Mercurial > emacs
annotate lispref/elisp.texi @ 25712:178d6245c681
Add prototype for debug_print.
Add prototype for getloadavg.
author | Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org> |
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date | Tue, 14 Sep 1999 13:09:31 +0000 |
parents | 7451b1458af1 |
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rev | line source |
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6451 | 1 \input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c %**start of header | |
3 @setfilename elisp | |
4 @settitle GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual | |
5 @c %**end of header | |
6 | |
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7 @dircategory Editors |
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8 @direntry |
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9 * Elisp: (elisp). The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. |
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10 @end direntry |
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11 |
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12 @smallbook |
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13 |
6451 | 14 @ifinfo |
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15 This Info file contains edition 2.5.1 of the GNU Emacs Lisp |
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16 Reference Manual, corresponding to Emacs version 20.4. |
6451 | 17 @c Please REMEMBER to update edition number in *four* places in this file |
18 @c and also in *one* place in intro.texi | |
19 | |
20 Published by the Free Software Foundation | |
15725 | 21 59 Temple Place, Suite 330 |
22 Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA | |
6451 | 23 |
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24 Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999 |
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25 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
6451 | 26 |
27 Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this | |
28 manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are | |
29 preserved on all copies. | |
30 | |
31 @ignore | |
32 Permission is granted to process this file through TeX and print the | |
33 results, provided the printed document carries copying permission notice | |
34 identical to this one except for the removal of this paragraph (this | |
35 paragraph not being relevant to the printed manual). | |
36 | |
37 @end ignore | |
38 Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this | |
39 manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the | |
40 entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a | |
41 permission notice identical to this one. | |
42 | |
43 Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual | |
44 into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, | |
45 except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation | |
46 approved by the Foundation. | |
47 | |
48 Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this | |
49 manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the | |
50 section entitled ``GNU General Public License'' is included exactly as | |
51 in the original, and provided that the entire resulting derived work is | |
52 distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this | |
53 one. | |
54 | |
55 Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual | |
56 into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, | |
57 except that the section entitled ``GNU General Public License'' may be | |
58 included in a translation approved by the Free Software Foundation | |
59 instead of in the original English. | |
60 @end ifinfo | |
61 | |
62 @c Combine indices. | |
63 @synindex cp fn | |
64 @syncodeindex vr fn | |
65 @syncodeindex ky fn | |
66 @syncodeindex pg fn | |
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67 @c We use the "type index" to index new functions and variables. |
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68 @c @syncodeindex tp fn |
6451 | 69 |
70 @setchapternewpage odd | |
71 @finalout | |
72 | |
73 @titlepage | |
74 @title GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual | |
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75 @subtitle For Emacs Version 20.4 |
6451 | 76 @c The edition number appears in several places in this file |
77 @c and also in the file intro.texi. | |
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78 @subtitle Revision 2.5.1, January 1999 |
6451 | 79 |
80 @author by Bil Lewis, Dan LaLiberte, Richard Stallman | |
81 @author and the GNU Manual Group | |
82 @page | |
83 @vskip 0pt plus 1filll | |
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84 Copyright @copyright{} 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999 |
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85 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
6451 | 86 |
87 @sp 2 | |
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88 Edition 2.5.1 @* |
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89 Revised for Emacs Version 20.4,@* |
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90 January 1999.@* |
6451 | 91 @sp 2 |
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92 ISBN 1-882114-72-8 |
6451 | 93 |
94 @sp 2 | |
95 Published by the Free Software Foundation @* | |
15725 | 96 59 Temple Place, Suite 330@* |
97 Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA | |
6451 | 98 |
99 Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this | |
100 manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are | |
101 preserved on all copies. | |
102 | |
103 Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this | |
104 manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the | |
105 section entitled ``GNU General Public License'' is included | |
106 exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire resulting | |
107 derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice | |
108 identical to this one. | |
109 | |
110 Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual | |
111 into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, | |
112 except that the section entitled ``GNU General Public License'' may be | |
113 included in a translation approved by the Free Software Foundation | |
114 instead of in the original English. | |
115 | |
116 Cover art by Etienne Suvasa. | |
117 @end titlepage | |
118 @page | |
119 | |
120 @node Top, Copying, (dir), (dir) | |
121 | |
122 @ifinfo | |
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123 This Info file contains edition 2.5.1 of the GNU Emacs Lisp |
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124 Reference Manual, corresponding to GNU Emacs version 20.4. |
6451 | 125 @end ifinfo |
126 | |
127 @menu | |
128 * Copying:: Conditions for copying and changing GNU Emacs. | |
129 * Introduction:: Introduction and conventions used. | |
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130 * Standards: Coding Conventions. Coding conventions for Emacs Lisp. |
6451 | 131 |
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132 * Lisp Data Types:: Data types of objects in Emacs Lisp. |
6451 | 133 * Numbers:: Numbers and arithmetic functions. |
134 * Strings and Characters:: Strings, and functions that work on them. | |
135 * Lists:: Lists, cons cells, and related functions. | |
136 * Sequences Arrays Vectors:: Lists, strings and vectors are called sequences. | |
137 Certain functions act on any kind of sequence. | |
138 The description of vectors is here as well. | |
139 * Symbols:: Symbols represent names, uniquely. | |
140 | |
141 * Evaluation:: How Lisp expressions are evaluated. | |
142 * Control Structures:: Conditionals, loops, nonlocal exits. | |
143 * Variables:: Using symbols in programs to stand for values. | |
144 * Functions:: A function is a Lisp program | |
145 that can be invoked from other functions. | |
146 * Macros:: Macros are a way to extend the Lisp language. | |
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147 * Customization:: Writing customization declarations. |
6451 | 148 |
149 * Loading:: Reading files of Lisp code into Lisp. | |
150 * Byte Compilation:: Compilation makes programs run faster. | |
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151 * Advising Functions:: Adding to the definition of a function. |
6451 | 152 * Debugging:: Tools and tips for debugging Lisp programs. |
153 | |
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154 * Read and Print:: Converting Lisp objects to text and back. |
6451 | 155 * Minibuffers:: Using the minibuffer to read input. |
156 * Command Loop:: How the editor command loop works, | |
157 and how you can call its subroutines. | |
158 * Keymaps:: Defining the bindings from keys to commands. | |
159 * Modes:: Defining major and minor modes. | |
160 * Documentation:: Writing and using documentation strings. | |
161 | |
162 * Files:: Accessing files. | |
163 * Backups and Auto-Saving:: Controlling how backups and auto-save | |
164 files are made. | |
165 * Buffers:: Creating and using buffer objects. | |
166 * Windows:: Manipulating windows and displaying buffers. | |
167 * Frames:: Making multiple X windows. | |
168 * Positions:: Buffer positions and motion functions. | |
169 * Markers:: Markers represent positions and update | |
170 automatically when the text is changed. | |
171 | |
172 * Text:: Examining and changing text in buffers. | |
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173 * Non-ASCII Characters:: Non-ASCII text in buffers and strings. |
6451 | 174 * Searching and Matching:: Searching buffers for strings or regexps. |
175 * Syntax Tables:: The syntax table controls word and list parsing. | |
176 * Abbrevs:: How Abbrev mode works, and its data structures. | |
177 | |
178 * Processes:: Running and communicating with subprocesses. | |
179 * System Interface:: Getting the user id, system type, environment | |
180 variables, and other such things. | |
181 * Display:: Parameters controlling screen usage. | |
182 The bell. Waiting for input. | |
183 * Calendar:: Customizing the calendar and diary. | |
184 | |
185 Appendices | |
186 | |
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187 * Tips:: Advice and coding conventions for Emacs Lisp. |
6451 | 188 * GNU Emacs Internals:: Building and dumping Emacs; |
189 internal data structures. | |
190 * Standard Errors:: List of all error symbols. | |
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191 * Standard Buffer-Local Variables:: |
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192 List of variables buffer-local in all buffers. |
6451 | 193 * Standard Keymaps:: List of standard keymaps. |
194 * Standard Hooks:: List of standard hook variables. | |
195 | |
196 * Index:: Index including concepts, functions, variables, | |
197 and other terms. | |
198 | |
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199 * New Symbols:: New functions and variables in Emacs 20. |
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200 |
6451 | 201 --- The Detailed Node Listing --- |
202 | |
203 Here are other nodes that are inferiors of those already listed, | |
204 mentioned here so you can get to them in one step: | |
205 | |
206 Introduction | |
207 | |
208 * Caveats:: Flaws and a request for help. | |
209 * Lisp History:: Emacs Lisp is descended from Maclisp. | |
210 * Conventions:: How the manual is formatted. | |
211 * Acknowledgements:: The authors, editors, and sponsors of this manual. | |
212 | |
213 Conventions | |
214 | |
215 * Some Terms:: Explanation of terms we use in this manual. | |
216 * nil and t:: How the symbols @code{nil} and @code{t} are used. | |
217 * Evaluation Notation:: The format we use for examples of evaluation. | |
218 * Printing Notation:: The format we use for examples that print output. | |
219 * Error Messages:: The format we use for examples of errors. | |
220 * Buffer Text Notation:: The format we use for buffer contents in examples. | |
221 * Format of Descriptions:: Notation for describing functions, variables, etc. | |
222 | |
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223 Tips and Conventions |
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224 |
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225 * Coding Conventions:: Conventions for clean and robust programs. |
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226 * Compilation Tips:: Making compiled code run fast. |
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227 * Documentation Tips:: Writing readable documentation strings. |
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228 * Comment Tips:: Conventions for writing comments. |
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229 * Library Headers:: Standard headers for library packages. |
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230 |
6451 | 231 Format of Descriptions |
232 | |
233 * A Sample Function Description:: | |
234 * A Sample Variable Description:: | |
235 | |
236 Lisp Data Types | |
237 | |
238 * Printed Representation:: How Lisp objects are represented as text. | |
239 * Comments:: Comments and their formatting conventions. | |
240 * Programming Types:: Types found in all Lisp systems. | |
241 * Editing Types:: Types specific to Emacs. | |
242 * Type Predicates:: Tests related to types. | |
243 * Equality Predicates:: Tests of equality between any two objects. | |
244 | |
245 Programming Types | |
246 | |
247 * Integer Type:: Numbers without fractional parts. | |
248 * Floating Point Type:: Numbers with fractional parts and with a large range. | |
249 * Character Type:: The representation of letters, numbers and | |
250 control characters. | |
251 * Sequence Type:: Both lists and arrays are classified as sequences. | |
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252 * Cons Cell Type:: Cons cells, and lists (which are made from cons cells). |
6451 | 253 * Array Type:: Arrays include strings and vectors. |
254 * String Type:: An (efficient) array of characters. | |
255 * Vector Type:: One-dimensional arrays. | |
256 * Symbol Type:: A multi-use object that refers to a function, | |
257 variable, property list, or itself. | |
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258 * Function Type:: A piece of executable code you can call from elsewhere. |
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259 * Macro Type:: A method of expanding an expression into another |
6451 | 260 expression, more fundamental but less pretty. |
261 * Primitive Function Type:: A function written in C, callable from Lisp. | |
262 * Byte-Code Type:: A function written in Lisp, then compiled. | |
263 * Autoload Type:: A type used for automatically loading seldom-used | |
264 functions. | |
265 | |
266 List Type | |
267 | |
268 * Dotted Pair Notation:: An alternative syntax for lists. | |
269 * Association List Type:: A specially constructed list. | |
270 | |
271 Editing Types | |
272 | |
273 * Buffer Type:: The basic object of editing. | |
274 * Window Type:: What makes buffers visible. | |
275 * Window Configuration Type::Save what the screen looks like. | |
276 * Marker Type:: A position in a buffer. | |
277 * Process Type:: A process running on the underlying OS. | |
278 * Stream Type:: Receive or send characters. | |
279 * Keymap Type:: What function a keystroke invokes. | |
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280 * Overlay Type:: How an overlay is represented. |
6451 | 281 |
282 Numbers | |
283 | |
284 * Integer Basics:: Representation and range of integers. | |
285 * Float Basics:: Representation and range of floating point. | |
286 * Predicates on Numbers:: Testing for numbers. | |
287 * Comparison of Numbers:: Equality and inequality predicates. | |
288 * Arithmetic Operations:: How to add, subtract, multiply and divide. | |
289 * Bitwise Operations:: Logical and, or, not, shifting. | |
290 * Numeric Conversions:: Converting float to integer and vice versa. | |
12067 | 291 * Math Functions:: Trig, exponential and logarithmic functions. |
6451 | 292 * Random Numbers:: Obtaining random integers, predictable or not. |
293 | |
294 Strings and Characters | |
295 | |
296 * String Basics:: Basic properties of strings and characters. | |
297 * Predicates for Strings:: Testing whether an object is a string or char. | |
298 * Creating Strings:: Functions to allocate new strings. | |
299 * Text Comparison:: Comparing characters or strings. | |
300 * String Conversion:: Converting characters or strings and vice versa. | |
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301 * Formatting Strings:: @code{format}: Emacs's analogue of @code{printf}. |
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302 * Case Conversion:: Case conversion functions. |
6451 | 303 |
304 Lists | |
305 | |
306 * Cons Cells:: How lists are made out of cons cells. | |
307 * Lists as Boxes:: Graphical notation to explain lists. | |
308 * List-related Predicates:: Is this object a list? Comparing two lists. | |
309 * List Elements:: Extracting the pieces of a list. | |
310 * Building Lists:: Creating list structure. | |
311 * Modifying Lists:: Storing new pieces into an existing list. | |
312 * Sets And Lists:: A list can represent a finite mathematical set. | |
313 * Association Lists:: A list can represent a finite relation or mapping. | |
314 | |
315 Modifying Existing List Structure | |
316 | |
317 * Setcar:: Replacing an element in a list. | |
318 * Setcdr:: Replacing part of the list backbone. | |
319 This can be used to remove or add elements. | |
320 * Rearrangement:: Reordering the elements in a list; combining lists. | |
321 | |
322 Sequences, Arrays, and Vectors | |
323 | |
324 * Sequence Functions:: Functions that accept any kind of sequence. | |
325 * Arrays:: Characteristics of arrays in Emacs Lisp. | |
326 * Array Functions:: Functions specifically for arrays. | |
327 * Vectors:: Functions specifically for vectors. | |
328 | |
329 Symbols | |
330 | |
331 * Symbol Components:: Symbols have names, values, function definitions | |
332 and property lists. | |
333 * Definitions:: A definition says how a symbol will be used. | |
334 * Creating Symbols:: How symbols are kept unique. | |
335 * Property Lists:: Each symbol has a property list | |
336 for recording miscellaneous information. | |
337 | |
338 Evaluation | |
339 | |
340 * Intro Eval:: Evaluation in the scheme of things. | |
341 * Eval:: How to invoke the Lisp interpreter explicitly. | |
342 * Forms:: How various sorts of objects are evaluated. | |
343 * Quoting:: Avoiding evaluation (to put constants in | |
344 the program). | |
345 | |
346 Kinds of Forms | |
347 | |
348 * Self-Evaluating Forms:: Forms that evaluate to themselves. | |
349 * Symbol Forms:: Symbols evaluate as variables. | |
350 * Classifying Lists:: How to distinguish various sorts of list forms. | |
351 * Function Forms:: Forms that call functions. | |
352 * Macro Forms:: Forms that call macros. | |
353 * Special Forms:: ``Special forms'' are idiosyncratic primitives, | |
354 most of them extremely important. | |
355 * Autoloading:: Functions set up to load files | |
356 containing their real definitions. | |
357 | |
358 Control Structures | |
359 | |
360 * Sequencing:: Evaluation in textual order. | |
361 * Conditionals:: @code{if}, @code{cond}. | |
362 * Combining Conditions:: @code{and}, @code{or}, @code{not}. | |
363 * Iteration:: @code{while} loops. | |
364 * Nonlocal Exits:: Jumping out of a sequence. | |
365 | |
366 Nonlocal Exits | |
367 | |
368 * Catch and Throw:: Nonlocal exits for the program's own purposes. | |
369 * Examples of Catch:: Showing how such nonlocal exits can be written. | |
370 * Errors:: How errors are signaled and handled. | |
371 * Cleanups:: Arranging to run a cleanup form if an | |
372 error happens. | |
373 | |
374 Errors | |
375 | |
376 * Signaling Errors:: How to report an error. | |
377 * Processing of Errors:: What Emacs does when you report an error. | |
378 * Handling Errors:: How you can trap errors and continue execution. | |
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379 * Error Symbols:: How errors are classified for trapping them. |
6451 | 380 |
381 Variables | |
382 | |
383 * Global Variables:: Variable values that exist permanently, everywhere. | |
384 * Constant Variables:: Certain "variables" have values that never change. | |
385 * Local Variables:: Variable values that exist only temporarily. | |
386 * Void Variables:: Symbols that lack values. | |
387 * Defining Variables:: A definition says a symbol is used as a variable. | |
388 * Accessing Variables:: Examining values of variables whose names | |
389 are known only at run time. | |
390 * Setting Variables:: Storing new values in variables. | |
391 * Variable Scoping:: How Lisp chooses among local and global values. | |
392 * Buffer-Local Variables:: Variable values in effect only in one buffer. | |
393 | |
394 Scoping Rules for Variable Bindings | |
395 | |
396 * Scope:: Scope means where in the program a value | |
397 is visible. Comparison with other languages. | |
398 * Extent:: Extent means how long in time a value exists. | |
399 * Impl of Scope:: Two ways to implement dynamic scoping. | |
400 * Using Scoping:: How to use dynamic scoping carefully and | |
401 avoid problems. | |
402 | |
403 Buffer-Local Variables | |
404 | |
405 * Intro to Buffer-Local:: Introduction and concepts. | |
406 * Creating Buffer-Local:: Creating and destroying buffer-local bindings. | |
407 * Default Value:: The default value is seen in buffers | |
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408 that don't have their own buffer-local values. |
6451 | 409 |
410 Functions | |
411 | |
412 * What Is a Function:: Lisp functions vs primitives; terminology. | |
413 * Lambda Expressions:: How functions are expressed as Lisp objects. | |
414 * Function Names:: A symbol can serve as the name of a function. | |
415 * Defining Functions:: Lisp expressions for defining functions. | |
416 * Calling Functions:: How to use an existing function. | |
417 * Mapping Functions:: Applying a function to each element of a list, etc. | |
418 * Anonymous Functions:: Lambda-expressions are functions with no names. | |
419 * Function Cells:: Accessing or setting the function definition | |
420 of a symbol. | |
421 * Related Topics:: Cross-references to specific Lisp primitives | |
422 that have a special bearing on how | |
423 functions work. | |
424 | |
425 Lambda Expressions | |
426 | |
427 * Lambda Components:: The parts of a lambda expression. | |
428 * Simple Lambda:: A simple example. | |
429 * Argument List:: Details and special features of argument lists. | |
430 * Function Documentation:: How to put documentation in a function. | |
431 | |
432 Macros | |
433 | |
434 * Simple Macro:: A basic example. | |
435 * Expansion:: How, when and why macros are expanded. | |
436 * Compiling Macros:: How macros are expanded by the compiler. | |
437 * Defining Macros:: How to write a macro definition. | |
438 * Backquote:: Easier construction of list structure. | |
439 * Problems with Macros:: Don't evaluate the macro arguments too many times. | |
440 Don't hide the user's variables. | |
441 | |
442 Loading | |
443 | |
444 * How Programs Do Loading:: The @code{load} function and others. | |
445 * Autoload:: Setting up a function to autoload. | |
12098 | 446 * Named Features:: Loading a library if it isn't already loaded. |
6451 | 447 * Repeated Loading:: Precautions about loading a file twice. |
448 | |
449 Byte Compilation | |
450 | |
451 * Compilation Functions:: Byte compilation functions. | |
452 * Disassembly:: Disassembling byte-code; how to read byte-code. | |
453 | |
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454 Advising Functions |
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455 |
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456 * Simple Advice:: A simple example to explain the basics of advice. |
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457 * Defining Advice:: Detailed description of @code{defadvice}. |
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458 * Computed Advice:: ...is to @code{defadvice} as @code{fset} is to @code{defun}. |
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459 * Activation of Advice:: Advice doesn't do anything until you activate it. |
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460 * Enabling Advice:: You can enable or disable each piece of advice. |
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461 * Preactivation:: Preactivation is a way of speeding up the |
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462 loading of compiled advice. |
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463 * Argument Access in Advice:: How advice can access the function's arguments. |
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464 * Subr Arguments:: Accessing arguments when advising a primitive. |
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465 * Combined Definition:: How advice is implemented. |
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466 |
6451 | 467 Debugging Lisp Programs |
468 | |
469 * Debugger:: How the Emacs Lisp debugger is implemented. | |
470 * Syntax Errors:: How to find syntax errors. | |
471 * Compilation Errors:: How to find errors that show up in | |
472 byte compilation. | |
473 * Edebug:: A source-level Emacs Lisp debugger. | |
474 | |
475 The Lisp Debugger | |
476 | |
477 * Error Debugging:: Entering the debugger when an error happens. | |
478 * Function Debugging:: Entering it when a certain function is called. | |
479 * Explicit Debug:: Entering it at a certain point in the program. | |
480 * Using Debugger:: What the debugger does; what you see while in it. | |
481 * Debugger Commands:: Commands used while in the debugger. | |
482 * Invoking the Debugger:: How to call the function @code{debug}. | |
483 * Internals of Debugger:: Subroutines of the debugger, and global variables. | |
484 | |
485 Debugging Invalid Lisp Syntax | |
486 | |
487 * Excess Open:: How to find a spurious open paren or missing close. | |
488 * Excess Close:: How to find a spurious close paren or missing open. | |
489 | |
490 Reading and Printing Lisp Objects | |
491 | |
492 * Streams Intro:: Overview of streams, reading and printing. | |
493 * Input Streams:: Various data types that can be used as | |
494 input streams. | |
495 * Input Functions:: Functions to read Lisp objects from text. | |
496 * Output Streams:: Various data types that can be used as | |
497 output streams. | |
498 * Output Functions:: Functions to print Lisp objects as text. | |
499 | |
500 Minibuffers | |
501 | |
502 * Intro to Minibuffers:: Basic information about minibuffers. | |
503 * Text from Minibuffer:: How to read a straight text string. | |
504 * Object from Minibuffer:: How to read a Lisp object or expression. | |
505 * Completion:: How to invoke and customize completion. | |
506 * Yes-or-No Queries:: Asking a question with a simple answer. | |
507 * Minibuffer Misc:: Various customization hooks and variables. | |
508 | |
509 Completion | |
510 | |
511 * Basic Completion:: Low-level functions for completing strings. | |
512 (These are too low level to use the minibuffer.) | |
513 * Minibuffer Completion:: Invoking the minibuffer with completion. | |
514 * Completion Commands:: Minibuffer commands that do completion. | |
515 * High-Level Completion:: Convenient special cases of completion | |
516 (reading buffer name, file name, etc.) | |
517 * Reading File Names:: Using completion to read file names. | |
518 * Programmed Completion:: Finding the completions for a given file name. | |
519 | |
520 Command Loop | |
521 | |
522 * Command Overview:: How the command loop reads commands. | |
523 * Defining Commands:: Specifying how a function should read arguments. | |
524 * Interactive Call:: Calling a command, so that it will read arguments. | |
525 * Command Loop Info:: Variables set by the command loop for you to examine. | |
526 * Input Events:: What input looks like when you read it. | |
527 * Reading Input:: How to read input events from the keyboard or mouse. | |
528 * Waiting:: Waiting for user input or elapsed time. | |
529 * Quitting:: How @kbd{C-g} works. How to catch or defer quitting. | |
530 * Prefix Command Arguments:: How the commands to set prefix args work. | |
531 * Recursive Editing:: Entering a recursive edit, | |
532 and why you usually shouldn't. | |
533 * Disabling Commands:: How the command loop handles disabled commands. | |
534 * Command History:: How the command history is set up, and how accessed. | |
535 * Keyboard Macros:: How keyboard macros are implemented. | |
536 | |
537 Defining Commands | |
538 | |
539 * Using Interactive:: General rules for @code{interactive}. | |
540 * Interactive Codes:: The standard letter-codes for reading arguments | |
541 in various ways. | |
542 * Interactive Examples:: Examples of how to read interactive arguments. | |
543 | |
544 Keymaps | |
545 | |
546 * Keymap Terminology:: Definitions of terms pertaining to keymaps. | |
547 * Format of Keymaps:: What a keymap looks like as a Lisp object. | |
548 * Creating Keymaps:: Functions to create and copy keymaps. | |
549 * Inheritance and Keymaps:: How one keymap can inherit the bindings | |
550 of another keymap. | |
551 * Prefix Keys:: Defining a key with a keymap as its definition. | |
552 * Menu Keymaps:: A keymap can define a menu for X windows | |
553 or for use from the terminal. | |
554 * Active Keymaps:: Each buffer has a local keymap | |
555 to override the standard (global) bindings. | |
556 Each minor mode can also override them. | |
557 * Key Lookup:: How extracting elements from keymaps works. | |
558 * Functions for Key Lookup:: How to request key lookup. | |
559 * Changing Key Bindings:: Redefining a key in a keymap. | |
560 * Key Binding Commands:: Interactive interfaces for redefining keys. | |
561 * Scanning Keymaps:: Looking through all keymaps, for printing help. | |
562 | |
563 Major and Minor Modes | |
564 | |
565 * Major Modes:: Defining major modes. | |
566 * Minor Modes:: Defining minor modes. | |
567 * Mode Line Format:: Customizing the text that appears in the mode line. | |
568 * Hooks:: How to use hooks; how to write code that | |
569 provides hooks. | |
570 | |
571 Major Modes | |
572 | |
573 * Major Mode Conventions:: Coding conventions for keymaps, etc. | |
574 * Example Major Modes:: Text mode and Lisp modes. | |
575 * Auto Major Mode:: How Emacs chooses the major mode automatically. | |
576 * Mode Help:: Finding out how to use a mode. | |
577 | |
578 Minor Modes | |
579 | |
580 * Minor Mode Conventions:: Tips for writing a minor mode. | |
581 * Keymaps and Minor Modes:: How a minor mode can have its own keymap. | |
582 | |
583 Mode Line Format | |
584 | |
585 * Mode Line Data:: The data structure that controls the mode line. | |
586 * Mode Line Variables:: Variables used in that data structure. | |
587 * %-Constructs:: Putting information into a mode line. | |
588 | |
589 Documentation | |
590 | |
591 * Documentation Basics:: Good style for doc strings. | |
592 Where to put them. How Emacs stores them. | |
593 * Accessing Documentation:: How Lisp programs can access doc strings. | |
594 * Keys in Documentation:: Substituting current key bindings. | |
595 * Describing Characters:: Making printable descriptions of | |
596 non-printing characters and key sequences. | |
597 * Help Functions:: Subroutines used by Emacs help facilities. | |
598 | |
599 Files | |
600 | |
601 * Visiting Files:: Reading files into Emacs buffers for editing. | |
602 * Saving Buffers:: Writing changed buffers back into files. | |
603 * Reading from Files:: Reading files into other buffers. | |
604 * Writing to Files:: Writing new files from parts of buffers. | |
605 * File Locks:: Locking and unlocking files, to prevent | |
606 simultaneous editing by two people. | |
607 * Information about Files:: Testing existence, accessibility, size of files. | |
608 * Contents of Directories:: Getting a list of the files in a directory. | |
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609 * Changing Files:: Renaming files, changing protection, etc. |
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610 * File Names:: Decomposing and expanding file names. |
6451 | 611 |
612 Visiting Files | |
613 | |
614 * Visiting Functions:: The usual interface functions for visiting. | |
615 * Subroutines of Visiting:: Lower-level subroutines that they use. | |
616 | |
617 Information about Files | |
618 | |
619 * Testing Accessibility:: Is a given file readable? Writable? | |
620 * Kinds of Files:: Is it a directory? A link? | |
621 * File Attributes:: How large is it? Any other names? Etc. | |
622 | |
623 File Names | |
624 | |
625 * File Name Components:: The directory part of a file name, and the rest. | |
626 * Directory Names:: A directory's name as a directory | |
627 is different from its name as a file. | |
628 * Relative File Names:: Some file names are relative to a | |
629 current directory. | |
630 * File Name Expansion:: Converting relative file names to absolute ones. | |
631 * Unique File Names:: Generating names for temporary files. | |
632 * File Name Completion:: Finding the completions for a given file name. | |
633 | |
634 Backups and Auto-Saving | |
635 | |
636 * Backup Files:: How backup files are made; how their names | |
637 are chosen. | |
638 * Auto-Saving:: How auto-save files are made; how their | |
639 names are chosen. | |
640 * Reverting:: @code{revert-buffer}, and how to customize | |
641 what it does. | |
642 | |
643 Backup Files | |
644 | |
645 * Making Backups:: How Emacs makes backup files, and when. | |
646 * Rename or Copy:: Two alternatives: renaming the old file | |
647 or copying it. | |
648 * Numbered Backups:: Keeping multiple backups for each source file. | |
649 * Backup Names:: How backup file names are computed; customization. | |
650 | |
651 Buffers | |
652 | |
653 * Buffer Basics:: What is a buffer? | |
654 * Buffer Names:: Accessing and changing buffer names. | |
655 * Buffer File Name:: The buffer file name indicates which file | |
656 is visited. | |
657 * Buffer Modification:: A buffer is @dfn{modified} if it needs to be saved. | |
658 * Modification Time:: Determining whether the visited file was changed | |
659 ``behind Emacs's back''. | |
660 * Read Only Buffers:: Modifying text is not allowed in a | |
661 read-only buffer. | |
662 * The Buffer List:: How to look at all the existing buffers. | |
663 * Creating Buffers:: Functions that create buffers. | |
664 * Killing Buffers:: Buffers exist until explicitly killed. | |
665 * Current Buffer:: Designating a buffer as current | |
666 so primitives will access its contents. | |
667 | |
668 Windows | |
669 | |
670 * Basic Windows:: Basic information on using windows. | |
671 * Splitting Windows:: Splitting one window into two windows. | |
672 * Deleting Windows:: Deleting a window gives its space to other windows. | |
673 * Selecting Windows:: The selected window is the one that you edit in. | |
674 * Cyclic Window Ordering:: Moving around the existing windows. | |
675 * Buffers and Windows:: Each window displays the contents of a buffer. | |
676 * Displaying Buffers:: Higher-lever functions for displaying a buffer | |
677 and choosing a window for it. | |
678 * Window Point:: Each window has its own location of point. | |
679 * Window Start:: The display-start position controls which text | |
680 is on-screen in the window. | |
681 * Vertical Scrolling:: Moving text up and down in the window. | |
682 * Horizontal Scrolling:: Moving text sideways on the window. | |
683 * Size of Window:: Accessing the size of a window. | |
684 * Resizing Windows:: Changing the size of a window. | |
685 * Window Configurations:: Saving and restoring the state of the screen. | |
686 | |
12098 | 687 Frames |
688 | |
689 * Creating Frames:: Creating additional frames. | |
690 * Multiple Displays:: Creating frames on other X displays. | |
691 * Frame Parameters:: Controlling frame size, position, font, etc. | |
692 * Frame Titles:: Automatic updating of frame titles. | |
693 * Deleting Frames:: Frames last until explicitly deleted. | |
694 * Finding All Frames:: How to examine all existing frames. | |
695 * Frames and Windows:: A frame contains windows; | |
696 display of text always works through windows. | |
697 * Minibuffers and Frames:: How a frame finds the minibuffer to use. | |
698 * Input Focus:: Specifying the selected frame. | |
699 * Visibility of Frames:: Frames may be visible or invisible, or icons. | |
700 * Raising and Lowering:: Raising a frame makes it hide other X windows; | |
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701 lowering it puts it underneath the others. |
12098 | 702 * Frame Configurations:: Saving the state of all frames. |
703 * Mouse Tracking:: Getting events that say when the mouse moves. | |
704 * Mouse Position:: Asking where the mouse is, or moving it. | |
705 * Pop-Up Menus:: Displaying a menu for the user to select from. | |
706 * Dialog Boxes:: Displaying a box to ask yes or no. | |
707 * Pointer Shapes:: Specifying the shape of the mouse pointer. | |
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708 * Window System Selections::Transferring text to and from other windows. |
12098 | 709 * Color Names:: Getting the definitions of color names. |
710 * Resources:: Getting resource values from the server. | |
711 * Server Data:: Getting info about the X server. | |
712 | |
6451 | 713 Positions |
714 | |
715 * Point:: The special position where editing takes place. | |
716 * Motion:: Changing point. | |
717 * Excursions:: Temporary motion and buffer changes. | |
718 * Narrowing:: Restricting editing to a portion of the buffer. | |
719 | |
720 Motion | |
721 | |
722 * Character Motion:: Moving in terms of characters. | |
723 * Word Motion:: Moving in terms of words. | |
724 * Buffer End Motion:: Moving to the beginning or end of the buffer. | |
725 * Text Lines:: Moving in terms of lines of text. | |
726 * Screen Lines:: Moving in terms of lines as displayed. | |
727 * List Motion:: Moving by parsing lists and sexps. | |
728 * Skipping Characters:: Skipping characters belonging to a certain set. | |
729 | |
730 Markers | |
731 | |
732 * Overview of Markers:: The components of a marker, and how it relocates. | |
733 * Predicates on Markers:: Testing whether an object is a marker. | |
734 * Creating Markers:: Making empty markers or markers at certain places. | |
735 * Information from Markers:: Finding the marker's buffer or character | |
736 position. | |
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737 * Moving Markers:: Moving the marker to a new buffer or position. |
6451 | 738 * The Mark:: How ``the mark'' is implemented with a marker. |
739 * The Region:: How to access ``the region''. | |
740 | |
741 Text | |
742 | |
743 * Near Point:: Examining text in the vicinity of point. | |
744 * Buffer Contents:: Examining text in a general fashion. | |
745 * Insertion:: Adding new text to a buffer. | |
746 * Commands for Insertion:: User-level commands to insert text. | |
747 * Deletion:: Removing text from a buffer. | |
748 * User-Level Deletion:: User-level commands to delete text. | |
749 * The Kill Ring:: Where removed text sometimes is saved for | |
750 later use. | |
751 * Undo:: Undoing changes to the text of a buffer. | |
752 * Auto Filling:: How auto-fill mode is implemented to break lines. | |
753 * Filling:: Functions for explicit filling. | |
12098 | 754 * Margins:: How to specify margins for filling commands. |
6451 | 755 * Sorting:: Functions for sorting parts of the buffer. |
756 * Indentation:: Functions to insert or adjust indentation. | |
757 * Columns:: Computing horizontal positions, and using them. | |
758 * Case Changes:: Case conversion of parts of the buffer. | |
15725 | 759 * Text Properties:: Assigning Lisp property lists to text characters. |
6451 | 760 * Substitution:: Replacing a given character wherever it appears. |
15725 | 761 * Transposition:: Swapping two portions of a buffer. |
6451 | 762 * Registers:: How registers are implemented. Accessing |
763 the text or position stored in a register. | |
15725 | 764 * Change Hooks:: Supplying functions to be run when text is changed. |
6451 | 765 |
766 The Kill Ring | |
767 | |
768 * Kill Ring Concepts:: What text looks like in the kill ring. | |
769 * Kill Functions:: Functions that kill text. | |
770 * Yank Commands:: Commands that access the kill ring. | |
12067 | 771 * Low-Level Kill Ring:: Functions and variables for kill ring access. |
6451 | 772 * Internals of Kill Ring:: Variables that hold kill-ring data. |
773 | |
774 Indentation | |
775 | |
776 * Primitive Indent:: Functions used to count and insert indentation. | |
777 * Mode-Specific Indent:: Customize indentation for different modes. | |
778 * Region Indent:: Indent all the lines in a region. | |
779 * Relative Indent:: Indent the current line based on previous lines. | |
780 * Indent Tabs:: Adjustable, typewriter-like tab stops. | |
781 * Motion by Indent:: Move to first non-blank character. | |
782 | |
15725 | 783 Text Properties |
784 | |
785 * Examining Properties:: Looking at the properties of one character. | |
786 * Changing Properties:: Setting the properties of a range of text. | |
787 * Property Search:: Searching for where a property changes value. | |
788 * Special Properties:: Particular properties with special meanings. | |
789 * Format Properties:: Properties for representing formatting of text. | |
790 * Sticky Properties:: How inserted text gets properties from | |
791 neighboring text. | |
792 * Saving Properties:: Saving text properties in files, and reading | |
793 them back. | |
794 * Lazy Properties:: Computing text properties in a lazy fashion | |
795 only when text is examined. | |
796 * Not Intervals:: Why text properties do not use | |
797 Lisp-visible text intervals. | |
798 | |
6451 | 799 Searching and Matching |
800 | |
801 * String Search:: Search for an exact match. | |
802 * Regular Expressions:: Describing classes of strings. | |
803 * Regexp Search:: Searching for a match for a regexp. | |
804 * Match Data:: Finding out which part of the text matched | |
805 various parts of a regexp, after regexp search. | |
806 * Saving Match Data:: Saving and restoring this information. | |
807 * Standard Regexps:: Useful regexps for finding sentences, pages,... | |
808 * Searching and Case:: Case-independent or case-significant searching. | |
809 | |
810 Regular Expressions | |
811 | |
812 * Syntax of Regexps:: Rules for writing regular expressions. | |
813 * Regexp Example:: Illustrates regular expression syntax. | |
814 | |
815 Syntax Tables | |
816 | |
817 * Syntax Descriptors:: How characters are classified. | |
818 * Syntax Table Functions:: How to create, examine and alter syntax tables. | |
819 * Parsing Expressions:: Parsing balanced expressions | |
820 using the syntax table. | |
821 * Standard Syntax Tables:: Syntax tables used by various major modes. | |
822 * Syntax Table Internals:: How syntax table information is stored. | |
823 | |
824 Syntax Descriptors | |
825 | |
826 * Syntax Class Table:: Table of syntax classes. | |
827 * Syntax Flags:: Additional flags each character can have. | |
828 | |
829 Abbrevs And Abbrev Expansion | |
830 | |
831 * Abbrev Mode:: Setting up Emacs for abbreviation. | |
832 * Tables: Abbrev Tables. Creating and working with abbrev tables. | |
833 * Defining Abbrevs:: Specifying abbreviations and their expansions. | |
834 * Files: Abbrev Files. Saving abbrevs in files. | |
835 * Expansion: Abbrev Expansion. Controlling expansion; expansion subroutines. | |
836 * Standard Abbrev Tables:: Abbrev tables used by various major modes. | |
837 | |
838 Processes | |
839 | |
840 * Subprocess Creation:: Functions that start subprocesses. | |
841 * Synchronous Processes:: Details of using synchronous subprocesses. | |
842 * Asynchronous Processes:: Starting up an asynchronous subprocess. | |
843 * Deleting Processes:: Eliminating an asynchronous subprocess. | |
844 * Process Information:: Accessing run-status and other attributes. | |
845 * Input to Processes:: Sending input to an asynchronous subprocess. | |
846 * Signals to Processes:: Stopping, continuing or interrupting | |
847 an asynchronous subprocess. | |
848 * Output from Processes:: Collecting output from an asynchronous subprocess. | |
849 * Sentinels:: Sentinels run when process run-status changes. | |
12098 | 850 * Network:: Opening network connections. |
6451 | 851 |
852 Receiving Output from Processes | |
853 | |
854 * Process Buffers:: If no filter, output is put in a buffer. | |
855 * Filter Functions:: Filter functions accept output from the process. | |
856 * Accepting Output:: How to wait until process output arrives. | |
857 | |
858 Operating System Interface | |
859 | |
860 * Starting Up:: Customizing Emacs start-up processing. | |
861 * Getting Out:: How exiting works (permanent or temporary). | |
862 * System Environment:: Distinguish the name and kind of system. | |
863 * Terminal Input:: Recording terminal input for debugging. | |
864 * Terminal Output:: Recording terminal output for debugging. | |
865 * Flow Control:: How to turn output flow control on or off. | |
866 * Batch Mode:: Running Emacs without terminal interaction. | |
867 | |
868 Starting Up Emacs | |
869 | |
870 * Start-up Summary:: Sequence of actions Emacs performs at start-up. | |
871 * Init File:: Details on reading the init file (@file{.emacs}). | |
872 * Terminal-Specific:: How the terminal-specific Lisp file is read. | |
873 * Command Line Arguments:: How command line arguments are processed, | |
874 and how you can customize them. | |
875 | |
876 Getting out of Emacs | |
877 | |
878 * Killing Emacs:: Exiting Emacs irreversibly. | |
879 * Suspending Emacs:: Exiting Emacs reversibly. | |
880 | |
881 Emacs Display | |
882 | |
883 * Refresh Screen:: Clearing the screen and redrawing everything on it. | |
884 * Truncation:: Folding or wrapping long text lines. | |
885 * The Echo Area:: Where messages are displayed. | |
886 * Selective Display:: Hiding part of the buffer text. | |
887 * Overlay Arrow:: Display of an arrow to indicate position. | |
888 * Temporary Displays:: Displays that go away automatically. | |
889 * Waiting:: Forcing display update and waiting for user. | |
890 * Blinking:: How Emacs shows the matching open parenthesis. | |
891 * Usual Display:: How control characters are displayed. | |
892 * Beeping:: Audible signal to the user. | |
893 * Window Systems:: Which window system is being used. | |
894 | |
895 GNU Emacs Internals | |
896 | |
897 * Building Emacs:: How to preload Lisp libraries into Emacs. | |
898 * Pure Storage:: A kludge to make preloaded Lisp functions sharable. | |
899 * Garbage Collection:: Reclaiming space for Lisp objects no longer used. | |
900 * Object Internals:: Data formats of buffers, windows, processes. | |
901 * Writing Emacs Primitives:: Writing C code for Emacs. | |
902 | |
903 Object Internals | |
904 | |
905 * Buffer Internals:: Components of a buffer structure. | |
906 * Window Internals:: Components of a window structure. | |
907 * Process Internals:: Components of a process structure. | |
908 @end menu | |
909 | |
910 @include intro.texi | |
911 @include objects.texi | |
912 @include numbers.texi | |
913 @include strings.texi | |
914 | |
915 @include lists.texi | |
916 @include sequences.texi | |
917 @include symbols.texi | |
918 @include eval.texi | |
919 | |
920 @include control.texi | |
921 @include variables.texi | |
922 @include functions.texi | |
923 @include macros.texi | |
924 | |
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925 @include customize.texi |
6451 | 926 @include loading.texi |
927 @include compile.texi | |
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928 @include advice.texi |
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929 |
6451 | 930 @include debugging.texi |
931 @include streams.texi | |
932 @include minibuf.texi | |
933 @include commands.texi | |
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934 |
6451 | 935 @include keymaps.texi |
936 @include modes.texi | |
937 @include help.texi | |
938 @include files.texi | |
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939 |
6451 | 940 @include backups.texi |
941 @include buffers.texi | |
942 @include windows.texi | |
943 @include frames.texi | |
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944 |
6451 | 945 @include positions.texi |
946 @include markers.texi | |
947 @include text.texi | |
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948 @include nonascii.texi |
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949 |
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950 @include searching.texi |
6451 | 951 @include syntax.texi |
952 @include abbrevs.texi | |
953 @include processes.texi | |
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954 |
6451 | 955 @include os.texi |
956 @include display.texi | |
957 @include calendar.texi | |
958 | |
959 @c MOVE to Emacs Manual: include misc-modes.texi | |
960 | |
961 @c appendices | |
962 | |
963 @c REMOVE this: include non-hacker.texi | |
964 | |
965 @include tips.texi | |
966 @include internals.texi | |
967 @include errors.texi | |
968 @include locals.texi | |
969 @include maps.texi | |
970 @include hooks.texi | |
971 | |
972 @include index.texi | |
973 | |
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974 @node New Symbols, , Index, Top |
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975 @unnumbered New Symbols Since the Previous Edition |
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976 |
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977 @printindex tp |
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978 |
6451 | 979 @c Print the tables of contents |
980 @summarycontents | |
981 @contents | |
982 @c That's all | |
983 | |
984 @bye | |
985 | |
986 | |
987 These words prevent "local variables" above from confusing Emacs. |