annotate man/emacs.texi @ 50468:16fdb9f87d89

(VALIDATE_LISP_STORAGE): Macro deleted. All calls deleted. (lisp_malloc): Do the work here directly.
author Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
date Sun, 06 Apr 2003 20:27:19 +0000
parents 23a1cea22d13
children 1af3a1a78df1 d7ddb3e565de
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1 \input texinfo
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2
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3 @setfilename ../info/emacs
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4 @settitle GNU Emacs Manual
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5
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6 @c The edition number appears in several places in this file
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7 @set EDITION Fourteenth
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8 @set EMACSVER 21.3.50
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9
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10 @copying
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11 This is the @value{EDITION} edition of the @cite{GNU Emacs Manual},
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12 updated for Emacs version @value{EMACSVER}.
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13
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14 Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998,
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15 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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16
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17 @quotation
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18 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
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19 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or
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20 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the
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21 Invariant Sections being ``The GNU Manifesto'', ``Distribution'' and
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22 ``GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE'', with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU
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23 Manual,'' and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the
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24 license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation
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25 License.''
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26
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27 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and modify
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28 this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free
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29 Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.''
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30 @end quotation
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31 @end copying
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32
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33 @dircategory Emacs
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34 @direntry
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35 * Emacs: (emacs). The extensible self-documenting text editor.
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36 @end direntry
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37
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38 @c in general, keep the following line commented out, unless doing a
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39 @c copy of this manual that will be published. the manual should go
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40 @c onto the distribution in the full, 8.5 x 11" size.
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41
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42 @c @smallbook
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43
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44 @setchapternewpage odd
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45 @defcodeindex op
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46 @synindex pg cp
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47
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48 @iftex
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49 @kbdinputstyle code
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50
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51 @shorttitlepage GNU Emacs Manual
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52 @end iftex
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53
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54 @titlepage
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55 @sp 6
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56 @center @titlefont{GNU Emacs Manual}
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57 @sp 4
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58 @center @value{EDITION} Edition, Updated for Emacs Version @value{EMACSVER}.
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59 @sp 5
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60 @center Richard Stallman
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61 @page
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62 @vskip 0pt plus 1filll
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63 @insertcopying
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64
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65 @sp 2
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66 ISBN 1-882114-06-X @*
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67 Published by the Free Software Foundation @*
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68 59 Temple Place, Suite 330 @*
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69 Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
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70
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71 @sp 2
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72 Cover art by Etienne Suvasa.
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73
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74 @end titlepage
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75 @page
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76 @ifnottex
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77 @node Top, Distrib, (dir), (dir)
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78 @top The Emacs Editor
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79
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80 Emacs is the extensible, customizable, self-documenting real-time
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81 display editor. This Info file describes how to edit with Emacs and
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82 some of how to customize it; it corresponds to GNU Emacs version
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83 @value{EMACSVER}.
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84
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85 @ifinfo
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86 If you never before used the Info documentation system, type @kbd{h},
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87 and Emacs will take you to a programmed instruction sequence for the
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88 Info commands.
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89 @end ifinfo
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90
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91 For information on extending Emacs, see @ref{Top, Emacs Lisp,, elisp, The
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92 Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}.
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93 @end ifnottex
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94
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95 @ignore
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96 These subcategories have been deleted for simplicity
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97 and to avoid conflicts.
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98 Completion
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99 Backup Files
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100 Auto-Saving: Protection Against Disasters
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101 Snapshots
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102 Text Mode
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103 Outline Mode
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104 @TeX{} Mode
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105 Formatted Text
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106 Fortran Mode
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107 Fortran Indentation
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108 Shell Command History
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109
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110 The ones for Dired and Rmail have had the items turned into :: items
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111 to avoid conflicts.
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112 Also Running Shell Commands from Emacs
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113 and Sending Mail and Registers and Minibuffer.
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114 @end ignore
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115
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116 @menu
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117 * Distrib:: How to get the latest Emacs distribution.
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118 * Copying:: The GNU General Public License gives you permission
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119 to redistribute GNU Emacs on certain terms;
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120 it also explains that there is no warranty.
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121 * GNU Free Documentation License:: The license for this documentation.
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122 * Intro:: An introduction to Emacs concepts.
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123 * Glossary:: The glossary.
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124 * Antinews:: Information about Emacs version 20.
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125 * Mac OS:: Using Emacs in the Mac.
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126 * MS-DOS:: Using Emacs on MS-DOS (otherwise known as "MS-DOG").
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127 * Manifesto:: What's GNU? Gnu's Not Unix!
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128 * Acknowledgments:: Major contributors to GNU Emacs.
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129
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130 Indexes (nodes containing large menus)
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131 * Key Index:: An item for each standard Emacs key sequence.
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132 * Command Index:: An item for each command name.
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133 * Variable Index:: An item for each documented variable.
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134 * Concept Index:: An item for each concept.
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135 @c This is last because @ifnottex leaves an empty line.
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136 @ifnottex
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137 * Option Index:: An item for every command-line option.
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138 @end ifnottex
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139
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140 Important General Concepts
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141 * Screen:: How to interpret what you see on the screen.
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142 * User Input:: Kinds of input events (characters, buttons,
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143 function keys).
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144 * Keys:: Key sequences: what you type to request one
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145 editing action.
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146 * Commands:: Named functions run by key sequences to do editing.
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147 * Text Characters:: Character set for text (the contents of buffers
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148 and strings).
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149 * Entering Emacs:: Starting Emacs from the shell.
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150 * Exiting:: Stopping or killing Emacs.
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151 * Command Arguments:: Hairy startup options.
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152
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153 Fundamental Editing Commands
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154 * Basic:: The most basic editing commands.
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155 * Minibuffer:: Entering arguments that are prompted for.
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156 * M-x:: Invoking commands by their names.
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157 * Help:: Commands for asking Emacs about its commands.
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158
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159 Important Text-Changing Commands
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160 * Mark:: The mark: how to delimit a ``region'' of text.
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161 * Killing:: Killing text.
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162 * Yanking:: Recovering killed text. Moving text.
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163 * Accumulating Text:: Other ways of copying text.
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164 * Rectangles:: Operating on the text inside a rectangle on the screen.
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165 * Registers:: Saving a text string or a location in the buffer.
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166 * Display:: Controlling what text is displayed.
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167 * Search:: Finding or replacing occurrences of a string.
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168 * Fixit:: Commands especially useful for fixing typos.
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169
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170 Major Structures of Emacs
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171 * Files:: All about handling files.
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172 * Buffers:: Multiple buffers; editing several files at once.
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173 * Windows:: Viewing two pieces of text at once.
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174 * Frames:: Running the same Emacs session in multiple X windows.
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175 * International:: Using non-ASCII character sets (the MULE features).
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176
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177 Advanced Features
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178 * Major Modes:: Text mode vs. Lisp mode vs. C mode ...
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179 * Indentation:: Editing the white space at the beginnings of lines.
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180 * Text:: Commands and modes for editing English.
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181 * Programs:: Commands and modes for editing programs.
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182 * Building:: Compiling, running and debugging programs.
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183 * Maintaining:: Features for maintaining large programs.
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184 * Abbrevs:: How to define text abbreviations to reduce
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185 the number of characters you must type.
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186 * Picture:: Editing pictures made up of characters
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187 using the quarter-plane screen model.
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188 * Sending Mail:: Sending mail in Emacs.
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189 * Rmail:: Reading mail in Emacs.
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190 * Dired:: You can ``edit'' a directory to manage files in it.
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191 * Calendar/Diary:: The calendar and diary facilities.
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192 * Gnus:: How to read netnews with Emacs.
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193 * Shell:: Executing shell commands from Emacs.
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194 * Emacs Server:: Using Emacs as an editing server for @code{mail}, etc.
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195 * Hardcopy:: Printing buffers or regions.
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196 * PostScript:: Printing buffers or regions as PostScript.
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197 * PostScript Variables::
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198 Customizing the PostScript printing commands.
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199 * Sorting:: Sorting lines, paragraphs or pages within Emacs.
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200 * Narrowing:: Restricting display and editing to a portion
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201 of the buffer.
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202 * Two-Column:: Splitting apart columns to edit them
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203 in side-by-side windows.
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204 * Editing Binary Files::
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205 Using Hexl mode to edit binary files.
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206 * Saving Emacs Sessions::
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207 Saving Emacs state from one session to the next.
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208 * Recursive Edit:: A command can allow you to do editing
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209 "within the command". This is called a
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210 "recursive editing level".
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211 * Emulation:: Emulating some other editors with Emacs.
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212 * Hyperlinking:: Following links in buffers.
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213 * Dissociated Press:: Dissociating text for fun.
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214 * Amusements:: Various games and hacks.
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215 * Customization:: Modifying the behavior of Emacs.
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216 * X Resources:: X resources for customizing Emacs.
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217
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218 Recovery from Problems
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219 * Quitting:: Quitting and aborting.
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220 * Lossage:: What to do if Emacs is hung or malfunctioning.
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221 * Bugs:: How and when to report a bug.
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222 * Contributing:: How to contribute improvements to Emacs.
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223 * Service:: How to get help for your own Emacs needs.
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224
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225 Here are some other nodes which are really inferiors of the ones
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226 already listed, mentioned here so you can get to them in one step:
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227
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228 --- The Detailed Node Listing ---
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229
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230 The Organization of the Screen
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231
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232 * Point:: The place in the text where editing commands operate.
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233 * Echo Area:: Short messages appear at the bottom of the screen.
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234 * Mode Line:: Interpreting the mode line.
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235 * Menu Bar:: How to use the menu bar.
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236
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237 Basic Editing Commands
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238
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239 * Inserting Text:: Inserting text by simply typing it.
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240 * Moving Point:: How to move the cursor to the place where you want to
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241 change something.
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242 * Erasing:: Deleting and killing text.
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243 * Undo:: Undoing recent changes in the text.
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244 * Files: Basic Files. Visiting, creating, and saving files.
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245 * Help: Basic Help. Asking what a character does.
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246 * Blank Lines:: Commands to make or delete blank lines.
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247 * Continuation Lines:: Lines too wide for the screen.
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248 * Position Info:: What page, line, row, or column is point on?
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249 * Arguments:: Numeric arguments for repeating a command.
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250
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251 The Minibuffer
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252
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253 * Minibuffer File:: Entering file names with the minibuffer.
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254 * Minibuffer Edit:: How to edit in the minibuffer.
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255 * Completion:: An abbreviation facility for minibuffer input.
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256 * Minibuffer History:: Reusing recent minibuffer arguments.
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257 * Repetition:: Re-executing commands that used the minibuffer.
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258
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259 Help
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260
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261 * Help Summary:: Brief list of all Help commands.
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262 * Key Help:: Asking what a key does in Emacs.
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263 * Name Help:: Asking about a command, variable or function name.
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264 * Apropos:: Asking what pertains to a given topic.
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265 * Library Keywords:: Finding Lisp libraries by keywords (topics).
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266 * Language Help:: Help relating to international language support.
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267 * Misc Help:: Other help commands.
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268
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269 The Mark and the Region
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270
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271 * Setting Mark:: Commands to set the mark.
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272 * Transient Mark:: How to make Emacs highlight the region--
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273 when there is one.
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274 * Using Region:: Summary of ways to operate on contents of the region.
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275 * Marking Objects:: Commands to put region around textual units.
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276 * Mark Ring:: Previous mark positions saved so you can go back there.
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277 * Global Mark Ring:: Previous mark positions in various buffers.
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278
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279 Deletion and Killing
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280
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281 * Deletion:: Commands for deleting small amounts of text and
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282 blank areas.
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283 * Killing by Lines:: How to kill entire lines of text at one time.
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284 * Other Kill Commands:: Commands to kill large regions of text and
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285 syntactic units such as words and sentences.
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286
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287 Yanking
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288
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289 * Kill Ring:: Where killed text is stored. Basic yanking.
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290 * Appending Kills:: Several kills in a row all yank together.
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291 * Earlier Kills:: Yanking something killed some time ago.
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292
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293 Registers
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294
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295 * RegPos:: Saving positions in registers.
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296 * RegText:: Saving text in registers.
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297 * RegRect:: Saving rectangles in registers.
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298 * RegConfig:: Saving window configurations in registers.
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299 * RegFiles:: File names in registers.
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300 * Bookmarks:: Bookmarks are like registers, but persistent.
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301
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302 Controlling the Display
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303
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304 * Scrolling:: Moving text up and down in a window.
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305 * Horizontal Scrolling:: Moving text left and right in a window.
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306 * Follow Mode:: Follow mode lets two windows scroll as one.
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307 * Selective Display:: Hiding lines with lots of indentation.
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308 * Optional Mode Line:: Optional mode line display features.
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309 * Text Display:: How text is normally displayed.
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310 * Display Custom:: Information on variables for customizing display.
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311
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312 Searching and Replacement
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313
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314 * Incremental Search:: Search happens as you type the string.
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315 * Nonincremental Search:: Specify entire string and then search.
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316 * Word Search:: Search for sequence of words.
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317 * Regexp Search:: Search for match for a regexp.
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318 * Regexps:: Syntax of regular expressions.
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319 * Search Case:: To ignore case while searching, or not.
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320 * Replace:: Search, and replace some or all matches.
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321 * Other Repeating Search:: Operating on all matches for some regexp.
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322
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323 Replacement Commands
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324
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325 * Unconditional Replace:: Replacing all matches for a string.
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326 * Regexp Replace:: Replacing all matches for a regexp.
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327 * Replacement and Case:: How replacements preserve case of letters.
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328 * Query Replace:: How to use querying.
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329
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330 Commands for Fixing Typos
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331
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332 * Kill Errors:: Commands to kill a batch of recently entered text.
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333 * Transpose:: Exchanging two characters, words, lines, lists...
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334 * Fixing Case:: Correcting case of last word entered.
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335 * Spelling:: Apply spelling checker to a word or a whole buffer.
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336
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337 File Handling
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338
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339 * File Names:: How to type and edit file-name arguments.
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340 * Visiting:: Visiting a file prepares Emacs to edit the file.
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341 * Saving:: Saving makes your changes permanent.
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342 * Reverting:: Reverting cancels all the changes not saved.
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343 * Auto Save:: Auto Save periodically protects against loss of data.
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344 * File Aliases:: Handling multiple names for one file.
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345 * Version Control:: Version control systems (RCS, CVS and SCCS).
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346 * Directories:: Creating, deleting, and listing file directories.
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347 * Comparing Files:: Finding where two files differ.
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348 * Misc File Ops:: Other things you can do on files.
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349 * Compressed Files:: Accessing compressed files.
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350 * Remote Files:: Accessing files on other sites.
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351 * Quoted File Names:: Quoting special characters in file names.
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352
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353 Saving Files
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354
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355 * Backup:: How Emacs saves the old version of your file.
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356 * Interlocking:: How Emacs protects against simultaneous editing
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357 of one file by two users.
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358
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359 Version Control
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360
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361 * Introduction to VC:: How version control works in general.
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362 * VC Mode Line:: How the mode line shows version control status.
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363 * Basic VC Editing:: How to edit a file under version control.
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364 * Old Versions:: Examining and comparing old versions.
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365 * Secondary VC Commands:: The commands used a little less frequently.
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366 * Branches:: Multiple lines of development.
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367 * Snapshots:: Sets of file versions treated as a unit.
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368 * Miscellaneous VC:: Various other commands and features of VC.
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369 * Customizing VC:: Variables that change VC's behavior.
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370
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371 Using Multiple Buffers
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372
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373 * Select Buffer:: Creating a new buffer or reselecting an old one.
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374 * List Buffers:: Getting a list of buffers that exist.
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375 * Misc Buffer:: Renaming; changing read-onliness; copying text.
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376 * Kill Buffer:: Killing buffers you no longer need.
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377 * Several Buffers:: How to go through the list of all buffers
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378 and operate variously on several of them.
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379 * Indirect Buffers:: An indirect buffer shares the text of another buffer.
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380
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381 Multiple Windows
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382
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383 * Basic Window:: Introduction to Emacs windows.
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384 * Split Window:: New windows are made by splitting existing windows.
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385 * Other Window:: Moving to another window or doing something to it.
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386 * Pop Up Window:: Finding a file or buffer in another window.
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387 * Force Same Window:: Forcing certain buffers to appear in the selected
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388 window rather than in another window.
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389 * Change Window:: Deleting windows and changing their sizes.
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390
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391 Frames and X Windows
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392
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393 * Mouse Commands:: Moving, cutting, and pasting, with the mouse.
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394 * Secondary Selection:: Cutting without altering point and mark.
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395 * Clipboard:: Using the clipboard for selections.
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396 * Mouse References:: Using the mouse to select an item from a list.
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397 * Menu Mouse Clicks:: Mouse clicks that bring up menus.
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398 * Mode Line Mouse:: Mouse clicks on the mode line.
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399 * Creating Frames:: Creating additional Emacs frames with various contents.
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400 * Frame Commands:: Iconifying, deleting, and switching frames.
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401 * Speedbar:: How to make and use a speedbar frame.
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402 * Multiple Displays:: How one Emacs job can talk to several displays.
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403 * Special Buffer Frames:: You can make certain buffers have their own frames.
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404 * Frame Parameters:: Changing the colors and other modes of frames.
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405 * Scroll Bars:: How to enable and disable scroll bars; how to use them.
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406 * Wheeled Mice:: Using mouse wheels for scrolling.
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407 * Menu Bars:: Enabling and disabling the menu bar.
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408 * Tool Bars:: Enabling and disabling the tool bar.
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409 * Dialog Boxes:: Controlling use of dialog boxes.
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410 * Faces:: How to change the display style using faces.
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411 * Font Lock:: Minor mode for syntactic highlighting using faces.
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412 * Highlight Changes:: Using colors to show where you changed the buffer.
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413 * Highlight Interactively:: Tell Emacs what text to highlight.
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414 * Useless Whitespace:: Showing possibly-spurious trailing whitespace.
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415 * Tooltips:: Showing "tooltips", AKA "ballon help" for active text.
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416 * Mouse Avoidance:: Moving the mouse pointer out of the way.
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417 * Non-Window Terminals:: Multiple frames on terminals that show only one.
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418 * XTerm Mouse:: Using the mouse in an XTerm terminal emulator.
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419
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420 International Character Set Support
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421
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422 * International Chars:: Basic concepts of multibyte characters.
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423 * Enabling Multibyte:: Controlling whether to use multibyte characters.
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424 * Language Environments:: Setting things up for the language you use.
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425 * Input Methods:: Entering text characters not on your keyboard.
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426 * Select Input Method:: Specifying your choice of input methods.
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427 * Coding Systems:: Character set conversion when you read and
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428 write files, and so on.
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429 * Recognize Coding:: How Emacs figures out which conversion to use.
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430 * Specify Coding:: Various ways to choose which conversion to use.
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431 * Fontsets:: Fontsets are collections of fonts
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432 that cover the whole spectrum of characters.
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433 * Defining Fontsets:: Defining a new fontset.
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434 * Single-Byte Character Support::
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435 You can pick one European character set
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436 to use without multibyte characters.
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437
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438 Major Modes
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439
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440 * Choosing Modes:: How major modes are specified or chosen.
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441
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442 Indentation
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443
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444 * Indentation Commands:: Various commands and techniques for indentation.
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445 * Tab Stops:: You can set arbitrary "tab stops" and then
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446 indent to the next tab stop when you want to.
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447 * Just Spaces:: You can request indentation using just spaces.
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448
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449 Commands for Human Languages
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450
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451 * Words:: Moving over and killing words.
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452 * Sentences:: Moving over and killing sentences.
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453 * Paragraphs:: Moving over paragraphs.
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454 * Pages:: Moving over pages.
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455 * Filling:: Filling or justifying text.
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456 * Case:: Changing the case of text.
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457 * Text Mode:: The major modes for editing text files.
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458 * Outline Mode:: Editing outlines.
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459 * TeX Mode:: Editing input to the formatter TeX.
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460 * Nroff Mode:: Editing input to the formatter nroff.
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461 * Formatted Text:: Editing formatted text directly in WYSIWYG fashion.
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462
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463 Filling Text
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464
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465 * Auto Fill:: Auto Fill mode breaks long lines automatically.
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466 * Fill Commands:: Commands to refill paragraphs and center lines.
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467 * Fill Prefix:: Filling paragraphs that are indented
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468 or in a comment, etc.
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469 * Adaptive Fill:: How Emacs can determine the fill prefix automatically.
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470
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471 Editing Programs
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472
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473 * Program Modes:: Major modes for editing programs.
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474 * Defuns:: Commands to operate on major top-level parts
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475 of a program.
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476 * Program Indent:: Adjusting indentation to show the nesting.
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477 * Comments:: Inserting, killing, and aligning comments.
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478 * Parentheses:: Commands that operate on parentheses.
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479 * Documentation:: Getting documentation of functions you plan to call.
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480 * Hideshow:: Displaying blocks selectively.
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481 * Symbol Completion:: Completion on symbol names of your program or language.
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482 * Glasses:: Making identifiersLikeThis more readable.
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483 * Misc for Programs:: Other Emacs features useful for editing programs.
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484 * C Modes:: Special commands of C, C++, Objective-C,
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485 Java, and Pike modes.
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486 * Fortran:: Fortran mode and its special features.
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487 * Asm Mode:: Asm mode and its special features.
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488
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489 Top-Level Definitions, or Defuns
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490
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491 * Left Margin Paren:: An open-paren or similar opening delimiter
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492 starts a defun if it is at the left margin.
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493 * Moving by Defuns:: Commands to move over or mark a major definition.
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494 * Imenu:: Making buffer indexes as menus.
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495 * Which Function:: Which Function mode shows which function you are in.
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496
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497 Indentation for Programs
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498
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499 * Basic Indent:: Indenting a single line.
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500 * Multi-line Indent:: Commands to reindent many lines at once.
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501 * Lisp Indent:: Specifying how each Lisp function should be indented.
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502 * C Indent:: Extra features for indenting C and related modes.
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503 * Custom C Indent:: Controlling indentation style for C and related modes.
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504
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505 Commands for Editing with Parentheses
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506
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507 * Expressions:: Expressions with balanced parentheses.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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508 * Moving by Parens:: Commands for moving up, down and across
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 38131
diff changeset
509 in the structure of parentheses.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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510 * Matching:: Insertion of a close-delimiter flashes matching open.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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511
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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parents: 38131
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512 Manipulating Comments
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 38131
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513
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 38131
diff changeset
514 * Comment Commands:: Inserting, killing, and indenting comments.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 38131
diff changeset
515 * Multi-Line Comments:: Commands for adding and editing multi-line comments.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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516 * Options for Comments::Customizing the comment features.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 38131
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517
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 38131
diff changeset
518 Documentation Lookup
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parents:
diff changeset
519
38199
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520 * Info Lookup:: Looking up library functions and commands
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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521 in Info files.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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522 * Man Page:: Looking up man pages of library functions and commands.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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523 * Lisp Doc:: Looking up Emacs Lisp functions, etc.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 38131
diff changeset
524
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 38131
diff changeset
525 C and Related Modes
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parents:
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526
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527 * Motion in C:: Commands to move by C statements, etc.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 38131
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528 * Electric C:: Colon and other chars can automatically reindent.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 38131
diff changeset
529 * Hungry Delete:: A more powerful DEL command.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 38131
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530 * Other C Commands:: Filling comments, viewing expansion of macros,
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 38131
diff changeset
531 and other neat features.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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parents: 38131
diff changeset
532 * Comments in C:: Options for customizing comment style.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 38131
diff changeset
533
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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parents: 38131
diff changeset
534 Fortran Mode
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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diff changeset
535
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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536 * Motion: Fortran Motion. Moving point by statements or subprograms.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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diff changeset
537 * Indent: Fortran Indent. Indentation commands for Fortran.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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538 * Comments: Fortran Comments. Inserting and aligning comments.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 38131
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539 * Autofill: Fortran Autofill. Auto fill minor mode for Fortran.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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parents: 38131
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540 * Columns: Fortran Columns. Measuring columns for valid Fortran.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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541 * Abbrev: Fortran Abbrev. Built-in abbrevs for Fortran keywords.
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542
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543 Compiling and Testing Programs
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
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544
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545 * Compilation:: Compiling programs in languages other
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
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parents:
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546 than Lisp (C, Pascal, etc.).
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
547 * Compilation Mode:: The mode for visiting compiler errors.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
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parents:
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548 * Compilation Shell:: Customizing your shell properly
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parents:
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549 for use in the compilation buffer.
49600
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Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
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550 * Debuggers:: Running symbolic debuggers for non-Lisp programs.
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Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
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551 * Executing Lisp:: Various modes for editing Lisp programs,
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552 with different facilities for running
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553 the Lisp programs.
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parents:
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554 * Lisp Libraries:: Creating Lisp programs to run in Emacs.
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parents:
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555 * Lisp Interaction:: Executing Lisp in an Emacs buffer.
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parents:
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556 * Lisp Eval:: Executing a single Lisp expression in Emacs.
49600
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Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
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557 * External Lisp:: Communicating through Emacs with a separate Lisp.
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558
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559 Running Debuggers Under Emacs
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parents:
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560
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parents:
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561 * Starting GUD:: How to start a debugger subprocess.
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parents:
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562 * Debugger Operation:: Connection between the debugger and source buffers.
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parents:
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563 * Commands of GUD:: Key bindings for common commands.
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parents:
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564 * GUD Customization:: Defining your own commands for GUD.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
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parents:
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565
38199
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566 Maintaining Programs
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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567
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 38131
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568 * Change Log:: Maintaining a change history for your program.
40792
7ea12eee7004 Comment out the Authors node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 40525
diff changeset
569 @ignore
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b2693c0914e4 Fix the AUTHORS menu item. Suggested by Eric Hanchrow <offby1@blarg.net>.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 39059
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570 * Authors:: Maintaining the Emacs @file{AUTHORS} file.
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571 @end ignore
38199
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572 * Tags:: Go direct to any function in your program in one
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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diff changeset
573 command. Tags remembers which file it is in.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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574 * Emerge:: A convenient way of merging two versions of a program.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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parents: 38131
diff changeset
575
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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576 Tags Tables
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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diff changeset
577
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578 * Tag Syntax:: Tag syntax for various types of code and text files.
38199
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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579 * Create Tags Table:: Creating a tags table with @code{etags}.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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parents: 38131
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580 * Select Tags Table:: How to visit a tags table.
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581 * Find Tag:: Commands to find the definition of a specific tag.
38199
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582 * Tags Search:: Using a tags table for searching and replacing.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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583 * List Tags:: Listing and finding tags defined in a file.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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584
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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parents: 38131
diff changeset
585 Merging Files with Emerge
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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parents: 38131
diff changeset
586
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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587 * Overview of Emerge:: How to start Emerge. Basic concepts.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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parents: 38131
diff changeset
588 * Submodes of Emerge:: Fast mode vs. Edit mode.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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589 Skip Prefers mode and Auto Advance mode.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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parents: 38131
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590 * State of Difference:: You do the merge by specifying state A or B
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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591 for each difference.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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parents: 38131
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592 * Merge Commands:: Commands for selecting a difference,
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 38131
diff changeset
593 changing states of differences, etc.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 38131
diff changeset
594 * Exiting Emerge:: What to do when you've finished the merge.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 38131
diff changeset
595 * Combining in Emerge:: How to keep both alternatives for a difference.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 38131
diff changeset
596 * Fine Points of Emerge:: Misc.
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
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diff changeset
597
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598 Abbrevs
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parents:
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599
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
600 * Abbrev Concepts:: Fundamentals of defined abbrevs.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
601 * Defining Abbrevs:: Defining an abbrev, so it will expand when typed.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
602 * Expanding Abbrevs:: Controlling expansion: prefixes, canceling expansion.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
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603 * Editing Abbrevs:: Viewing or editing the entire list of defined abbrevs.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
604 * Saving Abbrevs:: Saving the entire list of abbrevs for another session.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
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605 * Dynamic Abbrevs:: Abbreviations for words already in the buffer.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
606
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
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607 Editing Pictures
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
608
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
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609 * Basic Picture:: Basic concepts and simple commands of Picture Mode.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
610 * Insert in Picture:: Controlling direction of cursor motion
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
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611 after "self-inserting" characters.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
612 * Tabs in Picture:: Various features for tab stops and indentation.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
613 * Rectangles in Picture:: Clearing and superimposing rectangles.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
614
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
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parents:
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615 Sending Mail
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
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616
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
617 * Mail Format:: Format of the mail being composed.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
618 * Mail Headers:: Details of permitted mail header fields.
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
619 * Mail Aliases:: Abbreviating and grouping mail addresses.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
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620 * Mail Mode:: Special commands for editing mail being composed.
36212
339b9d45f288 Distracting NSA => Mail Amusements.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 36211
diff changeset
621 * Mail Amusements:: Distract the NSA's attention; add a fortune to a msg.
24093
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parents:
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622 * Mail Methods:: Using alternative mail-composition methods.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
623
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
624 Reading Mail with Rmail
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
625
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
626 * Rmail Basics:: Basic concepts of Rmail, and simple use.
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
627 * Rmail Scrolling:: Scrolling through a message.
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parents:
diff changeset
628 * Rmail Motion:: Moving to another message.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
629 * Rmail Deletion:: Deleting and expunging messages.
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
630 * Rmail Inbox:: How mail gets into the Rmail file.
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
631 * Rmail Files:: Using multiple Rmail files.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
632 * Rmail Output:: Copying message out to files.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
633 * Rmail Labels:: Classifying messages by labeling them.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
634 * Rmail Attributes:: Certain standard labels, called attributes.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
635 * Rmail Reply:: Sending replies to messages you are viewing.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
636 * Rmail Summary:: Summaries show brief info on many messages.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
637 * Rmail Sorting:: Sorting messages in Rmail.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
638 * Rmail Display:: How Rmail displays a message; customization.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
639 * Rmail Editing:: Editing message text and headers in Rmail.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
640 * Rmail Digest:: Extracting the messages from a digest message.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
641 * Out of Rmail:: Converting an Rmail file to mailbox format.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
642 * Rmail Rot13:: Reading messages encoded in the rot13 code.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
643 * Movemail:: More details of fetching new mail.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
644
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
645 Dired, the Directory Editor
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
646
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
647 * Dired Enter:: How to invoke Dired.
37993
1ff0891cec4c Change "Dired Commands" to "Dired Navigation". Move the general
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37844
diff changeset
648 * Dired Navigation:: How to move in the Dired buffer.
24093
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
649 * Dired Deletion:: Deleting files with Dired.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
650 * Flagging Many Files:: Flagging files based on their names.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
651 * Dired Visiting:: Other file operations through Dired.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
652 * Marks vs Flags:: Flagging for deletion vs marking.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
653 * Operating on Files:: How to copy, rename, print, compress, etc.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
654 either one file or several files.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
655 * Shell Commands in Dired:: Running a shell command on the marked files.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
656 * Transforming File Names:: Using patterns to rename multiple files.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
657 * Comparison in Dired:: Running `diff' by way of Dired.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
658 * Subdirectories in Dired:: Adding subdirectories to the Dired buffer.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
659 * Subdirectory Motion:: Moving across subdirectories, and up and down.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
660 * Hiding Subdirectories:: Making subdirectories visible or invisible.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
661 * Dired Updating:: Discarding lines for files of no interest.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
662 * Dired and Find:: Using `find' to choose the files for Dired.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
663
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
664 The Calendar and the Diary
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
665
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
666 * Calendar Motion:: Moving through the calendar; selecting a date.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
667 * Scroll Calendar:: Bringing earlier or later months onto the screen.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
668 * Counting Days:: How many days are there between two dates?
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
669 * General Calendar:: Exiting or recomputing the calendar.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
670 * LaTeX Calendar:: Print a calendar using LaTeX.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
671 * Holidays:: Displaying dates of holidays.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
672 * Sunrise/Sunset:: Displaying local times of sunrise and sunset.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
673 * Lunar Phases:: Displaying phases of the moon.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
674 * Other Calendars:: Converting dates to other calendar systems.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
675 * Diary:: Displaying events from your diary.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
676 * Appointments:: Reminders when it's time to do something.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
677 * Daylight Savings:: How to specify when daylight savings time is active.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
678
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
679 Movement in the Calendar
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
680
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
681 * Calendar Unit Motion:: Moving by days, weeks, months, and years.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
682 * Move to Beginning or End:: Moving to start/end of weeks, months, and years.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
683 * Specified Dates:: Moving to the current date or another
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
684 specific date.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
685
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
686 Conversion To and From Other Calendars
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
687
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
688 * Calendar Systems:: The calendars Emacs understands
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
689 (aside from Gregorian).
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
690 * To Other Calendar:: Converting the selected date to various calendars.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
691 * From Other Calendar:: Moving to a date specified in another calendar.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
692 * Mayan Calendar:: Moving to a date specified in a Mayan calendar.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
693
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
694 The Diary
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
695
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
696 * Diary Commands:: Viewing diary entries and associated calendar dates.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
697 * Format of Diary File:: Entering events in your diary.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
698 * Date Formats:: Various ways you can specify dates.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
699 * Adding to Diary:: Commands to create diary entries.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
700 * Special Diary Entries:: Anniversaries, blocks of dates, cyclic entries, etc.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
701
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
702 @sc{Gnus}
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
703
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
704 * Buffers of Gnus:: The group, summary, and article buffers.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
705 * Gnus Startup:: What you should know about starting Gnus.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
706 * Summary of Gnus:: A short description of the basic Gnus commands.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
707
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
708 Running Shell Commands from Emacs
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
709
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
710 * Single Shell:: How to run one shell command and return.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
711 * Interactive Shell:: Permanent shell taking input via Emacs.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
712 * Shell Mode:: Special Emacs commands used with permanent shell.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
713 * Shell History:: Repeating previous commands in a shell buffer.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
714 * Shell Options:: Options for customizing Shell mode.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
715 * Remote Host:: Connecting to another computer.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
716
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
717 Customization
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
718
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
719 * Minor Modes:: Each minor mode is one feature you can turn on
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
720 independently of any others.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
721 * Variables:: Many Emacs commands examine Emacs variables
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
722 to decide what to do; by setting variables,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
723 you can control their functioning.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
724 * Keyboard Macros:: A keyboard macro records a sequence of
49600
23a1cea22d13 Trailing whitespace deleted.
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents: 48531
diff changeset
725 keystrokes to be replayed with a single command.
24093
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
726 * Key Bindings:: The keymaps say what command each key runs.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
727 By changing them, you can "redefine keys".
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
728 * Keyboard Translations::
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
729 If your keyboard passes an undesired code
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
730 for a key, you can tell Emacs to
49600
23a1cea22d13 Trailing whitespace deleted.
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents: 48531
diff changeset
731 substitute another code.
24093
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
732 * Syntax:: The syntax table controls how words and
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
733 expressions are parsed.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
734 * Init File:: How to write common customizations in the
49600
23a1cea22d13 Trailing whitespace deleted.
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents: 48531
diff changeset
735 @file{.emacs} file.
24093
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
736
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
737 Variables
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
738
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
739 * Examining:: Examining or setting one variable's value.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
740 * Easy Customization::
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
741 Convenient and easy customization of variables.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
742 * Hooks:: Hook variables let you specify programs for parts
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
743 of Emacs to run on particular occasions.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
744 * Locals:: Per-buffer values of variables.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
745 * File Variables:: How files can specify variable values.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
746
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
747 Keyboard Macros
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
748
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
749 * Basic Kbd Macro:: Defining and running keyboard macros.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
750 * Save Kbd Macro:: Giving keyboard macros names; saving them in files.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
751 * Kbd Macro Query:: Making keyboard macros do different things each time.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
752
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
753 Customizing Key Bindings
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
754
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
755 * Keymaps:: Generalities. The global keymap.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
756 * Prefix Keymaps:: Keymaps for prefix keys.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
757 * Local Keymaps:: Major and minor modes have their own keymaps.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
758 * Minibuffer Maps:: The minibuffer uses its own local keymaps.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
759 * Rebinding:: How to redefine one key's meaning conveniently.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
760 * Init Rebinding:: Rebinding keys with your init file, @file{.emacs}.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
761 * Function Keys:: Rebinding terminal function keys.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
762 * Named ASCII Chars:: Distinguishing @key{TAB} from @kbd{C-i}, and so on.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
763 * Mouse Buttons:: Rebinding mouse buttons in Emacs.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
764 * Disabling:: Disabling a command means confirmation is required
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
765 before it can be executed. This is done to protect
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
766 beginners from surprises.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
767
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
768 The Init File, @file{~/.emacs}
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
769
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
770 * Init Syntax:: Syntax of constants in Emacs Lisp.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
771 * Init Examples:: How to do some things with an init file.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
772 * Terminal Init:: Each terminal type can have an init file.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
773 * Find Init:: How Emacs finds the init file.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
774
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
775 Dealing with Emacs Trouble
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
776
38767
5889c45fd6ad Change the name of the "DEL Doesn't Delete" node to "DEL Does Not Delete",
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 38400
diff changeset
777 * DEL Does Not Delete:: What to do if @key{DEL} doesn't delete.
24093
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
778 * Stuck Recursive:: `[...]' in mode line around the parentheses.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
779 * Screen Garbled:: Garbage on the screen.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
780 * Text Garbled:: Garbage in the text.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
781 * Unasked-for Search:: Spontaneous entry to incremental search.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
782 * Memory Full:: How to cope when you run out of memory.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
783 * Emergency Escape:: Emergency escape---
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
784 What to do if Emacs stops responding.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
785 * Total Frustration:: When you are at your wits' end.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
786
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
787 Reporting Bugs
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
788
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
789 * Criteria: Bug Criteria. Have you really found a bug?
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
790 * Understanding Bug Reporting:: How to report a bug effectively.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
791 * Checklist:: Steps to follow for a good bug report.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
792 * Sending Patches:: How to send a patch for GNU Emacs.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
793
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
794 Command Line Options and Arguments
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
795
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
796 * Action Arguments:: Arguments to visit files, load libraries,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
797 and call functions.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
798 * Initial Options:: Arguments that take effect while starting Emacs.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
799 * Command Example:: Examples of using command line arguments.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
800 * Resume Arguments:: Specifying arguments when you resume a running Emacs.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
801 * Environment:: Environment variables that Emacs uses.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
802 * Display X:: Changing the default display and using remote login.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
803 * Font X:: Choosing a font for text, under X.
43015
e4c362348aae Fix typo.
Pavel Janík <Pavel@Janik.cz>
parents: 42751
diff changeset
804 * Colors:: Choosing display colors.
24093
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
805 * Window Size X:: Start-up window size, under X.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
806 * Borders X:: Internal and external borders, under X.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
807 * Title X:: Specifying the initial frame's title.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
808 * Icons X:: Choosing what sort of icon to use, under X.
41370
3f1a375341ab Update menu for changes in cmdargs.texi and xresources.texi.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 40792
diff changeset
809
3f1a375341ab Update menu for changes in cmdargs.texi and xresources.texi.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 40792
diff changeset
810 X Resources
3f1a375341ab Update menu for changes in cmdargs.texi and xresources.texi.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 40792
diff changeset
811
3f1a375341ab Update menu for changes in cmdargs.texi and xresources.texi.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 40792
diff changeset
812 * Resources:: Using X resources with Emacs (in general).
3f1a375341ab Update menu for changes in cmdargs.texi and xresources.texi.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 40792
diff changeset
813 * Table of Resources:: Table of specific X resources that affect Emacs.
3f1a375341ab Update menu for changes in cmdargs.texi and xresources.texi.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 40792
diff changeset
814 * Face Resources:: X resources for customizing faces.
24093
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
815 * Lucid Resources:: X resources for Lucid menus.
36501
8a046a8e91dc Give LessTif precedence over Motif.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 36212
diff changeset
816 * LessTif Resources:: X resources for LessTif and Motif menus.
24093
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
817
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
818 Environment Variables
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
819
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
820 * General Variables:: Environment variables that all versions of Emacs use.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
821 * Misc Variables:: Certain system specific variables.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
822
24094
1a575df191bb (Top): Include Windows 98 in the MS-DOS section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24093
diff changeset
823 MS-DOS and Windows 95/98/NT
24093
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
824
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
825 * MS-DOS Input:: Keyboard and mouse usage on MS-DOS.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
826 * MS-DOS Display:: Fonts, frames and display size on MS-DOS.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
827 * MS-DOS File Names:: File-name conventions on MS-DOS.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
828 * Text and Binary:: Text files on MS-DOS use CRLF to separate lines.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
829 * MS-DOS Printing:: How to specify the printer on MS-DOS.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
830 * MS-DOS Processes:: Running subprocesses on MS-DOS.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
831 * Windows Processes:: Running subprocesses on Windows.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
832 * Windows System Menu:: Controlling what the ALT key does.
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
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833 @end menu
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parents:
diff changeset
834
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parents:
diff changeset
835 @iftex
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
836 @unnumbered Preface
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
837
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
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diff changeset
838 This manual documents the use and simple customization of the Emacs
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
839 editor. The reader is not expected to be a programmer; simple
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
840 customizations do not require programming skill. But the user who is not
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
841 interested in customizing can ignore the scattered customization hints.
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
842
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
843 This is primarily a reference manual, but can also be used as a
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
844 primer. For complete beginners, it is a good idea to start with the
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
845 on-line, learn-by-doing tutorial, before reading the manual. To run the
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
846 tutorial, start Emacs and type @kbd{C-h t}. This way you can learn
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
847 Emacs by using Emacs on a specially designed file which describes
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
848 commands, tells you when to try them, and then explains the results you
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
849 see.
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
850
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
851 On first reading, just skim chapters 1 and 2, which describe the
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
852 notational conventions of the manual and the general appearance of the
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
853 Emacs display screen. Note which questions are answered in these
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
854 chapters, so you can refer back later. After reading chapter 4, you
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
855 should practice the commands there. The next few chapters describe
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
856 fundamental techniques and concepts that are used constantly. You need
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
857 to understand them thoroughly, experimenting with them if necessary.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
858
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
859 Chapters 14 through 19 describe intermediate-level features that are
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
860 useful for all kinds of editing. Chapter 20 and following chapters
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
861 describe features that you may or may not want to use; read those
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
862 chapters when you need them.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
863
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
864 Read the Trouble chapter if Emacs does not seem to be working
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
865 properly. It explains how to cope with some common problems
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
866 (@pxref{Lossage}), as well as when and how to report Emacs bugs
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
867 (@pxref{Bugs}).
49600
23a1cea22d13 Trailing whitespace deleted.
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents: 48531
diff changeset
868
24093
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
869 To find the documentation on a particular command, look in the index.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
870 Keys (character commands) and command names have separate indexes. There
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
871 is also a glossary, with a cross reference for each term.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
872
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
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873 This manual is available as a printed book and also as an Info file.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
874 The Info file is for on-line perusal with the Info program, which will
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
875 be the principal way of viewing documentation on-line in the GNU system.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
876 Both the Info file and the Info program itself are distributed along
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
877 with GNU Emacs. The Info file and the printed book contain
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
878 substantially the same text and are generated from the same source
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
879 files, which are also distributed along with GNU Emacs.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
880
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
881 GNU Emacs is a member of the Emacs editor family. There are many Emacs
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
882 editors, all sharing common principles of organization. For information on
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
883 the underlying philosophy of Emacs and the lessons learned from its
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
884 development, write for a copy of AI memo 519a, ``Emacs, the Extensible,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
885 Customizable Self-Documenting Display Editor,'' to Publications Department,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
886 Artificial Intelligence Lab, 545 Tech Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA@. At
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
887 last report they charge $2.25 per copy. Another useful publication is LCS
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
888 TM-165, ``A Cookbook for an Emacs,'' by Craig Finseth, available from
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
889 Publications Department, Laboratory for Computer Science, 545 Tech Square,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
890 Cambridge, MA 02139, USA@. The price today is $3.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
891
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
892 This edition of the manual is intended for use with GNU Emacs installed
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
893 on GNU and Unix systems. GNU Emacs can also be used on VMS, MS-DOS
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
894 (also called MS-DOG), Windows NT, and Windows 95 systems. Those systems use
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
895 different file name syntax; in addition, VMS and MS-DOS do not support
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
896 all GNU Emacs features. We don't try to describe VMS usage in this
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
897 manual. @xref{MS-DOS}, for information about using Emacs on MS-DOS.
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
898 @end iftex
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
899
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parents:
diff changeset
900 @node Distrib, Copying, Top, Top
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
901 @unnumbered Distribution
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
902
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
903 GNU Emacs is @dfn{free software}; this means that everyone is free to
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
904 use it and free to redistribute it on certain conditions. GNU Emacs is
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
905 not in the public domain; it is copyrighted and there are restrictions
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
906 on its distribution, but these restrictions are designed to permit
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
907 everything that a good cooperating citizen would want to do. What is
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
908 not allowed is to try to prevent others from further sharing any version
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
909 of GNU Emacs that they might get from you. The precise conditions are
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
910 found in the GNU General Public License that comes with Emacs and also
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
911 appears following this section.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
912
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
913 One way to get a copy of GNU Emacs is from someone else who has it. You
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
914 need not ask for our permission to do so, or tell any one else; just
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
915 copy it. If you have access to the Internet, you can get the latest
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
916 distribution version of GNU Emacs by anonymous FTP; see the file
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
917 @file{etc/FTP} in the Emacs distribution for more information.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
918
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
919 You may also receive GNU Emacs when you buy a computer. Computer
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
920 manufacturers are free to distribute copies on the same terms that apply to
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
921 everyone else. These terms require them to give you the full sources,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
922 including whatever changes they may have made, and to permit you to
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
923 redistribute the GNU Emacs received from them under the usual terms of the
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
924 General Public License. In other words, the program must be free for you
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
925 when you get it, not just free for the manufacturer.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
926
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
927 You can also order copies of GNU Emacs from the Free Software Foundation
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
928 on CD-ROM@. This is a convenient and reliable way to get a copy; it is
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
929 also a good way to help fund our work. (The Foundation has always
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
930 received most of its funds in this way.) An order form is included in
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
931 the file @file{etc/ORDERS} in the Emacs distribution, and on our web
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
932 site in @url{http://www.gnu.org/order/order.html}. For further
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
933 information, write to
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
934
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
935 @display
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
936 Free Software Foundation
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
937 59 Temple Place, Suite 330
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
938 Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
939 USA
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
940 @end display
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
941
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
942 The income from distribution fees goes to support the foundation's
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
943 purpose: the development of new free software, and improvements to our
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
944 existing programs including GNU Emacs.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
945
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
946 If you find GNU Emacs useful, please @strong{send a donation} to the
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
947 Free Software Foundation to support our work. Donations to the Free
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
948 Software Foundation are tax deductible in the US. If you use GNU Emacs
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
949 at your workplace, please suggest that the company make a donation. If
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
950 company policy is unsympathetic to the idea of donating to charity, you
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
951 might instead suggest ordering a CD-ROM from the Foundation
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
952 occasionally, or subscribing to periodic updates.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
953
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
954 @iftex
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
955 Contributors to GNU Emacs include Per Abrahamsen, Jay K. Adams, Joe
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
956 Arceneaux, Boaz Ben-Zvi, Jim Blandy, Terrence Brannon, Frank Bresz,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
957 Peter Breton, Kevin Broadey, Vincent Broman, David M. Brown, Bill
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
958 Carpenter, Hans Chalupsky, Bob Chassell, James Clark, Mike Clarkson,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
959 Glynn Clements, Andrew Csillag, Doug Cutting, Michael DeCorte, Gary
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
960 Delp, Matthieu Devin, Eri Ding, Carsten Dominik, Scott Draves, Viktor
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
961 Dukhovni, John Eaton, Rolf Ebert, Stephen Eglen, Torbj@"orn Einarsson,
46918
82d113655734 Minor spelling and grammar corrections.
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 45884
diff changeset
962 Tsugutomo Enami, Hans Henrik Eriksen, Michael Ernst, Ata Etemadi,
82d113655734 Minor spelling and grammar corrections.
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 45884
diff changeset
963 Frederick Farnbach, Fred Fish, Karl Fogel, Gary Foster, Noah Friedman,
24093
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
964 Keith Gabryelski, Kevin Gallagher, Kevin Gallo, Howard Gayle, Stephen
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
965 Gildea, David Gillespie, Bob Glickstein, Boris Goldowsky, Michelangelo
24882
3a17c21ea615 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 24571
diff changeset
966 Grigni, Michael Gschwind, Henry Guillaume, Doug Gwyn, Ken'ichi Handa,
24093
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
967 Chris Hanson, K. Shane Hartman, John Heidemann, Markus Heritsch, Karl
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
968 Heuer, Manabu Higashida, Anders Holst, Kurt Hornik, Tom Houlder, Lars
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
969 Ingebrigtsen, Andrew Innes, Michael K. Johnson, Kyle Jones, Tomoji
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
970 Kagatani, Brewster Kahle, David Kaufman, Henry Kautz, Howard Kaye,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
971 Michael Kifer, Richard King, Larry K. Kolodney, Robert Krawitz,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
972 Sebastian Kremer, Geoff Kuenning, David K@aa gedal, Daniel LaLiberte,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
973 Aaron Larson, James R. Larus, Frederic Lepied, Lars Lindberg, Eric
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
974 Ludlam, Neil M. Mager, Ken Manheimer, Bill Mann, Brian Marick, Simon
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
975 Marshall, Bengt Martensson, Charlie Martin, Thomas May, Roland McGrath,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
976 David Megginson, Wayne Mesard, Richard Mlynarik, Keith Moore, Erik
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
977 Naggum, Thomas Neumann, Mike Newton, Jurgen Nickelsen, Jeff Norden,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
978 Andrew Norman, Jeff Peck, Damon Anton Permezel, Tom Perrine, Jens
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
979 Petersen, Daniel Pfeiffer, Fred Pierresteguy, Christian Plaunt,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
980 Francesco A. Potorti, Michael D. Prange, Ashwin Ram, Eric S. Raymond,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
981 Paul Reilly, Edward M. Reingold, Rob Riepel, Roland B. Roberts, John
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
982 Robinson, Danny Roozendaal, William Rosenblatt, Guillermo J. Rozas, Ivar
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
983 Rummelhoff, Wolfgang Rupprecht, James B. Salem, Masahiko Sato, William
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
984 Schelter, Ralph Schleicher, Gregor Schmid, Michael Schmidt, Ronald
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
985 S. Schnell, Philippe Schnoebelen, Stephen Schoef, Randal Schwartz,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
986 Manuel Serrano, Stanislav Shalunov, Mark Shapiro, Richard Sharman, Olin
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
987 Shivers, Espen Skoglund, Rick Sladkey, Lynn Slater, Chris Smith, David
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
988 Smith, Paul D. Smith, William Sommerfeld, Michael Staats, Sam Steingold,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
989 Ake Stenhoff, Peter Stephenson, Jonathan Stigelman, Steve Strassman,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
990 Jens T. Berger Thielemann, Spencer Thomas, Jim Thompson, Masanobu Umeda,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
991 Neil W. Van Dyke, Ulrik Vieth, Geoffrey Voelker, Johan Vromans, Barry
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
992 Warsaw, Morten Welinder, Joseph Brian Wells, Rodney Whitby, Ed
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
993 Wilkinson, Mike Williams, Steven A. Wood, Dale R. Worley, Felix
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
994 S. T. Wu, Tom Wurgler, Eli Zaretskii, Jamie Zawinski, Ian T. Zimmermann,
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
995 Reto Zimmermann, and Neal Ziring.
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996 @end iftex
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997
31309
979e66ba0c4a Update for GFDL. Not yet checked by rms.
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diff changeset
998 @node Copying, GNU Free Documentation License, Distrib, Top
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diff changeset
999 @unnumbered GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
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parents:
diff changeset
1000 @center Version 2, June 1991
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diff changeset
1001
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diff changeset
1002 @display
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parents:
diff changeset
1003 Copyright @copyright{} 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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parents:
diff changeset
1004 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
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parents:
diff changeset
1005
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parents:
diff changeset
1006 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1007 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
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parents:
diff changeset
1008 @end display
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diff changeset
1009
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parents:
diff changeset
1010 @unnumberedsec Preamble
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parents:
diff changeset
1011
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parents:
diff changeset
1012 The licenses for most software are designed to take away your
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1013 freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1014 License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1015 software---to make sure the software is free for all its users. This
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1016 General Public License applies to most of the Free Software
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1017 Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1018 using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1019 the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1020 your programs, too.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1021
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1022 When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1023 price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1024 have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1025 this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1026 if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1027 in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1028
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1029 To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1030 anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1031 These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1032 distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1033
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1034 For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1035 gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1036 you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1037 source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1038 rights.
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1039
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1040 We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1041 (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1042 distribute and/or modify the software.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1043
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1044 Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1045 that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1046 software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1047 want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1048 that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1049 authors' reputations.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1050
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1051 Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1052 patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1053 program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1054 program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1055 patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1056
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1057 The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1058 modification follow.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1059
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1060 @iftex
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1061 @unnumberedsec TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1062 @end iftex
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1063 @ifinfo
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1064 @center TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1065 @end ifinfo
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1066
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1067 @enumerate 0
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1068 @item
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1069 This License applies to any program or other work which contains
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1070 a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed
36168
df827c1def99 Clean up close-quote punctuation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 36153
diff changeset
1071 under the terms of this General Public License. The ``Program,'' below,
24093
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1072 refers to any such program or work, and a ``work based on the Program''
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1073 means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law:
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1074 that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1075 either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1076 language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in
36168
df827c1def99 Clean up close-quote punctuation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 36153
diff changeset
1077 the term ``modification.'') Each licensee is addressed as ``you.''
24093
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1078
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1079 Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1080 covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1081 running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1082 is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1083 Program (independent of having been made by running the Program).
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1084 Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1085
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1086 @item
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1087 You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1088 source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1089 conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1090 copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1091 notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty;
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1092 and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1093 along with the Program.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1094
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1095 You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1096 you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1097
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1098 @item
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1099 You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1100 of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1101 distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1102 above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1103
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1104 @enumerate a
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1105 @item
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1106 You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1107 stating that you changed the files and the date of any change.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1108
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1109 @item
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1110 You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1111 whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1112 part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1113 parties under the terms of this License.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1114
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1115 @item
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1116 If the modified program normally reads commands interactively
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1117 when run, you must cause it, when started running for such
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1118 interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1119 announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1120 notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1121 a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1122 these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1123 License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1124 does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1125 the Program is not required to print an announcement.)
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1126 @end enumerate
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1127
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1128 These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1129 identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1130 and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1131 themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1132 sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1133 distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1134 on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1135 this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1136 entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1137
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1138 Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1139 your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1140 exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1141 collective works based on the Program.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1142
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1143 In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1144 with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1145 a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1146 the scope of this License.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1147
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1148 @item
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1149 You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1150 under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1151 Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1152
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1153 @enumerate a
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1154 @item
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1155 Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1156 source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1157 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1158
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1159 @item
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1160 Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1161 years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1162 cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1163 machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1164 distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1165 customarily used for software interchange; or,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1166
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1167 @item
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1168 Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1169 to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1170 allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1171 received the program in object code or executable form with such
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1172 an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1173 @end enumerate
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1174
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1175 The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1176 making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1177 code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1178 associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1179 control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1180 special exception, the source code distributed need not include
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1181 anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1182 form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1183 operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1184 itself accompanies the executable.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1185
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1186 If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1187 access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1188 access to copy the source code from the same place counts as
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1189 distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1190 compelled to copy the source along with the object code.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1191
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1192 @item
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1193 You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1194 except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1195 otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1196 void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1197 However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1198 this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1199 parties remain in full compliance.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1200
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1201 @item
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1202 You are not required to accept this License, since you have not
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1203 signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1204 distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1205 prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1206 modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1207 Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1208 all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1209 the Program or works based on it.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1210
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1211 @item
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1212 Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1213 Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1214 original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1215 these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1216 restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1217 You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1218 this License.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1219
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1220 @item
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1221 If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1222 infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues),
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1223 conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1224 otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1225 excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1226 distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1227 License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1228 may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1229 license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1230 all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1231 the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1232 refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1233
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1234 If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1235 any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1236 apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1237 circumstances.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1238
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1239 It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1240 patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1241 such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1242 integrity of the free software distribution system, which is
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1243 implemented by public license practices. Many people have made
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1244 generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1245 through that system in reliance on consistent application of that
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1246 system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1247 to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1248 impose that choice.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1249
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1250 This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1251 be a consequence of the rest of this License.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1252
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1253 @item
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1254 If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1255 certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1256 original copyright holder who places the Program under this License
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1257 may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1258 those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1259 countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1260 the limitation as if written in the body of this License.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1261
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1262 @item
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1263 The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1264 of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1265 be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1266 address new problems or concerns.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1267
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1268 Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1269 specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and ``any
36168
df827c1def99 Clean up close-quote punctuation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 36153
diff changeset
1270 later version,'' you have the option of following the terms and conditions
24093
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1271 either of that version or of any later version published by the Free
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1272 Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1273 this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1274 Foundation.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1275
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1276 @item
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1277 If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1278 programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1279 to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1280 Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1281 make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1282 of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1283 of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1284
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1285 @iftex
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1286 @heading NO WARRANTY
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1287 @end iftex
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1288 @ifinfo
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1289 @center NO WARRANTY
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1290 @end ifinfo
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1291
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1292 @item
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1293 BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1294 FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW@. EXCEPT WHEN
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1295 OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1296 PROVIDE THE PROGRAM ``AS IS'' WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1297 OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1298 MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE@. THE ENTIRE RISK AS
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1299 TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU@. SHOULD THE
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1300 PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1301 REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1302
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1303 @item
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1304 IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1305 WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1306 REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1307 INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1308 OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1309 TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1310 YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1311 PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1312 POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1313 @end enumerate
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1314
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1315 @iftex
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1316 @heading END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1317 @end iftex
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1318 @ifinfo
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1319 @center END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1320 @end ifinfo
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1321
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1322 @page
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1323 @unnumberedsec How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1324
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1325 If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1326 possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1327 free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1328
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1329 To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1330 to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1331 convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1332 the ``copyright'' line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1333
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1334 @smallexample
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1335 @var{one line to give the program's name and an idea of what it does.}
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1336 Copyright (C) 19@var{yy} @var{name of author}
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1337
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1338 This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1339 modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1340 as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1341 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1342
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1343 This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1344 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1345 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE@. See the
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1346 GNU General Public License for more details.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1347
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1348 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1349 with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1350 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1351 @end smallexample
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1352
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1353 Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1354
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1355 If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1356 when it starts in an interactive mode:
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1357
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1358 @smallexample
32113
a0915106b092 (Top): Update version in `Antinews' menu entry.
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 31356
diff changeset
1359 Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 20@var{yy} @var{name of author}
24093
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1360 Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1361 type `show w'. This is free software, and you are welcome
49600
23a1cea22d13 Trailing whitespace deleted.
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents: 48531
diff changeset
1362 to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c'
24093
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1363 for details.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1364 @end smallexample
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1365
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1366 The hypothetical commands @samp{show w} and @samp{show c} should show
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1367 the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1368 commands you use may be called something other than @samp{show w} and
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1369 @samp{show c}; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items---whatever
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1370 suits your program.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1371
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1372 You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1373 school, if any, to sign a ``copyright disclaimer'' for the program, if
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1374 necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names:
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1375
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1376 @smallexample
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1377 @group
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1378 Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1379 interest in the program `Gnomovision'
49600
23a1cea22d13 Trailing whitespace deleted.
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents: 48531
diff changeset
1380 (which makes passes at compilers) written
24093
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1381 by James Hacker.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1382
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1383 @var{signature of Ty Coon}, 1 April 1989
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1384 Ty Coon, President of Vice
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1385 @end group
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1386 @end smallexample
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1387
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1388 This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1389 proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1390 consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1391 library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1392 Public License instead of this License.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1393
31309
979e66ba0c4a Update for GFDL. Not yet checked by rms.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 31144
diff changeset
1394 @include doclicense.texi
979e66ba0c4a Update for GFDL. Not yet checked by rms.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 31144
diff changeset
1395
979e66ba0c4a Update for GFDL. Not yet checked by rms.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 31144
diff changeset
1396 @node Intro, Glossary, GNU Free Documentation License, Top
24093
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1397 @unnumbered Introduction
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1398
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1399 You are reading about GNU Emacs, the GNU incarnation of the advanced,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1400 self-documenting, customizable, extensible real-time display editor Emacs.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1401 (The `G' in `GNU' is not silent.)
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1402
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1403 We say that Emacs is a @dfn{display} editor because normally the text
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1404 being edited is visible on the screen and is updated automatically as you
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1405 type your commands. @xref{Screen,Display}.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1406
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1407 We call it a @dfn{real-time} editor because the display is updated very
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1408 frequently, usually after each character or pair of characters you
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1409 type. This minimizes the amount of information you must keep in your
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1410 head as you edit. @xref{Basic,Real-time,Basic Editing}.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1411
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1412 We call Emacs advanced because it provides facilities that go beyond
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1413 simple insertion and deletion: controlling subprocesses; automatic
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1414 indentation of programs; viewing two or more files at once; editing
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1415 formatted text; and dealing in terms of characters, words, lines,
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1416 sentences, paragraphs, and pages, as well as expressions and comments in
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1417 several different programming languages.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1418
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1419 @dfn{Self-documenting} means that at any time you can type a special
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1420 character, @kbd{Control-h}, to find out what your options are. You can
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1421 also use it to find out what any command does, or to find all the commands
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1422 that pertain to a topic. @xref{Help}.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1423
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1424 @dfn{Customizable} means that you can change the definitions of Emacs
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1425 commands in little ways. For example, if you use a programming language in
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1426 which comments start with @samp{<**} and end with @samp{**>}, you can tell
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1427 the Emacs comment manipulation commands to use those strings
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1428 (@pxref{Comments}). Another sort of customization is rearrangement of the
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1429 command set. For example, if you prefer the four basic cursor motion
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1430 commands (up, down, left and right) on keys in a diamond pattern on the
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1431 keyboard, you can rebind the keys that way. @xref{Customization}.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1432
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1433 @dfn{Extensible} means that you can go beyond simple customization and
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1434 write entirely new commands, programs in the Lisp language to be run by
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1435 Emacs's own Lisp interpreter. Emacs is an ``on-line extensible''
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1436 system, which means that it is divided into many functions that call
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1437 each other, any of which can be redefined in the middle of an editing
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1438 session. Almost any part of Emacs can be replaced without making a
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1439 separate copy of all of Emacs. Most of the editing commands of Emacs
38131
a678d1512bf0 Minor wording change.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 37993
diff changeset
1440 are written in Lisp; the few exceptions could have been written
24093
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1441 in Lisp but are written in C for efficiency. Although only a programmer
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1442 can write an extension, anybody can use it afterward. If you want to
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1443 learn Emacs Lisp programming, we recommend the @cite{Introduction to
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1444 Emacs Lisp} by Robert J. Chassell, also published by the Free Software
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1445 Foundation.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1446
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1447 When run under the X Window System, Emacs provides its own menus and
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1448 convenient bindings to mouse buttons. But Emacs can provide many of the
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1449 benefits of a window system on a text-only terminal. For instance, you
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1450 can look at or edit several files at once, move text between files, and
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1451 edit files while running shell commands.
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1452
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1453 @include screen.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1454 @include commands.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1455 @include entering.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1456 @include basic.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1457 @include mini.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1458 @include m-x.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1459 @include help.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1460 @include mark.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1461 @include killing.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1462 @include regs.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1463 @include display.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1464 @include search.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1465 @include fixit.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1466 @include files.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1467 @include buffers.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1468 @include windows.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1469 @include frames.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1470 @include mule.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1471 @include major.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1472 @include indent.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1473 @include text.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1474 @include programs.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1475 @include building.texi
38199
01e8262e28af Reorganize structure of Editing Programs,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 38131
diff changeset
1476 @include maintaining.texi
24093
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1477 @include abbrevs.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1478 @include picture.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1479 @include sending.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1480 @include rmail.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1481 @include dired.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1482 @include calendar.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1483 @include misc.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1484 @include custom.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1485 @include trouble.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1486 @include cmdargs.texi
40525
b8d0024c4e37 @include xresources.texi.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 40520
diff changeset
1487 @include xresources.texi
24093
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1488
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1489 @include anti.texi
34199
1a56ec70af8c @include macos.texi.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 33973
diff changeset
1490 @include macos.texi
24093
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1491 @include msdog.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1492 @include gnu.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1493 @include glossary.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1494 @ifinfo
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1495 @include ack.texi
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1496 @end ifinfo
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1497
37452
794af8f5baeb Add Option Index, produced only in the on-line version of the manual.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37247
diff changeset
1498 @c The Option Index is produced only in the on-line version,
794af8f5baeb Add Option Index, produced only in the on-line version of the manual.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37247
diff changeset
1499 @c because the index entries related to command-line options
794af8f5baeb Add Option Index, produced only in the on-line version of the manual.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37247
diff changeset
1500 @c tend to point to the same pages and all begin with a dash.
794af8f5baeb Add Option Index, produced only in the on-line version of the manual.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37247
diff changeset
1501 @c This, and the need to keep the node links consistent, are
794af8f5baeb Add Option Index, produced only in the on-line version of the manual.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37247
diff changeset
1502 @c the reasons for the funky @iftex/@ifnottex dance below.
794af8f5baeb Add Option Index, produced only in the on-line version of the manual.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37247
diff changeset
1503 @c The Option Index is _not_ before Key Index, because that
794af8f5baeb Add Option Index, produced only in the on-line version of the manual.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37247
diff changeset
1504 @c would require changes in the glossary.texi's @node line.
794af8f5baeb Add Option Index, produced only in the on-line version of the manual.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37247
diff changeset
1505 @c It is not after Concept Index for similar reasons.
794af8f5baeb Add Option Index, produced only in the on-line version of the manual.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37247
diff changeset
1506
794af8f5baeb Add Option Index, produced only in the on-line version of the manual.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37247
diff changeset
1507 @iftex
24093
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1508 @node Key Index, Command Index, Glossary, Top
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1509 @unnumbered Key (Character) Index
072a11211bd8 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1510 @printindex ky
37452
794af8f5baeb Add Option Index, produced only in the on-line version of the manual.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37247
diff changeset
1511 @end iftex
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parents: 37247
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1512
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Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37247
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1513 @ifnottex
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parents: 37247
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1514 @node Key Index, Option Index, Glossary, Top
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Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37247
diff changeset
1515 @unnumbered Key (Character) Index
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parents: 37247
diff changeset
1516 @printindex ky
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1517
37452
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parents: 37247
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1518 @node Option Index, Command Index, Key Index, Top
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Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37247
diff changeset
1519 @unnumbered Command-Line Options Index
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parents: 37247
diff changeset
1520 @printindex op
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Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37247
diff changeset
1521
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Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37247
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1522 @node Command Index, Variable Index, Option Index, Top
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Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37247
diff changeset
1523 @unnumbered Command and Function Index
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Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37247
diff changeset
1524 @printindex fn
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parents: 37247
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1525 @end ifnottex
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parents: 37247
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1526
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1527 @iftex
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diff changeset
1528 @node Command Index, Variable Index, Key Index, Top
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parents:
diff changeset
1529 @unnumbered Command and Function Index
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parents:
diff changeset
1530 @printindex fn
37452
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1531 @end iftex
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1532
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1533 @node Variable Index, Concept Index, Command Index, Top
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parents:
diff changeset
1534 @unnumbered Variable Index
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parents:
diff changeset
1535 @printindex vr
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parents:
diff changeset
1536
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parents:
diff changeset
1537 @node Concept Index, Acknowledgments, Variable Index, Top
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parents:
diff changeset
1538 @unnumbered Concept Index
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parents:
diff changeset
1539 @printindex cp
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parents:
diff changeset
1540
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parents:
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1541 @summarycontents
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parents:
diff changeset
1542 @contents
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1543 @bye
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1544