annotate man/building.texi @ 42198:160c3de7eccc

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author Pavel Janík <Pavel@Janik.cz>
date Thu, 20 Dec 2001 06:38:24 +0000
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1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual.
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2 @c Copyright (C) 1985,86,87,93,94,95,97,2000,2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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3 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions.
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9aad32f27cef Change Next pointer.
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4 @node Building, Maintaining, Programs, Top
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5 @chapter Compiling and Testing Programs
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6 @cindex building programs
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7 @cindex program building
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8 @cindex running Lisp functions
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9
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10 The previous chapter discusses the Emacs commands that are useful for
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11 making changes in programs. This chapter deals with commands that assist
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12 in the larger process of developing and maintaining programs.
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13
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14 @menu
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15 * Compilation:: Compiling programs in languages other
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16 than Lisp (C, Pascal, etc.).
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17 * Grep Searching:: Running grep as if it were a compiler.
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18 * Compilation Mode:: The mode for visiting compiler errors.
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19 * Compilation Shell:: Customizing your shell properly
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20 for use in the compilation buffer.
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21 * Debuggers:: Running symbolic debuggers for non-Lisp programs.
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22 * Executing Lisp:: Various modes for editing Lisp programs,
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23 with different facilities for running
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24 the Lisp programs.
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25 * Libraries: Lisp Libraries. Creating Lisp programs to run in Emacs.
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26 * Interaction: Lisp Interaction. Executing Lisp in an Emacs buffer.
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27 * Eval: Lisp Eval. Executing a single Lisp expression in Emacs.
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28 * External Lisp:: Communicating through Emacs with a separate Lisp.
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29 @end menu
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30
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31 @node Compilation
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32 @section Running Compilations under Emacs
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33 @cindex inferior process
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34 @cindex make
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35 @cindex compilation errors
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36 @cindex error log
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37
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38 Emacs can run compilers for noninteractive languages such as C and
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39 Fortran as inferior processes, feeding the error log into an Emacs buffer.
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40 It can also parse the error messages and show you the source lines where
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41 compilation errors occurred.
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42
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43 @table @kbd
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44 @item M-x compile
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45 Run a compiler asynchronously under Emacs, with error messages going to
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46 the @samp{*compilation*} buffer.
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47 @item M-x recompile
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48 Invoke a compiler with the same command as in the last invocation of
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49 @kbd{M-x compile}.
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50 @item M-x grep
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51 Run @code{grep} asynchronously under Emacs, with matching lines
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52 listed in the buffer named @samp{*grep*}.
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53 @item M-x grep-find
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54 Run @code{grep} via @code{find}, with user-specified arguments, and
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55 collect output in the buffer named @samp{*grep*}.
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56 @item M-x kill-compilation
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57 @itemx M-x kill-grep
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58 Kill the running compilation or @code{grep} subprocess.
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59 @end table
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60
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61 @findex compile
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62 To run @code{make} or another compilation command, do @kbd{M-x
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63 compile}. This command reads a shell command line using the minibuffer,
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64 and then executes the command in an inferior shell, putting output in
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65 the buffer named @samp{*compilation*}. The current buffer's default
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66 directory is used as the working directory for the execution of the
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67 command; normally, therefore, the compilation happens in this
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68 directory.
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69
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70 @vindex compile-command
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71 When the shell command line is read, the minibuffer appears containing
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72 a default command line, which is the command you used the last time you
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73 did @kbd{M-x compile}. If you type just @key{RET}, the same command
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74 line is used again. For the first @kbd{M-x compile}, the default is
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75 @samp{make -k}. The default compilation command comes from the variable
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76 @code{compile-command}; if the appropriate compilation command for a
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77 file is something other than @samp{make -k}, it can be useful for the
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78 file to specify a local value for @code{compile-command} (@pxref{File
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79 Variables}).
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80
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81 Starting a compilation displays the buffer @samp{*compilation*} in
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82 another window but does not select it. The buffer's mode line tells you
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83 whether compilation is finished, with the word @samp{run} or @samp{exit}
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84 inside the parentheses. You do not have to keep this buffer visible;
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85 compilation continues in any case. While a compilation is going on, the
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86 string @samp{Compiling} appears in the mode lines of all windows. When
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87 this string disappears, the compilation is finished.
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88
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89 If you want to watch the compilation transcript as it appears, switch
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90 to the @samp{*compilation*} buffer and move point to the end of the
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91 buffer. When point is at the end, new compilation output is inserted
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92 above point, which remains at the end. If point is not at the end of
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93 the buffer, it remains fixed while more compilation output is added at
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94 the end of the buffer.
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95
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96 @cindex compilation buffer, keeping current position at the end
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97 @vindex compilation-scroll-output
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98 If you set the variable @code{compilation-scroll-output} to a
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99 non-@code{nil} value, then the compilation buffer always scrolls to
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100 follow output as it comes in.
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101
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102 @findex kill-compilation
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103 To kill the compilation process, do @kbd{M-x kill-compilation}. When
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104 the compiler process terminates, the mode line of the
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105 @samp{*compilation*} buffer changes to say @samp{signal} instead of
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106 @samp{run}. Starting a new compilation also kills any running
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107 compilation, as only one can exist at any time. However, @kbd{M-x
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108 compile} asks for confirmation before actually killing a compilation
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109 that is running.
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110
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111 @findex recompile
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112 To rerun the last compilation with the same command, type @kbd{M-x
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113 recompile}. This automatically reuses the compilation command from the
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114 last invocation of @kbd{M-x compile}.
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115
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116 @node Grep Searching
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117 @section Searching with Grep under Emacs
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118
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119 @findex grep
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120 Just as you can run a compiler from Emacs and then visit the lines
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121 where there were compilation errors, you can also run @code{grep} and
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122 then visit the lines on which matches were found. This works by
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123 treating the matches reported by @code{grep} as if they were ``errors.''
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124
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125 To do this, type @kbd{M-x grep}, then enter a command line that
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126 specifies how to run @code{grep}. Use the same arguments you would give
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127 @code{grep} when running it normally: a @code{grep}-style regexp
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128 (usually in single-quotes to quote the shell's special characters)
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129 followed by file names, which may use wildcards. The output from
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130 @code{grep} goes in the @samp{*grep*} buffer. You can find the
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131 corresponding lines in the original files using @kbd{C-x `} and
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132 @key{RET}, as with compilation errors.
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133
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134 If you specify a prefix argument for @kbd{M-x grep}, it figures out
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135 the tag (@pxref{Tags}) around point, and puts that into the default
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136 @code{grep} command.
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137
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138 @findex grep-find
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139 The command @kbd{M-x grep-find} is similar to @kbd{M-x grep}, but it
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140 supplies a different initial default for the command---one that runs
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141 both @code{find} and @code{grep}, so as to search every file in a
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142 directory tree. See also the @code{find-grep-dired} command,
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143 in @ref{Dired and Find}.
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144
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145 @node Compilation Mode
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146 @section Compilation Mode
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147
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148 @findex compile-goto-error
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149 @cindex Compilation mode
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150 @cindex mode, Compilation
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151 The @samp{*compilation*} buffer uses a special major mode, Compilation
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152 mode, whose main feature is to provide a convenient way to look at the
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153 source line where the error happened.
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154
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155 If you set the variable @code{compilation-scroll-output} to a
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156 non-@code{nil} value, then the compilation buffer always scrolls to
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157 follow output as it comes in.
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158
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159 @table @kbd
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160 @item C-x `
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161 Visit the locus of the next compiler error message or @code{grep} match.
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162 @item @key{RET}
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163 Visit the locus of the error message that point is on.
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164 This command is used in the compilation buffer.
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165 @item Mouse-2
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166 Visit the locus of the error message that you click on.
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167 @end table
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168
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169 @kindex C-x `
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170 @findex next-error
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171 You can visit the source for any particular error message by moving
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172 point in the @samp{*compilation*} buffer to that error message and
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173 typing @key{RET} (@code{compile-goto-error}). Alternatively, you can
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174 click @kbd{Mouse-2} on the error message; you need not switch to the
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175 @samp{*compilation*} buffer first.
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176
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177 To parse the compiler error messages sequentially, type @kbd{C-x `}
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178 (@code{next-error}). The character following the @kbd{C-x} is the
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179 backquote or ``grave accent,'' not the single-quote. This command is
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180 available in all buffers, not just in @samp{*compilation*}; it displays
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181 the next error message at the top of one window and source location of
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182 the error in another window.
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183
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184 The first time @kbd{C-x `} is used after the start of a compilation,
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185 it moves to the first error's location. Subsequent uses of @kbd{C-x `}
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186 advance down to subsequent errors. If you visit a specific error
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187 message with @key{RET} or @kbd{Mouse-2}, subsequent @kbd{C-x `}
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188 commands advance from there. When @kbd{C-x `} gets to the end of the
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189 buffer and finds no more error messages to visit, it fails and signals
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190 an Emacs error.
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191
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192 @kbd{C-u C-x `} starts scanning from the beginning of the compilation
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193 buffer. This is one way to process the same set of errors again.
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194
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195 @vindex compilation-error-regexp-alist
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196 @vindex grep-regexp-alist
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197 To parse messages from the compiler, Compilation mode uses the
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198 variable @code{compilation-error-regexp-alist} which lists various
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199 formats of error messages and tells Emacs how to extract the source file
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200 and the line number from the text of a message. If your compiler isn't
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201 supported, you can tailor Compilation mode to it by adding elements to
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202 that list. A similar variable @code{grep-regexp-alist} tells Emacs how
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203 to parse output of a @code{grep} command.
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204
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205 Compilation mode also redefines the keys @key{SPC} and @key{DEL} to
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206 scroll by screenfuls, and @kbd{M-n} and @kbd{M-p} to move to the next or
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207 previous error message. You can also use @kbd{M-@{} and @kbd{M-@}} to
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208 move up or down to an error message for a different source file.
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209
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210 The features of Compilation mode are also available in a minor mode
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211 called Compilation Minor mode. This lets you parse error messages in
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212 any buffer, not just a normal compilation output buffer. Type @kbd{M-x
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213 compilation-minor-mode} to enable the minor mode. This defines the keys
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214 @key{RET} and @kbd{Mouse-2}, as in the Compilation major mode.
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215
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216 Compilation minor mode works in any buffer, as long as the contents
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217 are in a format that it understands. In an Rlogin buffer (@pxref{Remote
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218 Host}), Compilation minor mode automatically accesses remote source
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219 files by FTP (@pxref{File Names}).
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220
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221 @node Compilation Shell
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222 @section Subshells for Compilation
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223
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224 Emacs uses a shell to run the compilation command, but specifies
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225 the option for a noninteractive shell. This means, in particular, that
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226 the shell should start with no prompt. If you find your usual shell
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227 prompt making an unsightly appearance in the @samp{*compilation*}
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228 buffer, it means you have made a mistake in your shell's init file by
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229 setting the prompt unconditionally. (This init file's name may be
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230 @file{.bashrc}, @file{.profile}, @file{.cshrc}, @file{.shrc}, or various
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231 other things, depending on the shell you use.) The shell init file
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232 should set the prompt only if there already is a prompt. In csh, here
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233 is how to do it:
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234
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235 @example
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236 if ($?prompt) set prompt = @dots{}
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237 @end example
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238
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239 @noindent
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240 And here's how to do it in bash:
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241
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242 @example
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243 if [ "$@{PS1+set@}" = set ]
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244 then PS1=@dots{}
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245 fi
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246 @end example
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247
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248 There may well be other things that your shell's init file
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249 ought to do only for an interactive shell. You can use the same
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250 method to conditionalize them.
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251
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252 The MS-DOS ``operating system'' does not support asynchronous
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253 subprocesses; to work around this lack, @kbd{M-x compile} runs the
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254 compilation command synchronously on MS-DOS. As a consequence, you must
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255 wait until the command finishes before you can do anything else in
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256 Emacs. @xref{MS-DOS}.
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257
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258 @node Debuggers
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259 @section Running Debuggers Under Emacs
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260 @cindex debuggers
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261 @cindex GUD library
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262 @cindex GDB
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263 @cindex DBX
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264 @cindex SDB
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265 @cindex XDB
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266 @cindex Perldb
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267 @cindex JDB
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268 @cindex PDB
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269
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270 @c Do you believe in GUD?
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271 The GUD (Grand Unified Debugger) library provides an interface to
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272 various symbolic debuggers from within Emacs. We recommend the debugger
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273 GDB, which is free software, but you can also run DBX, SDB or XDB if you
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274 have them. GUD can also serve as an interface to the Perl's debugging
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275 mode, the Python debugger PDB, and to JDB, the Java Debugger.
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276 @xref{Debugger,, The Lisp Debugger, elisp, the Emacs Lisp Reference Manual},
e80fc3e25af8 Add Lisp Debugger xref.
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277 for information on debugging Emacs Lisp programs.
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278
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279 @menu
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280 * Starting GUD:: How to start a debugger subprocess.
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281 * Debugger Operation:: Connection between the debugger and source buffers.
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282 * Commands of GUD:: Key bindings for common commands.
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283 * GUD Customization:: Defining your own commands for GUD.
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284 * GUD Tooltips:: Showing variable values by pointing with the mouse.
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285 @end menu
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286
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287 @node Starting GUD
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288 @subsection Starting GUD
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289
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290 There are several commands for starting a debugger, each corresponding
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291 to a particular debugger program.
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292
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293 @table @kbd
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294 @item M-x gdb @key{RET} @var{file} @key{RET}
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295 @findex gdb
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296 Run GDB as a subprocess of Emacs. This command creates a buffer
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297 for input and output to GDB, and switches to it. If a GDB buffer
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298 already exists, it just switches to that buffer.
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299
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300 @item M-x dbx @key{RET} @var{file} @key{RET}
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301 @findex dbx
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302 Similar, but run DBX instead of GDB.
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303
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304 @item M-x xdb @key{RET} @var{file} @key{RET}
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305 @findex xdb
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306 @vindex gud-xdb-directories
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307 Similar, but run XDB instead of GDB. Use the variable
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308 @code{gud-xdb-directories} to specify directories to search for source
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309 files.
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310
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311 @item M-x sdb @key{RET} @var{file} @key{RET}
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312 @findex sdb
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313 Similar, but run SDB instead of GDB.
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314
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315 Some versions of SDB do not mention source file names in their
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316 messages. When you use them, you need to have a valid tags table
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317 (@pxref{Tags}) in order for GUD to find functions in the source code.
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318 If you have not visited a tags table or the tags table doesn't list one
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319 of the functions, you get a message saying @samp{The sdb support
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320 requires a valid tags table to work}. If this happens, generate a valid
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321 tags table in the working directory and try again.
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322
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323 @item M-x perldb @key{RET} @var{file} @key{RET}
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324 @findex perldb
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325 Run the Perl interpreter in debug mode to debug @var{file}, a Perl program.
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326
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327 @item M-x jdb @key{RET} @var{file} @key{RET}
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328 @findex jdb
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329 Run the Java debugger to debug @var{file}.
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330
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331 @item M-x pdb @key{RET} @var{file} @key{RET}
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332 @findex pdb
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333 Run the Python debugger to debug @var{file}.
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334 @end table
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335
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336 Each of these commands takes one argument: a command line to invoke
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337 the debugger. In the simplest case, specify just the name of the
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338 executable file you want to debug. You may also use options that the
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339 debugger supports. However, shell wildcards and variables are not
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340 allowed. GUD assumes that the first argument not starting with a
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341 @samp{-} is the executable file name.
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342
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343 Emacs can only run one debugger process at a time.
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344
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345 @node Debugger Operation
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346 @subsection Debugger Operation
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347
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348 When you run a debugger with GUD, the debugger uses an Emacs buffer
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349 for its ordinary input and output. This is called the GUD buffer. The
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350 debugger displays the source files of the program by visiting them in
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351 Emacs buffers. An arrow (@samp{=>}) in one of these buffers indicates
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352 the current execution line.@footnote{Under a window system the arrow is
315d6e79ea38 Overlay arrow in margin. eval-expression variables.
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353 displayed in the marginal area of the Emacs window.} Moving point in
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354 this buffer does not move the arrow.
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355
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356 You can start editing these source files at any time in the buffers
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357 that display them. The arrow is not part of the file's
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358 text; it appears only on the screen. If you do modify a source file,
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359 keep in mind that inserting or deleting lines will throw off the arrow's
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360 positioning; GUD has no way of figuring out which line corresponded
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361 before your changes to the line number in a debugger message. Also,
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362 you'll typically have to recompile and restart the program for your
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363 changes to be reflected in the debugger's tables.
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364
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365 If you wish, you can control your debugger process entirely through the
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366 debugger buffer, which uses a variant of Shell mode. All the usual
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367 commands for your debugger are available, and you can use the Shell mode
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368 history commands to repeat them. @xref{Shell Mode}.
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369
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370 @node Commands of GUD
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371 @subsection Commands of GUD
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372
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373 The GUD interaction buffer uses a variant of Shell mode, so the
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374 commands of Shell mode are available (@pxref{Shell Mode}). GUD mode
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375 also provides commands for setting and clearing breakpoints, for
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376 selecting stack frames, and for stepping through the program. These
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377 commands are available both in the GUD buffer and globally, but with
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378 different key bindings.
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379
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380 The breakpoint commands are normally used in source file buffers,
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381 because that is the easiest way to specify where to set or clear the
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382 breakpoint. Here's the global command to set a breakpoint:
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383
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384 @table @kbd
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385 @item C-x @key{SPC}
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386 @kindex C-x SPC
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387 Set a breakpoint on the source line that point is on.
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388 @end table
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389
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390 @kindex C-x C-a @r{(GUD)}
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391 Here are the other special commands provided by GUD. The keys
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392 starting with @kbd{C-c} are available only in the GUD interaction
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393 buffer. The key bindings that start with @kbd{C-x C-a} are available in
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394 the GUD interaction buffer and also in source files.
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395
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396 @table @kbd
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397 @item C-c C-l
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398 @kindex C-c C-l @r{(GUD)}
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399 @itemx C-x C-a C-l
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400 @findex gud-refresh
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401 Display in another window the last line referred to in the GUD
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402 buffer (that is, the line indicated in the last location message).
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403 This runs the command @code{gud-refresh}.
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404
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405 @item C-c C-s
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406 @kindex C-c C-s @r{(GUD)}
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407 @itemx C-x C-a C-s
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408 @findex gud-step
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409 Execute a single line of code (@code{gud-step}). If the line contains
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410 a function call, execution stops after entering the called function.
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411
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412 @item C-c C-n
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413 @kindex C-c C-n @r{(GUD)}
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414 @itemx C-x C-a C-n
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415 @findex gud-next
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416 Execute a single line of code, stepping across entire function calls
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417 at full speed (@code{gud-next}).
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418
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419 @item C-c C-i
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420 @kindex C-c C-i @r{(GUD)}
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421 @itemx C-x C-a C-i
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422 @findex gud-stepi
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423 Execute a single machine instruction (@code{gud-stepi}).
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424
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425 @need 3000
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426 @item C-c C-r
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427 @kindex C-c C-r @r{(GUD)}
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428 @itemx C-x C-a C-r
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429 @findex gud-cont
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430 Continue execution without specifying any stopping point. The program
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431 will run until it hits a breakpoint, terminates, or gets a signal that
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432 the debugger is checking for (@code{gud-cont}).
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433
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434 @need 1000
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435 @item C-c C-d
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436 @kindex C-c C-d @r{(GUD)}
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437 @itemx C-x C-a C-d
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438 @findex gud-remove
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parents:
diff changeset
439 Delete the breakpoint(s) on the current source line, if any
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
440 (@code{gud-remove}). If you use this command in the GUD interaction
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
441 buffer, it applies to the line where the program last stopped.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
442
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
443 @item C-c C-t
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
444 @kindex C-c C-t @r{(GUD)}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
445 @itemx C-x C-a C-t
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
446 @findex gud-tbreak
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
447 Set a temporary breakpoint on the current source line, if any.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
448 If you use this command in the GUD interaction buffer,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
449 it applies to the line where the program last stopped.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
450 @end table
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
451
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
452 The above commands are common to all supported debuggers. If you are
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
453 using GDB or (some versions of) DBX, these additional commands are available:
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
454
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
455 @table @kbd
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
456 @item C-c <
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
457 @kindex C-c < @r{(GUD)}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
458 @itemx C-x C-a <
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
459 @findex gud-up
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
460 Select the next enclosing stack frame (@code{gud-up}). This is
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
461 equivalent to the @samp{up} command.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
462
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
463 @item C-c >
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
464 @kindex C-c > @r{(GUD)}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
465 @itemx C-x C-a >
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
466 @findex gud-down
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
467 Select the next inner stack frame (@code{gud-down}). This is
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
468 equivalent to the @samp{down} command.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
469 @end table
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
470
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
471 If you are using GDB, these additional key bindings are available:
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
472
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
473 @table @kbd
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
474 @item @key{TAB}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
475 @kindex TAB @r{(GUD)}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
476 @findex gud-gdb-complete-command
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
477 With GDB, complete a symbol name (@code{gud-gdb-complete-command}).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
478 This key is available only in the GUD interaction buffer, and requires
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
479 GDB versions 4.13 and later.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
480
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
481 @item C-c C-f
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
482 @kindex C-c C-f @r{(GUD)}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
483 @itemx C-x C-a C-f
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
484 @findex gud-finish
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
485 Run the program until the selected stack frame returns (or until it
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
486 stops for some other reason).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
487 @end table
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
488
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
489 These commands interpret a numeric argument as a repeat count, when
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
490 that makes sense.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
491
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
492 Because @key{TAB} serves as a completion command, you can't use it to
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
493 enter a tab as input to the program you are debugging with GDB.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
494 Instead, type @kbd{C-q @key{TAB}} to enter a tab.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
495
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
496 @node GUD Customization
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
497 @subsection GUD Customization
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
498
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
499 @vindex gdb-mode-hook
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
500 @vindex dbx-mode-hook
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
501 @vindex sdb-mode-hook
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
502 @vindex xdb-mode-hook
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
503 @vindex perldb-mode-hook
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
504 @vindex pdb-mode-hook
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
505 @vindex jdb-mode-hook
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
506 On startup, GUD runs one of the following hooks: @code{gdb-mode-hook},
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
507 if you are using GDB; @code{dbx-mode-hook}, if you are using DBX;
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
508 @code{sdb-mode-hook}, if you are using SDB; @code{xdb-mode-hook}, if you
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
509 are using XDB; @code{perldb-mode-hook}, for Perl debugging mode;
37482
4b43d9f652aa Correct typo on pdb-mode-hook.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 37346
diff changeset
510 @code{pdb-mode-hook}, for PDB; @code{jdb-mode-hook}, for JDB. You can
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
511 use these hooks to define custom key bindings for the debugger
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
512 interaction buffer. @xref{Hooks}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
513
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
514 Here is a convenient way to define a command that sends a particular
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
515 command string to the debugger, and set up a key binding for it in the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
516 debugger interaction buffer:
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
517
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
518 @findex gud-def
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
519 @example
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
520 (gud-def @var{function} @var{cmdstring} @var{binding} @var{docstring})
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
521 @end example
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
522
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
523 This defines a command named @var{function} which sends
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
524 @var{cmdstring} to the debugger process, and gives it the documentation
38743
daea04400144 Minor cleanup.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 38741
diff changeset
525 string @var{docstring}. You can then use the command @var{function} in any
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
526 buffer. If @var{binding} is non-@code{nil}, @code{gud-def} also binds
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
527 the command to @kbd{C-c @var{binding}} in the GUD buffer's mode and to
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
528 @kbd{C-x C-a @var{binding}} generally.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
529
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
530 The command string @var{cmdstring} may contain certain
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
531 @samp{%}-sequences that stand for data to be filled in at the time
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
532 @var{function} is called:
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
533
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
534 @table @samp
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
535 @item %f
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
536 The name of the current source file. If the current buffer is the GUD
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
537 buffer, then the ``current source file'' is the file that the program
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
538 stopped in.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
539 @c This said, ``the name of the file the program counter was in at the last breakpoint.''
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
540 @c But I suspect it is really the last stop file.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
541
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
542 @item %l
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
543 The number of the current source line. If the current buffer is the GUD
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
544 buffer, then the ``current source line'' is the line that the program
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
545 stopped in.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
546
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
547 @item %e
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
548 The text of the C lvalue or function-call expression at or adjacent to point.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
549
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
550 @item %a
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
551 The text of the hexadecimal address at or adjacent to point.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
552
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
553 @item %p
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
554 The numeric argument of the called function, as a decimal number. If
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
555 the command is used without a numeric argument, @samp{%p} stands for the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
556 empty string.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
557
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
558 If you don't use @samp{%p} in the command string, the command you define
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
559 ignores any numeric argument.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
560 @end table
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
561
27223
ac1bc60cf0b4 GUD tooltips.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
562 @node GUD Tooltips
ac1bc60cf0b4 GUD tooltips.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
563 @subsection GUD Tooltips
ac1bc60cf0b4 GUD tooltips.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
564
ac1bc60cf0b4 GUD tooltips.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
565 @cindex tooltips with GUD
ac1bc60cf0b4 GUD tooltips.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
566 The Tooltip facility (@pxref{Tooltips}) provides support for GUD@. If
ac1bc60cf0b4 GUD tooltips.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
567 GUD support is activated by customizing the @code{tooltip} group,
ac1bc60cf0b4 GUD tooltips.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
568 variable values can be displayed in tooltips by pointing at them with
ac1bc60cf0b4 GUD tooltips.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
569 the mouse in the GUD buffer or in source buffers with major modes in the
ac1bc60cf0b4 GUD tooltips.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
570 customizable list @code{tooltip-gud-modes}.
ac1bc60cf0b4 GUD tooltips.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
571
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
572 @node Executing Lisp
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
573 @section Executing Lisp Expressions
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
574
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
575 Emacs has several different major modes for Lisp and Scheme. They are
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
576 the same in terms of editing commands, but differ in the commands for
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
577 executing Lisp expressions. Each mode has its own purpose.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
578
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
579 @table @asis
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
580 @item Emacs-Lisp mode
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
581 The mode for editing source files of programs to run in Emacs Lisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
582 This mode defines @kbd{C-M-x} to evaluate the current defun.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
583 @xref{Lisp Libraries}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
584 @item Lisp Interaction mode
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
585 The mode for an interactive session with Emacs Lisp. It defines
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
586 @kbd{C-j} to evaluate the sexp before point and insert its value in the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
587 buffer. @xref{Lisp Interaction}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
588 @item Lisp mode
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
589 The mode for editing source files of programs that run in Lisps other
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
590 than Emacs Lisp. This mode defines @kbd{C-M-x} to send the current defun
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
591 to an inferior Lisp process. @xref{External Lisp}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
592 @item Inferior Lisp mode
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
593 The mode for an interactive session with an inferior Lisp process.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
594 This mode combines the special features of Lisp mode and Shell mode
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
595 (@pxref{Shell Mode}).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
596 @item Scheme mode
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
597 Like Lisp mode but for Scheme programs.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
598 @item Inferior Scheme mode
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
599 The mode for an interactive session with an inferior Scheme process.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
600 @end table
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
601
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
602 Most editing commands for working with Lisp programs are in fact
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
603 available globally. @xref{Programs}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
604
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
605 @node Lisp Libraries
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
606 @section Libraries of Lisp Code for Emacs
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
607 @cindex libraries
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
608 @cindex loading Lisp code
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
609
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
610 Lisp code for Emacs editing commands is stored in files whose names
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
611 conventionally end in @file{.el}. This ending tells Emacs to edit them in
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
612 Emacs-Lisp mode (@pxref{Executing Lisp}).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
613
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
614 @findex load-file
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
615 To execute a file of Emacs Lisp code, use @kbd{M-x load-file}. This
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
616 command reads a file name using the minibuffer and then executes the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
617 contents of that file as Lisp code. It is not necessary to visit the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
618 file first; in any case, this command reads the file as found on disk,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
619 not text in an Emacs buffer.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
620
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
621 @findex load
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
622 @findex load-library
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
623 Once a file of Lisp code is installed in the Emacs Lisp library
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
624 directories, users can load it using @kbd{M-x load-library}. Programs can
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
625 load it by calling @code{load-library}, or with @code{load}, a more primitive
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
626 function that is similar but accepts some additional arguments.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
627
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
628 @kbd{M-x load-library} differs from @kbd{M-x load-file} in that it
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
629 searches a sequence of directories and tries three file names in each
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
630 directory. Suppose your argument is @var{lib}; the three names are
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
631 @file{@var{lib}.elc}, @file{@var{lib}.el}, and lastly just
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
632 @file{@var{lib}}. If @file{@var{lib}.elc} exists, it is by convention
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
633 the result of compiling @file{@var{lib}.el}; it is better to load the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
634 compiled file, since it will load and run faster.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
635
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
636 If @code{load-library} finds that @file{@var{lib}.el} is newer than
38943
4dd9aeae2f84 Don't use "prints" except for printers.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 38743
diff changeset
637 @file{@var{lib}.elc} file, it issues a warning, because it's likely that
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
638 somebody made changes to the @file{.el} file and forgot to recompile
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
639 it.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
640
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
641 Because the argument to @code{load-library} is usually not in itself
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
642 a valid file name, file name completion is not available. Indeed, when
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
643 using this command, you usually do not know exactly what file name
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
644 will be used.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
645
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
646 @vindex load-path
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
647 The sequence of directories searched by @kbd{M-x load-library} is
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
648 specified by the variable @code{load-path}, a list of strings that are
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
649 directory names. The default value of the list contains the directory where
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
650 the Lisp code for Emacs itself is stored. If you have libraries of
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
651 your own, put them in a single directory and add that directory
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
652 to @code{load-path}. @code{nil} in this list stands for the current default
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
653 directory, but it is probably not a good idea to put @code{nil} in the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
654 list. If you find yourself wishing that @code{nil} were in the list,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
655 most likely what you really want to do is use @kbd{M-x load-file}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
656 this once.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
657
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
658 @cindex autoload
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
659 Often you do not have to give any command to load a library, because
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
660 the commands defined in the library are set up to @dfn{autoload} that
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
661 library. Trying to run any of those commands calls @code{load} to load
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
662 the library; this replaces the autoload definitions with the real ones
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
663 from the library.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
664
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
665 @cindex byte code
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
666 Emacs Lisp code can be compiled into byte-code which loads faster,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
667 takes up less space when loaded, and executes faster. @xref{Byte
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
668 Compilation,, Byte Compilation, elisp, the Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
669 By convention, the compiled code for a library goes in a separate file
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
670 whose name consists of the library source file with @samp{c} appended.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
671 Thus, the compiled code for @file{foo.el} goes in @file{foo.elc}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
672 That's why @code{load-library} searches for @samp{.elc} files first.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
673
31027
561ef681eab5 Document load-dangerous-libraries.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 28431
diff changeset
674 @vindex load-dangerous-libraries
561ef681eab5 Document load-dangerous-libraries.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 28431
diff changeset
675 @cindex Lisp files byte-compiled by XEmacs
36144
22f75550e788 Rewrite discussion of load-dangerous-libraries.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 34935
diff changeset
676 By default, Emacs refuses to load compiled Lisp files which were
22f75550e788 Rewrite discussion of load-dangerous-libraries.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 34935
diff changeset
677 compiled with XEmacs, a modified versions of Emacs---they can cause
22f75550e788 Rewrite discussion of load-dangerous-libraries.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 34935
diff changeset
678 Emacs to crash. Set the variable @code{load-dangerous-libraries} to
22f75550e788 Rewrite discussion of load-dangerous-libraries.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 34935
diff changeset
679 @code{t} if you want to try loading them.
31027
561ef681eab5 Document load-dangerous-libraries.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 28431
diff changeset
680
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
681 @node Lisp Eval
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
682 @section Evaluating Emacs-Lisp Expressions
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
683 @cindex Emacs-Lisp mode
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
684 @cindex mode, Emacs-Lisp
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
685
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
686 @findex emacs-lisp-mode
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
687 Lisp programs intended to be run in Emacs should be edited in
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
688 Emacs-Lisp mode; this happens automatically for file names ending in
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
689 @file{.el}. By contrast, Lisp mode itself is used for editing Lisp
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
690 programs intended for other Lisp systems. To switch to Emacs-Lisp mode
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
691 explicitly, use the command @kbd{M-x emacs-lisp-mode}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
692
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
693 For testing of Lisp programs to run in Emacs, it is often useful to
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
694 evaluate part of the program as it is found in the Emacs buffer. For
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
695 example, after changing the text of a Lisp function definition,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
696 evaluating the definition installs the change for future calls to the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
697 function. Evaluation of Lisp expressions is also useful in any kind of
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
698 editing, for invoking noninteractive functions (functions that are
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
699 not commands).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
700
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
701 @table @kbd
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
702 @item M-:
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
703 Read a single Lisp expression in the minibuffer, evaluate it, and print
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
704 the value in the echo area (@code{eval-expression}).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
705 @item C-x C-e
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
706 Evaluate the Lisp expression before point, and print the value in the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
707 echo area (@code{eval-last-sexp}).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
708 @item C-M-x
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
709 Evaluate the defun containing or after point, and print the value in
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
710 the echo area (@code{eval-defun}).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
711 @item M-x eval-region
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
712 Evaluate all the Lisp expressions in the region.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
713 @item M-x eval-current-buffer
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
714 Evaluate all the Lisp expressions in the buffer.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
715 @end table
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
716
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
717 @kindex M-:
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
718 @findex eval-expression
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
719 @kbd{M-:} (@code{eval-expression}) is the most basic command for evaluating
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
720 a Lisp expression interactively. It reads the expression using the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
721 minibuffer, so you can execute any expression on a buffer regardless of
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
722 what the buffer contains. When the expression is evaluated, the current
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
723 buffer is once again the buffer that was current when @kbd{M-:} was
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
724 typed.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
725
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
726 @kindex C-M-x @r{(Emacs-Lisp mode)}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
727 @findex eval-defun
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
728 In Emacs-Lisp mode, the key @kbd{C-M-x} is bound to the command
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
729 @code{eval-defun}, which parses the defun containing or following point
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
730 as a Lisp expression and evaluates it. The value is printed in the echo
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
731 area. This command is convenient for installing in the Lisp environment
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
732 changes that you have just made in the text of a function definition.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
733
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
734 @kbd{C-M-x} treats @code{defvar} expressions specially. Normally,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
735 evaluating a @code{defvar} expression does nothing if the variable it
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
736 defines already has a value. But @kbd{C-M-x} unconditionally resets the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
737 variable to the initial value specified in the @code{defvar} expression.
28431
315d6e79ea38 Overlay arrow in margin. eval-expression variables.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 27223
diff changeset
738 @code{defcustom} expressions are treated similarly.
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
739 This special feature is convenient for debugging Lisp programs.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
740
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
741 @kindex C-x C-e
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
742 @findex eval-last-sexp
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
743 The command @kbd{C-x C-e} (@code{eval-last-sexp}) evaluates the Lisp
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
744 expression preceding point in the buffer, and displays the value in the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
745 echo area. It is available in all major modes, not just Emacs-Lisp
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
746 mode. It does not treat @code{defvar} specially.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
747
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
748 If @kbd{C-M-x}, @kbd{C-x C-e}, or @kbd{M-:} is given a numeric
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
749 argument, it inserts the value into the current buffer at point, rather
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
750 than displaying it in the echo area. The argument's value does not
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
751 matter.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
752
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
753 @findex eval-region
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
754 @findex eval-current-buffer
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
755 The most general command for evaluating Lisp expressions from a buffer
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
756 is @code{eval-region}. @kbd{M-x eval-region} parses the text of the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
757 region as one or more Lisp expressions, evaluating them one by one.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
758 @kbd{M-x eval-current-buffer} is similar but evaluates the entire
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
759 buffer. This is a reasonable way to install the contents of a file of
38461
23f63206a867 Proofreading fixes from Chris Green <chris_e_green@yahoo.com>.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 38202
diff changeset
760 Lisp code that you are ready to test. Later, as you find bugs and
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
761 change individual functions, use @kbd{C-M-x} on each function that you
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
762 change. This keeps the Lisp world in step with the source file.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
763
28431
315d6e79ea38 Overlay arrow in margin. eval-expression variables.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 27223
diff changeset
764 @vindex eval-expression-print-level
315d6e79ea38 Overlay arrow in margin. eval-expression variables.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 27223
diff changeset
765 @vindex eval-expression-print-length
315d6e79ea38 Overlay arrow in margin. eval-expression variables.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 27223
diff changeset
766 @vindex eval-expression-debug-on-error
315d6e79ea38 Overlay arrow in margin. eval-expression variables.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 27223
diff changeset
767 The customizable variables @code{eval-expression-print-level} and
315d6e79ea38 Overlay arrow in margin. eval-expression variables.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 27223
diff changeset
768 @code{eval-expression-print-length} control the maximum depth and length
315d6e79ea38 Overlay arrow in margin. eval-expression variables.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 27223
diff changeset
769 of lists to print in the result of the evaluation commands before
315d6e79ea38 Overlay arrow in margin. eval-expression variables.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 27223
diff changeset
770 abbreviating them. @code{eval-expression-debug-on-error} controls
315d6e79ea38 Overlay arrow in margin. eval-expression variables.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 27223
diff changeset
771 whether evaluation errors invoke the debugger when these commands are
315d6e79ea38 Overlay arrow in margin. eval-expression variables.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 27223
diff changeset
772 used.
315d6e79ea38 Overlay arrow in margin. eval-expression variables.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 27223
diff changeset
773
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
774 @node Lisp Interaction
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
775 @section Lisp Interaction Buffers
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
776
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
777 The buffer @samp{*scratch*} which is selected when Emacs starts up is
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
778 provided for evaluating Lisp expressions interactively inside Emacs.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
779
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
780 The simplest way to use the @samp{*scratch*} buffer is to insert Lisp
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
781 expressions and type @kbd{C-j} after each expression. This command
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
782 reads the Lisp expression before point, evaluates it, and inserts the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
783 value in printed representation before point. The result is a complete
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
784 typescript of the expressions you have evaluated and their values.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
785
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
786 The @samp{*scratch*} buffer's major mode is Lisp Interaction mode, which
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
787 is the same as Emacs-Lisp mode except for the binding of @kbd{C-j}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
788
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
789 @findex lisp-interaction-mode
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
790 The rationale for this feature is that Emacs must have a buffer when
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
791 it starts up, but that buffer is not useful for editing files since a
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
792 new buffer is made for every file that you visit. The Lisp interpreter
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
793 typescript is the most useful thing I can think of for the initial
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
794 buffer to do. Type @kbd{M-x lisp-interaction-mode} to put the current
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
795 buffer in Lisp Interaction mode.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
796
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
797 @findex ielm
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
798 An alternative way of evaluating Emacs Lisp expressions interactively
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
799 is to use Inferior Emacs-Lisp mode, which provides an interface rather
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
800 like Shell mode (@pxref{Shell Mode}) for evaluating Emacs Lisp
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
801 expressions. Type @kbd{M-x ielm} to create an @samp{*ielm*} buffer
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
802 which uses this mode.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
803
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
804 @node External Lisp
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
805 @section Running an External Lisp
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
806
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
807 Emacs has facilities for running programs in other Lisp systems. You can
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
808 run a Lisp process as an inferior of Emacs, and pass expressions to it to
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
809 be evaluated. You can also pass changed function definitions directly from
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
810 the Emacs buffers in which you edit the Lisp programs to the inferior Lisp
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
811 process.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
812
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
813 @findex run-lisp
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
814 @vindex inferior-lisp-program
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
815 @kindex C-x C-z
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
816 To run an inferior Lisp process, type @kbd{M-x run-lisp}. This runs
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
817 the program named @code{lisp}, the same program you would run by typing
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
818 @code{lisp} as a shell command, with both input and output going through
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
819 an Emacs buffer named @samp{*lisp*}. That is to say, any ``terminal
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
820 output'' from Lisp will go into the buffer, advancing point, and any
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
821 ``terminal input'' for Lisp comes from text in the buffer. (You can
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
822 change the name of the Lisp executable file by setting the variable
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
823 @code{inferior-lisp-program}.)
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
824
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
825 To give input to Lisp, go to the end of the buffer and type the input,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
826 terminated by @key{RET}. The @samp{*lisp*} buffer is in Inferior Lisp
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
827 mode, which combines the special characteristics of Lisp mode with most
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
828 of the features of Shell mode (@pxref{Shell Mode}). The definition of
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
829 @key{RET} to send a line to a subprocess is one of the features of Shell
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
830 mode.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
831
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
832 @findex lisp-mode
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
833 For the source files of programs to run in external Lisps, use Lisp
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
834 mode. This mode can be selected with @kbd{M-x lisp-mode}, and is used
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
835 automatically for files whose names end in @file{.l}, @file{.lsp}, or
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
836 @file{.lisp}, as most Lisp systems usually expect.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
837
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
838 @kindex C-M-x @r{(Lisp mode)}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
839 @findex lisp-eval-defun
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
840 When you edit a function in a Lisp program you are running, the easiest
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
841 way to send the changed definition to the inferior Lisp process is the key
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
842 @kbd{C-M-x}. In Lisp mode, this runs the function @code{lisp-eval-defun},
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
843 which finds the defun around or following point and sends it as input to
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
844 the Lisp process. (Emacs can send input to any inferior process regardless
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
845 of what buffer is current.)
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
846
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
847 Contrast the meanings of @kbd{C-M-x} in Lisp mode (for editing programs
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
848 to be run in another Lisp system) and Emacs-Lisp mode (for editing Lisp
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
849 programs to be run in Emacs): in both modes it has the effect of installing
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
850 the function definition that point is in, but the way of doing so is
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
851 different according to where the relevant Lisp environment is found.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
852 @xref{Executing Lisp}.