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1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual.
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2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 86, 87, 93, 94, 95, 1997 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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3 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions.
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4 @node Fixit, Keyboard Macros, Search, Top
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5 @chapter Commands for Fixing Typos
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6 @cindex typos, fixing
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7 @cindex mistakes, correcting
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8
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9 In this chapter we describe the commands that are especially useful for
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10 the times when you catch a mistake in your text just after you have made
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11 it, or change your mind while composing text on the fly.
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12
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13 The most fundamental command for correcting erroneous editing is the
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14 undo command, @kbd{C-x u} or @kbd{C-_}. This command undoes a single
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15 command (usually), a part of a command (in the case of
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16 @code{query-replace}), or several consecutive self-inserting characters.
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17 Consecutive repetitions of @kbd{C-_} or @kbd{C-x u} undo earlier and
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18 earlier changes, back to the limit of the undo information available.
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Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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19 @xref{Undo}, for more information.
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20
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21 @menu
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22 * Kill Errors:: Commands to kill a batch of recently entered text.
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23 * Transpose:: Exchanging two characters, words, lines, lists...
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24 * Fixing Case:: Correcting case of last word entered.
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25 * Spelling:: Apply spelling checker to a word, or a whole file.
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26 @end menu
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27
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28 @node Kill Errors
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29 @section Killing Your Mistakes
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30
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31 @table @kbd
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32 @item @key{DEL}
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33 Delete last character (@code{delete-backward-char}).
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34 @item M-@key{DEL}
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35 Kill last word (@code{backward-kill-word}).
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36 @item C-x @key{DEL}
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37 Kill to beginning of sentence (@code{backward-kill-sentence}).
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38 @end table
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39
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40 The @key{DEL} character (@code{delete-backward-char}) is the most
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41 important correction command. It deletes the character before point.
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42 When @key{DEL} follows a self-inserting character command, you can think
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43 of it as canceling that command. However, avoid the mistake of thinking
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44 of @key{DEL} as a general way to cancel a command!
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45
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46 When your mistake is longer than a couple of characters, it might be
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47 more convenient to use @kbd{M-@key{DEL}} or @kbd{C-x @key{DEL}}.
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48 @kbd{M-@key{DEL}} kills back to the start of the last word, and @kbd{C-x
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49 @key{DEL}} kills back to the start of the last sentence. @kbd{C-x
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50 @key{DEL}} is particularly useful when you change your mind about the
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51 phrasing of the text you are writing. @kbd{M-@key{DEL}} and @kbd{C-x
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52 @key{DEL}} save the killed text for @kbd{C-y} and @kbd{M-y} to
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53 retrieve. @xref{Yanking}.@refill
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54
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55 @kbd{M-@key{DEL}} is often useful even when you have typed only a few
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56 characters wrong, if you know you are confused in your typing and aren't
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57 sure exactly what you typed. At such a time, you cannot correct with
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58 @key{DEL} except by looking at the screen to see what you did. Often it
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59 requires less thought to kill the whole word and start again.
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60
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61 @node Transpose
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62 @section Transposing Text
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63
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64 @table @kbd
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65 @item C-t
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66 Transpose two characters (@code{transpose-chars}).
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67 @item M-t
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68 Transpose two words (@code{transpose-words}).
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69 @item C-M-t
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70 Transpose two balanced expressions (@code{transpose-sexps}).
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71 @item C-x C-t
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72 Transpose two lines (@code{transpose-lines}).
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73 @end table
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74
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75 @kindex C-t
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76 @findex transpose-chars
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77 The common error of transposing two characters can be fixed, when they
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78 are adjacent, with the @kbd{C-t} command (@code{transpose-chars}). Normally,
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79 @kbd{C-t} transposes the two characters on either side of point. When
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80 given at the end of a line, rather than transposing the last character of
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81 the line with the newline, which would be useless, @kbd{C-t} transposes the
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82 last two characters on the line. So, if you catch your transposition error
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83 right away, you can fix it with just a @kbd{C-t}. If you don't catch it so
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84 fast, you must move the cursor back between the two transposed
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85 characters before you type @kbd{C-t}. If you transposed a space with
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86 the last character of the word before it, the word motion commands are
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87 a good way of getting there. Otherwise, a reverse search (@kbd{C-r})
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88 is often the best way. @xref{Search}.
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89
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90 @kindex C-x C-t
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91 @findex transpose-lines
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92 @kindex M-t
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93 @findex transpose-words
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94 @c Don't index C-M-t and transpose-sexps here, they are indexed in
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95 @c programs.texi, in the "List Commands" node.
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96 @c @kindex C-M-t
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97 @c @findex transpose-sexps
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98 @kbd{M-t} transposes the word before point with the word after point
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99 (@code{transpose-words}). It moves point forward over a word,
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100 dragging the word preceding or containing point forward as well. The
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101 punctuation characters between the words do not move. For example,
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102 @w{@samp{FOO, BAR}} transposes into @w{@samp{BAR, FOO}} rather than
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103 @samp{@w{BAR FOO,}}.
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104
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Say "expression" instead of "sexp". Update xref, Sexps -> Expressions.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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105 @kbd{C-M-t} (@code{transpose-sexps}) is a similar command for
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Say "expression" instead of "sexp". Update xref, Sexps -> Expressions.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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106 transposing two expressions (@pxref{Expressions}), and @kbd{C-x C-t}
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Say "expression" instead of "sexp". Update xref, Sexps -> Expressions.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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107 (@code{transpose-lines}) exchanges lines. They work like @kbd{M-t}
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108 except as regards what units of text they transpose.
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109
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110 A numeric argument to a transpose command serves as a repeat count: it
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Say "expression" instead of "sexp". Update xref, Sexps -> Expressions.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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111 tells the transpose command to move the character (word, expression, line)
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112 before or containing point across several other characters (words,
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Say "expression" instead of "sexp". Update xref, Sexps -> Expressions.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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113 expressions, lines). For example, @kbd{C-u 3 C-t} moves the character before
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114 point forward across three other characters. It would change
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115 @samp{f@point{}oobar} into @samp{oobf@point{}ar}. This is equivalent to
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116 repeating @kbd{C-t} three times. @kbd{C-u - 4 M-t} moves the word
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117 before point backward across four words. @kbd{C-u - C-M-t} would cancel
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118 the effect of plain @kbd{C-M-t}.@refill
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119
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120 A numeric argument of zero is assigned a special meaning (because
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121 otherwise a command with a repeat count of zero would do nothing): to
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Say "expression" instead of "sexp". Update xref, Sexps -> Expressions.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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122 transpose the character (word, expression, line) ending after point
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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123 with the one ending after the mark.
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124
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125 @node Fixing Case
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126 @section Case Conversion
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127
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128 @table @kbd
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129 @item M-- M-l
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130 Convert last word to lower case. Note @kbd{Meta--} is Meta-minus.
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131 @item M-- M-u
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132 Convert last word to all upper case.
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133 @item M-- M-c
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134 Convert last word to lower case with capital initial.
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135 @end table
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136
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137 @kindex M-@t{-} M-l
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138 @kindex M-@t{-} M-u
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139 @kindex M-@t{-} M-c
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140 A very common error is to type words in the wrong case. Because of this,
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141 the word case-conversion commands @kbd{M-l}, @kbd{M-u} and @kbd{M-c} have a
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142 special feature when used with a negative argument: they do not move the
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143 cursor. As soon as you see you have mistyped the last word, you can simply
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144 case-convert it and go on typing. @xref{Case}.@refill
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145
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146 @node Spelling
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147 @section Checking and Correcting Spelling
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148 @cindex spelling, checking and correcting
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149 @cindex checking spelling
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150 @cindex correcting spelling
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151
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152 This section describes the commands to check the spelling of a single
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153 word or of a portion of a buffer. These commands work with the spelling
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154 checker program Ispell, which is not part of Emacs.
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155 @ifinfo
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156 @xref{Top, Ispell, Overview ispell, ispell.info, The Ispell Manual}.
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157 @end ifinfo
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158
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159 @table @kbd
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160 @item M-x flyspell-mode
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161 Enable Flyspell mode, which highlights all misspelled words.
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162 @item M-x flyspell-progmode
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163 Enable Flyspell mode for comments and strings only.
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164 @item M-$
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165 Check and correct spelling of the word at point (@code{ispell-word}).
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166 @item M-@key{TAB}
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167 Complete the word before point based on the spelling dictionary
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168 (@code{ispell-complete-word}).
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169 @item M-x ispell
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170 Spell-check the active region or the current buffer.
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171 @item M-x ispell-buffer
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172 Check and correct spelling of each word in the buffer.
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173 @item M-x ispell-region
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174 Check and correct spelling of each word in the region.
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175 @item M-x ispell-message
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176 Check and correct spelling of each word in a draft mail message,
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177 excluding cited material.
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178 @item M-x ispell-change-dictionary @key{RET} @var{dict} @key{RET}
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179 Restart the Ispell process, using @var{dict} as the dictionary.
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180 @item M-x ispell-kill-ispell
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181 Kill the Ispell subprocess.
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182 @end table
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183
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184 @cindex Flyspell mode
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185 @findex flyspell-mode
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186 Flyspell mode is a fully-automatic way to check spelling as you edit
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187 in Emacs. It operates by checking words as you change or insert them.
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188 When it finds a word that it does not recognize, it highlights that
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189 word. This does not interfere with your editing, but when you see the
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190 highlighted word, you can move to it and fix it. Type @kbd{M-x
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191 flyspell-mode} to enable or disable this mode in the current buffer.
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192
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193 When Flyspell mode highlights a word as misspelled, you can click on
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194 it with @kbd{Mouse-2} to display a menu of possible corrections and
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195 actions. You can also correct the word by editing it manually in any
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196 way you like.
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197
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198 @findex flyspell-prog-mode
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199 Flyspell Prog mode works just like ordinary Flyspell mode, except that
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200 it only checks words in comments and string constants. This feature
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201 is useful for editing programs. Type @kbd{M-x flyspell-prog-mode} to
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202 enable or disable this mode in the current buffer.
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203
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204 The other Emacs spell-checking features check or look up words when
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205 you give an explicit command to do so. Checking all or part of the
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206 buffer is useful when you have text that was written outside of this
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207 Emacs session and might contain any number of misspellings.
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208
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209 @kindex M-$
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210 @findex ispell-word
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211 To check the spelling of the word around or next to point, and
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212 optionally correct it as well, use the command @kbd{M-$}
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213 (@code{ispell-word}). If the word is not correct, the command offers
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214 you various alternatives for what to do about it.
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215
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216 @findex ispell-buffer
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217 @findex ispell-region
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218 To check the entire current buffer, use @kbd{M-x ispell-buffer}. Use
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219 @kbd{M-x ispell-region} to check just the current region. To check
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220 spelling in an email message you are writing, use @kbd{M-x
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221 ispell-message}; that command checks the whole buffer, except for
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222 material that is indented or appears to be cited from other messages.
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223
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224 @findex ispell
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225 @cindex spell-checking the active region
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226 The @kbd{M-x ispell} command spell-checks the active region if the
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227 Transient Mark mode is on (@pxref{Transient Mark}), otherwise it
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228 spell-checks the current buffer.
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229
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230 Each time these commands encounter an incorrect word, they ask you
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231 what to do. They display a list of alternatives, usually including
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232 several ``near-misses''---words that are close to the word being
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233 checked. Then you must type a single-character response. Here are
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234 the valid responses:
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235
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236 @table @kbd
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237 @item @key{SPC}
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238 Skip this word---continue to consider it incorrect, but don't change it
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239 here.
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240
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241 @item r @var{new} @key{RET}
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242 Replace the word (just this time) with @var{new}.
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243
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244 @item R @var{new} @key{RET}
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245 Replace the word with @var{new}, and do a @code{query-replace} so you
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246 can replace it elsewhere in the buffer if you wish.
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247
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248 @item @var{digit}
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249 Replace the word (just this time) with one of the displayed
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250 near-misses. Each near-miss is listed with a digit; type that digit to
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251 select it.
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252
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253 @item a
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254 Accept the incorrect word---treat it as correct, but only in this
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255 editing session.
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256
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257 @item A
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258 Accept the incorrect word---treat it as correct, but only in this
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259 editing session and for this buffer.
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260
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261 @item i
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262 Insert this word in your private dictionary file so that Ispell will
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263 consider it correct from now on, even in future sessions.
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264
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265 @item u
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266 Insert the lower-case version of this word in your private dic@-tion@-ary
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267 file.
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268
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269 @item m
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270 Like @kbd{i}, but you can also specify dictionary completion
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271 information.
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272
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273 @item l @var{word} @key{RET}
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274 Look in the dictionary for words that match @var{word}. These words
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275 become the new list of ``near-misses''; you can select one of them as
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276 the replacement by typing a digit. You can use @samp{*} in @var{word} as a
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277 wildcard.
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278
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279 @item C-g
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280 Quit interactive spell checking. You can restart it again afterward
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281 with @kbd{C-u M-$}.
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282
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283 @item X
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284 Same as @kbd{C-g}.
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285
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286 @item x
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287 Quit interactive spell checking and move point back to where it was
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288 when you started spell checking.
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289
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290 @item q
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291 Quit interactive spell checking and kill the Ispell subprocess.
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292
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293 @item C-l
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294 Refresh the screen.
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295
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296 @item C-z
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297 This key has its normal command meaning (suspend Emacs or iconify this
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298 frame).
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299 @end table
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300
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301 @findex ispell-complete-word
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302 The command @code{ispell-complete-word}, which is bound to the key
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303 @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} in Text mode and related modes, shows a list of
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304 completions based on spelling correction. Insert the beginning of a
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305 word, and then type @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}; the command displays a completion
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306 list window. To choose one of the completions listed, click
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307 @kbd{Mouse-2} on it, or move the cursor there in the completions window
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308 and type @key{RET}. @xref{Text Mode}.
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309
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310 @ignore
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311 @findex reload-ispell
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312 The first time you use any of the spell checking commands, it starts
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313 an Ispell subprocess. The first thing the subprocess does is read your
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314 private dictionary, which defaults to the file @file{~/ispell.words}.
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315 Words that you ``insert'' with the @kbd{i} command are added to that
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316 file, but not right away---only at the end of the interactive
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317 replacement procedure. Use the @kbd{M-x reload-ispell} command to
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318 reload your private dictionary if you edit the file outside of Ispell.
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319 @end ignore
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320
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321 @cindex @code{ispell} program
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322 @findex ispell-kill-ispell
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323 Once started, the Ispell subprocess continues to run (waiting for
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324 something to do), so that subsequent spell checking commands complete
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325 more quickly. If you want to get rid of the Ispell process, use
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326 @kbd{M-x ispell-kill-ispell}. This is not usually necessary, since the
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327 process uses no time except when you do spelling correction.
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328
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329 @vindex ispell-dictionary
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330 Ispell uses two dictionaries together for spell checking: the
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331 standard dictionary and your private dictionary. The variable
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332 @code{ispell-dictionary} specifies the file name to use for the
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333 standard dictionary; a value of @code{nil} selects the default
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334 dictionary. The command @kbd{M-x ispell-change-dictionary} sets this
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335 variable and then restarts the Ispell subprocess, so that it will use
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336 a different standard dictionary.
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337
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338 @vindex ispell-complete-word-dict
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339 Ispell uses a separate dictionary for word completion. The variable
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340 @code{ispell-complete-word-dict} specifies the file name of this
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341 dictionary. The completion dictionary must be different because it
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342 cannot use employ root and affix information. For some languages
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343 there is a spell checking dictionary but no word completion
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344 dictionary.
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