Mercurial > emacs
annotate man/programs.texi @ 68697:1450f1814186
Minor cleanups.
(Comment Commands): Mention momentary Transient Mark mode.
(Matching): Be more specific about customizing show-paren-mode.
(Info Lookup): Don't list the modes that support C-h S.
Just say what it does in an unsupported mode.
(Man Page): Delete excessive info on customizing woman.
(Motion in C): Don't mention c-for/backward-into-nomenclature.
author | Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org> |
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date | Wed, 08 Feb 2006 00:11:23 +0000 |
parents | dc2d5a6655a3 |
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25829 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
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2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2000, |
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3 @c 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25829 | 4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
5 @node Programs, Building, Text, Top | |
6 @chapter Editing Programs | |
7 @cindex Lisp editing | |
8 @cindex C editing | |
9 @cindex program editing | |
10 | |
38867 | 11 Emacs provides many features to facilitate editing programs. Some |
12 of these features can | |
25829 | 13 |
14 @itemize @bullet | |
15 @item | |
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16 Find or move over top-level definitions (@pxref{Defuns}). |
25829 | 17 @item |
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18 Apply the usual indentation conventions of the language |
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19 (@pxref{Program Indent}). |
25829 | 20 @item |
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21 Balance parentheses (@pxref{Parentheses}). |
25829 | 22 @item |
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23 Insert, kill or align comments (@pxref{Comments}). |
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24 @item |
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25 Highlight program syntax (@pxref{Font Lock}). |
25829 | 26 @end itemize |
27 | |
38867 | 28 This chapter describes these features and many more. |
29 | |
25829 | 30 @menu |
31 * Program Modes:: Major modes for editing programs. | |
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32 * Defuns:: Commands to operate on major top-level parts |
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33 of a program. |
25829 | 34 * Program Indent:: Adjusting indentation to show the nesting. |
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35 * Parentheses:: Commands that operate on parentheses. |
25829 | 36 * Comments:: Inserting, killing, and aligning comments. |
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37 * Documentation:: Getting documentation of functions you plan to call. |
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38 * Hideshow:: Displaying blocks selectively. |
25829 | 39 * Symbol Completion:: Completion on symbol names of your program or language. |
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40 * Glasses:: Making identifiersLikeThis more readable. |
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41 * Misc for Programs:: Other Emacs features useful for editing programs. |
26264 | 42 * C Modes:: Special commands of C, C++, Objective-C, |
25829 | 43 Java, and Pike modes. |
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44 * Fortran:: Fortran mode and its special features. |
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45 * Asm Mode:: Asm mode and its special features. |
25829 | 46 @end menu |
47 | |
48 @node Program Modes | |
49 @section Major Modes for Programming Languages | |
50 @cindex modes for programming languages | |
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51 |
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52 Emacs has specialized major modes for various programming languages. |
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53 @xref{Major Modes}. A programming language major mode typically |
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54 specifies the syntax of expressions, the customary rules for |
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55 indentation, how to do syntax highlighting for the language, and how |
38867 | 56 to find the beginning of a function definition. It often customizes |
57 or provides facilities for compiling and debugging programs as well. | |
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58 |
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59 Ideally, Emacs should provide a major mode for each programming |
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60 language that you might want to edit; if it doesn't have a mode for |
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61 your favorite language, you can contribute one. But often the mode |
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62 for one language can serve for other syntactically similar languages. |
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63 The major mode for language @var{l} is called @code{@var{l}-mode}, |
38867 | 64 and you can select it by typing @kbd{M-x @var{l}-mode @key{RET}}. |
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65 @xref{Choosing Modes}. |
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66 |
25829 | 67 @cindex Perl mode |
68 @cindex Icon mode | |
69 @cindex Makefile mode | |
70 @cindex Tcl mode | |
71 @cindex CPerl mode | |
26106 | 72 @cindex DSSSL mode |
73 @cindex Octave mode | |
74 @cindex Metafont mode | |
75 @cindex Modula2 mode | |
76 @cindex Prolog mode | |
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77 @cindex Python mode |
26106 | 78 @cindex Simula mode |
79 @cindex VHDL mode | |
80 @cindex M4 mode | |
81 @cindex Shell-script mode | |
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82 @cindex Delphi mode |
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83 @cindex PostScript mode |
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84 @cindex Conf mode |
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85 @cindex DNS mode |
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86 The existing programming language major modes include Lisp, Scheme (a |
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87 variant of Lisp) and the Scheme-based DSSSL expression language, Ada, |
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88 ASM, AWK, C, C++, Delphi (Object Pascal), Fortran (free format and fixed |
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89 format), Icon, IDL (CORBA), IDLWAVE, Java, Metafont (@TeX{}'s |
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90 companion for font creation), Modula2, Objective-C, Octave, Pascal, |
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91 Perl, Pike, PostScript, Prolog, Python, Simula, Tcl, and VHDL. An |
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92 alternative mode for Perl is called CPerl mode. Modes are available for |
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93 the scripting languages of the common GNU and Unix shells, VMS DCL, and |
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94 MS-DOS/MS-Windows @samp{BAT} files. There are also major modes for |
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95 editing makefiles, DNS master files, and various sorts of configuration |
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96 files. |
25829 | 97 |
98 @kindex DEL @r{(programming modes)} | |
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99 @findex c-electric-backspace |
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100 In most programming languages, indentation should vary from line to |
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101 line to illustrate the structure of the program. So the major modes |
38867 | 102 for programming languages arrange for @key{TAB} to update the |
103 indentation of the current line. They also rebind @key{DEL} to treat | |
104 a tab as if it were the equivalent number of spaces; this lets you | |
105 delete one column of indentation without worrying whether the | |
106 whitespace consists of spaces or tabs. Use @kbd{C-b C-d} to delete a | |
107 tab character before point, in these modes. | |
25829 | 108 |
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109 Separate manuals are available for the modes for Ada (@pxref{Top, , Ada |
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110 Mode, ada-mode, Ada Mode}), C/C++/Objective C/Java/Corba IDL/Pike/AWK |
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111 (@pxref{Top, , CC Mode, ccmode, CC Mode}) and the IDLWAVE modes |
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112 (@pxref{Top, , IDLWAVE, idlwave, IDLWAVE User Manual}). |
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113 |
25829 | 114 @cindex mode hook |
115 @vindex c-mode-hook | |
116 @vindex lisp-mode-hook | |
117 @vindex emacs-lisp-mode-hook | |
118 @vindex lisp-interaction-mode-hook | |
119 @vindex scheme-mode-hook | |
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120 Turning on a major mode runs a normal hook called the @dfn{mode |
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121 hook}, which is the value of a Lisp variable. Each major mode has a |
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122 mode hook, and the hook's name is always made from the mode command's |
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123 name by adding @samp{-hook}. For example, turning on C mode runs the |
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124 hook @code{c-mode-hook}, while turning on Lisp mode runs the hook |
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125 @code{lisp-mode-hook}. The purpose of the mode hook is to give you a |
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126 place to set up customizations for that major mode. @xref{Hooks}. |
25829 | 127 |
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128 @node Defuns |
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129 @section Top-Level Definitions, or Defuns |
25829 | 130 |
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131 In Emacs, a major definition at the top level in the buffer, |
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132 something like a function, is called a @dfn{defun}. The name comes |
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133 from Lisp, but in Emacs we use it for all languages. |
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135 In many programming language modes, Emacs assumes that a defun is |
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136 any pair of parentheses (or braces, if the language uses braces this |
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137 way) that starts at the left margin. For example, in C, the body of a |
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138 function definition is a defun, usually recognized as an open-brace |
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139 that begins at the left margin@footnote{Alternatively, you can set up |
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140 C Mode to recognize a defun at an opening brace at the outermost |
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141 level. @xref{Movement Commands,,, ccmode, the CC Mode Manual}.}. A |
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142 variable's initializer can also count as a defun, if the open-brace |
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143 that begins the initializer is at the left margin. |
25829 | 144 |
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145 However, some language modes provide their own code for recognizing |
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146 defuns in a way that suits the language syntax and conventions better. |
25829 | 147 |
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148 @menu |
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149 * Left Margin Paren:: An open-paren or similar opening delimiter |
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150 starts a defun if it is at the left margin. |
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151 * Moving by Defuns:: Commands to move over or mark a major definition. |
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152 * Imenu:: Making buffer indexes as menus. |
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153 * Which Function:: Which Function mode shows which function you are in. |
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154 @end menu |
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155 |
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156 @node Left Margin Paren |
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157 @subsection Left Margin Convention |
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159 @cindex open-parenthesis in leftmost column |
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160 @cindex ( in leftmost column |
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161 Emacs assumes by default that any opening delimiter found at the |
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162 left margin is the start of a top-level definition, or defun. You can |
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163 override this default by setting this user option: |
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164 |
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165 @defvar open-paren-in-column-0-is-defun-start |
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166 If this user option is set to @code{t} (the default), opening |
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167 parentheses or braces at column zero always start defuns. When it's |
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168 @code{nil}, defuns are found by searching for parens or braces at the |
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169 outermost level. Some major modes, including C and related modes, set |
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170 @code{open-paren-in-column-0-is-defun-start} buffer-locally to |
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171 @code{nil} |
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172 @end defvar |
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173 |
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174 In modes where @code{open-paren-in-column-0-is-defun-start} is |
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175 @code{t}, @strong{don't put an opening delimiter at the left margin |
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176 unless it is a defun start}. For instance, never put an |
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177 open-parenthesis at the left margin in a Lisp file unless it is the |
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178 start of a top-level list. |
25829 | 179 |
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180 If you don't follow this convention, not only will you have trouble |
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181 when you explicitly use the commands for motion by defuns; other |
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182 features that use them will also give you trouble. This includes |
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183 the indentation commands (@pxref{Program Indent}) and Font Lock |
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184 mode (@pxref{Font Lock}). |
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186 The most likely problem case is when you want an opening delimiter |
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187 at the start of a line inside a string. To avoid trouble, put an |
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188 escape character (@samp{\}, in Emacs Lisp, @samp{/} in some other Lisp |
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189 dialects) before the opening delimiter. This will not affect the |
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190 contents of the string, but will prevent that opening delimiter from |
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191 starting a defun. Here's an example: |
25829 | 192 |
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193 @example |
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194 (insert "Foo: |
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195 \(bar) |
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196 ") |
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197 @end example |
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199 To help you catch violations of this convention, Font Lock mode |
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200 highlights confusing opening delimiters (those that ought to be |
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201 quoted) in bold red. |
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202 |
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203 In the earliest days, the original Emacs found defuns by moving |
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204 upward a level of parentheses or braces until there were no more |
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205 levels to go up. This always required scanning all the way back to |
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206 the beginning of the buffer, even for a small function. To speed up |
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207 the operation, we changed Emacs to assume that any opening delimiter |
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208 at the left margin is the start of a defun. This heuristic is nearly |
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209 always right, and avoids the need to scan back to the beginning of the |
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210 buffer. However, now that modern computers are so powerful, this |
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211 scanning is rarely slow enough to annoy, so we've provided a way to |
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212 disable the heuristic. |
25829 | 213 |
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214 @node Moving by Defuns |
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215 @subsection Moving by Defuns |
25829 | 216 @cindex defuns |
217 | |
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218 These commands move point or set up the region based on top-level |
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219 major definitions, also called @dfn{defuns}. |
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220 |
25829 | 221 @table @kbd |
222 @item C-M-a | |
223 Move to beginning of current or preceding defun | |
224 (@code{beginning-of-defun}). | |
225 @item C-M-e | |
226 Move to end of current or following defun (@code{end-of-defun}). | |
227 @item C-M-h | |
228 Put region around whole current or following defun (@code{mark-defun}). | |
229 @end table | |
230 | |
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231 @cindex move to beginning or end of function |
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232 @cindex function, move to beginning or end |
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233 @kindex C-M-a |
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234 @kindex C-M-e |
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235 @kindex C-M-h |
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236 @findex beginning-of-defun |
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237 @findex end-of-defun |
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238 @findex mark-defun |
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239 The commands to move to the beginning and end of the current defun |
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240 are @kbd{C-M-a} (@code{beginning-of-defun}) and @kbd{C-M-e} |
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241 (@code{end-of-defun}). If you repeat one of these commands, or use a |
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242 positive numeric argument, each repetition moves to the next defun in |
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243 the direction of motion. |
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244 |
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245 @kbd{C-M-a} with a negative argument @minus{}@var{n} moves forward |
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246 @var{n} times to the next beginning of a defun. This is not exactly |
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247 the same place that @kbd{C-M-e} with argument @var{n} would move to; |
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248 the end of this defun is not usually exactly the same place as the |
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249 beginning of the following defun. (Whitespace, comments, and perhaps |
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250 declarations can separate them.) Likewise, @kbd{C-M-e} with a |
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251 negative argument moves back to an end of a defun, which is not quite |
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252 the same as @kbd{C-M-a} with a positive argument. |
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253 |
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254 @kindex C-M-h @r{(C mode)} |
25829 | 255 @findex c-mark-function |
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256 To operate on the current defun, use @kbd{C-M-h} (@code{mark-defun}) |
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257 which puts point at the beginning and mark at the end of the current |
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258 defun. This is the easiest way to get ready to kill the defun in |
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259 order to move it to a different place in the file. If you use the |
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260 command while point is between defuns, it uses the following defun. |
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261 Successive uses of @kbd{C-M-h}, or using it in Transient Mark mode |
68697 | 262 when the mark is active, extends the end of the region to include one |
263 more defun each time. | |
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264 |
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265 In C mode, @kbd{C-M-h} runs the function @code{c-mark-function}, |
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266 which is almost the same as @code{mark-defun}; the difference is that |
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267 it backs up over the argument declarations, function name and returned |
38867 | 268 data type so that the entire C function is inside the region. This is |
269 an example of how major modes adjust the standard key bindings so that | |
270 they do their standard jobs in a way better fitting a particular | |
271 language. Other major modes may replace any or all of these key | |
272 bindings for that purpose. | |
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273 |
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274 @node Imenu |
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275 @subsection Imenu |
38867 | 276 @cindex index of buffer definitions |
277 @cindex buffer definitions index | |
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278 @cindex tags |
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279 |
42675 | 280 The Imenu facility offers a way to find the major definitions in |
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281 a file by name. It is also useful in text formatter major modes, |
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282 where it treats each chapter, section, etc., as a definition. |
38867 | 283 (@xref{Tags}, for a more powerful feature that handles multiple files |
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284 together.) |
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285 |
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286 @findex imenu |
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287 If you type @kbd{M-x imenu}, it reads the name of a definition using |
38867 | 288 the minibuffer, then moves point to that definition. You can use |
289 completion to specify the name; the command always displays the whole | |
290 list of valid names. | |
25829 | 291 |
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292 @findex imenu-add-menubar-index |
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293 Alternatively, you can bind the command @code{imenu} to a mouse |
38867 | 294 click. Then it displays mouse menus for you to select a definition |
295 name. You can also add the buffer's index to the menu bar by calling | |
296 @code{imenu-add-menubar-index}. If you want to have this menu bar | |
297 item available for all buffers in a certain major mode, you can do | |
298 this by adding @code{imenu-add-menubar-index} to its mode hook. But | |
68697 | 299 if you have done that, you will have to wait a little while each time |
300 you visit a file in that mode, while Emacs finds all the definitions | |
301 in that buffer. | |
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302 |
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303 @vindex imenu-auto-rescan |
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304 When you change the contents of a buffer, if you add or delete |
38867 | 305 definitions, you can update the buffer's index based on the |
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306 new contents by invoking the @samp{*Rescan*} item in the menu. |
39063 | 307 Rescanning happens automatically if you set @code{imenu-auto-rescan} to |
308 a non-@code{nil} value. There is no need to rescan because of small | |
38867 | 309 changes in the text. |
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310 |
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311 @vindex imenu-sort-function |
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312 You can customize the way the menus are sorted by setting the |
38867 | 313 variable @code{imenu-sort-function}. By default, names are ordered as |
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314 they occur in the buffer; if you want alphabetic sorting, use the |
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315 symbol @code{imenu--sort-by-name} as the value. You can also |
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316 define your own comparison function by writing Lisp code. |
25829 | 317 |
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318 Imenu provides the information to guide Which Function mode |
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319 @ifnottex |
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320 (@pxref{Which Function}). |
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321 @end ifnottex |
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322 @iftex |
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323 (see below). |
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324 @end iftex |
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325 The Speedbar can also use it (@pxref{Speedbar}). |
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326 |
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327 @node Which Function |
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328 @subsection Which Function Mode |
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329 @cindex current function name in mode line |
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330 |
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331 Which Function mode is a minor mode that displays the current |
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332 function name in the mode line, updating it as you move around in a |
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333 buffer. |
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334 |
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335 @findex which-function-mode |
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336 @vindex which-func-modes |
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337 To enable (or disable) Which Function mode, use the command @kbd{M-x |
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338 which-function-mode}. This command is global; it applies to all |
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339 buffers, both existing ones and those yet to be created. However, it |
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340 takes effect only in certain major modes, those listed in the value of |
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341 @code{which-func-modes}. If the value is @code{t}, then Which Function |
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342 mode applies to all major modes that know how to support it---in other |
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343 words, all the major modes that support Imenu. |
25829 | 344 |
345 @node Program Indent | |
346 @section Indentation for Programs | |
347 @cindex indentation for programs | |
348 | |
349 The best way to keep a program properly indented is to use Emacs to | |
350 reindent it as you change it. Emacs has commands to indent properly | |
351 either a single line, a specified number of lines, or all of the lines | |
352 inside a single parenthetical grouping. | |
353 | |
354 @menu | |
355 * Basic Indent:: Indenting a single line. | |
356 * Multi-line Indent:: Commands to reindent many lines at once. | |
357 * Lisp Indent:: Specifying how each Lisp function should be indented. | |
358 * C Indent:: Extra features for indenting C and related modes. | |
359 * Custom C Indent:: Controlling indentation style for C and related modes. | |
360 @end menu | |
361 | |
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362 @cindex pretty-printer |
25829 | 363 Emacs also provides a Lisp pretty-printer in the library @code{pp}. |
364 This program reformats a Lisp object with indentation chosen to look nice. | |
365 | |
366 @node Basic Indent | |
367 @subsection Basic Program Indentation Commands | |
368 | |
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369 The basic indentation commands indent a single line according to the |
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370 usual conventions of the language you are editing. |
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371 |
25829 | 372 @table @kbd |
373 @item @key{TAB} | |
374 Adjust indentation of current line. | |
375 @item C-j | |
376 Equivalent to @key{RET} followed by @key{TAB} (@code{newline-and-indent}). | |
377 @end table | |
378 | |
379 @kindex TAB @r{(programming modes)} | |
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380 @findex c-indent-command |
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381 @findex indent-line-function |
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382 @findex indent-for-tab-command |
25829 | 383 The basic indentation command is @key{TAB}, which gives the current line |
384 the correct indentation as determined from the previous lines. The | |
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385 function that @key{TAB} runs depends on the major mode; it is |
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386 @code{lisp-indent-line} |
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387 in Lisp mode, @code{c-indent-command} in C mode, etc. These functions |
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388 understand the syntax and conventions of different languages, but they all do |
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389 conceptually the same job: @key{TAB} in any programming-language major mode |
25829 | 390 inserts or deletes whitespace at the beginning of the current line, |
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391 independent of where point is in the line. If point was inside the |
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392 whitespace at the beginning of the line, @key{TAB} puts it at the end of |
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393 that whitespace; otherwise, @key{TAB} keeps point fixed with respect to |
25829 | 394 the characters around it. |
395 | |
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396 Use @kbd{C-q @key{TAB}} to insert a tab character at point. |
25829 | 397 |
398 @kindex C-j | |
399 @findex newline-and-indent | |
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400 When entering lines of new code, use @kbd{C-j} |
68697 | 401 (@code{newline-and-indent}), which is equivalent to @key{RET} |
402 followed by @key{TAB}. @kbd{C-j} at the end of a line creates a | |
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403 blank line and then gives it the appropriate indentation. |
25829 | 404 |
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405 @key{TAB} indents a line that starts within a parenthetical grouping |
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406 under the preceding line within the grouping, or the text after the |
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407 parenthesis. Therefore, if you manually give one of these lines a |
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408 nonstandard indentation, the lines below will tend to follow it. This |
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409 behavior is convenient in cases where you have overridden the standard |
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410 result of @key{TAB} because you find it unaesthetic for a particular |
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411 line. |
25829 | 412 |
68697 | 413 In some modes, an open-parenthesis, open-brace or other opening |
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414 delimiter at the left margin is assumed by Emacs (including the |
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415 indentation routines) to be the start of a function. This speeds up |
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416 indentation commands. If you will be editing text which contains |
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417 opening delimiters in column zero that aren't the beginning of a |
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418 functions, even inside strings or comments, you must set |
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419 @code{open-paren-in-column-0-is-defun-start}. @xref{Left Margin |
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420 Paren}, for more information on this. |
25829 | 421 |
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422 Normally, lines are indented with tabs and spaces. If you want Emacs |
68697 | 423 to use spaces only, set @code{indent-tabs-mode} (@pref{Just Spaces}). |
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424 |
25829 | 425 @node Multi-line Indent |
426 @subsection Indenting Several Lines | |
427 | |
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428 When you wish to reindent several lines of code which have been |
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429 altered or moved to a different level in the parenthesis structure, |
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430 you have several commands available. |
25829 | 431 |
432 @table @kbd | |
433 @item C-M-q | |
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434 Reindent all the lines within one parenthetical grouping (@code{indent-pp-sexp}). |
38867 | 435 @item C-M-\ |
436 Reindent all lines in the region (@code{indent-region}). | |
25829 | 437 @item C-u @key{TAB} |
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438 Shift an entire parenthetical grouping rigidly sideways so that its |
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439 first line is properly indented. |
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440 @item M-x indent-code-rigidly |
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441 Shift all the lines in the region rigidly sideways, but do not alter |
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442 lines that start inside comments and strings. |
25829 | 443 @end table |
444 | |
445 @kindex C-M-q | |
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446 @findex indent-pp-sexp |
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447 You can reindent the contents of a single parenthetical grouping by |
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448 positioning point before the beginning of it and typing @kbd{C-M-q} |
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449 (@code{indent-pp-sexp} in Lisp mode, @code{c-indent-exp} in C mode; also |
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450 bound to other suitable commands in other modes). The indentation of |
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451 the line where the grouping starts is not changed; therefore this |
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452 changes only the relative indentation within the grouping, not its |
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453 overall indentation. To correct that as well, type @key{TAB} first. |
25829 | 454 |
38867 | 455 Another way to specify the range to be reindented is with the |
456 region. The command @kbd{C-M-\} (@code{indent-region}) applies | |
457 @key{TAB} to every line whose first character is between point and | |
458 mark. | |
459 | |
25829 | 460 @kindex C-u TAB |
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461 If you like the relative indentation within a grouping, but not the |
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462 indentation of its first line, you can type @kbd{C-u @key{TAB}} to |
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463 reindent the whole grouping as a rigid unit. (This works in Lisp |
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464 modes and C and related modes.) @key{TAB} with a numeric argument |
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465 reindents the current line as usual, then reindents by the same amount |
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466 all the lines in the parenthetical grouping starting on the current |
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467 line. It is clever, though, and does not alter lines that start |
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468 inside strings. Neither does it alter C preprocessor lines when in C |
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469 mode, but it does reindent any continuation lines that may be attached |
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470 to them. |
25829 | 471 |
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472 @findex indent-code-rigidly |
38867 | 473 You can also perform this operation on the region, using the command |
474 @kbd{M-x indent-code-rigidly}. It rigidly shifts all the lines in the | |
475 region sideways, like @code{indent-rigidly} does (@pxref{Indentation | |
476 Commands}). It doesn't alter the indentation of lines that start | |
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477 inside a string, unless the region also starts inside that string. |
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478 The prefix arg specifies the number of columns to indent. |
25829 | 479 |
480 @node Lisp Indent | |
481 @subsection Customizing Lisp Indentation | |
482 @cindex customizing Lisp indentation | |
483 | |
484 The indentation pattern for a Lisp expression can depend on the function | |
485 called by the expression. For each Lisp function, you can choose among | |
486 several predefined patterns of indentation, or define an arbitrary one with | |
487 a Lisp program. | |
488 | |
489 The standard pattern of indentation is as follows: the second line of the | |
490 expression is indented under the first argument, if that is on the same | |
491 line as the beginning of the expression; otherwise, the second line is | |
492 indented underneath the function name. Each following line is indented | |
493 under the previous line whose nesting depth is the same. | |
494 | |
495 @vindex lisp-indent-offset | |
496 If the variable @code{lisp-indent-offset} is non-@code{nil}, it overrides | |
497 the usual indentation pattern for the second line of an expression, so that | |
498 such lines are always indented @code{lisp-indent-offset} more columns than | |
499 the containing list. | |
500 | |
501 @vindex lisp-body-indent | |
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502 Certain functions override the standard pattern. Functions whose |
42675 | 503 names start with @code{def} treat the second lines as the start of |
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504 a @dfn{body}, by indenting the second line @code{lisp-body-indent} |
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505 additional columns beyond the open-parenthesis that starts the |
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506 expression. |
25829 | 507 |
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508 @cindex @code{lisp-indent-function} property |
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509 You can override the standard pattern in various ways for individual |
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510 functions, according to the @code{lisp-indent-function} property of |
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511 the function name. Normally you would use this for macro definitions |
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512 and specify it using the @code{declare} construct (@pxref{Defining |
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513 Macros,,, elisp, the Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}). |
25829 | 514 |
515 @node C Indent | |
516 @subsection Commands for C Indentation | |
517 | |
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518 Here are special features for indentation in C mode and related modes: |
25829 | 519 |
520 @table @code | |
521 @item C-c C-q | |
522 @kindex C-c C-q @r{(C mode)} | |
523 @findex c-indent-defun | |
524 Reindent the current top-level function definition or aggregate type | |
525 declaration (@code{c-indent-defun}). | |
526 | |
527 @item C-M-q | |
528 @kindex C-M-q @r{(C mode)} | |
529 @findex c-indent-exp | |
530 Reindent each line in the balanced expression that follows point | |
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531 (@code{c-indent-exp}). A prefix argument inhibits warning messages |
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532 about invalid syntax. |
25829 | 533 |
534 @item @key{TAB} | |
535 @findex c-indent-command | |
536 Reindent the current line, and/or in some cases insert a tab character | |
537 (@code{c-indent-command}). | |
538 | |
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539 @vindex c-tab-always-indent |
25829 | 540 If @code{c-tab-always-indent} is @code{t}, this command always reindents |
541 the current line and does nothing else. This is the default. | |
542 | |
543 If that variable is @code{nil}, this command reindents the current line | |
544 only if point is at the left margin or in the line's indentation; | |
545 otherwise, it inserts a tab (or the equivalent number of spaces, | |
546 if @code{indent-tabs-mode} is @code{nil}). | |
547 | |
548 Any other value (not @code{nil} or @code{t}) means always reindent the | |
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549 line, and also insert a tab if within a comment or a string. |
25829 | 550 @end table |
551 | |
552 To reindent the whole current buffer, type @kbd{C-x h C-M-\}. This | |
553 first selects the whole buffer as the region, then reindents that | |
554 region. | |
555 | |
556 To reindent the current block, use @kbd{C-M-u C-M-q}. This moves | |
557 to the front of the block and then reindents it all. | |
558 | |
559 @node Custom C Indent | |
560 @subsection Customizing C Indentation | |
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561 @cindex style (for indentation) |
25829 | 562 |
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563 C mode and related modes use a flexible mechanism for customizing |
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564 indentation. C mode indents a source line in two steps: first it |
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565 classifies the line syntactically according to its contents and |
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566 context; second, it determines the indentation offset associated by |
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567 your selected @dfn{style} with the syntactic construct and adds this |
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568 onto the indentation of the @dfn{anchor statement}. |
25829 | 569 |
570 @table @kbd | |
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571 @item C-c . @key{RET} @var{style} @key{RET} |
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572 Select a predefined style @var{style} (@code{c-set-style}). |
25829 | 573 @end table |
574 | |
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575 A @dfn{style} is a named collection of customizations that can be |
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576 used in C mode and the related modes. @ref{Styles,,, ccmode, The CC |
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577 Mode Manual}, for a complete description. Emacs comes with several |
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578 predefined styles, including @code{gnu}, @code{k&r}, @code{bsd}, |
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579 @code{stroustrup}, @code{linux}, @code{python}, @code{java}, |
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580 @code{whitesmith}, @code{ellemtel}, and @code{awk}. Some of these |
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581 styles are primarily intended for one language, but any of them can be |
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582 used with any of the languages supported by these modes. To find out |
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583 what a style looks like, select it and reindent some code, e.g., by |
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584 typing @key{C-M-q} at the start of a function definition. |
25829 | 585 |
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586 @kindex C-c . @r{(C mode)} |
25829 | 587 @findex c-set-style |
68697 | 588 To choose a style for the current buffer, use the command @w{@kbd{C-c |
589 .}}. Specify a style name as an argument (case is not significant). | |
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590 This command affects the current buffer only, and it affects only |
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591 future invocations of the indentation commands; it does not reindent |
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592 the code already in the buffer. To reindent the whole buffer in the |
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593 new style, you can type @kbd{C-x h C-M-\}. |
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594 |
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595 @vindex c-default-style |
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596 You can also set the variable @code{c-default-style} to specify the |
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597 default style for various major modes. Its value should be either the |
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598 style's name (a string) or an alist, in which each element specifies |
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599 one major mode and which indentation style to use for it. For |
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600 example, |
25829 | 601 |
602 @example | |
603 (setq c-default-style | |
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604 '((java-mode . "java") (awk-mode . "awk") (other . "gnu"))) |
25829 | 605 @end example |
606 | |
607 @noindent | |
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608 specifies explicit choices for Java and AWK modes, and the default |
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609 @samp{gnu} style for the other C-like modes. (These settings are |
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610 actually the defaults.) This variable takes effect when you select |
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611 one of the C-like major modes; thus, if you specify a new default |
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612 style for Java mode, you can make it take effect in an existing Java |
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613 mode buffer by typing @kbd{M-x java-mode} there. |
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614 |
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615 The @code{gnu} style specifies the formatting recommended by the GNU |
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616 Project for C; it is the default, so as to encourage use of our |
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617 recommended style. |
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618 |
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619 @xref{Indentation Engine Basics,,, ccmode, the CC Mode Manual}, and |
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620 @ref{Customizing Indentation,,, ccmode, the CC Mode Manual}, for more |
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621 information on customizing indentation for C and related modes, |
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622 including how to override parts of an existing style and how to define |
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623 your own styles. |
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624 |
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625 @node Parentheses |
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626 @section Commands for Editing with Parentheses |
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627 |
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628 @findex check-parens |
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629 @cindex unbalanced parentheses and quotes |
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630 This section describes the commands and features that take advantage |
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631 of the parenthesis structure in a program, or help you keep it |
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632 balanced. |
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633 |
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634 When talking about these facilities, the term ``parenthesis'' also |
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635 includes braces, brackets, or whatever delimiters are defined to match |
38867 | 636 in pairs. The major mode controls which delimiters are significant, |
637 through the syntax table (@pxref{Syntax}). In Lisp, only parentheses | |
638 count; in C, these commands apply to braces and brackets too. | |
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639 |
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640 You can use @kbd{M-x check-parens} to find any unbalanced |
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641 parentheses and unbalanced string quotes in the buffer. |
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642 |
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643 @menu |
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644 * Expressions:: Expressions with balanced parentheses. |
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645 * Moving by Parens:: Commands for moving up, down and across |
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646 in the structure of parentheses. |
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647 * Matching:: Insertion of a close-delimiter flashes matching open. |
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648 @end menu |
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649 |
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650 @node Expressions |
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651 @subsection Expressions with Balanced Parentheses |
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652 |
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653 @cindex sexp |
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654 @cindex expression |
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655 @cindex balanced expression |
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656 These commands deal with balanced expressions, also called |
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657 @dfn{sexps}@footnote{The word ``sexp'' is used to refer to an |
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658 expression in Lisp.}. |
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659 |
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660 @table @kbd |
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661 @item C-M-f |
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662 Move forward over a balanced expression (@code{forward-sexp}). |
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663 @item C-M-b |
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664 Move backward over a balanced expression (@code{backward-sexp}). |
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665 @item C-M-k |
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666 Kill balanced expression forward (@code{kill-sexp}). |
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667 @item C-M-t |
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668 Transpose expressions (@code{transpose-sexps}). |
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669 @item C-M-@@ |
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670 @itemx C-M-@key{SPC} |
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671 Put mark after following expression (@code{mark-sexp}). |
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672 @end table |
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673 |
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674 Each programming language major mode customizes the definition of |
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675 balanced expressions to suit that language. Balanced expressions |
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676 typically include symbols, numbers, and string constants, as well as |
38867 | 677 any pair of matching delimiters and their contents. Some languages |
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678 have obscure forms of expression syntax that nobody has bothered to |
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679 implement in Emacs. |
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680 |
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681 @cindex Control-Meta |
38867 | 682 By convention, the keys for these commands are all Control-Meta |
683 characters. They usually act on expressions just as the corresponding | |
684 Meta characters act on words. For instance, the command @kbd{C-M-b} | |
685 moves backward over a balanced expression, just as @kbd{M-b} moves | |
686 back over a word. | |
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687 |
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688 @kindex C-M-f |
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689 @kindex C-M-b |
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690 @findex forward-sexp |
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691 @findex backward-sexp |
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692 To move forward over a balanced expression, use @kbd{C-M-f} |
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693 (@code{forward-sexp}). If the first significant character after point |
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694 is an opening delimiter (@samp{(} in Lisp; @samp{(}, @samp{[} or |
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695 @samp{@{} in C), @kbd{C-M-f} moves past the matching closing |
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696 delimiter. If the character begins a symbol, string, or number, |
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697 @kbd{C-M-f} moves over that. |
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698 |
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699 The command @kbd{C-M-b} (@code{backward-sexp}) moves backward over a |
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700 balanced expression. The detailed rules are like those above for |
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701 @kbd{C-M-f}, but with directions reversed. If there are prefix |
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702 characters (single-quote, backquote and comma, in Lisp) preceding the |
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703 expression, @kbd{C-M-b} moves back over them as well. The balanced |
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704 expression commands move across comments as if they were whitespace, |
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705 in most modes. |
25829 | 706 |
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707 @kbd{C-M-f} or @kbd{C-M-b} with an argument repeats that operation the |
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708 specified number of times; with a negative argument, it moves in the |
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709 opposite direction. |
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710 |
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711 @cindex killing expressions |
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712 @kindex C-M-k |
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713 @findex kill-sexp |
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714 Killing a whole balanced expression can be done with @kbd{C-M-k} |
51451
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715 (@code{kill-sexp}). @kbd{C-M-k} kills the characters that @kbd{C-M-f} |
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716 would move over. |
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717 |
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718 @cindex transposition of expressions |
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719 @kindex C-M-t |
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720 @findex transpose-sexps |
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721 A somewhat random-sounding command which is nevertheless handy is |
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722 @kbd{C-M-t} (@code{transpose-sexps}), which drags the previous |
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723 balanced expression across the next one. An argument serves as a |
67676
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Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
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724 repeat count, moving the previous expression over that many following |
76931aba1936
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Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
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725 ones. A negative argument drags the previous balanced expression |
76931aba1936
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Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
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726 backwards across those before it (thus canceling out the effect of |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
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727 @kbd{C-M-t} with a positive argument). An argument of zero, rather |
76931aba1936
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Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
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728 than doing nothing, transposes the balanced expressions ending at or |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
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|
729 after point and the mark. |
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730 |
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731 @kindex C-M-@@ |
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732 @kindex C-M-@key{SPC} |
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733 @findex mark-sexp |
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734 To set the region around the next balanced expression in the buffer, |
6b14cc47a4f2
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735 use @kbd{C-M-@@} (@code{mark-sexp}), which sets mark at the same place |
6b14cc47a4f2
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736 that @kbd{C-M-f} would move to. @kbd{C-M-@@} takes arguments like |
6b14cc47a4f2
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737 @kbd{C-M-f}. In particular, a negative argument is useful for putting |
60112
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738 the mark at the beginning of the previous balanced expression. The |
67676
76931aba1936
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Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
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739 alias @kbd{C-M-@key{SPC}} is equivalent to @kbd{C-M-@@}. When you |
76931aba1936
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Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
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740 repeat this command, or use it in Transient Mark mode when the mark is |
68697 | 741 active, it extends the end of the region by one sexp each time. |
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742 |
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743 In languages that use infix operators, such as C, it is not possible |
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744 to recognize all balanced expressions as such because there can be |
6b14cc47a4f2
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745 multiple possibilities at a given position. For example, C mode does |
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746 not treat @samp{foo + bar} as a single expression, even though it |
6b14cc47a4f2
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747 @emph{is} one C expression; instead, it recognizes @samp{foo} as one |
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748 expression and @samp{bar} as another, with the @samp{+} as punctuation |
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|
749 between them. Both @samp{foo + bar} and @samp{foo} are legitimate |
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750 choices for ``the expression following point'' when point is at the |
38867 | 751 @samp{f}, so the expression commands must perforce choose one or the |
752 other to operate on. Note that @samp{(foo + bar)} is recognized as a | |
753 single expression in C mode, because of the parentheses. | |
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754 |
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755 @node Moving by Parens |
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756 @subsection Moving in the Parenthesis Structure |
25829 | 757 |
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758 @cindex parenthetical groupings |
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759 @cindex parentheses, moving across |
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760 @cindex matching parenthesis and braces, moving to |
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761 @cindex braces, moving across |
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762 @cindex list commands |
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763 The Emacs commands for handling parenthetical groupings see nothing |
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changeset
|
764 except parentheses (or whatever characters must balance in the |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
765 language you are working with), and the escape characters that might |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
766 be used to quote those. They are mainly intended for editing |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
767 programs, but can be useful for editing any text that has parentheses. |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
768 They are sometimes called ``list'' commands because in Lisp these |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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parents:
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changeset
|
769 groupings are lists. |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
770 |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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parents:
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|
771 @table @kbd |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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changeset
|
772 @item C-M-n |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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parents:
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changeset
|
773 Move forward over a parenthetical group (@code{forward-list}). |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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|
774 @item C-M-p |
59371
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Stephen Eglen <stephen@gnu.org>
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56809
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|
775 Move backward over a parenthetical group (@code{backward-list}). |
38212
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Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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|
776 @item C-M-u |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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parents:
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changeset
|
777 Move up in parenthesis structure (@code{backward-up-list}). |
6b14cc47a4f2
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
778 @item C-M-d |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
779 Move down in parenthesis structure (@code{down-list}). |
6b14cc47a4f2
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changeset
|
780 @end table |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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changeset
|
781 |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
782 @kindex C-M-n |
6b14cc47a4f2
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
783 @kindex C-M-p |
6b14cc47a4f2
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
784 @findex forward-list |
6b14cc47a4f2
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
785 @findex backward-list |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
786 The ``list'' commands @kbd{C-M-n} (@code{forward-list}) and |
6b14cc47a4f2
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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changeset
|
787 @kbd{C-M-p} (@code{backward-list}) move over one (or @var{n}) |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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parents:
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changeset
|
788 parenthetical groupings, skipping blithely over any amount of text |
6b14cc47a4f2
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parents:
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changeset
|
789 that doesn't include meaningful parentheses (symbols, strings, etc.). |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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changeset
|
790 |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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parents:
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changeset
|
791 @kindex C-M-u |
6b14cc47a4f2
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parents:
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|
792 @findex backward-up-list |
6b14cc47a4f2
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
793 @kbd{C-M-n} and @kbd{C-M-p} try to stay at the same level in the |
6b14cc47a4f2
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
794 parenthesis structure. To move @emph{up} one (or @var{n}) levels, use |
6b14cc47a4f2
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
795 @kbd{C-M-u} (@code{backward-up-list}). @kbd{C-M-u} moves backward up |
6b14cc47a4f2
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
796 past one unmatched opening delimiter. A positive argument serves as a |
6b14cc47a4f2
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changeset
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797 repeat count; a negative argument reverses the direction of motion, so |
38231
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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798 that the command moves forward and up one or more levels. |
38212
6b14cc47a4f2
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799 |
68697 | 800 @kindex C-M-d |
801 @findex down-list | |
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802 To move @emph{down} in the parenthesis structure, use @kbd{C-M-d} |
6b14cc47a4f2
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changeset
|
803 (@code{down-list}). In Lisp mode, where @samp{(} is the only opening |
6b14cc47a4f2
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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804 delimiter, this is nearly the same as searching for a @samp{(}. An |
6b14cc47a4f2
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
805 argument specifies the number of levels to go down. |
25829 | 806 |
807 @node Matching | |
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808 @subsection Automatic Display Of Matching Parentheses |
25829 | 809 @cindex matching parentheses |
810 @cindex parentheses, displaying matches | |
811 | |
812 The Emacs parenthesis-matching feature is designed to show | |
38212
6b14cc47a4f2
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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813 automatically how parentheses (and other matching delimiters) match in |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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parents:
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814 the text. Whenever you type a self-inserting character that is a |
6b14cc47a4f2
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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815 closing delimiter, the cursor moves momentarily to the location of the |
6b14cc47a4f2
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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816 matching opening delimiter, provided that is on the screen. If it is |
38867 | 817 not on the screen, Emacs displays some of the text near it in the echo |
818 area. Either way, you can tell which grouping you are closing off. | |
25829 | 819 |
38212
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820 If the opening delimiter and closing delimiter are mismatched---such |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
821 as in @samp{[x)}---a warning message is displayed in the echo area. |
25829 | 822 |
823 @vindex blink-matching-paren | |
824 @vindex blink-matching-paren-distance | |
825 @vindex blink-matching-delay | |
59461
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826 Three variables control parenthesis match display: |
26a204697252
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827 |
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828 @code{blink-matching-paren} turns the feature on or off: @code{nil} |
38212
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829 disables it, but the default is @code{t} to enable match display. |
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830 |
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831 @code{blink-matching-delay} says how many seconds to leave the |
38212
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
832 cursor on the matching opening delimiter, before bringing it back to |
38164
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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833 the real location of point; the default is 1, but on some systems it |
ec15967a5cf7
Add details about C-M-a and C-M-e.
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834 is useful to specify a fraction of a second. |
ec15967a5cf7
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835 |
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836 @code{blink-matching-paren-distance} specifies how many characters |
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Add details about C-M-a and C-M-e.
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837 back to search to find the matching opening delimiter. If the match |
38287 | 838 is not found in that distance, scanning stops, and nothing is displayed. |
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839 This is to prevent the scan for the matching delimiter from wasting |
38164
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840 lots of time when there is no match. The default is 25600. |
25829 | 841 |
842 @cindex Show Paren mode | |
34122
c42bb7d4437b
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Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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|
843 @cindex highlighting matching parentheses |
25829 | 844 @findex show-paren-mode |
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845 Show Paren mode provides a more powerful kind of automatic matching. |
6b14cc47a4f2
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846 Whenever point is after a closing delimiter, that delimiter and its |
6b14cc47a4f2
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
847 matching opening delimiter are both highlighted; otherwise, if point |
6b14cc47a4f2
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848 is before an opening delimiter, the matching closing delimiter is |
6b14cc47a4f2
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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849 highlighted. (There is no need to highlight the opening delimiter in |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
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850 that case, because the cursor appears on top of that character.) Use |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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851 the command @kbd{M-x show-paren-mode} to enable or disable this mode. |
34122
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parents:
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852 |
68697 | 853 Show Paren mode uses the faces @code{show-paren-match} and |
854 @code{show-paren-mismatch} to highlight parentheses; you can customize | |
855 them to control how highlighting looks. @xref{Face Customization}. | |
25829 | 856 |
857 @node Comments | |
858 @section Manipulating Comments | |
859 @cindex comments | |
860 | |
861 Because comments are such an important part of programming, Emacs | |
47502
e8faddf96f0f
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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862 provides special commands for editing and inserting comments. It can |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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863 also do spell checking on comments with Flyspell Prog mode |
e8faddf96f0f
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
864 (@pxref{Spelling}). |
25829 | 865 |
866 @menu | |
38212
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867 * Comment Commands:: Inserting, killing, and indenting comments. |
6b14cc47a4f2
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868 * Multi-Line Comments:: Commands for adding and editing multi-line comments. |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
869 * Options for Comments::Customizing the comment features. |
25829 | 870 @end menu |
871 | |
872 @node Comment Commands | |
873 @subsection Comment Commands | |
874 @cindex indentation for comments | |
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875 |
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876 The comment commands in this table insert, kill and align comments. |
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877 They are described in this section and following sections. |
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878 |
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879 @table @asis |
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880 @item @kbd{M-;} |
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881 Insert or realign comment on current line; alternatively, comment or |
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882 uncomment the region (@code{comment-dwim}). |
56086
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883 @item @kbd{C-u M-;} |
36183
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884 Kill comment on current line (@code{comment-kill}). |
56086
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|
885 @item @kbd{C-x ;} |
38018
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886 Set comment column (@code{comment-set-column}). |
56086
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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887 @item @kbd{C-M-j} |
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888 @itemx @kbd{M-j} |
25829 | 889 Like @key{RET} followed by inserting and aligning a comment |
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76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
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67513
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890 (@code{comment-indent-new-line}). @xref{Multi-Line Comments}. |
56086
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891 @item @kbd{M-x comment-region} |
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892 @itemx @kbd{C-c C-c} (in C-like modes) |
25829 | 893 Add or remove comment delimiters on all the lines in the region. |
894 @end table | |
895 | |
36183
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896 @kindex M-; |
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897 @findex comment-dwim |
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898 The command to create or align a comment is @kbd{M-;} |
d3f65290e6b2
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|
899 (@code{comment-dwim}). The word ``dwim'' is an acronym for ``Do What |
d3f65290e6b2
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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900 I Mean''; it indicates that this command can be used for many |
d3f65290e6b2
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|
901 different jobs relating to comments, depending on the situation where |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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902 you use it. |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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|
903 |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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|
904 If there is no comment already on the line, @kbd{M-;} inserts a new |
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|
905 comment, aligned at a specific column called the @dfn{comment column}. |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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906 The new comment begins with the string Emacs thinks comments should |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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diff
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|
907 start with (the value of @code{comment-start}; see below). Point is |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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diff
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|
908 after that string, so you can insert the text of the comment right |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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|
909 away. If the major mode has specified a string to terminate comments, |
68697 | 910 @kbd{M-;} inserts that after point, to keep the syntax valid. |
36183
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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|
911 |
68697 | 912 If the text of the line extends past the comment column, this |
913 command indents the comment start string to a suitable boundary | |
914 (usually, at least one space is inserted). | |
36183
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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|
915 |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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|
916 You can also use @kbd{M-;} to align an existing comment. If a line |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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|
917 already contains the comment-start string, @kbd{M-;} reindents it to |
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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parents:
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diff
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|
918 the conventional alignment and moves point after it. (Exception: |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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|
919 comments starting in column 0 are not moved.) Even when an existing |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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diff
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|
920 comment is properly aligned, @kbd{M-;} is still useful for moving |
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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diff
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|
921 directly to the start of the text inside the comment. |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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|
922 |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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|
923 @findex comment-kill |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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924 @kindex C-u M-; |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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925 @kbd{C-u M-;} kills any comment on the current line, along with the |
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|
926 whitespace before it. To reinsert the comment on another line, move |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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|
927 to the end of that line, do @kbd{C-y}, and then do @kbd{M-;} to |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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928 realign it. |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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|
929 |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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930 Note that @kbd{C-u M-;} is not a distinct key; it is @kbd{M-;} |
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|
931 (@code{comment-dwim}) with a prefix argument. That command is |
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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diff
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|
932 programmed so that when it receives a prefix argument it calls |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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|
933 @code{comment-kill}. However, @code{comment-kill} is a valid command |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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|
934 in its own right, and you can bind it directly to a key if you wish. |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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|
935 |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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|
936 @kbd{M-;} does two other jobs when used with an active region in |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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|
937 Transient Mark mode (@pxref{Transient Mark}). Then it either adds or |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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|
938 removes comment delimiters on each line of the region. (If every line |
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|
939 is a comment, it removes comment delimiters from each; otherwise, it |
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|
940 adds comment delimiters to each.) If you are not using Transient Mark |
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|
941 mode, then you should use the commands @code{comment-region} and |
68697 | 942 @code{uncomment-region} to do these jobs (@pxref{Multi-Line Comments}), |
943 or else enable Transient Mark mode momentarily (@pxref{Momentary Mark}). | |
36183
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944 A prefix argument used in these circumstances specifies how many |
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945 comment delimiters to add or how many to delete. |
25829 | 946 |
947 Some major modes have special rules for indenting certain kinds of | |
948 comments in certain contexts. For example, in Lisp code, comments which | |
949 start with two semicolons are indented as if they were lines of code, | |
950 instead of at the comment column. Comments which start with three | |
951 semicolons are supposed to start at the left margin. Emacs understands | |
952 these conventions by indenting a double-semicolon comment using @key{TAB}, | |
953 and by not changing the indentation of a triple-semicolon comment at all. | |
954 | |
955 @example | |
956 ;; This function is just an example | |
957 ;;; Here either two or three semicolons are appropriate. | |
958 (defun foo (x) | |
959 ;;; And now, the first part of the function: | |
960 ;; The following line adds one. | |
961 (1+ x)) ; This line adds one. | |
962 @end example | |
963 | |
68697 | 964 For C-like modes, you can configure the exact effect of @kbd{M-;} |
965 more flexibly than for most buffers by setting the variables | |
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Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
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966 @code{c-indent-comment-alist} and |
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967 @code{c-indent-comments-syntactically-p}. For example, on a line |
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968 ending in a closing brace, @kbd{M-;} puts the comment one space after |
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|
969 the brace rather than at @code{comment-column}. For full details see |
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970 @ref{Comment Commands,,, ccmode, The CC Mode Manual}. |
25829 | 971 |
972 @node Multi-Line Comments | |
973 @subsection Multiple Lines of Comments | |
974 | |
975 @kindex C-M-j | |
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976 @kindex M-j |
25829 | 977 @cindex blank lines in programs |
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978 @findex comment-indent-new-line |
67676
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979 |
25829 | 980 If you are typing a comment and wish to continue it on another line, |
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981 you can use the command @kbd{C-M-j} or @kbd{M-j} |
67683
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(Electric C): Delete the info about newline control.
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|
982 (@code{comment-indent-new-line}). If @code{comment-multi-line} |
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983 (@pxref{Options for Comments}) is non-@code{nil}, it moves to a new |
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|
984 line within the comment. Otherwise it closes the comment and starts a |
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(Electric C): Delete the info about newline control.
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diff
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|
985 new comment on a new line. When Auto Fill mode is on, going past the |
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(Electric C): Delete the info about newline control.
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diff
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|
986 fill column while typing a comment causes the comment to be continued |
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(Electric C): Delete the info about newline control.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
987 in just this fashion. |
25829 | 988 |
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Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
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989 @kindex C-c C-c (C mode) |
25829 | 990 @findex comment-region |
991 To turn existing lines into comment lines, use the @kbd{M-x | |
68697 | 992 comment-region} command (or type @kbd{C-c C-c} in C-like modes). It |
67676
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|
993 adds comment delimiters to the lines that start in the region, thus |
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|
994 commenting them out. With a negative argument, it does the |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
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|
995 opposite---it deletes comment delimiters from the lines in the region. |
25829 | 996 |
997 With a positive argument, @code{comment-region} duplicates the last | |
998 character of the comment start sequence it adds; the argument specifies | |
999 how many copies of the character to insert. Thus, in Lisp mode, | |
1000 @kbd{C-u 2 M-x comment-region} adds @samp{;;} to each line. Duplicating | |
1001 the comment delimiter is a way of calling attention to the comment. It | |
1002 can also affect how the comment is indented. In Lisp, for proper | |
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|
1003 indentation, you should use an argument of two or three, if between defuns; |
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|
1004 if within a defun, it must be three. |
25829 | 1005 |
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parents:
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|
1006 You can configure C Mode such that when you type a @samp{/} at the |
76931aba1936
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|
1007 start of a line in a multi-line block comment, this closes the |
76931aba1936
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|
1008 comment. Enable the @code{comment-close-slash} clean-up for this. |
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|
1009 @xref{Clean-ups,,, ccmode, The CC Mode Manual}. |
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|
1010 |
25829 | 1011 @node Options for Comments |
1012 @subsection Options Controlling Comments | |
1013 | |
1014 @vindex comment-column | |
1015 @kindex C-x ; | |
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Update various command names and variable defaults.
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|
1016 @findex comment-set-column |
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1017 The @dfn{comment column}, the column at which Emacs tries to place |
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1018 comments, is stored in the variable @code{comment-column}. You can |
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1019 set it to a number explicitly. Alternatively, the command @kbd{C-x ;} |
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1020 (@code{comment-set-column}) sets the comment column to the column |
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1021 point is at. @kbd{C-u C-x ;} sets the comment column to match the |
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1022 last comment before point in the buffer, and then does a @kbd{M-;} to |
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1023 align the current line's comment under the previous one. |
25829 | 1024 |
1025 The variable @code{comment-column} is per-buffer: setting the variable | |
1026 in the normal fashion affects only the current buffer, but there is a | |
1027 default value which you can change with @code{setq-default}. | |
1028 @xref{Locals}. Many major modes initialize this variable for the | |
1029 current buffer. | |
1030 | |
1031 @vindex comment-start-skip | |
1032 The comment commands recognize comments based on the regular | |
1033 expression that is the value of the variable @code{comment-start-skip}. | |
1034 Make sure this regexp does not match the null string. It may match more | |
1035 than the comment starting delimiter in the strictest sense of the word; | |
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1036 for example, in C mode the value of the variable is |
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1037 @c This stops M-q from breaking the line inside that @code. |
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1038 @code{@w{"/\\*+ *\\|//+ *"}}, which matches extra stars and spaces |
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1039 after the @samp{/*} itself, and accepts C++ style comments also. |
25829 | 1040 (Note that @samp{\\} is needed in Lisp syntax to include a @samp{\} in |
1041 the string, which is needed to deny the first star its special meaning | |
64920
e736a91dd7b5
(Options for Comments): Fix xref.
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diff
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|
1042 in regexp syntax. @xref{Regexp Backslash}.) |
25829 | 1043 |
1044 @vindex comment-start | |
1045 @vindex comment-end | |
1046 When a comment command makes a new comment, it inserts the value of | |
1047 @code{comment-start} to begin it. The value of @code{comment-end} is | |
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|
1048 inserted after point, so that it will follow the text that you will |
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|
1049 insert into the comment. When @code{comment-end} is non-empty, it |
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|
1050 should start with a space. For example, in C mode, |
375a247b599e
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|
1051 @code{comment-start} has the value @w{@code{"/* "}} and |
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1052 @code{comment-end} has the value @w{@code{" */"}}. |
25829 | 1053 |
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1054 @vindex comment-padding |
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1055 The variable @code{comment-padding} specifies how many spaces |
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1056 @code{comment-region} should insert on each line between the comment |
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1057 delimiter and the line's original text. The default is 1, to insert |
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1058 one space. @code{nil} means 0. Alternatively, @code{comment-padding} |
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|
1059 can hold the actual string to insert. |
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1060 |
25829 | 1061 @vindex comment-multi-line |
1062 The variable @code{comment-multi-line} controls how @kbd{C-M-j} | |
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c5c08e52e9d6
Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1063 (@code{indent-new-comment-line}) behaves when used inside a comment. |
67676
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
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|
1064 Specifically, when @code{comment-multi-line} is @code{nil}, the |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1065 command inserts a comment terminator, begins a new line, and finally |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1066 inserts a comment starter. Otherwise it does not insert the |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
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|
1067 terminator and starter, so it effectively continues the current |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1068 comment across multiple lines. In languages that allow multi-line |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1069 comments, the choice of value for this variable is a matter of taste. |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
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|
1070 The default for this variable depends on the major mode. |
25829 | 1071 |
41495 | 1072 @vindex comment-indent-function |
25829 | 1073 The variable @code{comment-indent-function} should contain a function |
1074 that will be called to compute the indentation for a newly inserted | |
1075 comment or for aligning an existing comment. It is set differently by | |
1076 various major modes. The function is called with no arguments, but with | |
1077 point at the beginning of the comment, or at the end of a line if a new | |
1078 comment is to be inserted. It should return the column in which the | |
1079 comment ought to start. For example, in Lisp mode, the indent hook | |
1080 function bases its decision on how many semicolons begin an existing | |
1081 comment, and on the code in the preceding lines. | |
1082 | |
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|
1083 @node Documentation |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1084 @section Documentation Lookup |
25829 | 1085 |
38212
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|
1086 Emacs provides several features you can use to look up the |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1087 documentation of functions, variables and commands that you plan to |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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|
1088 use in your program. |
25829 | 1089 |
38212
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|
1090 @menu |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1091 * Info Lookup:: Looking up library functions and commands |
6b14cc47a4f2
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parents:
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|
1092 in Info files. |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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|
1093 * Man Page:: Looking up man pages of library functions and commands. |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1094 * Lisp Doc:: Looking up Emacs Lisp functions, etc. |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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|
1095 @end menu |
25829 | 1096 |
38212
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|
1097 @node Info Lookup |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1098 @subsection Info Documentation Lookup |
27221
4a723a7bc25a
Mention outline-minor-mode, check-parens,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
26462
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|
1099 |
38212
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|
1100 @findex info-lookup-symbol |
6b14cc47a4f2
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parents:
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|
1101 @findex info-lookup-file |
56164
f5e9166d3954
(Info Lookup): Fix keybinding for
Jesper Harder <harder@ifa.au.dk>
parents:
56086
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|
1102 @kindex C-h S |
68697 | 1103 For many major modes, that apply to languages that have |
1104 documentation in Info, you can use @kbd{C-h S} | |
1105 (@code{info-lookup-symbol}) to view the Info documentation for a | |
1106 symbol used in the program. You specify the symbol with the | |
1107 minibuffer; the default is the symbol appearing in the buffer at | |
1108 point. For example, in C mode this looks for the symbol in the C | |
1109 Library Manual. The command only works if the appropriate manual's | |
1110 Info files are installed. | |
25829 | 1111 |
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1112 The major mode determines where to look for documentation for the |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
1113 symbol---which Info files to look in, and which indices to search. |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1114 You can also use @kbd{M-x info-lookup-file} to look for documentation |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1115 for a file name. |
6b14cc47a4f2
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parents:
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|
1116 |
68697 | 1117 If you use @kbd{C-h S} in a major mode that does not support it, |
1118 it asks you to specify the ``symbol help mode''. You should enter | |
1119 a command such as @code{c-mode} that would select a major | |
1120 mode which @kbd{C-h S} does support. | |
38212
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|
1121 |
6b14cc47a4f2
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1122 @node Man Page |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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|
1123 @subsection Man Page Lookup |
6b14cc47a4f2
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1124 |
38867 | 1125 @cindex manual page |
1126 On Unix, the main form of on-line documentation was the @dfn{manual | |
68697 | 1127 page} or @dfn{man page}. In the GNU operating system, we aim to |
38867 | 1128 replace man pages with better-organized manuals that you can browse |
1129 with Info (@pxref{Misc Help}). This process is not finished, so it is | |
1130 still useful to read manual pages. | |
25829 | 1131 |
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|
1132 @findex manual-entry |
38867 | 1133 You can read the man page for an operating system command, library |
56086
c5c08e52e9d6
Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1134 function, or system call, with the @kbd{M-x man} command. It |
38867 | 1135 runs the @code{man} program to format the man page; if the system |
1136 permits, it runs @code{man} asynchronously, so that you can keep on | |
1137 editing while the page is being formatted. (On MS-DOS and MS-Windows | |
1138 3, you cannot edit while Emacs waits for @code{man} to finish.) The | |
1139 result goes in a buffer named @samp{*Man @var{topic}*}. These buffers | |
1140 use a special major mode, Man mode, that facilitates scrolling and | |
1141 jumping to other manual pages. For details, type @kbd{C-h m} while in | |
1142 a man page buffer. | |
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|
1143 |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1144 @cindex sections of manual pages |
38867 | 1145 Each man page belongs to one of ten or more @dfn{sections}, each |
1146 named by a digit or by a digit and a letter. Sometimes there are | |
1147 multiple man pages with the same name in different sections. To read | |
1148 a man page from a specific section, type | |
38212
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|
1149 @samp{@var{topic}(@var{section})} or @samp{@var{section} @var{topic}} |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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|
1150 when @kbd{M-x manual-entry} prompts for the topic. For example, to |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1151 read the man page for the C library function @code{chmod} (as opposed |
38867 | 1152 to a command of the same name), type @kbd{M-x manual-entry @key{RET} |
68697 | 1153 chmod(2) @key{RET}}. (@code{chmod} is a system call, so it is in |
1154 section @samp{2}.) | |
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|
1155 |
38667
6ed2cc05e016
(Man Page): Mention the -a switch to `man' in a footnote.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1156 @vindex Man-switches |
38212
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|
1157 If you do not specify a section, the results depend on how the |
38667
6ed2cc05e016
(Man Page): Mention the -a switch to `man' in a footnote.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1158 @code{man} program works on your system. Some of them display only |
38212
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|
1159 the first man page they find. Others display all man pages that have |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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|
1160 the specified name, so you can move between them with the @kbd{M-n} |
38667
6ed2cc05e016
(Man Page): Mention the -a switch to `man' in a footnote.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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|
1161 and @kbd{M-p} keys@footnote{On some systems, the @code{man} program |
6ed2cc05e016
(Man Page): Mention the -a switch to `man' in a footnote.
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|
1162 accepts a @samp{-a} command-line option which tells it to display all |
6ed2cc05e016
(Man Page): Mention the -a switch to `man' in a footnote.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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|
1163 the man pages for the specified topic. If you want this behavior, you |
6ed2cc05e016
(Man Page): Mention the -a switch to `man' in a footnote.
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parents:
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|
1164 can add this option to the value of the variable @code{Man-switches}.}. |
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|
1165 The mode line shows how many manual pages are present in the Man buffer. |
38212
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|
1166 |
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|
1167 @vindex Man-fontify-manpage-flag |
38867 | 1168 By default, Emacs highlights the text in man pages. For a long man |
1169 page, highlighting can take substantial time. You can turn off | |
1170 highlighting of man pages by setting the variable | |
1171 @code{Man-fontify-manpage-flag} to @code{nil}. | |
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|
1172 |
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|
1173 @findex Man-fontify-manpage |
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|
1174 If you insert the text of a man page into an Emacs buffer in some |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1175 other fashion, you can use the command @kbd{M-x Man-fontify-manpage} to |
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|
1176 perform the same conversions that @kbd{M-x manual-entry} does. |
25829 | 1177 |
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|
1178 @findex woman |
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|
1179 @cindex manual pages, on MS-DOS/MS-Windows |
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|
1180 An alternative way of reading manual pages is the @kbd{M-x woman} |
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|
1181 command@footnote{The name of the command, @code{woman}, is an acronym |
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|
1182 for ``w/o (without) man,'' since it doesn't use the @code{man} |
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|
1183 program.}. Unlike @kbd{M-x man}, it does not run any external |
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|
1184 programs to format and display the man pages; instead it does the job |
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|
1185 in Emacs Lisp, so it works on systems such as MS-Windows, where the |
59371
364d233a8dc3
Minor typos corrected, and some small re-wording.
Stephen Eglen <stephen@gnu.org>
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|
1186 @code{man} program (and other programs it uses) are not generally |
38231
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1187 available. |
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1188 |
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1189 @kbd{M-x woman} prompts for a name of a manual page, and provides |
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1190 completion based on the list of manual pages that are installed on |
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1191 your machine; the list of available manual pages is computed |
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1192 automatically the first time you invoke @code{woman}. The word at |
a94c26975e95
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1193 point in the current buffer is used to suggest the default for the |
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1194 name the manual page. |
25829 | 1195 |
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1196 With a numeric argument, @kbd{M-x woman} recomputes the list of the |
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1197 manual pages used for completion. This is useful if you add or delete |
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1198 manual pages. |
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1199 |
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1200 If you type a name of a manual page and @kbd{M-x woman} finds that |
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1201 several manual pages by the same name exist in different sections, it |
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1202 pops up a window with possible candidates asking you to choose one of |
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1203 them. |
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|
1204 |
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1205 For more information about setting up and using @kbd{M-x woman}, see |
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1206 @ref{Top, WoMan, Browse UN*X Manual Pages WithOut Man, woman, The WoMan |
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1207 Manual}. |
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1208 |
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1209 @node Lisp Doc |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1210 @subsection Emacs Lisp Documentation Lookup |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1211 |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1212 As you edit Lisp code to be run in Emacs, you can use the commands |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1213 @kbd{C-h f} (@code{describe-function}) and @kbd{C-h v} |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1214 (@code{describe-variable}) to view documentation of functions and |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1215 variables that you want to use. These commands use the minibuffer to |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1216 read the name of a function or variable to document, and display the |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1217 documentation in a window. Their default arguments are based on the |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1218 code in the neighborhood of point. For @kbd{C-h f}, the default is |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1219 the function called in the innermost list containing point. @kbd{C-h |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1220 v} uses the symbol name around or adjacent to point as its default. |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1221 |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1222 @cindex Eldoc mode |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1223 @findex eldoc-mode |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1224 A more automatic but less powerful method is Eldoc mode. This minor |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1225 mode constantly displays in the echo area the argument list for the |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1226 function being called at point. (In other words, it finds the |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1227 function call that point is contained in, and displays the argument |
59461
26a204697252
Re-read for factual correctness; some lisp functions had changed, and
Stephen Eglen <stephen@gnu.org>
parents:
59371
diff
changeset
|
1228 list of that function.) If point is over a documented variable, it |
62482
8db373573379
(Lisp Doc): Eldoc mode shows only the first line of a variable's docstring.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
61133
diff
changeset
|
1229 shows the first line of the variable's docstring. Eldoc mode applies |
8db373573379
(Lisp Doc): Eldoc mode shows only the first line of a variable's docstring.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
61133
diff
changeset
|
1230 in Emacs Lisp and Lisp Interaction modes, and perhaps a few others |
8db373573379
(Lisp Doc): Eldoc mode shows only the first line of a variable's docstring.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
61133
diff
changeset
|
1231 that provide special support for looking up doc strings. Use the |
8db373573379
(Lisp Doc): Eldoc mode shows only the first line of a variable's docstring.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
61133
diff
changeset
|
1232 command @kbd{M-x eldoc-mode} to enable or disable this feature. |
25829 | 1233 |
28329
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1234 @node Hideshow |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1235 @section Hideshow minor mode |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1236 |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1237 @findex hs-minor-mode |
36183
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1238 Hideshow minor mode provides selective display of portions of a |
38212
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1239 program, known as @dfn{blocks}. You can use @kbd{M-x hs-minor-mode} |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1240 to enable or disable this mode, or add @code{hs-minor-mode} to the |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1241 mode hook for certain major modes in order to enable it automatically |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1242 for those modes. |
36183
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1243 |
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1244 Just what constitutes a block depends on the major mode. In C mode |
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1245 or C++ mode, they are delimited by braces, while in Lisp mode and |
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1246 similar modes they are delimited by parentheses. Multi-line comments |
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1247 also count as blocks. |
28329
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1248 |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1249 @findex hs-hide-all |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1250 @findex hs-hide-block |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1251 @findex hs-show-all |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1252 @findex hs-show-block |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1253 @findex hs-show-region |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1254 @findex hs-hide-level |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1255 @findex hs-minor-mode |
37997
c329103798cc
(Hideshow): Fix the docs of keybindings which used a single `@'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
37978
diff
changeset
|
1256 @kindex C-c @@ C-h |
c329103798cc
(Hideshow): Fix the docs of keybindings which used a single `@'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
37978
diff
changeset
|
1257 @kindex C-c @@ C-s |
c329103798cc
(Hideshow): Fix the docs of keybindings which used a single `@'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
37978
diff
changeset
|
1258 @kindex C-c @@ C-M-h |
c329103798cc
(Hideshow): Fix the docs of keybindings which used a single `@'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
37978
diff
changeset
|
1259 @kindex C-c @@ C-M-s |
c329103798cc
(Hideshow): Fix the docs of keybindings which used a single `@'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
37978
diff
changeset
|
1260 @kindex C-c @@ C-r |
c329103798cc
(Hideshow): Fix the docs of keybindings which used a single `@'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
37978
diff
changeset
|
1261 @kindex C-c @@ C-l |
36183
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1262 @kindex S-Mouse-2 |
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1263 @table @kbd |
37997
c329103798cc
(Hideshow): Fix the docs of keybindings which used a single `@'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
37978
diff
changeset
|
1264 @item C-c @@ C-h |
36183
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1265 Hide the current block (@code{hs-hide-block}). |
37997
c329103798cc
(Hideshow): Fix the docs of keybindings which used a single `@'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
37978
diff
changeset
|
1266 @item C-c @@ C-s |
36183
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1267 Show the current block (@code{hs-show-block}). |
37997
c329103798cc
(Hideshow): Fix the docs of keybindings which used a single `@'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
37978
diff
changeset
|
1268 @item C-c @@ C-c |
59371
364d233a8dc3
Minor typos corrected, and some small re-wording.
Stephen Eglen <stephen@gnu.org>
parents:
56809
diff
changeset
|
1269 Either hide or show the current block (@code{hs-toggle-hiding}). |
36183
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1270 @item S-Mouse-2 |
59371
364d233a8dc3
Minor typos corrected, and some small re-wording.
Stephen Eglen <stephen@gnu.org>
parents:
56809
diff
changeset
|
1271 Either hide or show the block you click on (@code{hs-mouse-toggle-hiding}). |
37997
c329103798cc
(Hideshow): Fix the docs of keybindings which used a single `@'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
37978
diff
changeset
|
1272 @item C-c @@ C-M-h |
36183
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1273 Hide all top-level blocks (@code{hs-hide-all}). |
37997
c329103798cc
(Hideshow): Fix the docs of keybindings which used a single `@'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
37978
diff
changeset
|
1274 @item C-c @@ C-M-s |
36183
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1275 Show everything in the buffer (@code{hs-show-all}). |
37997
c329103798cc
(Hideshow): Fix the docs of keybindings which used a single `@'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
37978
diff
changeset
|
1276 @item C-c @@ C-l |
36183
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1277 Hide all blocks @var{n} levels below this block |
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1278 (@code{hs-hide-level}). |
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1279 @end table |
28329
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1280 |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1281 @vindex hs-hide-comments-when-hiding-all |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1282 @vindex hs-isearch-open |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1283 @vindex hs-special-modes-alist |
59798
0816b427495a
Don't say just "option" when talking about variables.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
59475
diff
changeset
|
1284 These variables exist for customizing Hideshow mode. |
36183
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1285 |
28329
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1286 @table @code |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1287 @item hs-hide-comments-when-hiding-all |
36183
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1288 Non-@code{nil} says that @kbd{hs-hide-all} should hide comments too. |
38231
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38212
diff
changeset
|
1289 |
28329
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1290 @item hs-isearch-open |
68697 | 1291 Specifies what kind of hidden blocks incremental search should make |
1292 visible. The value should be one of these four symbols: | |
38231
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38212
diff
changeset
|
1293 |
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38212
diff
changeset
|
1294 @table @code |
38946
9a1045bcf43c
Update values of hs-isearch-open.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38871
diff
changeset
|
1295 @item code |
9a1045bcf43c
Update values of hs-isearch-open.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38871
diff
changeset
|
1296 Open only code blocks. |
38231
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38212
diff
changeset
|
1297 @item comment |
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38212
diff
changeset
|
1298 Open only comments. |
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38212
diff
changeset
|
1299 @item t |
38946
9a1045bcf43c
Update values of hs-isearch-open.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38871
diff
changeset
|
1300 Open both code blocks and comments. |
38231
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38212
diff
changeset
|
1301 @item nil |
38946
9a1045bcf43c
Update values of hs-isearch-open.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38871
diff
changeset
|
1302 Open neither code blocks nor comments. |
38231
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38212
diff
changeset
|
1303 @end table |
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38212
diff
changeset
|
1304 |
28329
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(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
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changeset
|
1305 @item hs-special-modes-alist |
38867 | 1306 A list of elements, each specifying how to initialize Hideshow |
38231
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38212
diff
changeset
|
1307 variables for one major mode. See the variable's documentation string |
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38212
diff
changeset
|
1308 for more information. |
28329
6e740f27f255
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Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1309 @end table |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1310 |
38212
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Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
1311 @node Symbol Completion |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1312 @section Completion for Symbol Names |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1313 @cindex completion (symbol names) |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1314 |
38867 | 1315 In Emacs, completion is something you normally do in the minibuffer. |
1316 But one kind of completion is available in all buffers: completion for | |
1317 symbol names. | |
38212
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1318 |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1319 @kindex M-TAB |
38867 | 1320 The character @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} runs a command to complete the |
1321 partial symbol before point against the set of meaningful symbol | |
1322 names. This command inserts at point any additional characters that | |
60112
7cb4576800fa
(Program Modes): Mention Python mode.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
59798
diff
changeset
|
1323 it can determine from the partial name. (If your window manager |
60434
e6fb531ca25b
(Symbol Completion): C-M-i like M-TAB.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
60112
diff
changeset
|
1324 defines @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} to switch windows, you can type |
e6fb531ca25b
(Symbol Completion): C-M-i like M-TAB.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
60112
diff
changeset
|
1325 @kbd{@key{ESC} @key{TAB}} or @kbd{C-M-i}.) |
38212
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1326 |
38867 | 1327 If the partial name in the buffer has multiple possible completions |
1328 that differ in the very next character, so that it is impossible to | |
1329 complete even one more character, @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} displays a list of | |
1330 all possible completions in another window. | |
38212
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1331 |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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parents:
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|
1332 @cindex tags-based completion |
6b14cc47a4f2
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1333 @cindex Info index completion |
6b14cc47a4f2
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1334 @findex complete-symbol |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
1335 In most programming language major modes, @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} runs the |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1336 command @code{complete-symbol}, which provides two kinds of completion. |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1337 Normally it does completion based on a tags table (@pxref{Tags}); with a |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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parents:
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diff
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|
1338 numeric argument (regardless of the value), it does completion based on |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1339 the names listed in the Info file indexes for your language. Thus, to |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1340 complete the name of a symbol defined in your own program, use |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
1341 @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} with no argument; to complete the name of a standard |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1342 library function, use @kbd{C-u M-@key{TAB}}. Of course, Info-based |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1343 completion works only if there is an Info file for the standard library |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1344 functions of your language, and only if it is installed at your site. |
6b14cc47a4f2
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1345 |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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|
1346 @cindex Lisp symbol completion |
6b14cc47a4f2
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1347 @cindex completion (Lisp symbols) |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1348 @findex lisp-complete-symbol |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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parents:
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|
1349 In Emacs-Lisp mode, the name space for completion normally consists of |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1350 nontrivial symbols present in Emacs---those that have function |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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parents:
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|
1351 definitions, values or properties. However, if there is an |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1352 open-parenthesis immediately before the beginning of the partial symbol, |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1353 only symbols with function definitions are considered as completions. |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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|
1354 The command which implements this is @code{lisp-complete-symbol}. |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1355 |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1356 In Text mode and related modes, @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} completes words |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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|
1357 based on the spell-checker's dictionary. @xref{Spelling}. |
6b14cc47a4f2
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1358 |
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Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
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|
1359 @node Glasses |
6c6b0162bae2
Tidy up previous additions. List more languages. Glasses mode.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
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1360 @section Glasses minor mode |
6c6b0162bae2
Tidy up previous additions. List more languages. Glasses mode.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
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|
1361 @cindex Glasses mode |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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1362 @cindex identifiers, making long ones readable |
d3f65290e6b2
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parents:
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1363 @cindex StudlyCaps, making them readable |
30810
6c6b0162bae2
Tidy up previous additions. List more languages. Glasses mode.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1364 @findex glasses-mode |
6c6b0162bae2
Tidy up previous additions. List more languages. Glasses mode.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1365 |
36183
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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1366 Glasses minor mode makes @samp{unreadableIdentifiersLikeThis} |
38867 | 1367 readable by altering the way they display. It knows two different |
1368 ways to do this: by displaying underscores between a lower-case letter | |
1369 and the following capital letter, and by emboldening the capital | |
1370 letters. It does not alter the buffer text, only the way they | |
1371 display, so you can use it even on read-only buffers. You can use the | |
1372 command @kbd{M-x glasses-mode} to enable or disable the mode in the | |
1373 current buffer; you can also add @code{glasses-mode} to the mode hook | |
1374 of the programming language major modes in which you normally want | |
49600
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Trailing whitespace deleted.
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
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|
1375 to use Glasses mode. |
30810
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Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1376 |
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|
1377 @node Misc for Programs |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1378 @section Other Features Useful for Editing Programs |
36183
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1379 |
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1380 A number of Emacs commands that aren't designed specifically for |
38867 | 1381 editing programs are useful for that nonetheless. |
26292
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Last changes for etags (I hope).
Francesco Potortì <pot@gnu.org>
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|
1382 |
38212
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|
1383 The Emacs commands that operate on words, sentences and paragraphs |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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parents:
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|
1384 are useful for editing code. Most symbols names contain words |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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parents:
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|
1385 (@pxref{Words}); sentences can be found in strings and comments |
38867 | 1386 (@pxref{Sentences}). Paragraphs in the strict sense can be found in |
38212
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|
1387 program code (in long comments), but the paragraph commands are useful |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1388 in other places too, because programming language major modes define |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
1389 paragraphs to begin and end at blank lines (@pxref{Paragraphs}). |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1390 Judicious use of blank lines to make the program clearer will also |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1391 provide useful chunks of text for the paragraph commands to work on. |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1392 Auto Fill mode, if enabled in a programming language major mode, |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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parents:
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|
1393 indents the new lines which it creates. |
25829 | 1394 |
38212
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|
1395 The selective display feature is useful for looking at the overall |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1396 structure of a function (@pxref{Selective Display}). This feature |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1397 hides the lines that are indented more than a specified amount. |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1398 Programming modes often support Outline minor mode (@pxref{Outline |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1399 Mode}). The Foldout package provides folding-editor features |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1400 (@pxref{Foldout}). |
25829 | 1401 |
38212
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|
1402 The ``automatic typing'' features may be useful for writing programs. |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1403 @xref{Top,,Autotyping, autotype, Autotyping}. |
25829 | 1404 |
1405 @node C Modes | |
1406 @section C and Related Modes | |
1407 @cindex C mode | |
1408 @cindex Java mode | |
1409 @cindex Pike mode | |
1410 @cindex IDL mode | |
1411 @cindex CORBA IDL mode | |
1412 @cindex Objective C mode | |
1413 @cindex C++ mode | |
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Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1414 @cindex AWK mode |
25829 | 1415 @cindex mode, Java |
1416 @cindex mode, C | |
56086
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Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1417 @cindex mode, C++ |
25829 | 1418 @cindex mode, Objective C |
1419 @cindex mode, CORBA IDL | |
1420 @cindex mode, Pike | |
56086
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Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1421 @cindex mode, AWK |
25829 | 1422 |
36183
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1423 This section gives a brief description of the special features |
56086
c5c08e52e9d6
Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1424 available in C, C++, Objective-C, Java, CORBA IDL, Pike and AWK modes. |
53386
8bacf8f6aa0c
(C Modes): Fix the xref.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@is.elta.co.il>
parents:
52401
diff
changeset
|
1425 (These are called ``C mode and related modes.'') @xref{Top, , CC Mode, |
8bacf8f6aa0c
(C Modes): Fix the xref.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@is.elta.co.il>
parents:
52401
diff
changeset
|
1426 ccmode, CC Mode}, for a more extensive description of these modes |
36183
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1427 and their special features. |
28329
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
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27221
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|
1428 |
25829 | 1429 @menu |
56086
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Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
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|
1430 * Motion in C:: Commands to move by C statements, etc. |
c5c08e52e9d6
Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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1431 * Electric C:: Colon and other chars can automatically reindent. |
c5c08e52e9d6
Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
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|
1432 * Hungry Delete:: A more powerful DEL command. |
c5c08e52e9d6
Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
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|
1433 * Other C Commands:: Filling comments, viewing expansion of macros, |
c5c08e52e9d6
Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
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|
1434 and other neat features. |
25829 | 1435 @end menu |
1436 | |
1437 @node Motion in C | |
1438 @subsection C Mode Motion Commands | |
1439 | |
1440 This section describes commands for moving point, in C mode and | |
1441 related modes. | |
1442 | |
1443 @table @code | |
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Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1444 @item M-x c-beginning-of-defun |
c5c08e52e9d6
Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
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1445 @itemx M-x c-end-of-defun |
c5c08e52e9d6
Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
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1446 @findex c-beginning-of-defun |
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Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
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1447 @findex c-end-of-defun |
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Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
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|
1448 Move point to the beginning or end of the current function or |
c5c08e52e9d6
Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
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|
1449 top-level definition. These are found by searching for the least |
c5c08e52e9d6
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1450 enclosing braces. (By contrast, @code{beginning-of-defun} and |
c5c08e52e9d6
Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
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|
1451 @code{end-of-defun} search for braces in column zero.) If you are |
c5c08e52e9d6
Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1452 editing code where the opening brace of a function isn't placed in |
c5c08e52e9d6
Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
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|
1453 column zero, you may wish to bind @code{C-M-a} and @code{C-M-e} to |
c5c08e52e9d6
Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
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|
1454 these commands. @xref{Moving by Defuns}. |
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Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
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1455 |
25829 | 1456 @item C-c C-u |
1457 @kindex C-c C-u @r{(C mode)} | |
1458 @findex c-up-conditional | |
1459 Move point back to the containing preprocessor conditional, leaving the | |
1460 mark behind. A prefix argument acts as a repeat count. With a negative | |
1461 argument, move point forward to the end of the containing | |
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1462 preprocessor conditional. |
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1463 |
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|
1464 @samp{#elif} is equivalent to @samp{#else} followed by @samp{#if}, so |
c5c08e52e9d6
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1465 the function will stop at a @samp{#elif} when going backward, but not |
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1466 when going forward. |
25829 | 1467 |
1468 @item C-c C-p | |
1469 @kindex C-c C-p @r{(C mode)} | |
1470 @findex c-backward-conditional | |
1471 Move point back over a preprocessor conditional, leaving the mark | |
1472 behind. A prefix argument acts as a repeat count. With a negative | |
1473 argument, move forward. | |
1474 | |
1475 @item C-c C-n | |
1476 @kindex C-c C-n @r{(C mode)} | |
1477 @findex c-forward-conditional | |
1478 Move point forward across a preprocessor conditional, leaving the mark | |
1479 behind. A prefix argument acts as a repeat count. With a negative | |
1480 argument, move backward. | |
1481 | |
1482 @item M-a | |
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Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
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|
1483 @kindex M-a (C mode) |
25829 | 1484 @findex c-beginning-of-statement |
1485 Move point to the beginning of the innermost C statement | |
1486 (@code{c-beginning-of-statement}). If point is already at the beginning | |
1487 of a statement, move to the beginning of the preceding statement. With | |
1488 prefix argument @var{n}, move back @var{n} @minus{} 1 statements. | |
1489 | |
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Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
54272
diff
changeset
|
1490 In comments or in strings which span more than one line, this command |
c5c08e52e9d6
Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
54272
diff
changeset
|
1491 moves by sentences instead of statements. |
25829 | 1492 |
1493 @item M-e | |
56086
c5c08e52e9d6
Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
54272
diff
changeset
|
1494 @kindex M-e (C mode) |
25829 | 1495 @findex c-end-of-statement |
56086
c5c08e52e9d6
Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
54272
diff
changeset
|
1496 Move point to the end of the innermost C statement or sentence; like |
c5c08e52e9d6
Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
54272
diff
changeset
|
1497 @kbd{M-a} except that it moves in the other direction |
c5c08e52e9d6
Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
54272
diff
changeset
|
1498 (@code{c-end-of-statement}). |
25829 | 1499 @end table |
1500 | |
1501 @node Electric C | |
1502 @subsection Electric C Characters | |
1503 | |
1504 In C mode and related modes, certain printing characters are | |
67676
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1505 @dfn{electric}---in addition to inserting themselves, they also |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1506 reindent the current line, and optionally also insert newlines. The |
60112
7cb4576800fa
(Program Modes): Mention Python mode.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
59798
diff
changeset
|
1507 ``electric'' characters are @kbd{@{}, @kbd{@}}, @kbd{:}, @kbd{#}, |
7cb4576800fa
(Program Modes): Mention Python mode.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
59798
diff
changeset
|
1508 @kbd{;}, @kbd{,}, @kbd{<}, @kbd{>}, @kbd{/}, @kbd{*}, @kbd{(}, and |
67683
6fc6fd3c71cd
(Electric C): Delete the info about newline control.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
67676
diff
changeset
|
1509 @kbd{)}. |
67676
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1510 |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1511 You might find electric indentation inconvenient if you are editing |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1512 chaotically indented code. If you are new to CC Mode, you might find |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1513 it disconcerting. You can toggle electric action with the command |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1514 @kbd{C-c C-l}; when it is enabled, @samp{/l} appears in the mode line |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1515 after the mode name: |
25829 | 1516 |
67676
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1517 @table @kbd |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1518 @item C-c C-l |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1519 @kindex C-c C-l @r{(C mode)} |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1520 @findex c-toggle-electric-state |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1521 Toggle electric action (@code{c-toggle-electric-state}). With a |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1522 prefix argument, this command enables electric action if the argument |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1523 is positive, disables it if it is negative. |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1524 @end table |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1525 |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1526 Electric characters insert newlines only when, in addition to the |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1527 electric state, the @dfn{auto-newline} feature is enabled (indicated |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1528 by @samp{/la} in the mode line after the mode name). You can turn |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1529 this feature on or off with the command @kbd{C-c C-a}: |
25829 | 1530 |
1531 @table @kbd | |
1532 @item C-c C-a | |
1533 @kindex C-c C-a @r{(C mode)} | |
67676
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1534 @findex c-toggle-auto-newline |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1535 Toggle the auto-newline feature (@code{c-toggle-auto-newline}). With a |
25829 | 1536 prefix argument, this command turns the auto-newline feature on if the |
1537 argument is positive, and off if it is negative. | |
1538 @end table | |
1539 | |
67683
6fc6fd3c71cd
(Electric C): Delete the info about newline control.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
67676
diff
changeset
|
1540 Usually the CC Mode style configures the exact circumstances in |
6fc6fd3c71cd
(Electric C): Delete the info about newline control.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
67676
diff
changeset
|
1541 which Emacs inserts auto-newlines. You can also configure this |
6fc6fd3c71cd
(Electric C): Delete the info about newline control.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
67676
diff
changeset
|
1542 directly. @xref{Custom Auto-newlines,,, ccmode, The CC Mode Manual}. |
25829 | 1543 |
1544 @node Hungry Delete | |
1545 @subsection Hungry Delete Feature in C | |
56086
c5c08e52e9d6
Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
54272
diff
changeset
|
1546 @cindex hungry deletion (C Mode) |
25829 | 1547 |
67676
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1548 If you want to delete an entire block of whitespace at point, you |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1549 can use @dfn{hungry deletion}. This deletes all the contiguous |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1550 whitespace either before point or after point in a single operation. |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1551 @dfn{Whitespace} here includes tabs and newlines, but not comments or |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1552 preprocessor commands. |
25829 | 1553 |
1554 @table @kbd | |
67676
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1555 @item C-c C-@key{BS} |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1556 @itemx C-c @key{BS} |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1557 @findex c-hungry-backspace |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1558 @kindex C-c C-@key{BS} (C Mode) |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1559 @kindex C-c @key{BS} (C Mode) |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1560 @code{c-hungry-backspace}---Delete the entire block of whitespace |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1561 preceding point. |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1562 |
25829 | 1563 @item C-c C-d |
67676
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1564 @itemx C-c C-@key{DEL} |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1565 @itemx C-c @key{DEL} |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1566 @findex c-hungry-delete-forward |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1567 @kindex C-c C-d (C Mode) |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1568 @kindex C-c C-@key{DEL} (C Mode) |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1569 @kindex C-c @key{DEL} (C Mode) |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1570 @code{c-hungry-delete-forward}---Delete the entire block of whitespace |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1571 following point. |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1572 @end table |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1573 |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1574 As an alternative to the above commands, you can enable @dfn{hungry |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1575 delete mode}. When this feature is enabled (indicated by @samp{/h} in |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1576 the mode line after the mode name), a single @key{BS} command deletes |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1577 all preceding whitespace, not just one space, and a single @kbd{C-c |
68257
60492fe37343
(Hungry Delete): Upcase @key argument.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
67683
diff
changeset
|
1578 C-d} (but @emph{not} @key{DELETE}) deletes all following whitespace. |
67676
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1579 |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1580 @table @kbd |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1581 @item M-x c-toggle-hungry-state |
25829 | 1582 @findex c-toggle-hungry-state |
67676
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1583 Toggle the hungry-delete feature |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1584 (@code{c-toggle-hungry-state})@footnote{This command had the binding |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1585 @kbd{C-c C-d} in earlier versions of Emacs. @kbd{C-c C-d} is now |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1586 bound to @code{c-hungry-delete-forward}.}. With a prefix argument, |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1587 this command turns the hungry-delete feature on if the argument is |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1588 positive, and off if it is negative. |
25829 | 1589 @end table |
1590 | |
1591 @vindex c-hungry-delete-key | |
1592 The variable @code{c-hungry-delete-key} controls whether the | |
1593 hungry-delete feature is enabled. | |
1594 | |
1595 @node Other C Commands | |
1596 @subsection Other Commands for C Mode | |
1597 | |
1598 @table @kbd | |
67676
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1599 @item C-c C-w |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1600 @itemx M-x c-subword-mode |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1601 @findex c-subword-mode |
67683
6fc6fd3c71cd
(Electric C): Delete the info about newline control.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
67676
diff
changeset
|
1602 Enable (or disable) @dfn{subword mode}. In subword mode, Emacs's word |
6fc6fd3c71cd
(Electric C): Delete the info about newline control.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
67676
diff
changeset
|
1603 commands then recognize upper case letters in |
6fc6fd3c71cd
(Electric C): Delete the info about newline control.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
67676
diff
changeset
|
1604 @samp{StudlyCapsIdentifiers} as word boundaries. This is indicated by |
6fc6fd3c71cd
(Electric C): Delete the info about newline control.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
67676
diff
changeset
|
1605 the flag @samp{/w} on the mode line after the mode name |
6fc6fd3c71cd
(Electric C): Delete the info about newline control.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
67676
diff
changeset
|
1606 (e.g. @samp{C/law}). You can even use @kbd{M-x c-subword-mode} in |
6fc6fd3c71cd
(Electric C): Delete the info about newline control.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
67676
diff
changeset
|
1607 non-CC Mode buffers. |
67676
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1608 |
68697 | 1609 In the GNU project, we recommend using underscores to separate words |
1610 within an identifier in C or C++, rather than using case distinctions. | |
1611 | |
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Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
54272
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changeset
|
1612 @item M-x c-context-line-break |
c5c08e52e9d6
Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
54272
diff
changeset
|
1613 @findex c-context-line-break |
c5c08e52e9d6
Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
54272
diff
changeset
|
1614 This command inserts a line break and indents the new line in a manner |
c5c08e52e9d6
Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
54272
diff
changeset
|
1615 appropriate to the context. In normal code, it does the work of |
c5c08e52e9d6
Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
54272
diff
changeset
|
1616 @kbd{C-j} (@code{newline-and-indent}), in a C preprocessor line it |
c5c08e52e9d6
Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
54272
diff
changeset
|
1617 additionally inserts a @samp{\} at the line break, and within comments |
c5c08e52e9d6
Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
54272
diff
changeset
|
1618 it's like @kbd{M-j} (@code{c-indent-new-comment-line}). |
c5c08e52e9d6
Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1619 |
c5c08e52e9d6
Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
54272
diff
changeset
|
1620 @code{c-context-line-break} isn't bound to a key by default, but it |
c5c08e52e9d6
Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
54272
diff
changeset
|
1621 needs a binding to be useful. The following code will bind it to |
67676
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
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changeset
|
1622 @kbd{C-j}. We use @code{c-initialization-hook} here to make sure |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1623 the keymap is loaded before we try to change it. |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1624 |
56086
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
54272
diff
changeset
|
1625 @example |
67676
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1626 (defun my-bind-clb () |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1627 (define-key c-mode-base-map "\C-j" 'c-context-line-break)) |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1628 (add-hook 'c-initialization-hook 'my-bind-clb) |
56086
c5c08e52e9d6
Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
54272
diff
changeset
|
1629 @end example |
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1630 |
25829 | 1631 @item C-M-h |
1632 Put mark at the end of a function definition, and put point at the | |
1633 beginning (@code{c-mark-function}). | |
1634 | |
1635 @item M-q | |
1636 @kindex M-q @r{(C mode)} | |
1637 @findex c-fill-paragraph | |
1638 Fill a paragraph, handling C and C++ comments (@code{c-fill-paragraph}). | |
1639 If any part of the current line is a comment or within a comment, this | |
1640 command fills the comment or the paragraph of it that point is in, | |
1641 preserving the comment indentation and comment delimiters. | |
1642 | |
1643 @item C-c C-e | |
1644 @cindex macro expansion in C | |
1645 @cindex expansion of C macros | |
1646 @findex c-macro-expand | |
1647 @kindex C-c C-e @r{(C mode)} | |
1648 Run the C preprocessor on the text in the region, and show the result, | |
1649 which includes the expansion of all the macro calls | |
1650 (@code{c-macro-expand}). The buffer text before the region is also | |
1651 included in preprocessing, for the sake of macros defined there, but the | |
1652 output from this part isn't shown. | |
1653 | |
1654 When you are debugging C code that uses macros, sometimes it is hard to | |
1655 figure out precisely how the macros expand. With this command, you | |
1656 don't have to figure it out; you can see the expansions. | |
1657 | |
1658 @item C-c C-\ | |
1659 @findex c-backslash-region | |
1660 @kindex C-c C-\ @r{(C mode)} | |
1661 Insert or align @samp{\} characters at the ends of the lines of the | |
1662 region (@code{c-backslash-region}). This is useful after writing or | |
1663 editing a C macro definition. | |
1664 | |
1665 If a line already ends in @samp{\}, this command adjusts the amount of | |
1666 whitespace before it. Otherwise, it inserts a new @samp{\}. However, | |
1667 the last line in the region is treated specially; no @samp{\} is | |
1668 inserted on that line, and any @samp{\} there is deleted. | |
1669 | |
1670 @item M-x cpp-highlight-buffer | |
1671 @cindex preprocessor highlighting | |
1672 @findex cpp-highlight-buffer | |
1673 Highlight parts of the text according to its preprocessor conditionals. | |
1674 This command displays another buffer named @samp{*CPP Edit*}, which | |
1675 serves as a graphic menu for selecting how to display particular kinds | |
1676 of conditionals and their contents. After changing various settings, | |
1677 click on @samp{[A]pply these settings} (or go to that buffer and type | |
1678 @kbd{a}) to rehighlight the C mode buffer accordingly. | |
1679 | |
1680 @item C-c C-s | |
1681 @findex c-show-syntactic-information | |
1682 @kindex C-c C-s @r{(C mode)} | |
1683 Display the syntactic information about the current source line | |
59461
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1684 (@code{c-show-syntactic-information}). This information directs how |
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1685 the line is indented. |
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1686 |
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1687 @item M-x cwarn-mode |
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1688 @itemx M-x global-cwarn-mode |
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1689 @findex cwarn-mode |
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1690 @findex global-cwarn-mode |
56086
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1691 @vindex global-cwarn-mode |
30810
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1692 @cindex CWarn mode |
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1693 @cindex suspicious constructions in C, C++ |
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1694 CWarn minor mode highlights certain suspicious C and C++ constructions: |
30810
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1695 |
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1696 @itemize @bullet{} |
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1697 @item |
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1698 Assignments inside expressions. |
30810
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1699 @item |
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1700 Semicolon following immediately after @samp{if}, @samp{for}, and @samp{while} |
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1701 (except after a @samp{do @dots{} while} statement); |
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1702 @item |
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1703 C++ functions with reference parameters. |
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1704 @end itemize |
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1705 |
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1706 @noindent |
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1707 You can enable the mode for one buffer with the command @kbd{M-x |
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1708 cwarn-mode}, or for all suitable buffers with the command @kbd{M-x |
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1709 global-cwarn-mode} or by customizing the variable |
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1710 @code{global-cwarn-mode}. You must also enable Font Lock mode to make |
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|
1711 it work. |
30810
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1712 |
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1713 @item M-x hide-ifdef-mode |
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1714 @findex hide-ifdef-mode |
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|
1715 @cindex Hide-ifdef mode |
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|
1716 Hide-ifdef minor mode hides selected code within @samp{#if} and |
36183
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1717 @samp{#ifdef} preprocessor blocks. See the documentation string of |
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1718 @code{hide-ifdef-mode} for more information. |
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1719 |
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1720 @item M-x ff-find-related-file |
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1721 @cindex related files |
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1722 @findex ff-find-related-file |
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1723 @vindex ff-related-file-alist |
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1724 Find a file ``related'' in a special way to the file visited by the |
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1725 current buffer. Typically this will be the header file corresponding |
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1726 to a C/C++ source file, or vice versa. The variable |
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1727 @code{ff-related-file-alist} specifies how to compute related file |
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1728 names. |
25829 | 1729 @end table |
1730 | |
1731 @node Fortran | |
1732 @section Fortran Mode | |
1733 @cindex Fortran mode | |
1734 @cindex mode, Fortran | |
1735 | |
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1736 Fortran mode provides special motion commands for Fortran statements |
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1737 and subprograms, and indentation commands that understand Fortran |
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|
1738 conventions of nesting, line numbers and continuation statements. |
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1739 Fortran mode has support for Auto Fill mode that breaks long lines into |
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1740 proper Fortran continuation lines. |
25829 | 1741 |
1742 Special commands for comments are provided because Fortran comments | |
1743 are unlike those of other languages. Built-in abbrevs optionally save | |
1744 typing when you insert Fortran keywords. | |
1745 | |
1746 Use @kbd{M-x fortran-mode} to switch to this major mode. This command | |
1747 runs the hook @code{fortran-mode-hook} (@pxref{Hooks}). | |
1748 | |
36263
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Remove redundant index entries.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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1749 @cindex Fortran77 and Fortran90 |
26106 | 1750 @findex f90-mode |
1751 @findex fortran-mode | |
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1752 Fortran mode is meant for editing Fortran77 ``fixed format'' (and also |
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|
1753 ``tab format'') source code. For editing the modern Fortran90 or |
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1754 Fortran95 ``free format'' source code, use F90 mode (@code{f90-mode}). |
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1755 Emacs normally uses Fortran mode for files with extension @samp{.f}, |
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|
1756 @samp{.F} or @samp{.for}, and F90 mode for the extension @samp{.f90} and |
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|
1757 @samp{.f95}. GNU Fortran supports both kinds of format. |
26106 | 1758 |
25829 | 1759 @menu |
1760 * Motion: Fortran Motion. Moving point by statements or subprograms. | |
1761 * Indent: Fortran Indent. Indentation commands for Fortran. | |
1762 * Comments: Fortran Comments. Inserting and aligning comments. | |
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1763 * Autofill: Fortran Autofill. Auto fill support for Fortran. |
25829 | 1764 * Columns: Fortran Columns. Measuring columns for valid Fortran. |
1765 * Abbrev: Fortran Abbrev. Built-in abbrevs for Fortran keywords. | |
1766 @end menu | |
1767 | |
1768 @node Fortran Motion | |
1769 @subsection Motion Commands | |
1770 | |
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1771 In addition to the normal commands for moving by and operating on |
61021
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|
1772 ``defuns'' (Fortran subprograms---functions and subroutines, as well as |
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|
1773 modules for F90 mode), Fortran mode provides special commands to move by |
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1774 statements and other program units. |
25829 | 1775 |
1776 @table @kbd | |
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1777 @kindex C-c C-n @r{(Fortran mode)} |
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1778 @findex fortran-next-statement |
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1779 @findex f90-next-statement |
25829 | 1780 @item C-c C-n |
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1781 Move to the beginning of the next statement |
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1782 (@code{fortran-next-statement}/@code{f90-next-statement}). |
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1783 |
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1784 @kindex C-c C-p @r{(Fortran mode)} |
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1785 @findex fortran-previous-statement |
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1786 @findex f90-previous-statement |
25829 | 1787 @item C-c C-p |
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1788 Move to the beginning of the previous statement |
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1789 (@code{fortran-previous-statement}/@code{f90-previous-statement}). |
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1790 If there is no previous statement (i.e. if called from the first |
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|
1791 statement in the buffer), move to the start of the buffer. |
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1792 |
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1793 @kindex C-c C-e @r{(F90 mode)} |
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1794 @findex f90-next-block |
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1795 @item C-c C-e |
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1796 Move point forward to the start of the next code block |
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1797 (@code{f90-next-block}). A code block is a subroutine, |
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1798 @code{if}--@code{endif} statement, and so forth. This command exists |
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1799 for F90 mode only, not Fortran mode. With a numeric argument, this |
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1800 moves forward that many blocks. |
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|
1801 |
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1802 @kindex C-c C-a @r{(F90 mode)} |
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1803 @findex f90-previous-block |
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1804 @item C-c C-a |
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1805 Move point backward to the previous code block |
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|
1806 (@code{f90-previous-block}). This is like @code{f90-next-block}, but |
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|
1807 moves backwards. |
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1808 |
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1809 @kindex C-M-n @r{(Fortran mode)} |
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1810 @findex fortran-end-of-block |
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1811 @findex f90-end-of-block |
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1812 @item C-M-n |
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1813 Move to the end of the current code block |
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1814 (@code{fortran-end-of-block}/@code{f90-end-of-block}). With a numeric |
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1815 agument, move forward that number of blocks. The mark is set before |
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1816 moving point. The F90 mode version of this command checks for |
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1817 consistency of block types and labels (if present), but it does not |
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1818 check the outermost block since that may be incomplete. |
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1819 |
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1820 @kindex C-M-p @r{(Fortran mode)} |
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1821 @findex fortran-beginning-of-block |
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1822 @findex f90-beginning-of-block |
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1823 @item C-M-p |
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1824 Move to the start of the current code block |
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1825 (@code{fortran-beginning-of-block}/@code{f90-beginning-of-block}). This |
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1826 is like @code{fortran-end-of-block}, but moves backwards. |
25829 | 1827 @end table |
1828 | |
1829 @node Fortran Indent | |
1830 @subsection Fortran Indentation | |
1831 | |
1832 Special commands and features are needed for indenting Fortran code in | |
1833 order to make sure various syntactic entities (line numbers, comment line | |
1834 indicators and continuation line flags) appear in the columns that are | |
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1835 required for standard, fixed (or tab) format Fortran. |
25829 | 1836 |
1837 @menu | |
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1838 * Commands: ForIndent Commands. Commands for indenting and filling Fortran. |
25829 | 1839 * Contline: ForIndent Cont. How continuation lines indent. |
1840 * Numbers: ForIndent Num. How line numbers auto-indent. | |
1841 * Conv: ForIndent Conv. Conventions you must obey to avoid trouble. | |
1842 * Vars: ForIndent Vars. Variables controlling Fortran indent style. | |
1843 @end menu | |
1844 | |
1845 @node ForIndent Commands | |
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1846 @subsubsection Fortran Indentation and Filling Commands |
25829 | 1847 |
1848 @table @kbd | |
1849 @item C-M-j | |
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1850 Break the current line at point and set up a continuation line |
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1851 (@code{fortran-split-line}). |
25829 | 1852 @item M-^ |
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1853 Join this line to the previous line (@code{fortran-join-line}). |
25829 | 1854 @item C-M-q |
1855 Indent all the lines of the subprogram point is in | |
1856 (@code{fortran-indent-subprogram}). | |
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1857 @item M-q |
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1858 Fill a comment block or statement. |
25829 | 1859 @end table |
1860 | |
1861 @kindex C-M-q @r{(Fortran mode)} | |
1862 @findex fortran-indent-subprogram | |
1863 The key @kbd{C-M-q} runs @code{fortran-indent-subprogram}, a command | |
1864 to reindent all the lines of the Fortran subprogram (function or | |
1865 subroutine) containing point. | |
1866 | |
1867 @kindex C-M-j @r{(Fortran mode)} | |
1868 @findex fortran-split-line | |
1869 The key @kbd{C-M-j} runs @code{fortran-split-line}, which splits | |
1870 a line in the appropriate fashion for Fortran. In a non-comment line, | |
1871 the second half becomes a continuation line and is indented | |
1872 accordingly. In a comment line, both halves become separate comment | |
1873 lines. | |
1874 | |
1875 @kindex M-^ @r{(Fortran mode)} | |
26106 | 1876 @kindex C-c C-d @r{(Fortran mode)} |
1877 @findex fortran-join-line | |
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1878 @kbd{M-^} or @kbd{C-c C-d} runs the command @code{fortran-join-line}, |
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1879 which joins a continuation line back to the previous line, roughly as |
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1880 the inverse of @code{fortran-split-line}. The point must be on a |
26106 | 1881 continuation line when this command is invoked. |
1882 | |
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1883 @kindex M-q @r{(Fortran mode)} |
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1884 @kbd{M-q} in Fortran mode fills the comment block or statement that |
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1885 point is in. This removes any excess statement continuations. |
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1886 |
25829 | 1887 @node ForIndent Cont |
1888 @subsubsection Continuation Lines | |
1889 @cindex Fortran continuation lines | |
1890 | |
1891 @vindex fortran-continuation-string | |
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1892 Most Fortran77 compilers allow two ways of writing continuation lines. |
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1893 If the first non-space character on a line is in column 5, then that |
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1894 line is a continuation of the previous line. We call this @dfn{fixed |
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1895 format}. (In GNU Emacs we always count columns from 0; but note that |
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1896 the Fortran standard counts from 1.) The variable |
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1897 @code{fortran-continuation-string} specifies what character to put in |
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1898 column 5. A line that starts with a tab character followed by any digit |
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1899 except @samp{0} is also a continuation line. We call this style of |
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1900 continuation @dfn{tab format}. (Fortran90 introduced ``free format'', |
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1901 with another style of continuation lines). |
25829 | 1902 |
1903 @vindex indent-tabs-mode @r{(Fortran mode)} | |
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1904 @vindex fortran-analyze-depth |
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1905 @vindex fortran-tab-mode-default |
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1906 Fortran mode can use either style of continuation line. When you |
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1907 enter Fortran mode, it tries to deduce the proper continuation style |
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1908 automatically from the buffer contents. It does this by scanning up to |
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1909 @code{fortran-analyze-depth} (default 100) lines from the start of the |
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1910 buffer. The first line that begins with either a tab character or six |
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1911 spaces determines the choice. If the scan fails (for example, if the |
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1912 buffer is new and therefore empty), the value of |
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1913 @code{fortran-tab-mode-default} (@code{nil} for fixed format, and |
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1914 non-@code{nil} for tab format) is used. @samp{/t} in the mode line |
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1915 indicates tab format is selected. Fortran mode sets the value of |
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1916 @code{indent-tabs-mode} accordingly (@pxref{Just Spaces}). |
25829 | 1917 |
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1918 If the text on a line starts with the Fortran continuation marker |
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1919 @samp{$}, or if it begins with any non-whitespace character in column |
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1920 5, Fortran mode treats it as a continuation line. When you indent a |
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1921 continuation line with @key{TAB}, it converts the line to the current |
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1922 continuation style. When you split a Fortran statement with |
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1923 @kbd{C-M-j}, the continuation marker on the newline is created according |
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1924 to the continuation style. |
25829 | 1925 |
1926 The setting of continuation style affects several other aspects of | |
1927 editing in Fortran mode. In fixed format mode, the minimum column | |
1928 number for the body of a statement is 6. Lines inside of Fortran | |
1929 blocks that are indented to larger column numbers always use only the | |
1930 space character for whitespace. In tab format mode, the minimum | |
1931 column number for the statement body is 8, and the whitespace before | |
1932 column 8 must always consist of one tab character. | |
1933 | |
1934 @node ForIndent Num | |
1935 @subsubsection Line Numbers | |
1936 | |
1937 If a number is the first non-whitespace in the line, Fortran | |
1938 indentation assumes it is a line number and moves it to columns 0 | |
1939 through 4. (Columns always count from 0 in GNU Emacs.) | |
1940 | |
1941 @vindex fortran-line-number-indent | |
1942 Line numbers of four digits or less are normally indented one space. | |
1943 The variable @code{fortran-line-number-indent} controls this; it | |
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1944 specifies the maximum indentation a line number can have. The default |
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1945 value of the variable is 1. Fortran mode tries to prevent line number |
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1946 digits passing column 4, reducing the indentation below the specified |
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1947 maximum if necessary. If @code{fortran-line-number-indent} has the |
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1948 value 5, line numbers are right-justified to end in column 4. |
25829 | 1949 |
1950 @vindex fortran-electric-line-number | |
1951 Simply inserting a line number is enough to indent it according to | |
1952 these rules. As each digit is inserted, the indentation is recomputed. | |
1953 To turn off this feature, set the variable | |
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1954 @code{fortran-electric-line-number} to @code{nil}. |
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1955 |
25829 | 1956 |
1957 @node ForIndent Conv | |
1958 @subsubsection Syntactic Conventions | |
1959 | |
1960 Fortran mode assumes that you follow certain conventions that simplify | |
1961 the task of understanding a Fortran program well enough to indent it | |
1962 properly: | |
1963 | |
1964 @itemize @bullet | |
1965 @item | |
1966 Two nested @samp{do} loops never share a @samp{continue} statement. | |
1967 | |
1968 @item | |
1969 Fortran keywords such as @samp{if}, @samp{else}, @samp{then}, @samp{do} | |
1970 and others are written without embedded whitespace or line breaks. | |
1971 | |
1972 Fortran compilers generally ignore whitespace outside of string | |
1973 constants, but Fortran mode does not recognize these keywords if they | |
1974 are not contiguous. Constructs such as @samp{else if} or @samp{end do} | |
1975 are acceptable, but the second word should be on the same line as the | |
1976 first and not on a continuation line. | |
1977 @end itemize | |
1978 | |
1979 @noindent | |
1980 If you fail to follow these conventions, the indentation commands may | |
1981 indent some lines unaesthetically. However, a correct Fortran program | |
1982 retains its meaning when reindented even if the conventions are not | |
1983 followed. | |
1984 | |
1985 @node ForIndent Vars | |
1986 @subsubsection Variables for Fortran Indentation | |
1987 | |
1988 @vindex fortran-do-indent | |
1989 @vindex fortran-if-indent | |
1990 @vindex fortran-structure-indent | |
1991 @vindex fortran-continuation-indent | |
1992 @vindex fortran-check-all-num@dots{} | |
1993 @vindex fortran-minimum-statement-indent@dots{} | |
1994 Several additional variables control how Fortran indentation works: | |
1995 | |
1996 @table @code | |
1997 @item fortran-do-indent | |
1998 Extra indentation within each level of @samp{do} statement (default 3). | |
1999 | |
2000 @item fortran-if-indent | |
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2001 Extra indentation within each level of @samp{if}, @samp{select case}, or |
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2002 @samp{where} statements (default 3). |
25829 | 2003 |
2004 @item fortran-structure-indent | |
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2005 Extra indentation within each level of @samp{structure}, @samp{union}, |
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2006 @samp{map}, or @samp{interface} statements (default 3). |
25829 | 2007 |
2008 @item fortran-continuation-indent | |
2009 Extra indentation for bodies of continuation lines (default 5). | |
2010 | |
2011 @item fortran-check-all-num-for-matching-do | |
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2012 In Fortran77, a numbered @samp{do} statement is ended by any statement |
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2013 with a matching line number. It is common (but not compulsory) to use a |
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2014 @samp{continue} statement for this purpose. If this variable has a |
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2015 non-@code{nil} value, indenting any numbered statement must check for a |
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2016 @samp{do} that ends there. If you always end @samp{do} statements with |
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2017 a @samp{continue} line (or if you use the more modern @samp{enddo}), |
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2018 then you can speed up indentation by setting this variable to |
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2019 @code{nil}. The default is @code{nil}. |
25829 | 2020 |
2021 @item fortran-blink-matching-if | |
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2022 If this is @code{t}, indenting an @samp{endif} (or @samp{enddo} |
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2023 statement moves the cursor momentarily to the matching @samp{if} (or |
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2024 @samp{do}) statement to show where it is. The default is @code{nil}. |
25829 | 2025 |
2026 @item fortran-minimum-statement-indent-fixed | |
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2027 Minimum indentation for Fortran statements when using fixed format |
25829 | 2028 continuation line style. Statement bodies are never indented less than |
2029 this much. The default is 6. | |
2030 | |
2031 @item fortran-minimum-statement-indent-tab | |
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2032 Minimum indentation for Fortran statements for tab format continuation line |
25829 | 2033 style. Statement bodies are never indented less than this much. The |
2034 default is 8. | |
2035 @end table | |
2036 | |
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2037 The variables controlling the indentation of comments are described in |
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2038 the following section. |
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2039 |
25829 | 2040 @node Fortran Comments |
2041 @subsection Fortran Comments | |
2042 | |
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2043 The usual Emacs comment commands assume that a comment can follow a |
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2044 line of code. In Fortran77, the standard comment syntax requires an |
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2045 entire line to be just a comment. Therefore, Fortran mode replaces the |
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2046 standard Emacs comment commands and defines some new variables. |
25829 | 2047 |
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2048 @vindex fortran-comment-line-start |
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2049 Fortran mode can also handle the Fortran90 comment syntax where comments |
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2050 start with @samp{!} and can follow other text. Because only some Fortran77 |
25829 | 2051 compilers accept this syntax, Fortran mode will not insert such comments |
2052 unless you have said in advance to do so. To do this, set the variable | |
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2053 @code{fortran-comment-line-start} to @samp{"!"}. |
25829 | 2054 |
2055 @table @kbd | |
2056 @item M-; | |
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2057 Align comment or insert new comment (@code{fortran-indent-comment}). |
25829 | 2058 |
2059 @item C-x ; | |
2060 Applies to nonstandard @samp{!} comments only. | |
2061 | |
2062 @item C-c ; | |
2063 Turn all lines of the region into comments, or (with argument) turn them back | |
2064 into real code (@code{fortran-comment-region}). | |
2065 @end table | |
2066 | |
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2067 @findex fortran-indent-comment |
25829 | 2068 @kbd{M-;} in Fortran mode is redefined as the command |
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2069 @code{fortran-indent-comment}. Like the usual @kbd{M-;} command, this |
25829 | 2070 recognizes any kind of existing comment and aligns its text appropriately; |
2071 if there is no existing comment, a comment is inserted and aligned. But | |
2072 inserting and aligning comments are not the same in Fortran mode as in | |
2073 other modes. | |
2074 | |
2075 When a new comment must be inserted, if the current line is blank, a | |
2076 full-line comment is inserted. On a non-blank line, a nonstandard @samp{!} | |
2077 comment is inserted if you have said you want to use them. Otherwise a | |
2078 full-line comment is inserted on a new line before the current line. | |
2079 | |
2080 Nonstandard @samp{!} comments are aligned like comments in other | |
2081 languages, but full-line comments are different. In a standard full-line | |
2082 comment, the comment delimiter itself must always appear in column zero. | |
2083 What can be aligned is the text within the comment. You can choose from | |
2084 three styles of alignment by setting the variable | |
2085 @code{fortran-comment-indent-style} to one of these values: | |
2086 | |
2087 @vindex fortran-comment-indent-style | |
2088 @vindex fortran-comment-line-extra-indent | |
2089 @table @code | |
2090 @item fixed | |
2091 Align the text at a fixed column, which is the sum of | |
2092 @code{fortran-comment-line-extra-indent} and the minimum statement | |
2093 indentation. This is the default. | |
2094 | |
2095 The minimum statement indentation is | |
2096 @code{fortran-minimum-statement-indent-fixed} for fixed format | |
2097 continuation line style and @code{fortran-minimum-statement-indent-tab} | |
2098 for tab format style. | |
2099 | |
2100 @item relative | |
2101 Align the text as if it were a line of code, but with an additional | |
2102 @code{fortran-comment-line-extra-indent} columns of indentation. | |
2103 | |
2104 @item nil | |
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2105 Don't move text in full-line comments automatically. |
25829 | 2106 @end table |
2107 | |
2108 @vindex fortran-comment-indent-char | |
2109 In addition, you can specify the character to be used to indent within | |
2110 full-line comments by setting the variable | |
2111 @code{fortran-comment-indent-char} to the single-character string you want | |
2112 to use. | |
2113 | |
45997 | 2114 @vindex fortran-directive-re |
2115 Compiler directive lines, or preprocessor lines, have much the same | |
2116 appearance as comment lines. It is important, though, that such lines | |
2117 never be indented at all, no matter what the value of | |
2118 @code{fortran-comment-indent-style}. The variable | |
2119 @code{fortran-directive-re} is a regular expression that specifies which | |
2120 lines are directives. Matching lines are never indented, and receive | |
2121 distinctive font-locking. | |
2122 | |
25829 | 2123 The normal Emacs comment command @kbd{C-x ;} has not been redefined. If |
2124 you use @samp{!} comments, this command can be used with them. Otherwise | |
2125 it is useless in Fortran mode. | |
2126 | |
2127 @kindex C-c ; @r{(Fortran mode)} | |
2128 @findex fortran-comment-region | |
2129 @vindex fortran-comment-region | |
2130 The command @kbd{C-c ;} (@code{fortran-comment-region}) turns all the | |
2131 lines of the region into comments by inserting the string @samp{C$$$} at | |
2132 the front of each one. With a numeric argument, it turns the region | |
2133 back into live code by deleting @samp{C$$$} from the front of each line | |
2134 in it. The string used for these comments can be controlled by setting | |
2135 the variable @code{fortran-comment-region}. Note that here we have an | |
2136 example of a command and a variable with the same name; these two uses | |
2137 of the name never conflict because in Lisp and in Emacs it is always | |
2138 clear from the context which one is meant. | |
2139 | |
2140 @node Fortran Autofill | |
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2141 @subsection Auto Fill in Fortran Mode |
25829 | 2142 |
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2143 Fortran mode has specialized support for Auto Fill mode, which is a |
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2144 minor mode that automatically splits statements as you insert them when |
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2145 they become too wide. Splitting a statement involves making |
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2146 continuation lines using @code{fortran-continuation-string} |
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2147 (@pxref{ForIndent Cont}). This splitting happens when you type |
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2148 @key{SPC}, @key{RET}, or @key{TAB}, and also in the Fortran indentation |
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2149 commands. You activate Auto Fill in Fortran mode in the normal way |
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2150 (@pxref{Auto Fill}). |
25829 | 2151 |
2152 @vindex fortran-break-before-delimiters | |
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2153 Auto Fill breaks lines at spaces or delimiters when the lines get |
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2154 longer than the desired width (the value of @code{fill-column}). The |
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2155 delimiters (besides whitespace) that Auto Fill can break at are |
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2156 @samp{+}, @samp{-}, @samp{/}, @samp{*}, @samp{=}, @samp{<}, @samp{>}, |
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2157 and @samp{,}. The line break comes after the delimiter if the |
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2158 variable @code{fortran-break-before-delimiters} is @code{nil}. |
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2159 Otherwise (and by default), the break comes before the delimiter. |
25829 | 2160 |
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2161 To enable Auto Fill in all Fortran buffers, add |
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2162 @code{turn-on-auto-fill} to @code{fortran-mode-hook}. @xref{Hooks}. |
25829 | 2163 |
2164 @node Fortran Columns | |
2165 @subsection Checking Columns in Fortran | |
2166 | |
2167 @table @kbd | |
2168 @item C-c C-r | |
2169 Display a ``column ruler'' momentarily above the current line | |
2170 (@code{fortran-column-ruler}). | |
2171 @item C-c C-w | |
2172 Split the current window horizontally temporarily so that it is 72 | |
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2173 columns wide (@code{fortran-window-create-momentarily}). This may |
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2174 help you avoid making lines longer than the 72-character limit that |
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2175 some Fortran compilers impose. |
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2176 @item C-u C-c C-w |
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2177 Split the current window horizontally so that it is 72 columns wide |
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2178 (@code{fortran-window-create}). You can then continue editing. |
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2179 @item M-x fortran-strip-sequence-nos |
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2180 Delete all text in column 72 and beyond. |
25829 | 2181 @end table |
2182 | |
2183 @kindex C-c C-r @r{(Fortran mode)} | |
2184 @findex fortran-column-ruler | |
2185 The command @kbd{C-c C-r} (@code{fortran-column-ruler}) shows a column | |
2186 ruler momentarily above the current line. The comment ruler is two lines | |
2187 of text that show you the locations of columns with special significance in | |
2188 Fortran programs. Square brackets show the limits of the columns for line | |
2189 numbers, and curly brackets show the limits of the columns for the | |
2190 statement body. Column numbers appear above them. | |
2191 | |
2192 Note that the column numbers count from zero, as always in GNU Emacs. | |
2193 As a result, the numbers may be one less than those you are familiar | |
2194 with; but the positions they indicate in the line are standard for | |
2195 Fortran. | |
2196 | |
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2197 @vindex fortran-column-ruler-fixed |
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2198 @vindex fortran-column-ruler-tabs |
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2199 The text used to display the column ruler depends on the value of the |
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2200 variable @code{indent-tabs-mode}. If @code{indent-tabs-mode} is |
25829 | 2201 @code{nil}, then the value of the variable |
2202 @code{fortran-column-ruler-fixed} is used as the column ruler. | |
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2203 Otherwise, the value of the variable @code{fortran-column-ruler-tab} is |
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2204 displayed. By changing these variables, you can change the column ruler |
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2205 display. |
25829 | 2206 |
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2207 @kindex C-c C-w @r{(Fortran mode)} |
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2208 @findex fortran-window-create-momentarily |
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2209 @kbd{C-c C-w} (@code{fortran-window-create-momentarily}) temporarily |
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2210 splits the current window horizontally, making a window 72 columns |
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2211 wide, so you can see any lines that are too long. Type a space to |
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2212 restore the normal width. |
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2213 |
26106 | 2214 @kindex C-u C-c C-w @r{(Fortran mode)} |
25829 | 2215 @findex fortran-window-create |
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2216 You can also split the window horizontally and continue editing with |
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2217 the split in place. To do this, use @kbd{C-u C-c C-w} (@code{M-x |
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2218 fortran-window-create}). By editing in this window you can |
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2219 immediately see when you make a line too wide to be correct Fortran. |
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2220 |
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2221 @findex fortran-strip-sequence-nos |
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2222 The command @kbd{M-x fortran-strip-sequence-nos} deletes all text in |
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2223 column 72 and beyond, on all lines in the current buffer. This is the |
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2224 easiest way to get rid of old sequence numbers. |
26106 | 2225 |
25829 | 2226 @node Fortran Abbrev |
2227 @subsection Fortran Keyword Abbrevs | |
2228 | |
2229 Fortran mode provides many built-in abbrevs for common keywords and | |
2230 declarations. These are the same sort of abbrev that you can define | |
2231 yourself. To use them, you must turn on Abbrev mode. @xref{Abbrevs}. | |
2232 | |
2233 The built-in abbrevs are unusual in one way: they all start with a | |
2234 semicolon. You cannot normally use semicolon in an abbrev, but Fortran | |
2235 mode makes this possible by changing the syntax of semicolon to ``word | |
2236 constituent.'' | |
2237 | |
2238 For example, one built-in Fortran abbrev is @samp{;c} for | |
2239 @samp{continue}. If you insert @samp{;c} and then insert a punctuation | |
2240 character such as a space or a newline, the @samp{;c} expands automatically | |
2241 to @samp{continue}, provided Abbrev mode is enabled.@refill | |
2242 | |
2243 Type @samp{;?} or @samp{;C-h} to display a list of all the built-in | |
2244 Fortran abbrevs and what they stand for. | |
2245 | |
2246 @node Asm Mode | |
2247 @section Asm Mode | |
2248 | |
2249 @cindex Asm mode | |
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2250 @cindex assembler mode |
25829 | 2251 Asm mode is a major mode for editing files of assembler code. It |
2252 defines these commands: | |
2253 | |
2254 @table @kbd | |
2255 @item @key{TAB} | |
2256 @code{tab-to-tab-stop}. | |
2257 @item C-j | |
2258 Insert a newline and then indent using @code{tab-to-tab-stop}. | |
2259 @item : | |
2260 Insert a colon and then remove the indentation from before the label | |
2261 preceding colon. Then do @code{tab-to-tab-stop}. | |
2262 @item ; | |
2263 Insert or align a comment. | |
2264 @end table | |
2265 | |
2266 The variable @code{asm-comment-char} specifies which character | |
2267 starts comments in assembler syntax. | |
52401 | 2268 |
2269 @ignore | |
2270 arch-tag: c7ee7409-40a4-45c7-bfb7-ae7f2c74d0c0 | |
2271 @end ignore |