Mercurial > emacs
annotate lispref/customize.texi @ 58338:16486fc50b5e
:version tag
author | Vinicius Jose Latorre <viniciusjl@ig.com.br> |
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date | Sat, 20 Nov 2004 00:03:39 +0000 |
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21006 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
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3 @c Copyright (C) 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
21006 | 4 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. |
5 @setfilename ../info/customize | |
6 @node Customization, Loading, Macros, Top | |
7 @chapter Writing Customization Definitions | |
8 | |
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9 This chapter describes how to declare user options for customization, |
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10 and also customization groups for classifying them. We use the term |
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11 @dfn{customization item} to include both kinds of customization |
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12 definitions---as well as face definitions (@pxref{Defining Faces}). |
21006 | 13 |
14 @menu | |
15 * Common Keywords:: | |
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16 * Group Definitions:: |
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17 * Variable Definitions:: |
21006 | 18 * Customization Types:: |
19 @end menu | |
20 | |
21 @node Common Keywords | |
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22 @section Common Item Keywords |
21006 | 23 |
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24 All kinds of customization declarations (for variables and groups, and |
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25 for faces) accept keyword arguments for specifying various information. |
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26 This section describes some keywords that apply to all kinds. |
21006 | 27 |
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28 All of these keywords, except @code{:tag}, can be used more than once |
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29 in a given item. Each use of the keyword has an independent effect. |
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30 The keyword @code{:tag} is an exception because any given item can only |
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31 display one name. |
21006 | 32 |
33 @table @code | |
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34 @item :tag @var{label} |
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35 Use @var{label}, a string, instead of the item's name, to label the item |
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36 in customization menus and buffers. |
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37 |
21006 | 38 @item :group @var{group} |
39 Put this customization item in group @var{group}. When you use | |
40 @code{:group} in a @code{defgroup}, it makes the new group a subgroup of | |
41 @var{group}. | |
42 | |
43 If you use this keyword more than once, you can put a single item into | |
44 more than one group. Displaying any of those groups will show this | |
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45 item. Please don't overdo this, since the result would be annoying. |
21006 | 46 |
47 @item :link @var{link-data} | |
48 Include an external link after the documentation string for this item. | |
49 This is a sentence containing an active field which references some | |
50 other documentation. | |
51 | |
43477 | 52 There are four alternatives you can use for @var{link-data}: |
21006 | 53 |
54 @table @code | |
55 @item (custom-manual @var{info-node}) | |
56 Link to an Info node; @var{info-node} is a string which specifies the | |
57 node name, as in @code{"(emacs)Top"}. The link appears as | |
58 @samp{[manual]} in the customization buffer. | |
59 | |
60 @item (info-link @var{info-node}) | |
61 Like @code{custom-manual} except that the link appears | |
62 in the customization buffer with the Info node name. | |
63 | |
64 @item (url-link @var{url}) | |
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65 Link to a web page; @var{url} is a string which specifies the @acronym{URL}. |
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66 The link appears in the customization buffer as @var{url}. |
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67 |
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68 @item (emacs-commentary-link @var{library}) |
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69 Link to the commentary section of a library; @var{library} is a string |
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70 which specifies the library name. |
21006 | 71 @end table |
72 | |
73 You can specify the text to use in the customization buffer by adding | |
74 @code{:tag @var{name}} after the first element of the @var{link-data}; | |
75 for example, @code{(info-link :tag "foo" "(emacs)Top")} makes a link to | |
76 the Emacs manual which appears in the buffer as @samp{foo}. | |
77 | |
78 An item can have more than one external link; however, most items have | |
79 none at all. | |
80 | |
81 @item :load @var{file} | |
82 Load file @var{file} (a string) before displaying this customization | |
83 item. Loading is done with @code{load-library}, and only if the file is | |
84 not already loaded. | |
85 | |
86 @item :require @var{feature} | |
87 Require feature @var{feature} (a symbol) when installing a value for | |
88 this item (an option or a face) that was saved using the customization | |
89 feature. This is done by calling @code{require}. | |
90 | |
91 The most common reason to use @code{:require} is when a variable enables | |
92 a feature such as a minor mode, and just setting the variable won't have | |
93 any effect unless the code which implements the mode is loaded. | |
94 @end table | |
95 | |
96 @node Group Definitions | |
97 @section Defining Custom Groups | |
98 | |
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99 Each Emacs Lisp package should have one main customization group which |
21006 | 100 contains all the options, faces and other groups in the package. If the |
101 package has a small number of options and faces, use just one group and | |
102 put everything in it. When there are more than twelve or so options and | |
103 faces, then you should structure them into subgroups, and put the | |
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104 subgroups under the package's main customization group. It is OK to |
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105 put some of the options and faces in the package's main group alongside |
21006 | 106 the subgroups. |
107 | |
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108 The package's main or only group should be a member of one or more of |
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109 the standard customization groups. (To display the full list of them, |
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110 use @kbd{M-x customize}.) Choose one or more of them (but not too |
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111 many), and add your group to each of them using the @code{:group} |
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112 keyword. |
21006 | 113 |
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114 The way to declare new customization groups is with @code{defgroup}. |
21006 | 115 |
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116 @defmac defgroup group members doc [keyword value]... |
21006 | 117 Declare @var{group} as a customization group containing @var{members}. |
118 Do not quote the symbol @var{group}. The argument @var{doc} specifies | |
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119 the documentation string for the group. It should not start with a |
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120 @samp{*} as in @code{defcustom}; that convention is for variables only. |
21006 | 121 |
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122 The argument @var{members} is a list specifying an initial set of |
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123 customization items to be members of the group. However, most often |
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124 @var{members} is @code{nil}, and you specify the group's members by |
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125 using the @code{:group} keyword when defining those members. |
21006 | 126 |
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127 If you want to specify group members through @var{members}, each element |
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128 should have the form @code{(@var{name} @var{widget})}. Here @var{name} |
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129 is a symbol, and @var{widget} is a widget type for editing that symbol. |
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130 Useful widgets are @code{custom-variable} for a variable, |
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131 @code{custom-face} for a face, and @code{custom-group} for a group. |
21006 | 132 |
33150 | 133 When a new group is introduced into Emacs, use this keyword in |
134 @code{defgroup}: | |
135 | |
136 @table @code | |
137 @item :version @var{version} | |
138 This option specifies that the group was first introduced in Emacs | |
139 version @var{version}. The value @var{version} must be a string. | |
140 @end table | |
141 | |
142 Tag the group with a version like this when it is introduced, rather | |
143 than the individual members (@pxref{Variable Definitions}). | |
144 | |
21006 | 145 In addition to the common keywords (@pxref{Common Keywords}), you can |
33150 | 146 also use this keyword in @code{defgroup}: |
21006 | 147 |
148 @table @code | |
149 @item :prefix @var{prefix} | |
150 If the name of an item in the group starts with @var{prefix}, then the | |
151 tag for that item is constructed (by default) by omitting @var{prefix}. | |
152 | |
153 One group can have any number of prefixes. | |
154 @end table | |
155 @end defmac | |
156 | |
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157 The prefix-discarding feature is currently turned off, which means |
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158 that @code{:prefix} currently has no effect. We did this because we |
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159 found that discarding the specified prefixes often led to confusing |
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160 names for options. This happened because the people who wrote the |
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161 @code{defgroup} definitions for various groups added @code{:prefix} |
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162 keywords whenever they make logical sense---that is, whenever the |
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163 variables in the library have a common prefix. |
21006 | 164 |
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165 In order to obtain good results with @code{:prefix}, it would be |
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166 necessary to check the specific effects of discarding a particular |
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167 prefix, given the specific items in a group and their names and |
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168 documentation. If the resulting text is not clear, then @code{:prefix} |
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169 should not be used in that case. |
21006 | 170 |
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171 It should be possible to recheck all the customization groups, delete |
21006 | 172 the @code{:prefix} specifications which give unclear results, and then |
173 turn this feature back on, if someone would like to do the work. | |
174 | |
175 @node Variable Definitions | |
176 @section Defining Customization Variables | |
177 | |
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178 Use @code{defcustom} to declare user-editable variables. |
21006 | 179 |
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180 @defmac defcustom option default doc [keyword value]@dots{} |
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181 Declare @var{option} as a customizable user option variable. Do not |
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182 quote @var{option}. The argument @var{doc} specifies the documentation |
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183 string for the variable. It should often start with a @samp{*} to mark |
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184 it as a @dfn{user option} (@pxref{Defining Variables}). Do not start |
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185 the documentation string with @samp{*} for options which cannot or |
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186 normally should not be set with @code{set-variable}; examples of the |
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187 former are global minor mode options such as |
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188 @code{global-font-lock-mode} and examples of the latter are hooks. |
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189 |
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190 If @var{option} is void, @code{defcustom} initializes it to |
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191 @var{default}. @var{default} should be an expression to compute the |
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192 value; be careful in writing it, because it can be evaluated on more |
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193 than one occasion. You should normally avoid using backquotes in |
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194 @var{default} because they are not expanded when editing the value, |
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195 causing list values to appear to have the wrong structure. |
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196 |
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197 If you specify the @code{:set} option, to make the variable take other |
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198 special actions when set through the customization buffer, the |
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199 variable's documentation string should tell the user specifically how |
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200 to do the same job in hand-written Lisp code. |
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201 |
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202 When you evaluate a @code{defcustom} form with @kbd{C-M-x} in Emacs Lisp |
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203 mode (@code{eval-defun}), a special feature of @code{eval-defun} |
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204 arranges to set the variable unconditionally, without testing whether |
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205 its value is void. (The same feature applies to @code{defvar}.) |
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206 @xref{Defining Variables}. |
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207 @end defmac |
21006 | 208 |
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209 @code{defcustom} accepts the following additional keywords: |
21006 | 210 |
211 @table @code | |
212 @item :type @var{type} | |
213 Use @var{type} as the data type for this option. It specifies which | |
214 values are legitimate, and how to display the value. | |
215 @xref{Customization Types}, for more information. | |
216 | |
217 @item :options @var{list} | |
218 Specify @var{list} as the list of reasonable values for use in this | |
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219 option. The user is not restricted to using only these values, but they |
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220 are offered as convenient alternatives. |
21006 | 221 |
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222 This is meaningful only for certain types, currently including |
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223 @code{hook}, @code{plist} and @code{alist}. See the definition of the |
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224 individual types for a description of how to use @code{:options}. |
21006 | 225 |
226 @item :version @var{version} | |
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227 This option specifies that the variable was first introduced, or its |
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228 default value was changed, in Emacs version @var{version}. The value |
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229 @var{version} must be a string. For example, |
21006 | 230 |
231 @example | |
232 (defcustom foo-max 34 | |
233 "*Maximum number of foo's allowed." | |
234 :type 'integer | |
235 :group 'foo | |
236 :version "20.3") | |
237 @end example | |
238 | |
239 @item :set @var{setfunction} | |
240 Specify @var{setfunction} as the way to change the value of this option. | |
241 The function @var{setfunction} should take two arguments, a symbol and | |
242 the new value, and should do whatever is necessary to update the value | |
243 properly for this option (which may not mean simply setting the option | |
244 as a Lisp variable). The default for @var{setfunction} is | |
245 @code{set-default}. | |
246 | |
247 @item :get @var{getfunction} | |
248 Specify @var{getfunction} as the way to extract the value of this | |
249 option. The function @var{getfunction} should take one argument, a | |
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250 symbol, and should return whatever customize should use as the |
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251 ``current value'' for that symbol (which need not be the symbol's Lisp |
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252 value). The default is @code{default-value}. |
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253 |
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254 You have to really understand the workings of Custom to use |
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255 @code{:get} correctly. It is meant for values that are treated in |
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256 Custom as variables but are not actually stored in Lisp variables. It |
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257 is almost surely a mistake to specify @code{getfunction} for a value |
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258 that really is stored in a Lisp variable. |
21006 | 259 |
260 @item :initialize @var{function} | |
261 @var{function} should be a function used to initialize the variable when | |
262 the @code{defcustom} is evaluated. It should take two arguments, the | |
263 symbol and value. Here are some predefined functions meant for use in | |
264 this way: | |
265 | |
266 @table @code | |
267 @item custom-initialize-set | |
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268 Use the variable's @code{:set} function to initialize the variable, but |
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269 do not reinitialize it if it is already non-void. |
21006 | 270 |
271 @item custom-initialize-default | |
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272 Like @code{custom-initialize-set}, but use the function |
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273 @code{set-default} to set the variable, instead of the variable's |
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274 @code{:set} function. This is the usual choice for a variable whose |
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275 @code{:set} function enables or disables a minor mode; with this choice, |
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276 defining the variable will not call the minor mode function, but |
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277 customizing the variable will do so. |
21006 | 278 |
279 @item custom-initialize-reset | |
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280 Always use the @code{:set} function to initialize the variable. If |
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281 the variable is already non-void, reset it by calling the @code{:set} |
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282 function using the current value (returned by the @code{:get} method). |
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283 This is the default @code{:initialize} function. |
21006 | 284 |
285 @item custom-initialize-changed | |
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286 Use the @code{:set} function to initialize the variable, if it is |
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287 already set or has been customized; otherwise, just use |
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288 @code{set-default}. |
21006 | 289 @end table |
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290 |
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291 @item :set-after @var{variables} |
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292 When setting variables according to saved customizations, make sure to |
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293 set the variables @var{variables} before this one; in other words, delay |
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294 setting this variable until after those others have been handled. Use |
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295 @code{:set-after} if setting this variable won't work properly unless |
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296 those other variables already have their intended values. |
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297 @end table |
21006 | 298 |
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299 The @code{:require} option is useful for an option that turns on the |
21006 | 300 operation of a certain feature. Assuming that the package is coded to |
301 check the value of the option, you still need to arrange for the package | |
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302 to be loaded. You can do that with @code{:require}. @xref{Common |
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303 Keywords}. Here is an example, from the library @file{paren.el}: |
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304 |
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305 @example |
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306 (defcustom show-paren-mode nil |
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307 "Toggle Show Paren mode..." |
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308 :set (lambda (symbol value) |
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309 (show-paren-mode (or value 0))) |
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310 :initialize 'custom-initialize-default |
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311 :type 'boolean |
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312 :group 'paren-showing |
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313 :require 'paren) |
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314 @end example |
21006 | 315 |
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316 If a customization item has a type such as @code{hook} or @code{alist}, |
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317 which supports @code{:options}, you can add additional options to the |
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318 item, outside the @code{defcustom} declaration, by calling |
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319 @code{custom-add-option}. For example, if you define a function |
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320 @code{my-lisp-mode-initialization} intended to be called from |
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321 @code{emacs-lisp-mode-hook}, you might want to add that to the list of |
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322 options for @code{emacs-lisp-mode-hook}, but not by editing its |
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323 definition. You can do it thus: |
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324 |
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325 @example |
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326 (custom-add-option 'emacs-lisp-mode-hook |
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327 'my-lisp-mode-initialization) |
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328 @end example |
21006 | 329 |
330 @defun custom-add-option symbol option | |
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331 To the customization @var{symbol}, add @var{option}. |
21006 | 332 |
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333 The precise effect of adding @var{option} depends on the customization |
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334 type of @var{symbol}. |
21006 | 335 @end defun |
336 | |
337 Internally, @code{defcustom} uses the symbol property | |
338 @code{standard-value} to record the expression for the default value, | |
339 and @code{saved-value} to record the value saved by the user with the | |
340 customization buffer. The @code{saved-value} property is actually a | |
341 list whose car is an expression which evaluates to the value. | |
342 | |
343 @node Customization Types | |
344 @section Customization Types | |
345 | |
346 When you define a user option with @code{defcustom}, you must specify | |
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347 its @dfn{customization type}. That is a Lisp object which describes (1) |
21006 | 348 which values are legitimate and (2) how to display the value in the |
349 customization buffer for editing. | |
350 | |
351 You specify the customization type in @code{defcustom} with the | |
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352 @code{:type} keyword. The argument of @code{:type} is evaluated, but |
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353 only once when the @code{defcustom} is executed, so it isn't useful |
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354 for the value to vary. Normally we use a quoted constant. For |
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355 example: |
21006 | 356 |
357 @example | |
358 (defcustom diff-command "diff" | |
359 "*The command to use to run diff." | |
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360 :type '(string) |
21006 | 361 :group 'diff) |
362 @end example | |
363 | |
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364 In general, a customization type is a list whose first element is a |
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365 symbol, one of the customization type names defined in the following |
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366 sections. After this symbol come a number of arguments, depending on |
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367 the symbol. Between the type symbol and its arguments, you can |
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368 optionally write keyword-value pairs (@pxref{Type Keywords}). |
21006 | 369 |
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370 Some of the type symbols do not use any arguments; those are called |
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371 @dfn{simple types}. For a simple type, if you do not use any |
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372 keyword-value pairs, you can omit the parentheses around the type |
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373 symbol. For example just @code{string} as a customization type is |
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374 equivalent to @code{(string)}. |
21006 | 375 |
376 @menu | |
377 * Simple Types:: | |
378 * Composite Types:: | |
379 * Splicing into Lists:: | |
380 * Type Keywords:: | |
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381 * Defining New Types:: |
21006 | 382 @end menu |
383 | |
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384 All customization types are implemented as widgets; see @ref{Top, , |
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385 Introduction, widget, The Emacs Widget Library}, for details. |
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386 |
21006 | 387 @node Simple Types |
388 @subsection Simple Types | |
389 | |
390 This section describes all the simple customization types. | |
391 | |
392 @table @code | |
393 @item sexp | |
394 The value may be any Lisp object that can be printed and read back. You | |
395 can use @code{sexp} as a fall-back for any option, if you don't want to | |
396 take the time to work out a more specific type to use. | |
397 | |
398 @item integer | |
399 The value must be an integer, and is represented textually | |
400 in the customization buffer. | |
401 | |
402 @item number | |
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403 The value must be a number (floating point or integer), and is |
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404 represented textually in the customization buffer. |
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405 |
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406 @item float |
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407 The value must be a floating point number, and is represented |
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408 textually in the customization buffer. |
21006 | 409 |
410 @item string | |
411 The value must be a string, and the customization buffer shows just the | |
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412 contents, with no delimiting @samp{"} characters and no quoting with |
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413 @samp{\}. |
21006 | 414 |
415 @item regexp | |
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416 Like @code{string} except that the string must be a valid regular |
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417 expression. |
21006 | 418 |
419 @item character | |
420 The value must be a character code. A character code is actually an | |
421 integer, but this type shows the value by inserting the character in the | |
422 buffer, rather than by showing the number. | |
423 | |
424 @item file | |
425 The value must be a file name, and you can do completion with | |
426 @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}. | |
427 | |
428 @item (file :must-match t) | |
429 The value must be a file name for an existing file, and you can do | |
430 completion with @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}. | |
431 | |
432 @item directory | |
433 The value must be a directory name, and you can do completion with | |
434 @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}. | |
435 | |
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436 @item hook |
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437 The value must be a list of functions (or a single function, but that is |
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438 obsolete usage). This customization type is used for hook variables. |
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439 You can use the @code{:options} keyword in a hook variable's |
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440 @code{defcustom} to specify a list of functions recommended for use in |
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441 the hook; see @ref{Variable Definitions}. |
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442 |
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443 @item alist |
24952 | 444 The value must be a list of cons-cells, the @sc{car} of each cell |
445 representing a key, and the @sc{cdr} of the same cell representing an | |
446 associated value. The user can add and delete key/value pairs, and | |
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447 edit both the key and the value of each pair. |
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448 |
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449 You can specify the key and value types like this: |
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450 |
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451 @smallexample |
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452 (alist :key-type @var{key-type} :value-type @var{value-type}) |
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453 @end smallexample |
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454 |
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455 @noindent |
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456 where @var{key-type} and @var{value-type} are customization type |
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457 specifications. The default key type is @code{sexp}, and the default |
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458 value type is @code{sexp}. |
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459 |
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460 The user can add any key matching the specified key type, but you can |
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461 give some keys a preferential treatment by specifying them with the |
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462 @code{:options} (see @ref{Variable Definitions}). The specified keys |
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463 will always be shown in the customize buffer (together with a suitable |
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464 value), with a checkbox to include or exclude or disable the key/value |
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465 pair from the alist. The user will not be able to edit the keys |
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466 specified by the @code{:options} keyword argument. |
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467 |
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468 The argument to the @code{:options} keywords should be a list of option |
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469 specifications. Ordinarily, the options are simply atoms, which are the |
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470 specified keys. For example: |
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471 |
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472 @smallexample |
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473 :options '("foo" "bar" "baz") |
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474 @end smallexample |
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475 |
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476 @noindent |
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477 specifies that there are three ``known'' keys, namely @code{"foo"}, |
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478 @code{"bar"} and @code{"baz"}, which will always be shown first. |
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479 |
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480 You may want to restrict the value type for specific keys, for example, |
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481 the value associated with the @code{"bar"} key can only be an integer. |
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482 You can specify this by using a list instead of an atom in the option |
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483 specification. The first element will specify the key, like before, |
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484 while the second element will specify the value type. |
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485 |
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486 @smallexample |
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487 :options '("foo" ("bar" integer) "baz") |
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488 @end smallexample |
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489 |
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490 Finally, you may want to change how the key is presented. By default, |
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491 the key is simply shown as a @code{const}, since the user cannot change |
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492 the special keys specified with the @code{:options} keyword. However, |
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493 you may want to use a more specialized type for presenting the key, like |
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494 @code{function-item} if you know it is a symbol with a function binding. |
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495 This is done by using a customization type specification instead of a |
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496 symbol for the key. |
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497 |
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498 @smallexample |
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499 :options '("foo" ((function-item some-function) integer) "baz") |
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500 @end smallexample |
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501 |
24952 | 502 Many alists use lists with two elements, instead of cons cells. For |
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503 example, |
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504 |
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505 @smallexample |
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506 (defcustom list-alist '(("foo" 1) ("bar" 2) ("baz" 3)) |
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507 "Each element is a list of the form (KEY VALUE).") |
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508 @end smallexample |
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509 |
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510 @noindent |
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511 instead of |
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512 |
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513 @smallexample |
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514 (defcustom cons-alist '(("foo" . 1) ("bar" . 2) ("baz" . 3)) |
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515 "Each element is a cons-cell (KEY . VALUE).") |
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516 @end smallexample |
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517 |
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518 Because of the way lists are implemented on top of cons cells, you can |
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519 treat @code{list-alist} in the example above as a cons cell alist, where |
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520 the value type is a list with a single element containing the real |
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521 value. |
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522 |
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523 @smallexample |
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524 (defcustom list-alist '(("foo" 1) ("bar" 2) ("baz" 3)) |
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525 "Each element is a list of the form (KEY VALUE)." |
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526 :type '(alist :value-type (group integer))) |
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527 @end smallexample |
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528 |
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529 The @code{group} widget is used here instead of @code{list} only because |
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530 the formatting is better suited for the purpose. |
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531 |
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532 Similarily, you can have alists with more values associated with each |
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533 key, using variations of this trick: |
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534 |
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535 @smallexample |
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536 (defcustom person-data '(("brian" 50 t) |
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537 ("dorith" 55 nil) |
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538 ("ken" 52 t)) |
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539 "Alist of basic info about people. |
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540 Each element has the form (NAME AGE MALE-FLAG)." |
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541 :type '(alist :value-type (group age boolean))) |
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542 |
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543 (defcustom pets '(("brian") |
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544 ("dorith" "dog" "guppy") |
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545 ("ken" "cat")) |
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546 "Alist of people's pets. |
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547 In an element (KEY . VALUE), KEY is the person's name, |
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548 and the VALUE is a list of that person's pets." |
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549 :type '(alist :value-type (repeat string))) |
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550 @end smallexample |
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551 |
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552 @item plist |
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553 The @code{plist} custom type is similar to the @code{alist} (see above), |
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554 except that the information is stored as a property list, i.e. a list of |
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555 this form: |
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556 |
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557 @smallexample |
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558 (@var{key} @var{value} @var{key} @var{value} @var{key} @var{value} @dots{}) |
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559 @end smallexample |
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560 |
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561 The default @code{:key-type} for @code{plist} is @code{symbol}, |
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562 rather than @code{sexp}. |
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563 |
21006 | 564 @item symbol |
565 The value must be a symbol. It appears in the customization buffer as | |
566 the name of the symbol. | |
567 | |
568 @item function | |
569 The value must be either a lambda expression or a function name. When | |
570 it is a function name, you can do completion with @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}. | |
571 | |
572 @item variable | |
573 The value must be a variable name, and you can do completion with | |
574 @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}. | |
575 | |
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576 @item face |
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577 The value must be a symbol which is a face name, and you can do |
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578 completion with @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}. |
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579 |
21006 | 580 @item boolean |
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581 The value is boolean---either @code{nil} or @code{t}. Note that by |
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582 using @code{choice} and @code{const} together (see the next section), |
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583 you can specify that the value must be @code{nil} or @code{t}, but also |
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584 specify the text to describe each value in a way that fits the specific |
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585 meaning of the alternative. |
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586 |
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587 @item coding-system |
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588 The value must be a coding-system name, and you can do completion with |
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589 @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}. |
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590 |
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591 @item color |
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592 The value must be a valid color name, and you can do completion with |
54299 | 593 @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}. A sample is provided. |
21006 | 594 @end table |
595 | |
596 @node Composite Types | |
597 @subsection Composite Types | |
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598 @cindex arguments (of composite type) |
21006 | 599 |
600 When none of the simple types is appropriate, you can use composite | |
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601 types, which build new types from other types or from specified data. |
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602 The specified types or data are called the @dfn{arguments} of the |
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603 composite type. The composite type normally looks like this: |
21006 | 604 |
605 @example | |
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606 (@var{constructor} @var{arguments}@dots{}) |
21006 | 607 @end example |
608 | |
609 @noindent | |
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610 but you can also add keyword-value pairs before the arguments, like |
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611 this: |
21006 | 612 |
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613 @example |
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614 (@var{constructor} @r{@{}@var{keyword} @var{value}@r{@}}@dots{} @var{arguments}@dots{}) |
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615 @end example |
21006 | 616 |
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617 Here is a table of constructors and how to use them to write |
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618 composite types: |
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619 |
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620 @table @code |
21006 | 621 @item (cons @var{car-type} @var{cdr-type}) |
622 The value must be a cons cell, its @sc{car} must fit @var{car-type}, and | |
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623 its @sc{cdr} must fit @var{cdr-type}. For example, @code{(cons string |
21006 | 624 symbol)} is a customization type which matches values such as |
625 @code{("foo" . foo)}. | |
626 | |
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627 In the customization buffer, the @sc{car} and the @sc{cdr} are |
21006 | 628 displayed and edited separately, each according to the type |
629 that you specify for it. | |
630 | |
631 @item (list @var{element-types}@dots{}) | |
632 The value must be a list with exactly as many elements as the | |
633 @var{element-types} you have specified; and each element must fit the | |
634 corresponding @var{element-type}. | |
635 | |
636 For example, @code{(list integer string function)} describes a list of | |
637 three elements; the first element must be an integer, the second a | |
638 string, and the third a function. | |
639 | |
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640 In the customization buffer, each element is displayed and edited |
21006 | 641 separately, according to the type specified for it. |
642 | |
643 @item (vector @var{element-types}@dots{}) | |
644 Like @code{list} except that the value must be a vector instead of a | |
645 list. The elements work the same as in @code{list}. | |
646 | |
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647 @item (choice @var{alternative-types}@dots{}) |
21006 | 648 The value must fit at least one of @var{alternative-types}. |
649 For example, @code{(choice integer string)} allows either an | |
650 integer or a string. | |
651 | |
652 In the customization buffer, the user selects one of the alternatives | |
653 using a menu, and can then edit the value in the usual way for that | |
654 alternative. | |
655 | |
656 Normally the strings in this menu are determined automatically from the | |
657 choices; however, you can specify different strings for the menu by | |
658 including the @code{:tag} keyword in the alternatives. For example, if | |
659 an integer stands for a number of spaces, while a string is text to use | |
660 verbatim, you might write the customization type this way, | |
661 | |
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662 @example |
21006 | 663 (choice (integer :tag "Number of spaces") |
664 (string :tag "Literal text")) | |
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665 @end example |
21006 | 666 |
667 @noindent | |
668 so that the menu offers @samp{Number of spaces} and @samp{Literal Text}. | |
669 | |
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670 In any alternative for which @code{nil} is not a valid value, other than |
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671 a @code{const}, you should specify a valid default for that alternative |
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672 using the @code{:value} keyword. @xref{Type Keywords}. |
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673 |
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674 If some values are covered by more than one of the alternatives, |
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675 customize will choose the first alternative that the value fits. This |
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676 means you should always list the most specific types first, and the |
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677 most general last. Here's an example of proper usage: |
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678 |
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679 @example |
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680 (choice (const :tag "Off" nil) symbol (sexp :tag "Other")) |
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681 @end example |
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682 |
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683 @noindent |
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684 This way, the special value @code{nil} is not treated like other |
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685 symbols, and symbols are not treated like other Lisp expressions. |
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686 |
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687 @item (radio @var{element-types}@dots{}) |
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688 This is similar to @code{choice}, except that the choices are displayed |
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689 using `radio buttons' rather than a menu. This has the advantage of |
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690 displaying documentation for the choices when applicable and so is often |
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691 a good choice for a choice between constant functions |
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692 (@code{function-item} customization types). |
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693 |
21006 | 694 @item (const @var{value}) |
695 The value must be @var{value}---nothing else is allowed. | |
696 | |
697 The main use of @code{const} is inside of @code{choice}. For example, | |
698 @code{(choice integer (const nil))} allows either an integer or | |
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699 @code{nil}. |
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700 |
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701 @code{:tag} is often used with @code{const}, inside of @code{choice}. |
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702 For example, |
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703 |
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704 @example |
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705 (choice (const :tag "Yes" t) |
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706 (const :tag "No" nil) |
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707 (const :tag "Ask" foo)) |
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708 @end example |
21006 | 709 |
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710 @noindent |
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711 describes a variable for which @code{t} means yes, @code{nil} means no, |
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712 and @code{foo} means ``ask.'' |
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713 |
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714 @item (other @var{value}) |
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715 This alternative can match any Lisp value, but if the user chooses this |
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716 alternative, that selects the value @var{value}. |
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717 |
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718 The main use of @code{other} is as the last element of @code{choice}. |
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719 For example, |
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720 |
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721 @example |
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722 (choice (const :tag "Yes" t) |
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723 (const :tag "No" nil) |
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724 (other :tag "Ask" foo)) |
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725 @end example |
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726 |
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727 @noindent |
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728 describes a variable for which @code{t} means yes, @code{nil} means no, |
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729 and anything else means ``ask.'' If the user chooses @samp{Ask} from |
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730 the menu of alternatives, that specifies the value @code{foo}; but any |
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731 other value (not @code{t}, @code{nil} or @code{foo}) displays as |
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732 @samp{Ask}, just like @code{foo}. |
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733 |
21006 | 734 @item (function-item @var{function}) |
735 Like @code{const}, but used for values which are functions. This | |
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736 displays the documentation string as well as the function name. |
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737 The documentation string is either the one you specify with |
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738 @code{:doc}, or @var{function}'s own documentation string. |
21006 | 739 |
740 @item (variable-item @var{variable}) | |
741 Like @code{const}, but used for values which are variable names. This | |
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742 displays the documentation string as well as the variable name. The |
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743 documentation string is either the one you specify with @code{:doc}, or |
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744 @var{variable}'s own documentation string. |
21006 | 745 |
23902 | 746 @item (set @var{types}@dots{}) |
747 The value must be a list, and each element of the list must match one of | |
748 the @var{types} specified. | |
749 | |
750 This appears in the customization buffer as a checklist, so that each of | |
751 @var{types} may have either one corresponding element or none. It is | |
752 not possible to specify two different elements that match the same one | |
753 of @var{types}. For example, @code{(set integer symbol)} allows one | |
754 integer and/or one symbol in the list; it does not allow multiple | |
755 integers or multiple symbols. As a result, it is rare to use | |
756 nonspecific types such as @code{integer} in a @code{set}. | |
757 | |
758 Most often, the @var{types} in a @code{set} are @code{const} types, as | |
759 shown here: | |
760 | |
761 @example | |
762 (set (const :bold) (const :italic)) | |
763 @end example | |
764 | |
765 Sometimes they describe possible elements in an alist: | |
766 | |
767 @example | |
768 (set (cons :tag "Height" (const height) integer) | |
769 (cons :tag "Width" (const width) integer)) | |
770 @end example | |
771 | |
772 @noindent | |
773 That lets the user specify a height value optionally | |
774 and a width value optionally. | |
21006 | 775 |
776 @item (repeat @var{element-type}) | |
777 The value must be a list and each element of the list must fit the type | |
778 @var{element-type}. This appears in the customization buffer as a | |
779 list of elements, with @samp{[INS]} and @samp{[DEL]} buttons for adding | |
780 more elements or removing elements. | |
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781 |
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782 @item (restricted-sexp :match-alternatives @var{criteria}) |
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783 This is the most general composite type construct. The value may be |
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784 any Lisp object that satisfies one of @var{criteria}. @var{criteria} |
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785 should be a list, and each element should be one of these |
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786 possibilities: |
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787 |
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788 @itemize @bullet |
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789 @item |
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790 A predicate---that is, a function of one argument that has no side |
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791 effects, and returns either @code{nil} or non-@code{nil} according to |
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792 the argument. Using a predicate in the list says that objects for which |
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793 the predicate returns non-@code{nil} are acceptable. |
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794 |
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795 @item |
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796 A quoted constant---that is, @code{'@var{object}}. This sort of element |
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797 in the list says that @var{object} itself is an acceptable value. |
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798 @end itemize |
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799 |
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800 For example, |
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801 |
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802 @example |
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803 (restricted-sexp :match-alternatives |
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804 (integerp 't 'nil)) |
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805 @end example |
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806 |
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807 @noindent |
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808 allows integers, @code{t} and @code{nil} as legitimate values. |
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809 |
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810 The customization buffer shows all legitimate values using their read |
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811 syntax, and the user edits them textually. |
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812 @end table |
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813 |
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814 Here is a table of the keywords you can use in keyword-value pairs |
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815 in a composite type: |
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816 |
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817 @table @code |
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818 @item :tag @var{tag} |
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819 Use @var{tag} as the name of this alternative, for user communication |
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820 purposes. This is useful for a type that appears inside of a |
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821 @code{choice}. |
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822 |
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823 @item :match-alternatives @var{criteria} |
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824 Use @var{criteria} to match possible values. This is used only in |
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825 @code{restricted-sexp}. |
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826 |
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827 @item :args @var{argumentlist} |
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828 Use the elements of @var{argumentlist} as the arguments of the type |
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829 construct. For instance, @code{(const :args (foo))} is equivalent to |
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830 @code{(const foo)}. You rarely need to write @code{:args} explicitly, |
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831 because normally the arguments are recognized automatically as |
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832 whatever follows the last keyword-value pair. |
21006 | 833 @end table |
834 | |
835 @node Splicing into Lists | |
836 @subsection Splicing into Lists | |
837 | |
838 The @code{:inline} feature lets you splice a variable number of | |
839 elements into the middle of a list or vector. You use it in a | |
840 @code{set}, @code{choice} or @code{repeat} type which appears among the | |
841 element-types of a @code{list} or @code{vector}. | |
842 | |
843 Normally, each of the element-types in a @code{list} or @code{vector} | |
844 describes one and only one element of the list or vector. Thus, if an | |
845 element-type is a @code{repeat}, that specifies a list of unspecified | |
846 length which appears as one element. | |
847 | |
848 But when the element-type uses @code{:inline}, the value it matches is | |
849 merged directly into the containing sequence. For example, if it | |
850 matches a list with three elements, those become three elements of the | |
851 overall sequence. This is analogous to using @samp{,@@} in the backquote | |
852 construct. | |
853 | |
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854 For example, to specify a list whose first element must be @code{baz} |
21006 | 855 and whose remaining arguments should be zero or more of @code{foo} and |
856 @code{bar}, use this customization type: | |
857 | |
858 @example | |
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859 (list (const baz) (set :inline t (const foo) (const bar))) |
21006 | 860 @end example |
861 | |
862 @noindent | |
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863 This matches values such as @code{(baz)}, @code{(baz foo)}, @code{(baz bar)} |
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864 and @code{(baz foo bar)}. |
21006 | 865 |
866 When the element-type is a @code{choice}, you use @code{:inline} not | |
867 in the @code{choice} itself, but in (some of) the alternatives of the | |
868 @code{choice}. For example, to match a list which must start with a | |
869 file name, followed either by the symbol @code{t} or two strings, use | |
870 this customization type: | |
871 | |
872 @example | |
873 (list file | |
874 (choice (const t) | |
875 (list :inline t string string))) | |
876 @end example | |
877 | |
878 @noindent | |
879 If the user chooses the first alternative in the choice, then the | |
880 overall list has two elements and the second element is @code{t}. If | |
881 the user chooses the second alternative, then the overall list has three | |
882 elements and the second and third must be strings. | |
883 | |
884 @node Type Keywords | |
885 @subsection Type Keywords | |
886 | |
887 You can specify keyword-argument pairs in a customization type after the | |
888 type name symbol. Here are the keywords you can use, and their | |
889 meanings: | |
890 | |
891 @table @code | |
892 @item :value @var{default} | |
893 This is used for a type that appears as an alternative inside of | |
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894 @code{choice}; it specifies the default value to use, at first, if and |
21006 | 895 when the user selects this alternative with the menu in the |
896 customization buffer. | |
897 | |
898 Of course, if the actual value of the option fits this alternative, it | |
899 will appear showing the actual value, not @var{default}. | |
900 | |
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901 If @code{nil} is not a valid value for the alternative, then it is |
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902 essential to specify a valid default with @code{:value}. |
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903 |
21006 | 904 @item :format @var{format-string} |
905 This string will be inserted in the buffer to represent the value | |
906 corresponding to the type. The following @samp{%} escapes are available | |
907 for use in @var{format-string}: | |
908 | |
909 @table @samp | |
910 @item %[@var{button}%] | |
911 Display the text @var{button} marked as a button. The @code{:action} | |
912 attribute specifies what the button will do if the user invokes it; | |
913 its value is a function which takes two arguments---the widget which | |
914 the button appears in, and the event. | |
915 | |
916 There is no way to specify two different buttons with different | |
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917 actions. |
21006 | 918 |
919 @item %@{@var{sample}%@} | |
920 Show @var{sample} in a special face specified by @code{:sample-face}. | |
921 | |
922 @item %v | |
923 Substitute the item's value. How the value is represented depends on | |
924 the kind of item, and (for variables) on the customization type. | |
925 | |
926 @item %d | |
927 Substitute the item's documentation string. | |
928 | |
929 @item %h | |
930 Like @samp{%d}, but if the documentation string is more than one line, | |
931 add an active field to control whether to show all of it or just the | |
932 first line. | |
933 | |
934 @item %t | |
935 Substitute the tag here. You specify the tag with the @code{:tag} | |
936 keyword. | |
937 | |
938 @item %% | |
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939 Display a literal @samp{%}. |
21006 | 940 @end table |
941 | |
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942 @item :action @var{action} |
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943 Perform @var{action} if the user clicks on a button. |
21006 | 944 |
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945 @item :button-face @var{face} |
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946 Use the face @var{face} (a face name or a list of face names) for button |
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947 text displayed with @samp{%[@dots{}%]}. |
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948 |
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949 @item :button-prefix @var{prefix} |
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950 @itemx :button-suffix @var{suffix} |
21006 | 951 These specify the text to display before and after a button. |
952 Each can be: | |
953 | |
954 @table @asis | |
955 @item @code{nil} | |
956 No text is inserted. | |
957 | |
958 @item a string | |
959 The string is inserted literally. | |
960 | |
961 @item a symbol | |
962 The symbol's value is used. | |
963 @end table | |
964 | |
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965 @item :tag @var{tag} |
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966 Use @var{tag} (a string) as the tag for the value (or part of the value) |
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967 that corresponds to this type. |
21006 | 968 |
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969 @item :doc @var{doc} |
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970 Use @var{doc} as the documentation string for this value (or part of the |
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971 value) that corresponds to this type. In order for this to work, you |
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972 must specify a value for @code{:format}, and use @samp{%d} or @samp{%h} |
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973 in that value. |
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974 |
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975 The usual reason to specify a documentation string for a type is to |
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976 provide more information about the meanings of alternatives inside a |
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977 @code{:choice} type or the parts of some other composite type. |
21006 | 978 |
979 @item :help-echo @var{motion-doc} | |
980 When you move to this item with @code{widget-forward} or | |
30500 | 981 @code{widget-backward}, it will display the string @var{motion-doc} in |
982 the echo area. In addition, @var{motion-doc} is used as the mouse | |
983 @code{help-echo} string and may actually be a function or form evaluated | |
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984 to yield a help string. If it is a function, it is called with one |
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985 argument, the widget. |
30904 | 986 @c @xref{Text help-echo}. |
21006 | 987 |
988 @item :match @var{function} | |
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989 Specify how to decide whether a value matches the type. The |
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990 corresponding value, @var{function}, should be a function that accepts |
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991 two arguments, a widget and a value; it should return non-@code{nil} if |
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992 the value is acceptable. |
21006 | 993 |
994 @ignore | |
995 @item :indent @var{columns} | |
996 Indent this item by @var{columns} columns. The indentation is used for | |
997 @samp{%n}, and automatically for group names, for checklists and radio | |
998 buttons, and for editable lists. It affects the whole of the | |
999 item except for the first line. | |
1000 | |
1001 @item :offset @var{columns} | |
1002 An integer indicating how many extra spaces to indent the subitems of | |
1003 this item. By default, subitems are indented the same as their parent. | |
1004 | |
1005 @item :extra-offset | |
1006 An integer indicating how many extra spaces to add to this item's | |
1007 indentation, compared to its parent. | |
1008 | |
1009 @item :notify | |
1010 A function called each time the item or a subitem is changed. The | |
1011 function is called with two or three arguments. The first argument is | |
1012 the item itself, the second argument is the item that was changed, and | |
1013 the third argument is the event leading to the change, if any. | |
1014 | |
1015 @item :menu-tag | |
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1016 A tag used in the menu when the widget is used as an option in a |
21006 | 1017 @code{menu-choice} widget. |
1018 | |
1019 @item :menu-tag-get | |
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1020 A function used for finding the tag when the widget is used as an option |
21006 | 1021 in a @code{menu-choice} widget. By default, the tag used will be either the |
1022 @code{:menu-tag} or @code{:tag} property if present, or the @code{princ} | |
1023 representation of the @code{:value} property if not. | |
1024 | |
1025 @item :validate | |
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1026 A function which takes a widget as an argument, and return @code{nil} |
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1027 if the widget's current value is valid for the widget. Otherwise, it |
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1028 should return the widget containing the invalid data, and set that |
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1029 widget's @code{:error} property to a string explaining the error. |
21006 | 1030 |
1031 You can use the function @code{widget-children-validate} for this job; | |
1032 it tests that all children of @var{widget} are valid. | |
1033 | |
1034 @item :tab-order | |
1035 Specify the order in which widgets are traversed with | |
1036 @code{widget-forward} or @code{widget-backward}. This is only partially | |
1037 implemented. | |
1038 | |
1039 @enumerate a | |
1040 @item | |
1041 Widgets with tabbing order @code{-1} are ignored. | |
1042 | |
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1043 @item |
21006 | 1044 (Unimplemented) When on a widget with tabbing order @var{n}, go to the |
1045 next widget in the buffer with tabbing order @var{n+1} or @code{nil}, | |
1046 whichever comes first. | |
1047 | |
1048 @item | |
1049 When on a widget with no tabbing order specified, go to the next widget | |
1050 in the buffer with a positive tabbing order, or @code{nil} | |
1051 @end enumerate | |
1052 | |
1053 @item :parent | |
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1054 The parent of a nested widget (e.g., a @code{menu-choice} item or an |
21006 | 1055 element of a @code{editable-list} widget). |
1056 | |
1057 @item :sibling-args | |
1058 This keyword is only used for members of a @code{radio-button-choice} or | |
1059 @code{checklist}. The value should be a list of extra keyword | |
1060 arguments, which will be used when creating the @code{radio-button} or | |
1061 @code{checkbox} associated with this item. | |
1062 @end ignore | |
1063 @end table | |
52401 | 1064 |
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1065 @node Defining New Types |
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1066 @subsection Defining New Types |
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1067 |
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1068 In the previous sections we have described how to construct elaborate |
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1069 type specifications for @code{defcustom}. In some cases you may want to |
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1070 give such a type specification a name. The obvious case is when you are |
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1071 using the same type for many user options, rather than repeat the |
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1072 specification for each option, you can give the type specification a |
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1073 name once, and use that name each @code{defcustom}. The other case is |
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1074 when a user option accept a recursive datastructure. To make it |
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1075 possible for a datatype to refer to itself, it needs to have a name. |
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1076 |
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1077 Since custom types are implemented as widgets, the way to define a new |
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1078 customize type is to define a new widget. We are not going to describe |
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1079 the widget interface here in details, see @ref{Top, , Introduction, |
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1080 widget, The Emacs Widget Library}, for that. Instead we are going to |
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1081 demonstrate the minimal functionality needed for defining new customize |
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1082 types by a simple example. |
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1083 |
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1084 @example |
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1085 (define-widget 'binary-tree-of-string 'lazy |
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1086 "A binary tree made of cons-cells and strings." |
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1087 :offset 4 |
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1088 :tag "Node" |
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1089 :type '(choice (string :tag "Leaf" :value "") |
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1090 (cons :tag "Interior" |
54299 | 1091 :value ("" . "") |
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1092 binary-tree-of-string |
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1093 binary-tree-of-string))) |
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1094 |
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1095 (defcustom foo-bar "" |
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1096 "Sample variable holding a binary tree of strings." |
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1097 :type 'binary-tree-of-string) |
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1098 @end example |
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1099 |
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1100 The function to define a new widget is name @code{define-widget}. The |
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1101 first argument is the symbol we want to make a new widget type. The |
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1102 second argument is a symbol representing an existing widget, the new |
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1103 widget is going to be defined in terms of difference from the existing |
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1104 widget. For the purpose of defining new customization types, the |
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1105 @code{lazy} widget is perfect, because it accept a @code{:type} keyword |
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1106 argument with the same syntax as the keyword argument to |
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1107 @code{defcustom} with the same name. The third argument is a |
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1108 documentation string for the new widget. You will be able to see that |
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1109 string with the @kbd{M-x widget-browse @key{ret} binary-tree-of-string |
54299 | 1110 @key{ret}} command. |
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1111 |
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1112 After these mandatory arguments follows the keyword arguments. The most |
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1113 important is @code{:type}, which describes the datatype we want to match |
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1114 with this widget. Here a @code{binary-tree-of-string} is described as |
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1115 being either a string, or a cons-cell whose car and cdr are themselves |
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1116 both @code{binary-tree-of-string}. Note the reference to the widget |
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1117 type we are currently in the process of defining. The @code{:tag} |
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1118 attribute is a string to name the widget in the user interface, and the |
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1119 @code{:offset} argument are there to ensure that child nodes are |
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1120 indented four spaces relatively to the parent node, making the tree |
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1121 structure apparent in the customization buffer. |
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1122 |
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1123 The @code{defcustom} shows how the new widget can be used as an ordinary |
54299 | 1124 customization type. |
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1125 |
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1126 If you wonder about the name @code{lazy}, know that the other composite |
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1127 widgets convert their inferior widgets to internal form when the widget |
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1128 is instantiated in a buffer. This conversion is recursive, so the |
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1129 inferior widgets will convert @emph{their} inferior widgets. If the |
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1130 datastructure is itself recursive, this conversion will go on forever, |
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1131 or at least until Emacs run out of stack space. The @code{lazy} widget |
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1132 stop this recursion, it will only convert its @code{:type} argument when |
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1133 needed. |
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1134 |
52401 | 1135 @ignore |
1136 arch-tag: d1b8fad3-f48c-4ce4-a402-f73b5ef19bd2 | |
1137 @end ignore |