
1311 (setq foo 5) ; @r{Affects all buffers.} | |
1312 @result{} 5 | |
1313 @end group | |
1314 @group | |
1315 (make-local-variable 'foo) ; @r{Now it is local in @samp{b1}.} | |
1316 @result{} foo | |
1317 @end group | |
1318 @group | |
1319 foo ; @r{That did not change} | |
1320 @result{} 5 ; @r{the value.} | |
1321 @end group | |
1322 @group | |
1323 (setq foo 6) ; @r{Change the value} | |
1324 @result{} 6 ; @r{in @samp{b1}.} | |
1325 @end group | |
1326 @group | |
1327 foo | |
1328 @result{} 6 | |
1329 @end group | |
1330 | |
1331 @group | |
1332 ;; @r{In buffer @samp{b2}, the value hasn't changed.} | |
1333 (save-excursion | |
1334 (set-buffer "b2") | |
1335 foo) | |
1336 @result{} 5 | |
1337 @end group | |
1338 @end example | |
8214 | 1339 |
1340 Making a variable buffer-local within a @code{let}-binding for that | |
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1341 variable does not work reliably, unless the buffer in which you do this |
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1342 is not current either on entry to or exit from the @code{let}. This is |
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1343 because @code{let} does not distinguish between different kinds of |
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1344 bindings; it knows only which variable the binding was made for. |
12067 | 1345 |
12098 | 1346 If the variable is terminal-local, this function signals an error. Such |
1347 variables cannot have buffer-local bindings as well. @xref{Multiple | |
1348 Displays}. | |
1349 | |
52626 | 1350 @strong{Warning:} do not use @code{make-local-variable} for a hook |
1351 variable. The hook variables are automatically made buffer-local as | |
1352 needed if you use the @var{local} argument to @code{add-hook} or | |
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1353 @code{remove-hook}. |
6510 | 1354 @end deffn |
1355 | |
1356 @deffn Command make-variable-buffer-local variable | |
1357 This function marks @var{variable} (a symbol) automatically | |
1358 buffer-local, so that any subsequent attempt to set it will make it | |
1359 local to the current buffer at the time. | |
1360 | |
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1361 A peculiar wrinkle of this feature is that binding the variable (with |
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1362 @code{let} or other binding constructs) does not create a buffer-local |
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1363 binding for it. Only setting the variable (with @code{set} or |
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1364 @code{setq}), while the variable does not have a @code{let}-style |
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1365 binding that was made in the current buffer, does so. |
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1366 |
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1367 If @var{variable} does not have a default value, then calling this |
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1368 command will give it a default value of @code{nil}. If @var{variable} |
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1369 already has a default value, that value remains unchanged. |
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1370 Subsequently calling @code{makunbound} on @var{variable} will result |
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1371 in a void buffer-local value and leave the default value unaffected. |
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1372 |
6510 | 1373 The value returned is @var{variable}. |
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1374 |
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1375 @strong{Warning:} Don't assume that you should use |
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1376 @code{make-variable-buffer-local} for user-option variables, simply |
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1377 because users @emph{might} want to customize them differently in |
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1378 different buffers. Users can make any variable local, when they wish |
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1379 to. It is better to leave the choice to them. |
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1380 |
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1381 The time to use @code{make-variable-buffer-local} is when it is crucial |
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1382 that no two buffers ever share the same binding. For example, when a |
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1383 variable is used for internal purposes in a Lisp program which depends |
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1384 on having separate values in separate buffers, then using |
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1385 @code{make-variable-buffer-local} can be the best solution. |
6510 | 1386 @end deffn |
1387 | |
12098 | 1388 @defun local-variable-p variable &optional buffer |
1389 This returns @code{t} if @var{variable} is buffer-local in buffer | |
1390 @var{buffer} (which defaults to the current buffer); otherwise, | |
1391 @code{nil}. | |
1392 @end defun | |
1393 | |
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1394 @defun local-variable-if-set-p variable &optional buffer |
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1395 This returns @code{t} if @var{variable} will become buffer-local in |
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1396 buffer @var{buffer} (which defaults to the current buffer) if it is |
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1397 set there. |
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1398 @end defun |
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1399 |
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1400 @defun buffer-local-value variable buffer |
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1401 This function returns the buffer-local binding of @var{variable} (a |
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1402 symbol) in buffer @var{buffer}. If @var{variable} does not have a |
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1403 buffer-local binding in buffer @var{buffer}, it returns the default |
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1404 value (@pxref{Default Value}) of @var{variable} instead. |
51916
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1405 @end defun |
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1406 |
6510 | 1407 @defun buffer-local-variables &optional buffer |
1408 This function returns a list describing the buffer-local variables in | |
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1409 buffer @var{buffer}. (If @var{buffer} is omitted, the current buffer is |
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1410 used.) It returns an association list (@pxref{Association Lists}) in |
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1411 which each element contains one buffer-local variable and its value. |
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1412 However, when a variable's buffer-local binding in @var{buffer} is void, |
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1413 then the variable appears directly in the resulting list. |
6510 | 1414 |
1415 @example | |
1416 @group | |
1417 (make-local-variable 'foobar) | |
1418 (makunbound 'foobar) | |
1419 (make-local-variable 'bind-me) | |
1420 (setq bind-me 69) | |
1421 @end group | |
1422 (setq lcl (buffer-local-variables)) | |
1423 ;; @r{First, built-in variables local in all buffers:} | |
1424 @result{} ((mark-active . nil) | |
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1425 (buffer-undo-list . nil) |
6510 | 1426 (mode-name . "Fundamental") |
1427 @dots{} | |
1428 @group | |
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1429 ;; @r{Next, non-built-in buffer-local variables.} |
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1430 ;; @r{This one is buffer-local and void:} |
6510 | 1431 foobar |
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1432 ;; @r{This one is buffer-local and nonvoid:} |
6510 | 1433 (bind-me . 69)) |
1434 @end group | |
1435 @end example | |
1436 | |
1437 Note that storing new values into the @sc{cdr}s of cons cells in this | |
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1438 list does @emph{not} change the buffer-local values of the variables. |
6510 | 1439 @end defun |
1440 | |
1441 @deffn Command kill-local-variable variable | |
1442 This function deletes the buffer-local binding (if any) for | |
1443 @var{variable} (a symbol) in the current buffer. As a result, the | |
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1444 default binding of @var{variable} becomes visible in this buffer. This |
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1445 typically results in a change in the value of @var{variable}, since the |
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1446 default value is usually different from the buffer-local value just |
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1447 eliminated. |
6510 | 1448 |
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1449 If you kill the buffer-local binding of a variable that automatically |
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1450 becomes buffer-local when set, this makes the default value visible in |
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1451 the current buffer. However, if you set the variable again, that will |
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1452 once again create a buffer-local binding for it. |
6510 | 1453 |
1454 @code{kill-local-variable} returns @var{variable}. | |
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1455 |
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1456 This function is a command because it is sometimes useful to kill one |
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1457 buffer-local variable interactively, just as it is useful to create |
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1458 buffer-local variables interactively. |
6510 | 1459 @end deffn |
1460 | |
1461 @defun kill-all-local-variables | |
1462 This function eliminates all the buffer-local variable bindings of the | |
1463 current buffer except for variables marked as ``permanent''. As a | |
1464 result, the buffer will see the default values of most variables. | |
1465 | |
1466 This function also resets certain other information pertaining to the | |
1467 buffer: it sets the local keymap to @code{nil}, the syntax table to the | |
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1468 value of @code{(standard-syntax-table)}, the case table to |
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1469 @code{(standard-case-table)}, and the abbrev table to the value of |
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1470 @code{fundamental-mode-abbrev-table}. |
6510 | 1471 |
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1472 The very first thing this function does is run the normal hook |
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1473 @code{change-major-mode-hook} (see below). |
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1474 |
6510 | 1475 Every major mode command begins by calling this function, which has the |
1476 effect of switching to Fundamental mode and erasing most of the effects | |
1477 of the previous major mode. To ensure that this does its job, the | |
1478 variables that major modes set should not be marked permanent. | |
1479 | |
1480 @code{kill-all-local-variables} returns @code{nil}. | |
1481 @end defun | |
1482 | |
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1483 @defvar change-major-mode-hook |
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1484 The function @code{kill-all-local-variables} runs this normal hook |
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1485 before it does anything else. This gives major modes a way to arrange |
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1486 for something special to be done if the user switches to a different |
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1487 major mode. It is also useful for buffer-specific minor modes |
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1488 that should be forgotten if the user changes the major mode. |
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1489 |
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1490 For best results, make this variable buffer-local, so that it will |
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1491 disappear after doing its job and will not interfere with the |
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1492 subsequent major mode. @xref{Hooks}. |
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1493 @end defvar |
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1494 |
6510 | 1495 @c Emacs 19 feature |
1496 @cindex permanent local variable | |
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1497 A buffer-local variable is @dfn{permanent} if the variable name (a |
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1498 symbol) has a @code{permanent-local} property that is non-@code{nil}. |
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1499 Permanent locals are appropriate for data pertaining to where the file |
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1500 came from or how to save it, rather than with how to edit the contents. |
6510 | 1501 |
1502 @node Default Value | |
1503 @subsection The Default Value of a Buffer-Local Variable | |
1504 @cindex default value | |
1505 | |
1506 The global value of a variable with buffer-local bindings is also | |
1507 called the @dfn{default} value, because it is the value that is in | |
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1508 effect whenever neither the current buffer nor the selected frame has |
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1509 its own binding for the variable. |
6510 | 1510 |
1511 The functions @code{default-value} and @code{setq-default} access and | |
1512 change a variable's default value regardless of whether the current | |
1513 buffer has a buffer-local binding. For example, you could use | |
1514 @code{setq-default} to change the default setting of | |
1515 @code{paragraph-start} for most buffers; and this would work even when | |
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1516 you are in a C or Lisp mode buffer that has a buffer-local value for |
6510 | 1517 this variable. |
1518 | |
1519 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
1520 The special forms @code{defvar} and @code{defconst} also set the | |
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1521 default value (if they set the variable at all), rather than any |
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1522 buffer-local or frame-local value. |
6510 | 1523 |
1524 @defun default-value symbol | |
1525 This function returns @var{symbol}'s default value. This is the value | |
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1526 that is seen in buffers and frames that do not have their own values for |
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1527 this variable. If @var{symbol} is not buffer-local, this is equivalent |
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1528 to @code{symbol-value} (@pxref{Accessing Variables}). |
6510 | 1529 @end defun |
1530 | |
1531 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
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1532 @defun default-boundp symbol |
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1533 The function @code{default-boundp} tells you whether @var{symbol}'s |
6510 | 1534 default value is nonvoid. If @code{(default-boundp 'foo)} returns |
1535 @code{nil}, then @code{(default-value 'foo)} would get an error. | |
1536 | |
1537 @code{default-boundp} is to @code{default-value} as @code{boundp} is to | |
1538 @code{symbol-value}. | |
1539 @end defun | |
1540 | |
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1541 @defspec setq-default [symbol form]@dots{} |
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1542 This special form gives each @var{symbol} a new default value, which is |
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1543 the result of evaluating the corresponding @var{form}. It does not |
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1544 evaluate @var{symbol}, but does evaluate @var{form}. The value of the |
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1545 @code{setq-default} form is the value of the last @var{form}. |
6510 | 1546 |
1547 If a @var{symbol} is not buffer-local for the current buffer, and is not | |
1548 marked automatically buffer-local, @code{setq-default} has the same | |
1549 effect as @code{setq}. If @var{symbol} is buffer-local for the current | |
1550 buffer, then this changes the value that other buffers will see (as long | |
1551 as they don't have a buffer-local value), but not the value that the | |
1552 current buffer sees. | |
1553 | |
1554 @example | |
1555 @group | |
1556 ;; @r{In buffer @samp{foo}:} | |
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1557 (make-local-variable 'buffer-local) |
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1558 @result{} buffer-local |
6510 | 1559 @end group |
1560 @group | |
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1561 (setq buffer-local 'value-in-foo) |
6510 | 1562 @result{} value-in-foo |
1563 @end group | |
1564 @group | |
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1565 (setq-default buffer-local 'new-default) |
6510 | 1566 @result{} new-default |
1567 @end group | |
1568 @group | |
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1569 buffer-local |
6510 | 1570 @result{} value-in-foo |
1571 @end group | |
1572 @group | |
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1573 (default-value 'buffer-local) |
6510 | 1574 @result{} new-default |
1575 @end group | |
1576 | |
1577 @group | |
1578 ;; @r{In (the new) buffer @samp{bar}:} | |
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1579 buffer-local |
6510 | 1580 @result{} new-default |
1581 @end group | |
1582 @group | |
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1583 (default-value 'buffer-local) |
6510 | 1584 @result{} new-default |
1585 @end group | |
1586 @group | |
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1587 (setq buffer-local 'another-default) |
6510 | 1588 @result{} another-default |
1589 @end group | |
1590 @group | |
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1591 (default-value 'buffer-local) |
6510 | 1592 @result{} another-default |
1593 @end group | |
1594 | |
1595 @group | |
1596 ;; @r{Back in buffer @samp{foo}:} | |
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1597 buffer-local |
6510 | 1598 @result{} value-in-foo |
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1599 (default-value 'buffer-local) |
6510 | 1600 @result{} another-default |
1601 @end group | |
1602 @end example | |
1603 @end defspec | |
1604 | |
1605 @defun set-default symbol value | |
1606 This function is like @code{setq-default}, except that @var{symbol} is | |
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1607 an ordinary evaluated argument. |
6510 | 1608 |
1609 @example | |
1610 @group | |
1611 (set-default (car '(a b c)) 23) | |
1612 @result{} 23 | |
1613 @end group | |
1614 @group | |
1615 (default-value 'a) | |
1616 @result{} 23 | |
1617 @end group | |
1618 @end example | |
1619 @end defun | |
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1620 |
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1621 @node Frame-Local Variables |
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1622 @section Frame-Local Variables |
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1623 |
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1624 Just as variables can have buffer-local bindings, they can also have |
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1625 frame-local bindings. These bindings belong to one frame, and are in |
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1626 effect when that frame is selected. Frame-local bindings are actually |
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1627 frame parameters: you create a frame-local binding in a specific frame |
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1628 by calling @code{modify-frame-parameters} and specifying the variable |
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1629 name as the parameter name. |
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1630 |
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1631 To enable frame-local bindings for a certain variable, call the function |
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1632 @code{make-variable-frame-local}. |
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1633 |
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1634 @deffn Command make-variable-frame-local variable |
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1635 Enable the use of frame-local bindings for @var{variable}. This does |
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1636 not in itself create any frame-local bindings for the variable; however, |
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1637 if some frame already has a value for @var{variable} as a frame |
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1638 parameter, that value automatically becomes a frame-local binding. |
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1639 |
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1640 If @var{variable} does not have a default value, then calling this |
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1641 command will give it a default value of @code{nil}. If @var{variable} |
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1642 already has a default value, that value remains unchanged. |
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1643 |
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1644 If the variable is terminal-local, this function signals an error, |
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1645 because such variables cannot have frame-local bindings as well. |
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1646 @xref{Multiple Displays}. A few variables that are implemented |
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1647 specially in Emacs can be buffer-local, but can never be frame-local. |
52994
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1648 |
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1649 This command returns @var{variable}. |
22138
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1650 @end deffn |
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1651 |
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1652 Buffer-local bindings take precedence over frame-local bindings. Thus, |
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1653 consider a variable @code{foo}: if the current buffer has a buffer-local |
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1654 binding for @code{foo}, that binding is active; otherwise, if the |
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1655 selected frame has a frame-local binding for @code{foo}, that binding is |
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1656 active; otherwise, the default binding of @code{foo} is active. |
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1657 |
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1658 Here is an example. First we prepare a few bindings for @code{foo}: |
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1659 |
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1660 @example |
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1661 (setq f1 (selected-frame)) |
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1662 (make-variable-frame-local 'foo) |
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1663 |
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1664 ;; @r{Make a buffer-local binding for @code{foo} in @samp{b1}.} |
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1665 (set-buffer (get-buffer-create "b1")) |
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1666 (make-local-variable 'foo) |
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1667 (setq foo '(b 1)) |
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1668 |
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1669 ;; @r{Make a frame-local binding for @code{foo} in a new frame.} |
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1670 ;; @r{Store that frame in @code{f2}.} |
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1671 (setq f2 (make-frame)) |
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1672 (modify-frame-parameters f2 '((foo . (f 2)))) |
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1673 @end example |
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1674 |
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1675 Now we examine @code{foo} in various contexts. Whenever the |
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1676 buffer @samp{b1} is current, its buffer-local binding is in effect, |
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1677 regardless of the selected frame: |
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1678 |
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1679 @example |
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1680 (select-frame f1) |
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1681 (set-buffer (get-buffer-create "b1")) |
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1682 foo |
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1683 @result{} (b 1) |
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1684 |
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1685 (select-frame f2) |
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1686 (set-buffer (get-buffer-create "b1")) |
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1687 foo |
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1688 @result{} (b 1) |
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1689 @end example |
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1690 |
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1691 @noindent |
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1692 Otherwise, the frame gets a chance to provide the binding; when frame |
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1693 @code{f2} is selected, its frame-local binding is in effect: |
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1694 |
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1695 @example |
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1696 (select-frame f2) |
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1697 (set-buffer (get-buffer "*scratch*")) |
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1698 foo |
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1699 @result{} (f 2) |
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1700 @end example |
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1701 |
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1702 @noindent |
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1703 When neither the current buffer nor the selected frame provides |
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1704 a binding, the default binding is used: |
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1705 |
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1706 @example |
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1707 (select-frame f1) |
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1708 (set-buffer (get-buffer "*scratch*")) |
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1709 foo |
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1710 @result{} nil |
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1711 @end example |
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1712 |
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1713 @noindent |
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1714 When the active binding of a variable is a frame-local binding, setting |
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1715 the variable changes that binding. You can observe the result with |
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1716 @code{frame-parameters}: |
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1717 |
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1718 @example |
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1719 (select-frame f2) |
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1720 (set-buffer (get-buffer "*scratch*")) |
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|
1721 (setq foo 'nobody) |
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1722 (assq 'foo (frame-parameters f2)) |
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|
1723 @result{} (foo . nobody) |
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|
1724 @end example |
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1725 |
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|
1726 @node Future Local Variables |
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1727 @section Possible Future Local Variables |
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1728 |
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1729 We have considered the idea of bindings that are local to a category |
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1730 of frames---for example, all color frames, or all frames with dark |
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1731 backgrounds. We have not implemented them because it is not clear that |
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|
1732 this feature is really useful. You can get more or less the same |
32596
1cb37313bcac
Obsolete variable `after-make-frame-hook'.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents:
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|
1733 results by adding a function to @code{after-make-frame-functions}, set up to |
21682
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1734 define a particular frame parameter according to the appropriate |
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1735 conditions for each frame. |
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1736 |
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|
1737 It would also be possible to implement window-local bindings. We |
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1738 don't know of many situations where they would be useful, and it seems |
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1739 that indirect buffers (@pxref{Indirect Buffers}) with buffer-local |
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1740 bindings offer a way to handle these situations more robustly. |
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1741 |
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1742 If sufficient application is found for either of these two kinds of |
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1743 local bindings, we will provide it in a subsequent Emacs version. |
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1744 |
62367 | 1745 @node File Local Variables |
1746 @section File Local Variables | |
1747 | |
1748 This section describes the functions and variables that affect | |
1749 processing of file local variables. @xref{File variables, , | |
1750 Local Variables in Files, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}, for basic | |
1751 information about file local variables. | |
1752 | |
1753 @defopt enable-local-variables | |
1754 This variable controls whether to process file local variables. A | |
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* variables.texi (File Local Variables): Document new file local
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1755 value of @code{t} means to process them, querying the user if unsafe |
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* variables.texi (File Local Variables): Document new file local
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1756 variables are encountered; @code{nil} means ignore them; anything else |
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1757 means to query the user for each file. The default value is @code{t}. |
62367 | 1758 @end defopt |
1759 | |
1760 @defun hack-local-variables &optional mode-only | |
1761 This function parses, and binds or evaluates as appropriate, any local | |
1762 variables specified by the contents of the current buffer. The variable | |
1763 @code{enable-local-variables} has its effect here. However, this | |
1764 function does not look for the @samp{mode:} local variable in the | |
1765 @w{@samp{-*-}} line. @code{set-auto-mode} does that, also taking | |
1766 @code{enable-local-variables} into account (@pxref{Auto Major Mode}). | |
1767 | |
1768 If the optional argument @var{mode-only} is non-@code{nil}, then all | |
1769 this function does is return @code{t} if the @w{@samp{-*-}} line or | |
1770 the local variables list specifies a mode and @code{nil} otherwise. | |
1771 It does not set the mode nor any other file local variable. | |
1772 @end defun | |
1773 | |
1774 If a file local variable could specify a function that would | |
1775 be called later, or an expression that would be executed later, simply | |
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|
1776 visiting a file could take over your Emacs. Emacs takes several |
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* variables.texi (File Local Variables): Document new file local
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1777 measures to prevent this. |
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* variables.texi (File Local Variables): Document new file local
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1778 |
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|
1779 @cindex safe local variable |
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|
1780 You can specify safe values for a variable with a |
70273
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(File Local Variables): Remove the special case t for safe-local-variable.
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents:
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|
1781 @code{safe-local-variable} property. The property has to be |
693f5a9250ca
(File Local Variables): Remove the special case t for safe-local-variable.
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1782 a function of one argument; any value is safe if the function |
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(File Local Variables): Remove the special case t for safe-local-variable.
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|
1783 returns non-@code{nil} given that value. Many commonly encountered |
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(File Local Variables): Remove the special case t for safe-local-variable.
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parents:
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|
1784 file variables standardly have @code{safe-local-variable} properties, |
693f5a9250ca
(File Local Variables): Remove the special case t for safe-local-variable.
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents:
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|
1785 including @code{fill-column}, @code{fill-prefix}, and |
70330
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(File Local Variables): Suggest using booleanp.
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parents:
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|
1786 @code{indent-tabs-mode}. For boolean-valued variables that are safe, |
70569
9ff07a4bfeee
(File Local Variables): Recommend to quote lambda
Reiner Steib <Reiner.Steib@gmx.de>
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|
1787 use @code{booleanp} as the property value. Lambda expressions should |
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(File Local Variables): Recommend to quote lambda
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1788 be quoted so that @code{describe-variable} can display the predicate. |
62367 | 1789 |
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1790 @defopt safe-local-variable-values |
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|
1791 This variable provides another way to mark some variable values as |
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|
1792 safe. It is a list of cons cells @code{(@var{var} . @var{val})}, |
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(File Local Variables): Clarifications.
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|
1793 where @var{var} is a variable name and @var{val} is a value which is |
06f938e505d7
(File Local Variables): Clarifications.
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|
1794 safe for that variable. |
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|
1795 |
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|
1796 When Emacs asks the user whether or not to obey a set of file local |
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|
1797 variable specifications, the user can choose to mark them as safe. |
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1798 Doing so adds those variable/value pairs to |
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|
1799 @code{safe-local-variable-values}, and saves it to the user's custom |
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(File Local Variables): Clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1800 file. |
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|
1801 @end defopt |
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|
1802 |
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* variables.texi (File Local Variables): Document new file local
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|
1803 @defun safe-local-variable-p sym val |
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* variables.texi (File Local Variables): Document new file local
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|
1804 This function returns non-@code{nil} if it is safe to give @var{sym} |
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|
1805 the value @var{val}, based on the above criteria. |
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1806 @end defun |
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|
1807 |
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|
1808 @cindex risky local variable |
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|
1809 Some variables are considered @dfn{risky}. A variable whose name |
06f938e505d7
(File Local Variables): Clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1810 ends in any of @samp{-command}, @samp{-frame-alist}, @samp{-function}, |
63584
5565eb3af021
Fix formatting ugliness.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
63478
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|
1811 @samp{-functions}, @samp{-hook}, @samp{-hooks}, @samp{-form}, |
5565eb3af021
Fix formatting ugliness.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1812 @samp{-forms}, @samp{-map}, @samp{-map-alist}, @samp{-mode-alist}, |
68868
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* variables.texi (File Local Variables): Document new file local
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|
1813 @samp{-program}, or @samp{-predicate} is considered risky. The |
68b8fcd1410c
* variables.texi (File Local Variables): Document new file local
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|
1814 variables @samp{font-lock-keywords}, @samp{font-lock-keywords} |
68b8fcd1410c
* variables.texi (File Local Variables): Document new file local
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|
1815 followed by a digit, and @samp{font-lock-syntactic-keywords} are also |
68b8fcd1410c
* variables.texi (File Local Variables): Document new file local
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|
1816 considered risky. Finally, any variable whose name has a |
68b8fcd1410c
* variables.texi (File Local Variables): Document new file local
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|
1817 non-@code{nil} @code{risky-local-variable} property is considered |
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* variables.texi (File Local Variables): Document new file local
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|
1818 risky. |
62367 | 1819 |
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|
1820 @defun risky-local-variable-p sym |
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* variables.texi (File Local Variables): Document new file local
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|
1821 This function returns non-@code{nil} if @var{sym} is a risky variable, |
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* variables.texi (File Local Variables): Document new file local
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|
1822 based on the above criteria. |
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* variables.texi (File Local Variables): Document new file local
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|
1823 @end defun |
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|
1824 |
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|
1825 If a variable is risky, it will not be entered automatically into |
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|
1826 @code{safe-local-variable-values} as described above. Therefore, |
68b8fcd1410c
* variables.texi (File Local Variables): Document new file local
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|
1827 Emacs will always query before setting a risky variable, unless the |
68916
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|
1828 user explicitly allows the setting by customizing |
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|
1829 @code{safe-local-variable-values} directly. |
62367 | 1830 |
1831 @defvar ignored-local-variables | |
1832 This variable holds a list of variables that should not be given local | |
1833 values by files. Any value specified for one of these variables is | |
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|
1834 completely ignored. |
62367 | 1835 @end defvar |
1836 | |
1837 The @samp{Eval:} ``variable'' is also a potential loophole, so Emacs | |
1838 normally asks for confirmation before handling it. | |
1839 | |
1840 @defopt enable-local-eval | |
1841 This variable controls processing of @samp{Eval:} in @samp{-*-} lines | |
1842 or local variables | |
1843 lists in files being visited. A value of @code{t} means process them | |
1844 unconditionally; @code{nil} means ignore them; anything else means ask | |
1845 the user what to do for each file. The default value is @code{maybe}. | |
1846 @end defopt | |
1847 | |
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1848 @defopt safe-local-eval-forms |
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|
1849 This variable holds a list of expressions that are safe to |
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|
1850 evaluate when found in the @samp{Eval:} ``variable'' in a file |
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|
1851 local variables list. |
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|
1852 @end defopt |
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|
1853 |
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|
1854 If the expression is a function call and the function has a |
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|
1855 @code{safe-local-eval-function} property, the property value |
c53461da6760
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1856 determines whether the expression is safe to evaluate. The property |
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|
1857 value can be a predicate to call to test the expression, a list of |
c53461da6760
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|
1858 such predicates (it's safe if any predicate succeeds), or @code{t} |
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|
1859 (always safe provided the arguments are constant). |
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|
1860 |
62367 | 1861 Text properties are also potential loopholes, since their values |
1862 could include functions to call. So Emacs discards all text | |
1863 properties from string values specified for file local variables. | |
1864 | |
39571
9b87a63bcb36
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|
1865 @node Variable Aliases |
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|
1866 @section Variable Aliases |
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|
1867 |
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(Variable Aliases): New node.
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|
1868 It is sometimes useful to make two variables synonyms, so that both |
9b87a63bcb36
(Variable Aliases): New node.
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
1869 variables always have the same value, and changing either one also |
9b87a63bcb36
(Variable Aliases): New node.
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
1870 changes the other. Whenever you change the name of a |
9b87a63bcb36
(Variable Aliases): New node.
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
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39165
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changeset
|
1871 variable---either because you realize its old name was not well |
9b87a63bcb36
(Variable Aliases): New node.
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
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39165
diff
changeset
|
1872 chosen, or because its meaning has partly changed---it can be useful |
9b87a63bcb36
(Variable Aliases): New node.
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
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39165
diff
changeset
|
1873 to keep the old name as an @emph{alias} of the new one for |
9b87a63bcb36
(Variable Aliases): New node.
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents:
39165
diff
changeset
|
1874 compatibility. You can do this with @code{defvaralias}. |
9b87a63bcb36
(Variable Aliases): New node.
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents:
39165
diff
changeset
|
1875 |
63478
755286b69925
(Variable Aliases): Update argument names of `defvaralias',
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents:
62367
diff
changeset
|
1876 @defun defvaralias new-alias base-variable &optional docstring |
755286b69925
(Variable Aliases): Update argument names of `defvaralias',
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents:
62367
diff
changeset
|
1877 This function defines the symbol @var{new-alias} as a variable alias |
755286b69925
(Variable Aliases): Update argument names of `defvaralias',
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents:
62367
diff
changeset
|
1878 for symbol @var{base-variable}. This means that retrieving the value of |
755286b69925
(Variable Aliases): Update argument names of `defvaralias',
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents:
62367
diff
changeset
|
1879 @var{new-alias} returns the value of @var{base-variable}, and changing the |
755286b69925
(Variable Aliases): Update argument names of `defvaralias',
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents:
62367
diff
changeset
|
1880 value of @var{new-alias} changes the value of @var{base-variable}. |
46391
5d5a55d8897b
Document third argument of defvaralias.
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents:
45276
diff
changeset
|
1881 |
51916
f7b97d07a39c
(Creating Buffer-Local): Add buffer-local-value.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51703
diff
changeset
|
1882 If the @var{docstring} argument is non-@code{nil}, it specifies the |
63478
755286b69925
(Variable Aliases): Update argument names of `defvaralias',
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents:
62367
diff
changeset
|
1883 documentation for @var{new-alias}; otherwise, the alias gets the same |
755286b69925
(Variable Aliases): Update argument names of `defvaralias',
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents:
62367
diff
changeset
|
1884 documentation as @var{base-variable} has, if any, unless |
755286b69925
(Variable Aliases): Update argument names of `defvaralias',
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents:
62367
diff
changeset
|
1885 @var{base-variable} is itself an alias, in which case @var{new-alias} gets |
755286b69925
(Variable Aliases): Update argument names of `defvaralias',
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents:
62367
diff
changeset
|
1886 the documentation of the variable at the end of the chain of aliases. |
52994
d0f419e4965f
(Defining Variables): Second argument to `defconst' is not optional.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
52784
diff
changeset
|
1887 |
63478
755286b69925
(Variable Aliases): Update argument names of `defvaralias',
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents:
62367
diff
changeset
|
1888 This function returns @var{base-variable}. |
46401
0616af8d6d42
Fix reference to `defvaralias' as a macro.
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents:
46392
diff
changeset
|
1889 @end defun |
39571
9b87a63bcb36
(Variable Aliases): New node.
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents:
39165
diff
changeset
|
1890 |
62058
7276665dac33
Follow whitespace conventions.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
62020
diff
changeset
|
1891 Variable aliases are convenient for replacing an old name for a |
61852
48375a96a41a
(Variable Aliases): Clarify text.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
61729
diff
changeset
|
1892 variable with a new name. @code{make-obsolete-variable} declares that |
48375a96a41a
(Variable Aliases): Clarify text.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
61729
diff
changeset
|
1893 the old name is obsolete and therefore that it may be removed at some |
48375a96a41a
(Variable Aliases): Clarify text.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
61729
diff
changeset
|
1894 stage in the future. |
61729
bd6904d99629
(Variable Aliases): Describe make-obsolete-variable
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
60048
diff
changeset
|
1895 |
63478
755286b69925
(Variable Aliases): Update argument names of `defvaralias',
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents:
62367
diff
changeset
|
1896 @defun make-obsolete-variable obsolete-name current-name &optional when |
62020
846493e4a4fa
(Variable Aliases): `make-obsolete-variable' is a function and not a macro.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
61859
diff
changeset
|
1897 This function makes the byte-compiler warn that the variable |
63478
755286b69925
(Variable Aliases): Update argument names of `defvaralias',
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents:
62367
diff
changeset
|
1898 @var{obsolete-name} is obsolete. If @var{current-name} is a symbol, it is |
755286b69925
(Variable Aliases): Update argument names of `defvaralias',
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents:
62367
diff
changeset
|
1899 the variable's new name; then the warning message says to use |
755286b69925
(Variable Aliases): Update argument names of `defvaralias',
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents:
62367
diff
changeset
|
1900 @var{current-name} instead of @var{obsolete-name}. If @var{current-name} |
755286b69925
(Variable Aliases): Update argument names of `defvaralias',
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents:
62367
diff
changeset
|
1901 is a string, this is the message and there is no replacement variable. |
61852
48375a96a41a
(Variable Aliases): Clarify text.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
61729
diff
changeset
|
1902 |
48375a96a41a
(Variable Aliases): Clarify text.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
61729
diff
changeset
|
1903 If provided, @var{when} should be a string indicating when the |
48375a96a41a
(Variable Aliases): Clarify text.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
61729
diff
changeset
|
1904 variable was first made obsolete---for example, a date or a release |
48375a96a41a
(Variable Aliases): Clarify text.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
61729
diff
changeset
|
1905 number. |
62020
846493e4a4fa
(Variable Aliases): `make-obsolete-variable' is a function and not a macro.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
61859
diff
changeset
|
1906 @end defun |
61729
bd6904d99629
(Variable Aliases): Describe make-obsolete-variable
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
60048
diff
changeset
|
1907 |
62058
7276665dac33
Follow whitespace conventions.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
62020
diff
changeset
|
1908 You can make two variables synonyms and declare one obsolete at the |
61729
bd6904d99629
(Variable Aliases): Describe make-obsolete-variable
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
60048
diff
changeset
|
1909 same time using the macro @code{define-obsolete-variable-alias}. |
bd6904d99629
(Variable Aliases): Describe make-obsolete-variable
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
60048
diff
changeset
|
1910 |
63478
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(Variable Aliases): Update argument names of `defvaralias',
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parents:
62367
diff
changeset
|
1911 @defmac define-obsolete-variable-alias obsolete-name current-name &optional when docstring |
755286b69925
(Variable Aliases): Update argument names of `defvaralias',
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents:
62367
diff
changeset
|
1912 This macro marks the variable @var{obsolete-name} as obsolete and also |
63584
5565eb3af021
Fix formatting ugliness.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
63478
diff
changeset
|
1913 makes it an alias for the variable @var{current-name}. It is |
5565eb3af021
Fix formatting ugliness.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
63478
diff
changeset
|
1914 equivalent to the following: |
62098
bc3a702b646e
(Variable Aliases): Change description of `define-obsolete-variable-alias'.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
62058
diff
changeset
|
1915 |
bc3a702b646e
(Variable Aliases): Change description of `define-obsolete-variable-alias'.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
62058
diff
changeset
|
1916 @example |
63584
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Fix formatting ugliness.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
63478
diff
changeset
|
1917 (defvaralias @var{obsolete-name} @var{current-name} @var{docstring}) |
5565eb3af021
Fix formatting ugliness.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
63478
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changeset
|
1918 (make-obsolete-variable @var{obsolete-name} @var{current-name} @var{when}) |
62098
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(Variable Aliases): Change description of `define-obsolete-variable-alias'.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
62058
diff
changeset
|
1919 @end example |
61729
bd6904d99629
(Variable Aliases): Describe make-obsolete-variable
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parents:
60048
diff
changeset
|
1920 @end defmac |
bd6904d99629
(Variable Aliases): Describe make-obsolete-variable
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
60048
diff
changeset
|
1921 |
39571
9b87a63bcb36
(Variable Aliases): New node.
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents:
39165
diff
changeset
|
1922 @defun indirect-variable variable |
9b87a63bcb36
(Variable Aliases): New node.
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents:
39165
diff
changeset
|
1923 This function returns the variable at the end of the chain of aliases |
9b87a63bcb36
(Variable Aliases): New node.
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents:
39165
diff
changeset
|
1924 of @var{variable}. If @var{variable} is not a symbol, or if @var{variable} is |
9b87a63bcb36
(Variable Aliases): New node.
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents:
39165
diff
changeset
|
1925 not defined as an alias, the function returns @var{variable}. |
54724
d2c60b264fa8
* variables.texi (Variable Aliases): Mention
Jesper Harder <harder@ifa.au.dk>
parents:
53436
diff
changeset
|
1926 |
d2c60b264fa8
* variables.texi (Variable Aliases): Mention
Jesper Harder <harder@ifa.au.dk>
parents:
53436
diff
changeset
|
1927 This function signals a @code{cyclic-variable-indirection} error if |
d2c60b264fa8
* variables.texi (Variable Aliases): Mention
Jesper Harder <harder@ifa.au.dk>
parents:
53436
diff
changeset
|
1928 there is a loop in the chain of symbols. |
39571
9b87a63bcb36
(Variable Aliases): New node.
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents:
39165
diff
changeset
|
1929 @end defun |
9b87a63bcb36
(Variable Aliases): New node.
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents:
39165
diff
changeset
|
1930 |
9b87a63bcb36
(Variable Aliases): New node.
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents:
39165
diff
changeset
|
1931 @example |
9b87a63bcb36
(Variable Aliases): New node.
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parents:
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changeset
|
1932 (defvaralias 'foo 'bar) |
9b87a63bcb36
(Variable Aliases): New node.
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
1933 (indirect-variable 'foo) |
9b87a63bcb36
(Variable Aliases): New node.
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents:
39165
diff
changeset
|
1934 @result{} bar |
9b87a63bcb36
(Variable Aliases): New node.
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents:
39165
diff
changeset
|
1935 (indirect-variable 'bar) |
9b87a63bcb36
(Variable Aliases): New node.
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents:
39165
diff
changeset
|
1936 @result{} bar |
9b87a63bcb36
(Variable Aliases): New node.
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents:
39165
diff
changeset
|
1937 (setq bar 2) |
9b87a63bcb36
(Variable Aliases): New node.
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents:
39165
diff
changeset
|
1938 bar |
9b87a63bcb36
(Variable Aliases): New node.
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents:
39165
diff
changeset
|
1939 @result{} 2 |
52994
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(Defining Variables): Second argument to `defconst' is not optional.
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parents:
52784
diff
changeset
|
1940 @group |
39571
9b87a63bcb36
(Variable Aliases): New node.
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents:
39165
diff
changeset
|
1941 foo |
9b87a63bcb36
(Variable Aliases): New node.
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parents:
39165
diff
changeset
|
1942 @result{} 2 |
52994
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(Defining Variables): Second argument to `defconst' is not optional.
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parents:
52784
diff
changeset
|
1943 @end group |
39571
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(Variable Aliases): New node.
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents:
39165
diff
changeset
|
1944 (setq foo 0) |
9b87a63bcb36
(Variable Aliases): New node.
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents:
39165
diff
changeset
|
1945 bar |
9b87a63bcb36
(Variable Aliases): New node.
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents:
39165
diff
changeset
|
1946 @result{} 0 |
9b87a63bcb36
(Variable Aliases): New node.
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents:
39165
diff
changeset
|
1947 foo |
9b87a63bcb36
(Variable Aliases): New node.
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents:
39165
diff
changeset
|
1948 @result{} 0 |
9b87a63bcb36
(Variable Aliases): New node.
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents:
39165
diff
changeset
|
1949 @end example |
9b87a63bcb36
(Variable Aliases): New node.
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents:
39165
diff
changeset
|
1950 |
53295
9cffa5a5d3eb
(Variables with Restricted Values): New node.
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parents:
52994
diff
changeset
|
1951 @node Variables with Restricted Values |
9cffa5a5d3eb
(Variables with Restricted Values): New node.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
52994
diff
changeset
|
1952 @section Variables with Restricted Values |
9cffa5a5d3eb
(Variables with Restricted Values): New node.
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parents:
52994
diff
changeset
|
1953 |
9cffa5a5d3eb
(Variables with Restricted Values): New node.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
52994
diff
changeset
|
1954 Ordinary Lisp variables can be assigned any value that is a valid |
9cffa5a5d3eb
(Variables with Restricted Values): New node.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
52994
diff
changeset
|
1955 Lisp object. However, certain Lisp variables are not defined in Lisp, |
9cffa5a5d3eb
(Variables with Restricted Values): New node.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
52994
diff
changeset
|
1956 but in C. Most of these variables are defined in the C code using |
9cffa5a5d3eb
(Variables with Restricted Values): New node.
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parents:
52994
diff
changeset
|
1957 @code{DEFVAR_LISP}. Like variables defined in Lisp, these can take on |
9cffa5a5d3eb
(Variables with Restricted Values): New node.
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parents:
52994
diff
changeset
|
1958 any value. However, some variables are defined using |
9cffa5a5d3eb
(Variables with Restricted Values): New node.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
52994
diff
changeset
|
1959 @code{DEFVAR_INT} or @code{DEFVAR_BOOL}. @xref{Defining Lisp |
9cffa5a5d3eb
(Variables with Restricted Values): New node.
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parents:
52994
diff
changeset
|
1960 variables in C,, Writing Emacs Primitives}, in particular the |
9cffa5a5d3eb
(Variables with Restricted Values): New node.
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parents:
52994
diff
changeset
|
1961 description of functions of the type @code{syms_of_@var{filename}}, |
9cffa5a5d3eb
(Variables with Restricted Values): New node.
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1962 for a brief discussion of the C implementation. |
9cffa5a5d3eb
(Variables with Restricted Values): New node.
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parents:
52994
diff
changeset
|
1963 |
9cffa5a5d3eb
(Variables with Restricted Values): New node.
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parents:
52994
diff
changeset
|
1964 Variables of type @code{DEFVAR_BOOL} can only take on the values |
9cffa5a5d3eb
(Variables with Restricted Values): New node.
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parents:
52994
diff
changeset
|
1965 @code{nil} or @code{t}. Attempting to assign them any other value |
9cffa5a5d3eb
(Variables with Restricted Values): New node.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
52994
diff
changeset
|
1966 will set them to @code{t}: |
9cffa5a5d3eb
(Variables with Restricted Values): New node.
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parents:
52994
diff
changeset
|
1967 |
9cffa5a5d3eb
(Variables with Restricted Values): New node.
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parents:
52994
diff
changeset
|
1968 @example |
9cffa5a5d3eb
(Variables with Restricted Values): New node.
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parents:
52994
diff
changeset
|
1969 (let ((display-hourglass 5)) |
9cffa5a5d3eb
(Variables with Restricted Values): New node.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
52994
diff
changeset
|
1970 display-hourglass) |
9cffa5a5d3eb
(Variables with Restricted Values): New node.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
52994
diff
changeset
|
1971 @result{} t |
9cffa5a5d3eb
(Variables with Restricted Values): New node.
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1972 @end example |
9cffa5a5d3eb
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parents:
52994
diff
changeset
|
1973 |
9cffa5a5d3eb
(Variables with Restricted Values): New node.
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parents:
52994
diff
changeset
|
1974 @defvar byte-boolean-vars |
9cffa5a5d3eb
(Variables with Restricted Values): New node.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
52994
diff
changeset
|
1975 This variable holds a list of all variables of type @code{DEFVAR_BOOL}. |
9cffa5a5d3eb
(Variables with Restricted Values): New node.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1976 @end defvar |
9cffa5a5d3eb
(Variables with Restricted Values): New node.
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parents:
52994
diff
changeset
|
1977 |
9cffa5a5d3eb
(Variables with Restricted Values): New node.
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parents:
52994
diff
changeset
|
1978 Variables of type @code{DEFVAR_INT} can only take on integer values. |
9cffa5a5d3eb
(Variables with Restricted Values): New node.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
52994
diff
changeset
|
1979 Attempting to assign them any other value will result in an error: |
9cffa5a5d3eb
(Variables with Restricted Values): New node.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
52994
diff
changeset
|
1980 |
9cffa5a5d3eb
(Variables with Restricted Values): New node.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
52994
diff
changeset
|
1981 @example |
9cffa5a5d3eb
(Variables with Restricted Values): New node.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
52994
diff
changeset
|
1982 (setq window-min-height 5.0) |
9cffa5a5d3eb
(Variables with Restricted Values): New node.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
52994
diff
changeset
|
1983 @error{} Wrong type argument: integerp, 5.0 |
9cffa5a5d3eb
(Variables with Restricted Values): New node.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
52994
diff
changeset
|
1984 @end example |
9cffa5a5d3eb
(Variables with Restricted Values): New node.
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parents:
52994
diff
changeset
|
1985 |
52401 | 1986 @ignore |
1987 arch-tag: 5ff62c44-2b51-47bb-99d4-fea5aeec5d3e | |
1988 @end ignore |