annotate etc/TUTORIAL.cn @ 50952:1731748fbe8c

(vc-mcvs-command): Filter output of `status'. (vc-mcvs-state, vc-mcvs-dir-state, vc-mcvs-print-log, vc-mcvs-diff): Change dir so that the filtered output of `mcvs makes sense. (vc-mcvs-mode-line-string): Handle the case where CVS is desync'd. (vc-mcvs-diff-tree): Don't bother with the local-diff code. (vc-mcvs-create-snapshot): Use `branch' and `switch'.
author Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
date Sun, 11 May 2003 23:55:07 +0000
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children 3b5f7614fdcc
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1 您正在阅读 Emacs 快速指南(Emacs tutorial)。请见页尾条件。
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2 Copyright (c) 1985, 1996, 1998, 2001, 2002 Free Software Foundation.
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3
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4 Emacs 指令通常包含有 CONTROL 键(有时候以 CTRL 或 CTL 来标示)
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5 或是 META 键(有时候以 EDIT 或 ALT 来标示)。
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6 为了避免每一次都要写出其全名,我们将会使用下述的缩写:
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7
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8 C-<chr> 表示当键入字元 <chr> 时 按住 CONTROL 键。
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9 因此,C-f 就是:按住 CONTROL 键再键入 f。
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10 M-<chr> 表示当键入字元 <chr> 时 按住 META 或 EDIT 或 ALT 键。
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11 如果没有 META、EDIT、或 ALT 键时,则可以用
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12 「按一下 ESC 键然后放开,再键入 <chr> 的步骤」
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13 来作为替代。我们以 <ESC> 来表示 ESC 键。
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14
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15 重要备忘录:
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16 要离开 Emacs 操作阶段(session),键入 C-x C-c (两个字元)。
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17 位在左侧边界的「>>」字元是让您可以试著使用的指令的提示。举例来说:
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18 <<Blank lines inserted here by startup of help-with-tutorial>>
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19 >> 现在键入 C-v(View next screen)以移到下个萤幕。
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20 (试试看,键入字元 v 时,按住 CONTROL 键)
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21 从现在开始,您应该在每次阅读完目前的萤幕时做一次这个动作。
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22
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23 要注意的是,当您从一个萤幕移到另一个时,中间会有两行重复;
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24 这样做是为了提供一些连续性,让您可以接续地阅读文字。
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25
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26 您需要知道的第一件事是如何在文字中移动。您已经知道了可以 C-v
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27 来向前移动一个萤幕。要向后移动一个萤幕,则键入 M-v
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28 (按住 META 键,然后键入 v,或是如果您没有 META、EDIT、或 ALT 键
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29 时键入 <ESC>v)。
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30
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31 >> 试著键入 M-v 然后 C-v,连续个几次。
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32
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33 【现在您可以 C-v 指令移到后面「翻译」一节,
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34 以取得关於本文的翻译相关事项;然后以 M-v 指令回到这里。】
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35
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36
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37 * 摘要(SUMMARY)
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38 -----------------
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39
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40 以下的指令在检阅萤幕时相当有用:
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41 【我们现在以「萤幕」来表示「显示档案内容的区域」,
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42 因为目前是处在 Emacs 中的单窗格(window)显示状态,
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43 如果是在多窗格的状态下,这里所介绍的指令则作用在「工作中的窗格」。
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44 有关於窗格的介绍,请见窗格(windows)一节。】
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45
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46 C-v 向前移动一个萤幕/窗格
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47 M-v 向后移动一个萤幕/窗格
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48 C-l 清除萤幕/窗格,再重新显示所有文字,
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49 游标所在位置会显示於萤幕/窗格的中央。
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50 (是 CONTROL-L 而不是 CONTROL-1)
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51
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52 >> 找出游标的位置,并注意其附近的文字为何。然后键入 C-l。
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53 再次找出游标的位置,确认一下相同的文字现在也位在其附近。
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54
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55
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56 * 基本的游标控制(BASIC CURSOR CONTROL)
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57 ----------------------------------------
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58
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59 萤幕到萤幕的移动是很有用,
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60 但是您如何移动到位於萤幕内文字中的特定位置呢?
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61
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62 有几种方式可以进行。最基本的方法是使用指令 C-p、 C-b、 C-f、和 C-n。
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63 每一个指令都将游标移往某个特定的方向。
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64 下表所示的是这四个指令和它们所移动的方向:
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65
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66 前一行 C-p
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67 :
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68 :
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69 向后移 C-b .... 目前游标位置 .... 向前移 C-f
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70 :
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71 :
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72 后一行 C-n
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73
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74 >> 以 C-n 或 C-p 将游标移到图形的中央。
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75 键入 C-l 会看到整个图形显示在萤幕的中央。
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76
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77 您应该会发现用字母来想这些很容易:
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78 P 表示 previous、N 表示 next、B 表示 backward、而 F 则表示 forward。
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79 这些就是基本的游标定位(positioning)指令,您将「总是」用到它们,
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80 所以现在就把它们记下来对您会很有用的。
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81
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82 >> 按几次 C-n 把游标往下移动到这行。
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83
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84 >> 按几次 C-f 往前移到这行,然后再以 C-p 往后移动。
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85 看看当游标在本行中央时,C-p 的动作是怎样。
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86
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87 每一个文字行都以一个 Newline 字元作为结束,
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88 它是用来与下一行作为分别。在您档案中的最后一行应该要有一个 Newline
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89 来作为结束(但是 Emacs 并不一定需要它来编辑档案)。
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90
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91 >> 试著在一行开始的地方键入 C-b 。结果应该会移动到前一行的最后面。
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92 这是因为它往后移动时越过了 Newline 字元。
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93
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94 C-f 也可以和 C-b 一样地越过 Newline 字元。
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95 【Newline 字元是「不可见(invisible)字元」,
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96 在编辑器中一般看不到它,这里只是告诉您:在行首再往前走,
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97 那么游标会跑到前一行(如果有前一行的话);在行尾再往后走,
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98 那么游标会跑到后一行(如果有后一行的话)。「越过 Newline 字元」
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99 会让游标跑到另外一行。】
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100
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101 >> 多按几次 C-b,自己感觉一下游标在哪。
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102 然后按几次 C-f 回到这行的尾巴。
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103 再按一次 C-f 就可以移到下一行了。
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104
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105 当您移动游标穿越萤幕的上方或下方时,在边界外的文字会移位进入萤幕内。
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106 这称为「卷动」。它让 Emacs 可以将游标移动到文字中的任意特定位置,
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107 同时(游标)不会跑出萤幕外。
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108
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109 >> 试著以 C-n 将游标越过萤幕下方,然后看看发生了什么事。
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110
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111 如果一个字元一个字元地移动太慢的话,您可以一个字一个字地移动。
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112 M-f (META-f) 往前移动一个字,M-b 则往后移动一个字。
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113 【对中文来说,则是移动到下一个或下一个标点符号的所在。】
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114
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115 >> 键入一些 M-f 和 M-b。
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116
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117 当您在一个字的中间时,M-f 会移动到这个字的尾巴。
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118 当您在字与字间的空白时,M-f 会移动到下一个字的尾巴。
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119 M-b 的效果相似,只是方向不同。
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120
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121 >> 按几次 M-f 和 M-b,中间夹杂一些 C-f 和 C-b,
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122 这样子您就可以观察 M-f 和 M-b 在各种「位在字间或字元间」
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123 的不同位置,所表现出来的行为。
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124
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125 请注意 C-f、C-b 和 M-f、M-b 两对之间的相似性。「经常」的状况是:
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126 META 字元是用来作为与「以语言定义出的单位(字、句子、段落)」
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127 有关的操作,而 CONTROL 字元则是作用在
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128 「与您所编辑无关的『基本』单位(字元或行等)」上。
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129
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130 这个相似性在「行与句子」之间也同样适用:
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131 C-a 和 C-e 会将游标移动到「一行」的 开始和结尾处,而
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132 M-a 和 M-e 则将游标移动到「一句」的 开始和结尾处。
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133
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134 >> 试著按两次 C-a,再按两次 C-e。
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135 试著按两次 M-a,再按两次 M-e。
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136
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137 看一下为什么重复的 C-a 指令会没有作用,
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138 而重复的 M-a 指令则继续移动到下一个句子。虽然这并不能说是完全类比,
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139 但是其中每个指令的行为看起来都十分自然。
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140
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141 游标在文字中的位置也可以称作「点位(point)」。
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142 简单来说就是:游标表现出萤幕中「点位」所在的文字位置。
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143
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144 这里是一些简单「游标移动(cursor-moving)操作」的整理,
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145 其中也包括了「字和句」的移动指令:
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146
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147 C-f 往前移动一个字元
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148 C-b 往后移动一个字元
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149
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150 M-f 往前移动一个字【中文是移动到上一个标点符号】
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151 M-b 往后移动一个字【中文是移动到下一个标点符号】
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152
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153 C-n 移动到下一行
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154 C-p 移动到前一行
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155
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156 C-a 移动到行首
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157 C-e 移动到行尾
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158
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159 M-a 移回句首
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160 M-e 移到句尾
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161
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162 >> 练习几次这些指令。这些都是最常使用到的指令。
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163
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164 还有两个重要的游标动作(cursor-motion)指令,
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165 M-<(META Less-than),移动到文字的最开始,以及
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166 M->(META Greater-than),移动到文字的最后。
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167
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168 在大部份的终端机,「<」是在 comma 上方,
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169 所以您必须要使用 shift 键来键入。在这些终端机上,
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170 您必须使用 shift 键来键入 M-<;没有使用 shift 键,
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171 您就变成键入 M-comma 了。
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172
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173 >> 现在试一下 M-< ,移到本快速指南的最开始。
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174 然后再重复地使用 C-v 回到这里。
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175
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176 >> 现在试一下 M-> ,移到本快速指南的最后。
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177 然后再重复地使用 M-v 回到这里。
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178
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179 如果您的终端机有方向键的话,您也可以用方向键移动游标。
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180 我们有三个理由建议您学习 C-b、C-f、C-n、和 C-p:
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181 (1) 任何的终端机都能使用。
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182 (2) 一旦您使用 Emacs 相当熟练了,您会发现键入这些 CONTROL 字元,
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183 比起使用方向键快多了(因为您不需要将手移开打字区)。
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184 (3) 一旦您使用这些 CONTROL 字元指令成为习惯,
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185 您也可以很容易地学会其他进阶的游标动作指令。
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186
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187 大部份的 Emacs 指令接受数字参数;对大部份的指令而言,
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188 它的作用是指定重复次数。您要指定一个指令的重复次数的作法是:
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189 先键入 C-u,然后在您键入指令前,键入代表重复次数的数位。
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190 如果您有一个 META(或 EDIT 或 ALT)键,
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191 那么您还有另外一个替代作法来输入数字参数:
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192 按住 META 键时打入这数字。我们建议您学习 C-u 的方法,
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193 因为它在任何终端机都可以使用。此一数字参数也称作为「字首参数」,
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194 因为您在这参数所作用到的指令前键入它。
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195
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196 举例来说, C-u 8 C-f 向前移动 8 个字元。
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197
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198 >> 试著以一个数字参数来使用 C-n 或 C-p,
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199 只一个指令就将游标移动到这行的附近。
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200
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201 大部份的指令使用数字参数来作为其重复次数,
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202 但是其中有些指令则是作为其他用途。有几个指令(目前您尚未学到)
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203 将它作为旗标--以一个字首参数的型态出现,而不管其值为何,
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204 它们让这指令做些不一样的事。
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205
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206 C-v 和 M-v 则是另一类的例外。当给定一个参数时,它们卷动
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207 「所指定的数量的行(以行为单位)」,而不是以「萤幕」为单位卷动。
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208 举例来说,C-u 8 C-v 将显示萤幕卷动 8 行。
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209
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210 >> 现在试著键入 C-u 8 C-v。
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211
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212 这指令应该已经将萤幕向上移了 8 行。若您想将它再次地向下卷动,
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213 您可以在执行 M-v 时给定一个参数。
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214
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215 如果您正在使用 X 窗口系统,在 Emacs 窗口左手侧应该有一个称为
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216 「卷动轴」的长方型区域。您可以用滑鼠在卷动轴按一下来卷动文字。
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217
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218 >> 试著在「卷动轴内反白区域上」压一下中间钮。这应该会将文字卷动到
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219 「由您所按一下滑鼠的地方」所决定的位置。
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220
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221 >> 当按住中间时,试著将滑鼠上下移动。
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222 您会看到文字随著您移动滑鼠而上下移动。
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223
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224
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225 * 当 EMACS 发呆时(WHEN EMACS IS HUNG)
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226 ---------------------------------------
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227
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228 如果 Emacs 停止回应您的指令,您可以键入 C-g 来安全地停止它。
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229 您也可以使用 C-g 来停止执行过久的指令。
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230
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231 您也可以使用 C-g 来取消数字参数或您不想要完成的指令。
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232
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233 >> 键入 C-u 100 以设定一个 100 的数字参数,然后键入 C-g。
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234 现在键入 C-f。它应该只会移动一个字元,因为您已经以 C-g
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235 取消了参数。
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236
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237 如果您已经不小心地键入一个 <ESC>,您可以 C-g 来取消它。
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238
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239
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240 * 无效化的指令(DISABLED COMMANDS)
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241 -----------------------------------
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242
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243 有一些 Emacs 指令被「无效化」了,因此初学者不会意外地使用到它们。
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244
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245 如果您键入了某一个无效化的指令,Emacs 会显示一个讯息,
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246 说明这个指令是什么,并且询问您是否想要继续,然后执行这指令。
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247
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248 如果您真的想要试一下这个指令,那么在当 Emacs 询问您时,请键入空白。
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249 一般来说,如果您不想要执行这个无效化的指令,请以『n』来回答它。
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250
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251 >> 键入 C-x C-l (这是个无效化的指令)
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252 然后键入 n 来回答问题。
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253
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254
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255 * 窗格(WINDOWS)
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256 -----------------
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257
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258 Emacs 可以有数个窗格,每一个显示它自己的文字。
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259 我们在稍后会解释如何使用多重窗格。
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260 现在我们想要解释如何除去多余的窗格,然后回到基本的单窗格编辑。
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261 它很简单:
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262
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263 C-x 1 One window (即,除去其他所有的窗格)。
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264
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265 那是个 CONTROL-x 后面跟著数字 1。
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266 C-x 1 将含有游标的窗格扩大到整个萤幕。它将所有其他的窗格除去。
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267
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268 >> 移动游标到本行并且键入 C-u 0 C-l。
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269 >> 键入 CONTROL-h k CONTROL-f。
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270 看看这个窗格在当一个新的窗格出现
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271 (以显示有关 CONTROL-f 指令的文档时),它是如何缩小的。
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272
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273 >> 键入 C-x 1 以使文档列表窗格消失。
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274
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275 这个指令并不像您先前所学过的指令那般,它包括了两个字元。
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276 它是以字元 CONTROL-x 作为开始。
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277 有一整个系列的指令是以 CONTROL-x 作为开始;
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278 它们之中有许多是与「窗格、档案、暂存区以及相关事物」有关的。
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279 这些指令有 2、3 或 4 个字元长。
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280
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281
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282 * 插入与删除(INSERTING AND DELETING)
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283 --------------------------------------
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284
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285 如果您想要插入文字,把它键入就是了。您可以看到的字元,
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286 像是 A, 7, *, 等,被 Emacs 视为文字并且可以直接插入。
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287 键入 <Return>(carriage-return 键)以插入一个 Newline 字元。
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288
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289 您可以键入 <Delete> 以删除您最后键入的字元。
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290 <Delete> 是一个标示为「Del」的键盘键。
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291 在某些情形下,「Backspace」键的作用如同 <Delete>,但不总是如此!
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292
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293 更一般地说,<Delete> 将位於目前游标位置前一个字元加以删除。
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294
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295 >> 现在做--键入一些字元,然后键入几次 <Delete> 来删除它们。
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296 不要担心这个档案会被更动;您不会影响到原来的快速指南。
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297 (您现在看到的)这一个是您的个人拷贝。
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298
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299 当一行文字变得比「在窗格中的一行」长时,这一行文字会「接续」
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300 到第二行窗格行。这时一个反斜线「\」(或如果您使用窗口化的显示,
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301 则是一个小小弯弯的箭头)会位在其右边界以指出此行接续著。
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302
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303 >> 插入文字,一直到您达到右边界,然后再继续插入。
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304 您会看到一个接续行出现。
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305
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306 >> 使用 <Delete> 删除一些文字,直到此行再次成为一个窗格行。
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307 接续行消失了。
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308
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309 您可以像删除其他字元一样地删除 Newline 字元。
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310 将位在两行中的 Newline 字元删除会让它们合并成为一行。
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311 如果合并的结果使这一行太长,以致无法符合窗格的宽度,
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312 它会以一个接续行来显示。
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313
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314 >> 移动游标到本行的开头并键入 <Delete>。
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315 这会将本行与其前一行结合为一行。
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316
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317 >> 键入 <Return> 以重新插入您刚才删除的 Newline 字元。
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318
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319 记得大部份的 Emacs 指令都可以给予一个重复计数(repeat count);
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320 这也包括了文字字元。重复一个文字字元会将它插入数次。
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321
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322 >> 现在就试一下--键入 C-u 8 * 以插入 ********。
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323
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324 您现在已经学到了「键入个什么东西进 Emacs 以及修正错误」
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325 的大部份基本方法。您也可以「以字或行为单位」地删除。
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326 这里有份关於「删除操作」的摘要:
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327
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328 <Delete> 删除游标所在的 前一个字元
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329 C-d 删除游标所在的 后一个字元
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330
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331 M-<Delete> 删除游标所在的 前一个字
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332 M-d 删除游标所在的 后一个字
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333
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334 C-k 删除从游标所在到「行尾」间的字元
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335 M-k 删除从游标所在到「句尾」间的字元
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336
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337 注意「<Delete> 和 C-d」还有「M-<Delete> 和 M-d」
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338 是平行地自 C-f 和 M-f 扩充出来的
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339 (嗯,<Delete> 并不是控制字元,但是没什么好担心的)。
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340 C-k 和 M-k 在某种程度上与 C-e 和 M-e 一样,
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341 如果把「一行」和「一句」作为类比的话。
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342
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343 您也可以只以一种方法来删除缓冲区内的任何部份,
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344 先移动到您想要删除的部份的一端,然后键入 C-@ 或 C-SPC
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345 (任一个即可)。(SPC 指的是 Space Bar。)
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346 再移到那部份的另一端,接著键入 C-w。
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347 这样就会把介於这两个位置间的所有文字删除。
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348
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349 >> 移动游标到上一段开头的「您」字。
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350 >> 键入 C-SPC。 Emacs 应该会在萤幕的下方显示一个「Mark set」讯息。
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351 >> 移动游标到第二行中的「端」字。
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352 >> 键入 C-w。这样会把从「您」开始到刚好「端」之前的文字删除。
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353
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354 要注意的是「杀掉(killing)」和「删除(deleting)」
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355 的不同在於被杀掉的可以拉回,而被删除的则不能。
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356 【有点难以理解,您可以这么想:
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357 (1) 「被杀掉的」尚存尸骨,而「被删除的」则尸骨无存了!
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358 可见得对电脑资料来说,「删除」比「杀掉」严重多了。
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359 (2) 实际上,就算被删除了,我们还是有技术可以把它救回来,
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360 尤其是文字资料,前提是删除后不能进行实体记忆体的格式化动作。
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361 但这对於一般使用者而言是不可能的,因此就不考虑这情形了。】
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362 重新插入被杀掉的文字称为「拉回(yanking)」。
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363 一般而言,可以移除掉很多文字的指令会把那些文字储存起来
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364 (它们设定成您可以将文字拉回),
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365 而那些只是删除一个字元或者空白行或空白的指令,
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366 则不会储存这些被删除的文字(因此您不能将那文字拉回)。
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367
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368 >> 移动游标到一非空白行的开始。
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369 然后键入 C-k 杀掉在那一行上的文字。
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370 >> 第二次键入 C-k。您将会看到它杀掉跟在那一行后面的 Newline 字元。
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371
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372 请注意单独的 C-k 会把一行的内容杀掉,而第二个 C-k
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373 则会杀掉那一行本身,并且使得所有其他的行向上移动。
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374 C-k 以很特别的方式来处理数字参数,它会杀掉很多行以及它们的内容,
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375 这不仅仅是重复而已,C-u 2 C-k 会把两行以及它们的 Newline 字元杀掉;
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376 如果只是键入 C-k 两次并不会这样。
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377
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378 将被杀掉的文字回复的动作称为「拉回(yanking)」。
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379 (把它想像成您把别人从您身上夺去的东西猛力地拉回来)
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380 您可以在您删除文字的地方拉回,也可以在文字的其他地方拉回。
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381 您可以拉回数次以制作它的数份拷贝。
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382
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383 拉回的指令为 C-y。它会在目前游标的位置重新插入最后杀掉的文字。
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384
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385 >> 试试看;键入 C-y 将文字拉回。
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386
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387 如果您连续地做了数次 C-k,所有被杀掉的文字都会被储存在一起,
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388 因此做一次 C-y 就会把所有这些行都拉回来。
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389
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390 >> 现在做一下,键入 C-k 数次。
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391
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392 现在要回复那些杀掉的文字:
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393
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394 >> 键入 C-y。然后把游标往下移动个几行,再一次键入 C-y。
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395 您现在知道如何复制某些文字了。
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396
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397 如果您有一些文字想要拉回来,但是后来您又杀了某些东西,
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398 那么该怎么做呢?C-y 会把最近杀掉的拉回来,但是先前的文字并没有消失,
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399 您可以用 M-y 来回到它。当您已经使用 C-y 把最近杀掉的拉回来之后,
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400 再键入 M-y 来把这些拉回来的文字替换为先前所杀掉的。
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401 一次又一次地键入 M-y 会把先前再先前所杀掉的文字带回来。
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402 当您到了您想找的文字时,您不需要做任何事来保存它,
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403 只要继续您的编辑,把这些已拉回的文字留在那里就好。
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404
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405 如果您 M-y 做了很多次,您可能会回到起始点,也就是最近杀掉的。
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406
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407 >> 杀掉一行,到处绕绕,再杀掉另一行。
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408 然后用 C-y 将第二次杀掉的那行带回来。
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409 然后再用 M-y,它将会被第一次杀掉的那行取代。
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410 再做几次 M-y 看看您会得到什么。
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411 不间断地做,直到第二个杀掉行回来,再做个几次。
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412 如果您想的话,您可以试著给 M-y 正的或是负的参数。
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413
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414
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415 * 取消动作(UNDO)
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416 ------------------
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417
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418 如果您对文字做了一些改变,后来觉得它是个错误,
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419 您可以 Undo 指令取消这一个改变,C-x u。
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420
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421 通常 C-x u 会把一个指令所造成的改变取消掉;
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422 如果您在一行中重复了许多次 C-x u,每一个重复都会取消额外的指令。
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423
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424 但是有两个例外:
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425 (1) 没有改变文字的指令不算(这包括了游标移动的指令还有卷轴指令);
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426 (2) 自行键入的字元以一群一群--每群最多 20 个--来进行处理。
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427 (这是为了减少您在取消「插入文字动作」所必须键入 C-x u 的次数)
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428
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429 >> 以 C-k 将这一行杀掉,然后键入 C-x u 后它会再次出现。
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430
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431 C-_ 是另一个取消指令;它的作用就和 C-x u 一样,
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432 但是在一行中它比较容易键入许多次。
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433 C-_ 的缺点是在某些键盘中不太清楚如何键入它,
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434 这也是为什么我们同时提供 C-x u 的原因。
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435 在某些终端机,您可以按住 CONTROL 再键入 / ,来键入 C-_。
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436
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437 一个数字参数对 C-_ or C-x u 来说,是作为重复的次数。
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438
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439
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440 * 档案(FILE)
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441 --------------
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442
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443 为了使您编辑的文字永久保存,您必须把它放到一个档案中。
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444 不然,当您离开 Emacs 后,它就会随之消失。为了把您的文字放在档案中,
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445 您必须在您键入这些文字前「找(find)」档案。
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446 (这也称之为「拜访(visiting)」档案)
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447
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448 找一个档案表示您可以在 Emacs 中看到档案的内容。从许多方面来看,
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449 它就像是您直接编辑那个档案一样。然而,直到您「储存」这个档案之前,
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450 您使用 Emacs 编辑所做出的改变并不会保存下来。
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451 这就是为什么当您不想要时,您可以避免留下修改到一半的档案在系统中。
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452 即使当您储存了,Emacs 也会把原本的档案以一个不同的名称保留下来,
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453 若您稍后觉得您的改变是一个错误的话,就可以使用它。
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454
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455 在靠近萤幕的下方,您可以看到由破折号开始与结束的一行--
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456 通常是以「--:-- TUTORIAL.cn」或其他类似的东西作为开始。
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457 这是萤幕的一部分,通常用来表示您正在拜访的档案。现在,
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458 您正在拜访的档案叫做「TUTORIAL.cn」,它是您个人的拷贝。
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459 当您以 Emacs 找出一个档案时,那个档案的名字就会出现在那个地方。
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460
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461 关於寻找档案的指令中,有一个很特别的是,
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462 您必须说出这个您想要的档案名称。
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463 我们说这个指令「从终端机中读进了一个参数」。
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464 (在这个例子中,这参数就是档案的名称)
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465 当您键入这个指令后,
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466
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467 C-x C-f 找一个档案
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468
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469 Emacs 会要您键入档名。您所键入的档名会出现在萤幕的底行。
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470 在被用来作为这种形式的输入时,底行被称为小缓冲区(minibuffer)。
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471 您可以使用正常的 Emacs 编辑指令来编辑这个档名。
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472
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473 当您正在键入档名时(或是任何的小缓冲区输入时),
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474 您可以用 C-g 这个指令来取消它。
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475
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476 >> 键入 C-x C-f,然后键入 C-g。这会取消小缓冲区,
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477 并且也会取消使用这个小缓冲区的 C-x C-f 指令。
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478 因此您没有找任何档案。
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479
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480 当您已经键入了这个档名,请键入 <Return> 来结束它。
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481 然后 C-x C-f 指令就会开始运作,并且找到您所选择的档案。
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482 小缓冲区在当 C-x C-f 指令结束时就会消失。
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483
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484 过了一会儿,档案的内容就会出现在萤幕,然后您就可以编辑它的内容。
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485 当您想要您的改变永久保存时,键入这个指令:
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486
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487 C-x C-s 储存这个档案
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488
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489 这会把在 Emacs 中的文字复制到档案中。当您第一次做这个动作时,
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490 Emacs 会将原始的档案重新命名成一个新的名字,这样它才不会消失。
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491 新的名字通常会加入「~」到原始档案的名字后面。
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492
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493 当储存结束时,Emacs 会把写入档案的名字列出来。您应该经常地进行储存,
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494 这样子如果系统当机时,您就不会损失太多工作。
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495
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496 >> 键入 C-x C-s 以储存本快速指南的您的拷贝。
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497 这会把「Wrote ...TUTORIAL.cn」这个讯息显示在萤幕的下方。
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498
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499 注意:在某些系统中,键入 C-x C-s 将会把萤幕冻结,
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500 您将看不到从 Emacs 来的任何输出。
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501 这表示操作系统一个称为「流程控制」的「功能」将 C-s 指令拦截住,
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502 并且不让它传到 Emacs。要取消萤幕的冻结,请键入 C-q。
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503 然后到 Emacs 使用手册中看看对於「渐进式搜寻的同时进入
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504 (Spontaneous Entry to Incremental Search)」这个主题,
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505 以取得处理这个「功能」的建议。
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506
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507 您可以找出一个已经存在的档案,然后观看它或编辑它。
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508 您也可以找一个还没有存在过的档案。这是以 Emacs 建立一个档案的方法:
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509 找这个档案,就从零开始,然后开始插入文字到这个档案中。
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510 当您要求「储存」这个档案,Emacs 会真的建立一个档案,
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511 并把您所插入的文字摆到档案中。从那时候开始,
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512 您就可以当自己是在编辑一个已经存在的档案了。
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513
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514
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515 * 缓冲区(BUFFER)
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516 ------------------
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517
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518 如果您以 C-x C-f「找」第二个档案,第一个档案仍然存在 Emacs 内。
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519 要切换回它,您可以 C-x C-f 再找它一次。
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520 依此方式,您可以在 Emacs 内开启不少档案。
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521
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522 >> 以键入 C-x C-f foo <Return> 的方式建立一个名为「foo」的档案。
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523 然后插入一些文字,编辑它,然后再以 C-x C-s 储存「foo」。
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524 最后,键入 C-x C-f TUTORIAL.cn <Return> 回到本快速指南。
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525
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526 Emacs 储存每个档案的文字在一个称为「缓冲区(buffer)」的物件中。
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527 找一个档案会在 Emacs 内部建立一个缓冲区。想要看目前存在您的 Emacs
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528 的工作中缓冲区列表,键入
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529
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530 C-x C-b 列出缓冲区
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531
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532 >> 现在就试一下 C-x C-b
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533
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534 看看每一个缓冲区是如何命名的,它也可能同时拥有一个
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535 「储存其内容的档案」的名称。有一些缓冲区则没有其对应的档案。
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536 举例来说,命名为「*Buffer List*」的缓冲区并没有任何档案。
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537 它是 C-x C-b 这个指令所建立出来的包含「缓冲区列表内容」的缓冲区。
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538 您在一个 Emacs 窗格所见到的「任何」文字都是某个缓冲区的一部份。
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539
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540 >> 键入 C-x 1 以离开缓冲列表
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541
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542 如果您对档案中的文字做了修改,然后找另一档案,
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543 这个动作并不会储存第一个档案。它的修改仍旧存在 Emacs 中,
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544 也就是在那个档案的缓冲区中。
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545 对於第二个档案的建立或编辑并不会影响到第一个档案的缓冲区。
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546 这样子非常有用,但这个情形也表明了您需要「一个方便的方法」
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547 来储存第一个档案的缓冲区。
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548 只是为储存第一个档案就必须以 C-x C-f 切换缓冲区,
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549 才能以 C-x C-s 将它储存,总是个让人讨厌的过程。因此我们有
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550
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551 C-x s 储存一些缓冲区
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552
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553 C-x s 会询问您关於您已做出修改但还没储存的每一个缓冲区。
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554 它会问您,对於每一个这样的缓冲区,是否要储存?
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555
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556 >> 插入一行文字,然后键入 C-x s。
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557 它应该会问您是否要储存名为 TUTORIAL.cn 的缓冲区。
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558 键入『y』以回答要储存。
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559
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560
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561 * 扩充指令集(EXTENDING THE COMMAND SET)
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562 -----------------------------------------
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563
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564 由於 Emacs 拥有太多指令,即便使用上所有的 CONTROL 和 META 字元,
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565 也没办法完全摆上。Emacs 以 X(扩充『eXtend』)指令来解决这个问题。
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566 扩充指令有两种型式:
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567
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568 C-x 字元扩充。后面跟著一个字元。
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569 M-x 有名称的指令扩充。后面跟著一个长的名称。
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570
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571 还有一些指令通常来说是很有用的,但是比您已经学到的指令较少使用。
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572 您已经看过其中两个:档案指令中的 C-x C-f 去寻找,以及 C-x C-s 去储存。
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573 其他的例子则有结束 Emacs 阶段的指令--这个指令是 C-x C-c。
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574 (不要担心您会失去已经做出的改变,C-x C-c 在它杀掉 Emacs
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575 之前会提供储存每一个变动的档案的机会。)
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576
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577 C-z 是 *暂时* 离开 Emacs 的指令--
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578 因此您稍后可以回到同样的 Emacs 阶段。
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579
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580 在某些允许它的作用的系统中, C-z 会「暂停住(suspends)」Emacs,
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581 也就是说,它会回到 shell 但不会把 Emacs 毁掉。在最常用的 shell 中,
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582 您可以用『fg』或『%emacs』两种指令恢复 Emacs。
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583
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584 在没有提供暂停功能的系统中,C-z 会在 Emacs 底下建立一个 subshell
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585 以让您有机会执行其他的程式,并且在稍后回到 Emacs,
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586 它并没有真的离开 Emacs。在这个例子中,shell 指令『exit』是从
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587 subshell 回到 Emacs 的通常方式。
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588
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589 使用 C-x C-c 的时机是当您打算要登出时。
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590 它也非常适合用来离开被其他邮件处理程式,
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591 以及许多不同的应用程式所启动的 Emacs。然而在一般的状况下,
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592 如果您不打算登出,最好是把 Emacs 暂停而不是离开它。
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593
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594 有许多 C-x 的指令。这里是一份您已经学过的列表:
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595
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596 C-x C-f 找档案。
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597 C-x C-s 储存档案。
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598 C-x C-b 列出缓冲区。
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599 C-x C-c 离开 Emacs。
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600 C-x 1 除了一个外,删去其他所有的窗格。
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601 C-x u 取消动作。
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602
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603 以扩充来命名的指令通常是不太常使用的指令,
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604 或是只在特定的模式下才会使用的指令。一个例子是取代字串指令,
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605 它会全域地将一个字串以另一个来取代。当您键入 M-x 时,
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606 Emacs 会在萤幕的底端询问您,然后您也应该键入这个指令的名称。
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607 在这个例子中是『replace-string』只要键入『repl s<TAB>』,
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608 然后 Emacs 将会补齐这个名称。以 <Return> 来结束这个指令名称。
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609
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610 取代字串指令需要两个参数--被取代的字串以及用来取代它的字串。
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611 您必须以 Newline 字元来结束每一个参数。
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612
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613 >> 将游标移到本行的下两行空白,然后键入
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614 M-x repl s<Return>changed<Return>altered<Return>。
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615
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616 【为了说明的目的,於下保留一行原文。
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617 Notice how this line has changed: you've replaced... 】
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618
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619 请注意这一行是怎么改变的:在游标的起始位置之后,
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620 您已经将 c-h-a-n-g-e-d 这个字--不管它在哪里出现--
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621 以「altered」这个字来取代了。
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622
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623
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624 * 自动存档(AUTO SAVE)
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625 -----------------------
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626
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627 当您在一个档案中做了修改,但是还没有将它们储存起来,
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628 那么如果您的电脑当机,它们将有可能遗失。
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629 为了避免这种情形发生在您的身上,
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630 Emacs 会定期地将您正在编辑的档案写入「自动储存」档案中。
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631 自动储存档案在档名的前后会各有一个 # 符号;
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632 举例来说,如果您的档案名为「hello.c」,
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633 那么它的自动储存档案的档名就是「#hello.c#」。
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634 当您以平常的方式储存档案时,Emacs 就会把它的自动储存档删除。
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635
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636 如果当机,您可以经由正常地寻找档案,
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637 (指的是您在编辑的档案而不是自动储存档)
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638 然后键入 M-x recover file<Return> 来回复您的自动储存档。
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639 当它要求确认时,键入 yes<Return> 以继续并回复自动储存的资料。
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640
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641
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642 * 回应区(ECHO AREA)
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643 ---------------------
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644
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645 如果 Emacs 见到您很慢地键入多字元指令,它会将它们显示在位於窗格下方,
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646 称为「回应区」的区域给您参阅。回应区位在窗格的最后一行。
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647
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648
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649 * 状态行(MODE LINE)
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650 ---------------------
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651
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652 位在回应区的正上面是称为「状态行」的一行。
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653 状态行显示出一些信息,如:
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654
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655 --:** TUTORIAL.cn (Fundamental)--L670--58%----------------
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656
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657 本行提供一些关於「Emacs 的状态」以及「您正在编辑的文字」的有用信息。
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658
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659 您已经知道档名的意义是什么了--就是您找的档案。
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660 -NN%-- 指出目前您在文字档中的位置;它的意思是说:
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661 有 NN 百分比的文字位在窗格的上面。
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662 如果档案的顶端就位在窗格中,那么它就会显示 --Top-- 而不是 --00%--。
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663 如果档案的底部就位在窗格中,那么它是显示 --Bot--。
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664 如果您正在看的文字档很小,在窗格中就足以看到全部的内容,
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665 那么状态行就会显示 --All--。
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666
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667 L 和数字以另一种方式来表示出位置:它们给出了目前所在的行数(Line)。
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668
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669 在靠近前面的星号表示您已经对这些文字做了改变。
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670 在您刚拜访或储存一个档案之后,
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671 状态行的那个部分会没有星号,只有破折号。
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672
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673 状态行中位於小括弧里面的部分,是用来告诉您正在使用什么编辑模式。
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674 预设的模式是 Fundamental,也就是您现在使用的。
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675 它是「主模式」的一个例子。
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676
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677 Emacs 有许多不同的主模式。它们之中有一些是用来编辑不同的语言
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678 以及/或不同种类的文字,像是 Lisp 模式、Text 模式等等。
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679 在任何的时间只有一个主模式可以作用,
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680 并且它的名称总可以在状态行中被找到,
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681 就在现在的「Fundamental」中的位置。
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682
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683 每一个主模式都使得一些指令的行为表现得不太一样。
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684 举例来说,在一个程式中有一些指令用来制作出注解,
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685 而由於每一种程式语言对於一个注解应该长得像什么,都有著不同的想法,
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686 因此每一个主模式都必须以不同的方式来插入注解。
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687 每一个主模式是一个延伸指令的名称,使得您可以用来切换至那个模式。
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688 举例来说,M-x fundamental-mode 就是切换到 Fundamental
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689 模式的一个指令。
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690
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691 如果您想要编辑中文或英文等文字类型的档案--像是现在的这一个,
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692 您应该使用 Text 模式。
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693
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694 >> 键入 M-x text mode<Return>。
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695
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696 不要担心,没有任何一个您已经学过的 Emacs 指令,
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697 会被改变成任何非常不同的形式。
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698 但是您可以发现到 M-f 和 M-b 现在把撇号(')视为字的一部分。
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699 先前,在 Fundamental 模式中,M-f 和 M-b 将撇号视为字的分隔符号。
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700
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701 主模式通常会像上述那个例子一样,做出一些精巧的改变:
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702 大部分的指令在每一个主模式中「做同样的事」,
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703 但是它们以一点点不同的方式来工作。
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704 【再举个例子,接续上面所开的头,以程式语言的注解来说。
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705 同样一个插入注解的动作,因为您使用的程式语言/主模式的不同而不同。
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706 若您使用 C 语言,Emacs 插入『/* 介於中间的为注解区块 */』;
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707 若您使用的是 Fortran 语言,Emacs 插入『c 以字元 c 为首的为注解行』;
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708 若您使用的是 Basic 语言,Emacs 则插入『' 撇号以后的为注解文字』。
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709 编辑器的弹性如此,实在没有必要为了不同的语言、目的或外观,
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710 设计特殊化的编辑器。「求大同,存小异」在这里也是成立的。】
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711
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712 要浏览您现在所处的主模式的文档,键入 C-h m。
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713
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714 >> 使用 C-u C-v 一或数次,将本行带到靠近萤幕的上方。
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715 >> 键入 C-h m,看看 Text 模式与 Fundamental 模式是哪里不同。
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716 >> 键入 C-x 1 将文档从萤幕移除掉。
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717
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718 主模式之所以称为「主要(major)」的原因是因为它们也有次模式
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719 (minor mode)。次要的模式并不是主模式的其他选择,而只是次要的更改。
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720 每一个次模式可以被它本身启用或停止,和所有其他的次模式无关,
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721 并且也和您的主模式无关。所以您可以不使用次模式,或一个,
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722 或任何数量的次模式的组合。
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723
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724 有一个次模式非常有用,特别是在编辑英文文字时,叫做 Auto Fill 模式。
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725 当这个模式启用时,Emacs 在当您插入文字并且使一行太宽时,
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726 会将那一行,在字与字之间自动地分隔开。
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727
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728 您可以 M-x auto fill mode<Return> 来将 Auto Fill 模式启用。
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729 当这个模式启用时,您可以使用 M-x auto fill mode<Return> 来将它取消。
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730 当这个模式不用时,则这个指令会将它启动,而当这个模式启用时,
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731 这个指令会将它关闭。我们说这个指令用来「切换(toggle)」模式。
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732
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733 >> 现在键入 M-x auto fill mode<Return>。然后一再地插入字串
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734 「 asdf 」,直到您看到它分成两行。您必须在它们之间摆上空白,
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735 因为 Auto Fill 只在空白处断行。
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736
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737 边界通常被设定为 70 个字元,但是您可以用 C-x f 指令来改变它。
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738 您应该以一个数字参数的方式来给定您所希望的边界设定。
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739
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740 >> 键入 C-x f 并附上引数 20:『C-u 2 0 C-x f』。
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741 然后键入一些文字,看看 Emacs 以 20 个字元,
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742 在行与行之间进行 fill 动作。然后再用一次 C-x f 将边界设回 70。
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743
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744 如果您在一个段落的中间做出改变,
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745 Auto Fill 模式并不会为您重新进行 fill 的动作(re-fill)。
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746 要 re-fill 这个段落,键入 M-q (META-q),而游标必须处在其中。
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747
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748 >> 移动游标到前一段中,然后键入 M-q。
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749
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750
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751 * 搜寻(SEARCHING)
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752 -------------------
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753
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754 Emacs 可以搜寻字串(字串可以是一群连续的字元或字)
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755 【就中文来说,字元和字基本上意义相同;此处所指的『字』,
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756 是英文中没有被空白隔开的字元集合。】,
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757 往前或往后搜寻都可以。搜寻一个字串是一种游标移动指令,
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758 它会将游标移动到字串出现的下一个地方。
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759
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760 Emacs 搜寻指令与大部分编辑器的搜寻指令不同的地方在於,
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761 它是「渐进的(incremental)」。
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762 这表示搜寻发生在您键入想要搜寻的文字串后。
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763
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764 要开始搜寻的指令是:C-s 往前搜寻,C-r 往后搜寻。
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765 但先等一下!现在先不要试。
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766
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767 当您键入 C-s 时,会发现到有一个字串「I-search」
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768 出现在回应区中作为提示。它告诉您 Emacs 现在正处於称为「渐进式搜寻」
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769 的状态中,等待您键入您想要搜寻的字串。<Return> 会结束一个搜寻。
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770
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771 >> 现在键入 C-s 开始一个搜寻。慢一点,一次键入一个字元,
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772 键入『cursor』这个字,每键入一个字元时,稍微停一下,
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773 注意看看游标发生了什么事。现在您已曾经搜寻过「cursor」这个字了。
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774 >> 再次键入 C-s 来搜寻「cursor」的下一个出现位置。
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775 >> 现在键入 <Delete> 四次,看看游标是如何移动的。
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776 >> 键入 <Return> 结束搜寻。
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777
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778 您有没有看到发生了什么?在一个渐进式搜寻中,
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779 Emacs 试著要走到您键入的字串的下一个出现位置。
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780 要移动到游标所在的下一个出现位置,只要再键入 C-s 一次。
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781 如果并没有这样的出现位置存在,Emacs 会哔一声,
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782 并告诉您目前的搜寻「失败」。另外 C-g 也可以用来结束搜寻。
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783
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784 注意:在某些系统中,键入 C-s 将会把萤幕冻结,
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785 您将看不到从 Emacs 来的任何输出。
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786 这表示操作系统一个称为「流程控制」的「功能」将 C-s 指令拦截住,
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787 并且不让它传到 Emacs。要取消萤幕的冻结,请键入 C-q。
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788 然后到 Emacs 使用手册中看看对於「渐进式搜寻的同时进入
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789 (Spontaneous Entry to Incremental Search)」这个主题,
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790 以取得处理这个「功能」的建议。
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791
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792 如果您在一个渐进式搜寻的中间,并且键入 <Delete>,
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793 您可以发现在搜寻字串中的最后一个字元被消除了,
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794 并且搜寻会回到这个搜寻的最后一个地方。
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795 举例来说,假设您已经键入了『c』,用来寻找「c」的第一次出现。
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796 现在如果您键入『u』,游标会移动到「cu」的第一次出现位置。
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797 现在键入 <Delete> ,这会将「u」从搜寻字串中消除,
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798 并且游标会移回到「c」的第一次出现位置。
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799
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800 如果您在一个搜寻的中间,并且键入一个 CONTROL 或 META 字元的话,
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801 (但有一些例外--对搜寻而言特别的字元,像是 C-s 和 C-r),
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802 搜寻会被结束。
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803
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804 C-s 会开始一个搜寻,它会寻找搜寻字串在目前游标位置「之后」,
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805 的任何出现位置。如果您想要在先前文字中搜寻,键入 C-r 作为替代。
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806 除了搜寻的方向相反之外,我们所说的有关 C-s 的所有事情,
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807 同样地可以应用到 C-r 上。
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808
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809
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810 * 多重窗格(MULTIPLE WINDOWS)
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811 ------------------------------
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812
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813 Emacs 许多好功能的其中之一是,您可以在萤幕中同时展示超过一个窗格。
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814
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815 >> 移动游标到这一行并且键入 C-u 0 C-l。
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816
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817 >> 现在键入 C-x 2,它会将萤幕平分成两个窗格。
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818 这两个窗格都显示著这个快速指南。游标则停留在上方的窗格。
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819
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820 >> 键入 C-M-v 以卷动下方的窗格。
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821 (如果您并没有一个真的 META 键,则键入 ESC C-v 亦可。)
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822
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823 >> 键入 C-x o(『o』指的是其他『other』的意思),
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824 将游标移动到下方的窗格。
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825
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826 >> 在下方的窗格中,使用 C-v 和 M-v 来卷动它。
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827 继续维持在上方的窗格中阅读这些指引。
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828
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829 >> 再一次键入 C-x o 将游标移回到上方的窗格。
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830 游标会回到它在上方窗格中,原本所在的位置。
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831
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832 您可以持续使用 C-x o 在窗格之间切换。
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833 每一个窗格有它自己的游标位置,但是只有一个窗格会真的显示出游标。
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834 所有通常的编辑指令只会应用到那个游标所在的窗格。
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835 我们称这个为「被选择的窗格」。
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836
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837 指令 C-M-v 在当您於一个窗格中编辑文字,
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838 并使用其他的窗格作为参考之用时,是非常有用的。
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839 您可以将游标一直保持在您正在编辑的窗格中,
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840 并以 C-M-v 指令在其他的窗格循序地前进。
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841 【验证工作特别适合以这种方式来进行,如 GNU 中译小组:
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842 找一个原始英文档案;再找它翻译好的中文档案,
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843 编辑这个「被选择的窗格」,以 C-M-v 指令跟上验证中的段落……。】
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844
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845 C-M-v 是 CONTROL-META 字元的一个例子。如果您有一个真的 META 键,
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846 您可以同时按住 CONTROL 和 META 再键入 v 来键入 C-M-v。
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847 CONTROL 或 META 「谁先被按住」并没有影响,
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848 因为这两个键都是用来修饰您所键入的字元。
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849
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850 如果您并没有一个真的 META 键,您可以使用 ESC 来作为替代,
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851 这样子顺序就有关系了:
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852 您必须键入 ESC ,跟著键入 CONTROL-v,CONTROL-ESC v 并不会作用。
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853 这是因为 ESC 是一个具有本身作用的字元,而不是一个修饰键。
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854
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855 >> (在上方窗格)键入 C-x 1 以除去下方窗格。
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856
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857 (如果您已经在底端的窗格键入 C-x 1,那么将会把上面的窗格隐藏住。
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858 将这个指令想像成「只保留一个窗格--我正在编辑的这个。」)
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859
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860 您不需要在两个不同的窗格中显示相同的缓冲区。如果您使用 C-x C-f
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861 在一个窗格中找档案,另一个窗格并不因而改变。
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862 您可以在独立的任一个窗格中找〔它自己的〕一个档案。
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863
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864 这里有另外一个方式可以用来,使用两个窗格显示两个不同的东西:
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865
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866 >> 键入 C-x 4 C-f,后面跟著您的其中一个档案的名称。
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867 以 <Return> 作为结束。看看指定的档案出现在下方的窗格。
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868 游标也跑到那里。
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869
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870 >> 键入 C-x o 以回到上方的窗格,然后以 C-x 1 删除掉下方窗格。
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871
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872
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873 * 递归编辑阶层(RECURSIVE EDITING LEVELS)
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874 ------------------------------------------
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875
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876 有时候您会进入所谓的「递归编辑阶层」。
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877 它是由位在状态行的方括弧所指明,并且包含住以小括弧来指明的模式名称。
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878 举例来说,您可能会看到 [(Fundamental)],而不是 (Fundamental)。
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879
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880 要离开递归编辑阶层,请键入 ESC ESC ESC。
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881 这是个全功能的「离开」指令。您也可以使用它来除去多余的窗格,
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882 并且离开小缓冲区。
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883
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884 >> 键入 M-x 以进入小缓冲区;然后键入 ESC ESC ESC 离开。
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885
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886 您无法使用 C-g 来离开递归编辑阶层。这是因为 C-g 是用来取消指令以及
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887 「位於」递归编辑阶层中的「引数(arguments)」之故。
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888
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889
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890 * 取得更多的帮助(GETTING MORE HELP)
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891 -------------------------------------
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892
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893 在本快速指南中,我们试著仅提供刚刚好的信息让您可以开始使用 Emacs。
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894 在 Emacs 中有太多可取得的信息,想要在这里全部解释是不可能的。
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895 然而,您也许会想要学习更多 Emacs 相关的信息,
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896 因为它有许多其他有用的功能。Emacs 提供了「阅读有关 Emacs 指令」
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897 的指令。这些「help」指令都以 CONTROL-h 这个字元作为开头,
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898 称作为「Help 字元」。
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899
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900 要使用 Help 功能,键入 C-h 字元,
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901 然后再键入一个说明您所需要的帮助的字元。
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902 如果您真的不知道要问什么,那么请键入『C-h ?』,
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903 此时 Emacs 将会告诉您它能够提供的帮助。如果您已经键入 C-h,
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904 但发现您并不需要任何帮助,键入 C-g 来取消掉它就是了。
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905
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906 (有些网站将 C-h 这个字元的意义改变了。
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907 他们真的不应该把它设为对所有使用者全部都适用的方法,
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908 所以您现在就有了个理由来抱怨系统管理者了。
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909 在此同时,如果 C-h 并没有在窗格的底部显示任何有关帮助的讯息,
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910 试著键入 F1 键,或是 M-x help <Return>。)
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911
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912 最基本的 HELP 功能是 C-h c。键入 C-h,字元 c,以及一个或一串字元;
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913 然后 Emacs 会显示一个非常简短的有关这个指令的解释。
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914
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915 >> 键入 C-h c C-p。讯息应该会像是:
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916
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917 C-p runs the command previous-line
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918
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919 这告诉了您「函数的名称」。函数名称主要是用来自订以及扩充 Emacs。
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920 但是由於函数名称是由「用来指出这指令在做些什么」而被选定,
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921 它们因此也可以作为非常简短的文档--足够提醒您已经学过的指令。
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922
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923 多字元指令像是 C-x C-s 和 (如果您没有 META 或 EDIT 或 ALT 键)
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924 <ESC>v 也可以在 C-h c 后面出现。
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925
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926 要取得更多有关一个指令的信息,用 C-h k 来取代使用 C-h c。
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927
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928 >> 键入 C-h k C-p。
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929
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930 这会在一个 Emacs 窗格显示这个函数的说明文档以及它的名称。
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931 当您阅读完后,键入 C-x 1 以跳离这些帮助文字。您并不需要马上跟著做。
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932 您可以做些编辑,当参考到帮助文字时再键入 C-x 1。
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933
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934 这里有一些其他有用的 C-h 选项:
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935
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936 C-h f 解释一个函数。您要键入此函数的名称。
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937
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938 >> 试著键入 C-h f previous-line<Return>。
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939 这会印出 Emacs 所有的有关「实作出 C-p 这个指令的函数」的信息
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940
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941 C-h v 这个类似的指令会显示出「您可以用来自订 Emacs 行为的变数」
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942 的文档。当 Emacs 要求时,您需要键入这变数的名称。
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943
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944 C-h a 指令相关查找(Command Apropos)。
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945 键入一个关键字然后 Emacs 会列出所有
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946 「在其名称中含有此关键字」的全部指令。
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947 这些指令全部都可以经由 META-x 来启动。
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948 对於一些指令而言,指令相关查找也会列出
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949 「可以执行相同指令」的一个或两个字元的串列。
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950
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951 >> 键入 C-h a file<Return>。
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952
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953 这会在另一个窗格显示一个「在其名称中含有『file』的全部 M-x 指令」
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954 的列表。您将会看到像是 C-x C-f 的「字元-指令」列在其相对应指令名称
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955 (如:find-file)的旁边。
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956
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957 >> 键入 C-M-v 上下移动 help 窗格。试个几次。
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958
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959 >> 键入 C-x 1 来删除 help 窗格。
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960
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961 C-h i 阅读线上使用手册(a.k.a. Info)。
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962 这个指令将您带到了称为「*info*」的特殊缓冲区,在那,
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963 您可以阅读安装在您的系统里的软件包的线上使用手册。
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964 键入 m emacs <Return> 以阅读 Emacs 使用手册。
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965 如果您在此之前未曾使用过 Info 系统,请键入『?』。
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966 Emacs 将会带您进入 Info 模式功能的导览指南。
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967 一旦完成了本快速指南的研读,您应该查阅 Emacs Info
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968 使用手册,以作为主要的参考文档。
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969
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970
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971 * 结论(CONCLUSION)
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972 --------------------
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973
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974 记住,要完全离开 Emacs 请使用 C-x C-c。
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975 要暂时离开到 shell,稍后再回到 Emacs,请使用 C-z。
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976
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977 本快速指南对於所有的新手应该都是易於理解的,
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978 所以如果您发现了什么地方不清楚,不要只是坐著怪自己--
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979 (向本文作者和翻译)发点牢骚吧!
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980
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981
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982 * 翻译(TRANSLATION)
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983 ---------------------
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984
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985 本快速指南的翻译人员列表如下,如果您在阅读本文之前,
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986 「完全」对 Emacs 没有概念,我们非常需要您的意见以作为改进的依据。
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987 我们也打算提供一份 Emacs 的导读(或整理到本快速指南),
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988 主要将会根据初学者阅读本使用指南所面临到的问题,撰写而成。
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989
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990 一个编辑器不应该让初学者感到十足的困难,您的意见可以使 Emacs
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991 更为贴近一般的使用者,并使电脑作为工具的角色得以充分发挥。
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992 如果您愿意提供改进的意见,请寄 email 到
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993 <chinese-translators@gnu.org> 。请不要害羞,我们欢迎任何有关的讨论;
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994 如果您不想寄到邮件清单,请直接 email 给本文翻译 <chliu@gnu.org> 。
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995 请在 Title 行中包含此字串「Emacs TUTORIAL: <your issue here>」。
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996
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997 如果您是 Emacs 老手,GNU Chinese Translators Team (GNU/CTT)
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998 <http://www.gnu.org/software/chinese/> 欢迎您的加入,
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999 我们现在正需要愿意投入翻译 Emacs 使用手册的人员。
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1000
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1001 本快速指南并没有采用习惯上编辑器所使用的翻译术语,
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1002 一方面因为它的实际意义与一般的编辑器不同,原文本就不同;
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1003 另一方面也因为 Emacs 所采用的视觉设计概念,
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1004 早在窗口化系统之前就已经存在,本质也不相同。
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1005 总之,翻译以为这样可以帮助对於 Emacs 整个设计哲学的理解。
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1006 如果收到的回覆中,大部份要求提出修改,我们还是从善如流。
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1007
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1008 (1) 在本文中,「行」指的是 row,这是采用一般的习惯用法。
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1009 为了避免误导中文读者,特别在此说明。在正式的用法中:
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1010 「column」翻译为「行」,以「纵」为行(直行),也译为「栏」;
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1011 「row」翻译为「列」,以「横」为列(横列)。
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1012 读者思索一下「合纵连横」应该可以理解。
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1013 大约是因为中文原本是直书的,我们说「一行字」是没问题;
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1014 但现在大部份的情形中文是横书的,由於习惯使然也称为一行字了。
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1015 (2) 有关於「文字」及其集合的相关译文,翻译所采用的有:
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1016 编辑的「文字」:「然后键入一些文字」、
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1017 用来作为说明功能的「文档」:「这个函数的说明文档」、
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1018 特指其所说明内容的「文本」:「实际效力以英文本为准」。
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1019 另外,即使只是「一行字」,只要它是用来作为说明之用,
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1020 翻译还是将它视为「文档」。
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1021 (3) 「cut」的动作在 Emacs 中分为「杀掉」和「删除」,之间的差异如下:
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1022 一般编辑器中的「cut」:只有最近被 cut 的文字摆到 clipboard 中、
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1023 「杀掉(killing)」:被杀掉的文字,全部被加入到 kill ring 中、
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1024 「删除(deleting)」:被删除的文字,就是被删除了。
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1025 因此在一般编辑器中,您只能 paste「最近」被 cut 的文字;
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1026 而在 Emacs 中,您可以「拉回」任何先前被杀掉的文字,同时,
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1027 它的作法很容易。至於被删除的,因为用来作为「删除」功能的指令,
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1028 所能移去的文字数量都很少,因此也没什么好拉回的;
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1029 如果真的想回复这些文字,undo 您的动作就是了。
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1030 (4) 「window」同时翻译为「窗口」和「窗格」,
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1031 前者表示现在一般概念中的窗口系统,如「X 窗口」;
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1032 后者表示 Emacs 中的窗口,翻译在此通称为「窗格」。
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1033 Emacs 的「窗格」即使在命令列提示下也可以正常工作,
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1034 此一基本特性显然值得我们以另一个专用术语来描述它。
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1035 (5) 关於档案的术语,「找」一个档案在 Emacs 中有两种作用:
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1036 找一个「并不存在」的档案,读者应认知为「开新档案」;
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1037 找一个「已经存在」的档案,则是「开启旧档」。
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1038 Emacs 只以一个「找」的动作来解决,主要的原因是「实际上」
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1039 的软件工作如此。黑客们应该会发现这样比较自然,
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1040 因为它反应了电脑的工作方式,同时操作起来也较少废话。
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1041 (6) 在【】中的文字为翻译的注解。
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1042 (7) 关於使中文文档结构化的议题,问题已经获得解决。
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1043
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1044 另外,我们也十分欢迎读者可以直接修改本快速指南,
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1045 做出自己的版本,以自己认为最为合适的方式来介绍 Emacs。
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1046 如果您做出了这样个人化的版本,并且认为足供大家参考使用,
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1047 请寄给 <chinese-coordinators@gnu.org> ,
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1048 我们会将您的版本公开在 GNU/CTT 的网页中提供给中文使用者下载。
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1049
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1050 翻译:刘 昭宏 <chliu@gnu.org>
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1051 验证:马 雪萍
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1052
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1053
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1054 * 复制(COPYING)
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1055 -----------------
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1056
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1057 本快速指南沿袭自具有悠久历史的 Emacs 快速指南,由 Stuart Cracraft
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1058 为了原始的 Emacs 所撰写的版本开始。
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1059
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1060 这个版本的快速指南和 GNU Emacs 一样都是版权化的,
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1061 并且允许在某些条件下散布其拷贝:
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1062
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1063 Copyright (c) 1985, 1996, 2002 Free Software Foundation
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1064 Chinese Translation by Chao-Hong Liu (2002)
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1065
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1066 Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies
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1067 of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the
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1068 copyright notice and permission notice are preserved,
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1069 and that the distributor grants the recipient permission
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1070 for further redistribution as permitted by this notice.
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1071
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1072 本文允许在不变更文档内容的前提下刊登在任何形式的媒体中,
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1073 但需保留版权声明以及许可声明,
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1074 散布者也必须给予接受者如同此声明所允许的,进一步散布的许可。
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1075 【本段译文提供读者作为参考以帮助理解,实际效力以英文本为准。】
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1076
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1077 Permission is granted to distribute modified versions
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1078 of this document, or of portions of it,
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1079 under the above conditions, provided also that they
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1080 carry prominent notices stating who last altered them.
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1081
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1082 本文允许在与上述相同的条件下,散布修改后的版本,或是其中的一部份,
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1083 但它们也必须带有显著的,说明由谁最后更动了它的声明。
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1084 【Copyleft 版权除了提供使用者自由外,也维护原始作者,
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1085 以及后来的修改作者的名誉权(credit)。
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1086 本段译文提供读者作为参考以帮助理解,实际效力以英文本为准。】
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1087
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1088 复制 Emacs 本身的条件较为复杂,但是具有相同的精神。
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1089 请阅读 COPYING 这个档案,并且确实给予您的朋友 GNU Emacs 的拷贝。
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1090 请经由「使用、撰写、以及分享自由软件」来帮助消除软件障碍主义
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1091 (拥有权)!
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1092
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1093 ;;; Local Variables:
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1094 ;;; coding: chinese-iso-8bit
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1095 ;;; End: