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author | Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org> |
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date | Wed, 17 Oct 2001 11:51:24 +0000 |
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24093 | 1 \input texinfo |
2 | |
3 @setchapternewpage odd | |
4 @settitle GNU Emacs Manual | |
5 @setfilename ../info/emacs | |
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6 @defcodeindex op |
24093 | 7 @synindex pg cp |
8 | |
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9 @c The edition number appears in several places in this file |
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10 @set EDITION Fourteenth |
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11 @set EMACSVER 21.1.50 |
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12 |
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13 @ifnottex |
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14 This is the @value{EDITION} edition of the @cite{GNU Emacs Manual}, |
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15 updated for Emacs version @value{EMACSVER}. |
24093 | 16 |
30009 | 17 @dircategory Emacs |
24093 | 18 @direntry |
19 * Emacs: (emacs). The extensible self-documenting text editor. | |
20 @end direntry | |
21 | |
22 Published by the Free Software Foundation | |
23 59 Temple Place, Suite 330 | |
24 Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA | |
25 | |
35197 | 26 Copyright (C) 1985, 1986,1987,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001 |
24093 | 27 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
28 | |
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29 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document |
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30 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or |
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31 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the |
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32 Invariant Sections being ``The GNU Manifesto'', ``Distribution'' and |
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33 ``GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE'', with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU |
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34 Manual,'' and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the |
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35 license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation |
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36 License.'' |
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37 |
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38 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and modify |
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39 this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free |
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40 Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.'' |
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41 @end ifnottex |
24093 | 42 |
43 @c in general, keep the following line commented out, unless doing a | |
44 @c copy of this manual that will be published. the manual should go | |
45 @c onto the distribution in the full, 8.5 x 11" size. | |
46 | |
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47 @c @smallbook |
24093 | 48 |
49 @iftex | |
50 @kbdinputstyle code | |
51 | |
52 @shorttitlepage GNU Emacs Manual | |
53 @end iftex | |
54 @titlepage | |
55 @sp 6 | |
56 @center @titlefont{GNU Emacs Manual} | |
57 @sp 4 | |
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58 @center @value{EDITION} Edition, Updated for Emacs Version @value{EMACSVER}. |
24093 | 59 @sp 5 |
60 @center Richard Stallman | |
61 @page | |
62 @vskip 0pt plus 1filll | |
35197 | 63 Copyright @copyright{} 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001 |
24093 | 64 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
65 @sp 2 | |
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66 @value{EDITION} Edition @* |
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67 Updated for Emacs Version @value{EMACSVER}, @* |
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68 August 2000 |
24093 | 69 |
70 ISBN 1-882114-06-X | |
71 @sp 1 | |
72 Published by the Free Software Foundation @* | |
73 59 Temple Place, Suite 330 @* | |
74 Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA | |
75 @sp 1 | |
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76 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document |
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77 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or |
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78 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the |
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79 Invariant Sections being ``The GNU Manifesto'', ``Distribution'' and |
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80 ``GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE'', with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU |
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81 Manual,'' and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the |
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82 license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation |
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83 License.'' |
24093 | 84 |
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85 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and modify |
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86 this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free |
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87 Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.'' |
24093 | 88 |
89 @sp 2 | |
90 Cover art by Etienne Suvasa. | |
91 | |
92 @end titlepage | |
93 @page | |
30870 | 94 @ifnottex |
24093 | 95 @node Top, Distrib, (dir), (dir) |
96 @top The Emacs Editor | |
97 | |
98 Emacs is the extensible, customizable, self-documenting real-time | |
99 display editor. This Info file describes how to edit with Emacs and | |
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100 some of how to customize it; it corresponds to GNU Emacs version |
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101 @value{EMACSVER}. |
24093 | 102 For information on extending Emacs, see @ref{,Emacs Lisp,, elisp, The |
103 Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. | |
30870 | 104 @end ifnottex |
24093 | 105 |
106 @ignore | |
107 These subcategories have been deleted for simplicity | |
108 and to avoid conflicts. | |
109 Completion | |
110 Backup Files | |
111 Auto-Saving: Protection Against Disasters | |
112 Snapshots | |
113 Text Mode | |
114 Outline Mode | |
115 @TeX{} Mode | |
116 Formatted Text | |
117 Fortran Mode | |
118 Fortran Indentation | |
119 Shell Command History | |
120 | |
121 The ones for Dired and Rmail have had the items turned into :: items | |
122 to avoid conflicts. | |
123 Also Running Shell Commands from Emacs | |
124 and Sending Mail and Registers and Minibuffer. | |
125 @end ignore | |
126 | |
127 @menu | |
128 * Distrib:: How to get the latest Emacs distribution. | |
129 * Copying:: The GNU General Public License gives you permission | |
130 to redistribute GNU Emacs on certain terms; | |
131 it also explains that there is no warranty. | |
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132 * GNU Free Documentation License:: The license for this documentation. |
24093 | 133 * Intro:: An introduction to Emacs concepts. |
134 * Glossary:: The glossary. | |
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135 * Antinews:: Information about Emacs version 20. |
34199 | 136 * Mac OS:: Using Emacs in the Mac. |
24093 | 137 * MS-DOS:: Using Emacs on MS-DOS (otherwise known as "MS-DOG"). |
138 * Manifesto:: What's GNU? Gnu's Not Unix! | |
139 * Acknowledgments:: Major contributors to GNU Emacs. | |
140 | |
141 Indexes (nodes containing large menus) | |
142 * Key Index:: An item for each standard Emacs key sequence. | |
143 * Command Index:: An item for each command name. | |
144 * Variable Index:: An item for each documented variable. | |
145 * Concept Index:: An item for each concept. | |
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146 @c This is last because @ifnottex leaves an empty line. |
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147 @ifnottex |
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148 * Option Index:: An item for every command-line option. |
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149 @end ifnottex |
24093 | 150 |
151 Important General Concepts | |
152 * Screen:: How to interpret what you see on the screen. | |
153 * User Input:: Kinds of input events (characters, buttons, | |
154 function keys). | |
155 * Keys:: Key sequences: what you type to request one | |
156 editing action. | |
157 * Commands:: Named functions run by key sequences to do editing. | |
158 * Text Characters:: Character set for text (the contents of buffers | |
159 and strings). | |
160 * Entering Emacs:: Starting Emacs from the shell. | |
161 * Exiting:: Stopping or killing Emacs. | |
162 * Command Arguments:: Hairy startup options. | |
163 | |
164 Fundamental Editing Commands | |
165 * Basic:: The most basic editing commands. | |
166 * Minibuffer:: Entering arguments that are prompted for. | |
167 * M-x:: Invoking commands by their names. | |
168 * Help:: Commands for asking Emacs about its commands. | |
169 | |
170 Important Text-Changing Commands | |
171 * Mark:: The mark: how to delimit a ``region'' of text. | |
172 * Killing:: Killing text. | |
173 * Yanking:: Recovering killed text. Moving text. | |
174 * Accumulating Text:: Other ways of copying text. | |
175 * Rectangles:: Operating on the text inside a rectangle on the screen. | |
176 * Registers:: Saving a text string or a location in the buffer. | |
177 * Display:: Controlling what text is displayed. | |
178 * Search:: Finding or replacing occurrences of a string. | |
179 * Fixit:: Commands especially useful for fixing typos. | |
180 | |
181 Major Structures of Emacs | |
182 * Files:: All about handling files. | |
183 * Buffers:: Multiple buffers; editing several files at once. | |
184 * Windows:: Viewing two pieces of text at once. | |
185 * Frames:: Running the same Emacs session in multiple X windows. | |
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186 * International:: Using non-ASCII character sets (the MULE features). |
24093 | 187 |
188 Advanced Features | |
189 * Major Modes:: Text mode vs. Lisp mode vs. C mode ... | |
190 * Indentation:: Editing the white space at the beginnings of lines. | |
191 * Text:: Commands and modes for editing English. | |
192 * Programs:: Commands and modes for editing programs. | |
193 * Building:: Compiling, running and debugging programs. | |
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194 * Maintaining:: Features for maintaining large programs. |
24093 | 195 * Abbrevs:: How to define text abbreviations to reduce |
196 the number of characters you must type. | |
197 * Picture:: Editing pictures made up of characters | |
198 using the quarter-plane screen model. | |
199 * Sending Mail:: Sending mail in Emacs. | |
200 * Rmail:: Reading mail in Emacs. | |
201 * Dired:: You can ``edit'' a directory to manage files in it. | |
202 * Calendar/Diary:: The calendar and diary facilities. | |
203 * Gnus:: How to read netnews with Emacs. | |
204 * Shell:: Executing shell commands from Emacs. | |
205 * Emacs Server:: Using Emacs as an editing server for @code{mail}, etc. | |
206 * Hardcopy:: Printing buffers or regions. | |
27212 | 207 * PostScript:: Printing buffers or regions as PostScript. |
208 * PostScript Variables:: | |
209 Customizing the PostScript printing commands. | |
24093 | 210 * Sorting:: Sorting lines, paragraphs or pages within Emacs. |
211 * Narrowing:: Restricting display and editing to a portion | |
212 of the buffer. | |
213 * Two-Column:: Splitting apart columns to edit them | |
214 in side-by-side windows. | |
215 * Editing Binary Files:: | |
216 Using Hexl mode to edit binary files. | |
217 * Saving Emacs Sessions:: | |
218 Saving Emacs state from one session to the next. | |
219 * Recursive Edit:: A command can allow you to do editing | |
220 "within the command". This is called a | |
36211 | 221 "recursive editing level". |
24093 | 222 * Emulation:: Emulating some other editors with Emacs. |
30870 | 223 * Hyperlinking:: Following links in buffers. |
24093 | 224 * Dissociated Press:: Dissociating text for fun. |
225 * Amusements:: Various games and hacks. | |
226 * Customization:: Modifying the behavior of Emacs. | |
227 | |
228 Recovery from Problems | |
229 * Quitting:: Quitting and aborting. | |
230 * Lossage:: What to do if Emacs is hung or malfunctioning. | |
231 * Bugs:: How and when to report a bug. | |
232 * Contributing:: How to contribute improvements to Emacs. | |
233 * Service:: How to get help for your own Emacs needs. | |
234 | |
235 Here are some other nodes which are really inferiors of the ones | |
236 already listed, mentioned here so you can get to them in one step: | |
237 | |
238 --- The Detailed Node Listing --- | |
239 | |
240 The Organization of the Screen | |
241 | |
242 * Point:: The place in the text where editing commands operate. | |
243 * Echo Area:: Short messages appear at the bottom of the screen. | |
244 * Mode Line:: Interpreting the mode line. | |
245 * Menu Bar:: How to use the menu bar. | |
246 | |
247 Basic Editing Commands | |
248 | |
249 * Inserting Text:: Inserting text by simply typing it. | |
250 * Moving Point:: How to move the cursor to the place where you want to | |
251 change something. | |
252 * Erasing:: Deleting and killing text. | |
253 * Undo:: Undoing recent changes in the text. | |
254 * Files: Basic Files. Visiting, creating, and saving files. | |
255 * Help: Basic Help. Asking what a character does. | |
256 * Blank Lines:: Commands to make or delete blank lines. | |
257 * Continuation Lines:: Lines too wide for the screen. | |
258 * Position Info:: What page, line, row, or column is point on? | |
259 * Arguments:: Numeric arguments for repeating a command. | |
260 | |
261 The Minibuffer | |
262 | |
263 * Minibuffer File:: Entering file names with the minibuffer. | |
264 * Minibuffer Edit:: How to edit in the minibuffer. | |
265 * Completion:: An abbreviation facility for minibuffer input. | |
266 * Minibuffer History:: Reusing recent minibuffer arguments. | |
267 * Repetition:: Re-executing commands that used the minibuffer. | |
268 | |
269 Help | |
270 | |
271 * Help Summary:: Brief list of all Help commands. | |
272 * Key Help:: Asking what a key does in Emacs. | |
273 * Name Help:: Asking about a command, variable or function name. | |
274 * Apropos:: Asking what pertains to a given topic. | |
275 * Library Keywords:: Finding Lisp libraries by keywords (topics). | |
276 * Language Help:: Help relating to international language support. | |
277 * Misc Help:: Other help commands. | |
278 | |
279 The Mark and the Region | |
280 | |
281 * Setting Mark:: Commands to set the mark. | |
282 * Transient Mark:: How to make Emacs highlight the region-- | |
283 when there is one. | |
284 * Using Region:: Summary of ways to operate on contents of the region. | |
285 * Marking Objects:: Commands to put region around textual units. | |
286 * Mark Ring:: Previous mark positions saved so you can go back there. | |
287 * Global Mark Ring:: Previous mark positions in various buffers. | |
288 | |
289 Deletion and Killing | |
290 | |
291 * Deletion:: Commands for deleting small amounts of text and | |
292 blank areas. | |
293 * Killing by Lines:: How to kill entire lines of text at one time. | |
294 * Other Kill Commands:: Commands to kill large regions of text and | |
295 syntactic units such as words and sentences. | |
296 | |
297 Yanking | |
298 | |
299 * Kill Ring:: Where killed text is stored. Basic yanking. | |
300 * Appending Kills:: Several kills in a row all yank together. | |
301 * Earlier Kills:: Yanking something killed some time ago. | |
302 | |
303 Registers | |
304 | |
305 * RegPos:: Saving positions in registers. | |
306 * RegText:: Saving text in registers. | |
307 * RegRect:: Saving rectangles in registers. | |
308 * RegConfig:: Saving window configurations in registers. | |
309 * RegFiles:: File names in registers. | |
310 * Bookmarks:: Bookmarks are like registers, but persistent. | |
311 | |
312 Controlling the Display | |
313 | |
314 * Scrolling:: Moving text up and down in a window. | |
315 * Horizontal Scrolling:: Moving text left and right in a window. | |
316 * Follow Mode:: Follow mode lets two windows scroll as one. | |
317 * Selective Display:: Hiding lines with lots of indentation. | |
318 * Optional Mode Line:: Optional mode line display features. | |
319 * Text Display:: How text is normally displayed. | |
36211 | 320 * Display Custom:: Information on variables for customizing display. |
24093 | 321 |
322 Searching and Replacement | |
323 | |
324 * Incremental Search:: Search happens as you type the string. | |
325 * Nonincremental Search:: Specify entire string and then search. | |
326 * Word Search:: Search for sequence of words. | |
327 * Regexp Search:: Search for match for a regexp. | |
328 * Regexps:: Syntax of regular expressions. | |
329 * Search Case:: To ignore case while searching, or not. | |
330 * Replace:: Search, and replace some or all matches. | |
331 * Other Repeating Search:: Operating on all matches for some regexp. | |
332 | |
333 Replacement Commands | |
334 | |
335 * Unconditional Replace:: Replacing all matches for a string. | |
336 * Regexp Replace:: Replacing all matches for a regexp. | |
337 * Replacement and Case:: How replacements preserve case of letters. | |
338 * Query Replace:: How to use querying. | |
339 | |
340 Commands for Fixing Typos | |
341 | |
342 * Kill Errors:: Commands to kill a batch of recently entered text. | |
343 * Transpose:: Exchanging two characters, words, lines, lists... | |
344 * Fixing Case:: Correcting case of last word entered. | |
345 * Spelling:: Apply spelling checker to a word or a whole buffer. | |
346 | |
347 File Handling | |
348 | |
349 * File Names:: How to type and edit file-name arguments. | |
350 * Visiting:: Visiting a file prepares Emacs to edit the file. | |
351 * Saving:: Saving makes your changes permanent. | |
352 * Reverting:: Reverting cancels all the changes not saved. | |
353 * Auto Save:: Auto Save periodically protects against loss of data. | |
354 * File Aliases:: Handling multiple names for one file. | |
355 * Version Control:: Version control systems (RCS, CVS and SCCS). | |
356 * Directories:: Creating, deleting, and listing file directories. | |
357 * Comparing Files:: Finding where two files differ. | |
358 * Misc File Ops:: Other things you can do on files. | |
359 * Compressed Files:: Accessing compressed files. | |
360 * Remote Files:: Accessing files on other sites. | |
361 * Quoted File Names:: Quoting special characters in file names. | |
362 | |
363 Saving Files | |
364 | |
365 * Backup:: How Emacs saves the old version of your file. | |
366 * Interlocking:: How Emacs protects against simultaneous editing | |
367 of one file by two users. | |
368 | |
369 Version Control | |
370 | |
371 * Introduction to VC:: How version control works in general. | |
372 * VC Mode Line:: How the mode line shows version control status. | |
373 * Basic VC Editing:: How to edit a file under version control. | |
374 * Old Versions:: Examining and comparing old versions. | |
375 * Secondary VC Commands:: The commands used a little less frequently. | |
376 * Branches:: Multiple lines of development. | |
377 * Snapshots:: Sets of file versions treated as a unit. | |
378 * Miscellaneous VC:: Various other commands and features of VC. | |
379 * Customizing VC:: Variables that change VC's behavior. | |
380 | |
381 Using Multiple Buffers | |
382 | |
383 * Select Buffer:: Creating a new buffer or reselecting an old one. | |
384 * List Buffers:: Getting a list of buffers that exist. | |
39267 | 385 * Misc Buffer:: Renaming; changing read-onliness; copying text. |
24093 | 386 * Kill Buffer:: Killing buffers you no longer need. |
387 * Several Buffers:: How to go through the list of all buffers | |
388 and operate variously on several of them. | |
389 * Indirect Buffers:: An indirect buffer shares the text of another buffer. | |
390 | |
391 Multiple Windows | |
392 | |
393 * Basic Window:: Introduction to Emacs windows. | |
394 * Split Window:: New windows are made by splitting existing windows. | |
395 * Other Window:: Moving to another window or doing something to it. | |
396 * Pop Up Window:: Finding a file or buffer in another window. | |
397 * Force Same Window:: Forcing certain buffers to appear in the selected | |
398 window rather than in another window. | |
399 * Change Window:: Deleting windows and changing their sizes. | |
400 | |
401 Frames and X Windows | |
402 | |
403 * Mouse Commands:: Moving, cutting, and pasting, with the mouse. | |
404 * Secondary Selection:: Cutting without altering point and mark. | |
36211 | 405 * Clipboard:: Using the clipboard for selections. |
24093 | 406 * Mouse References:: Using the mouse to select an item from a list. |
407 * Menu Mouse Clicks:: Mouse clicks that bring up menus. | |
408 * Mode Line Mouse:: Mouse clicks on the mode line. | |
409 * Creating Frames:: Creating additional Emacs frames with various contents. | |
36211 | 410 * Frame Commands:: Iconifying, deleting, and switching frames. |
411 * Speedbar:: How to make and use a speedbar frame. | |
24093 | 412 * Multiple Displays:: How one Emacs job can talk to several displays. |
413 * Special Buffer Frames:: You can make certain buffers have their own frames. | |
414 * Frame Parameters:: Changing the colors and other modes of frames. | |
415 * Scroll Bars:: How to enable and disable scroll bars; how to use them. | |
36211 | 416 * Wheeled Mice:: Using mouse wheels for scrolling. |
24093 | 417 * Menu Bars:: Enabling and disabling the menu bar. |
36211 | 418 * Tool Bars:: Enabling and disabling the tool bar. |
419 * Dialog Boxes:: Controlling use of dialog boxes. | |
24093 | 420 * Faces:: How to change the display style using faces. |
421 * Font Lock:: Minor mode for syntactic highlighting using faces. | |
36211 | 422 * Highlight Changes:: Using colors to show where you changed the buffer. |
423 * Highlight Interactively:: Tell Emacs what text to highlight. | |
424 * Trailing Whitespace:: Showing possibly-spurious trailing whitespace. | |
425 * Tooltips:: Showing "tooltips", AKA "ballon help" for active text. | |
426 * Mouse Avoidance:: Moving the mouse pointer out of the way. | |
24093 | 427 * Non-Window Terminals:: Multiple frames on terminals that show only one. |
36211 | 428 * XTerm Mouse:: Using the mouse in an XTerm terminal emulator. |
24093 | 429 |
430 International Character Set Support | |
431 | |
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432 * International Chars:: Basic concepts of multibyte characters. |
24093 | 433 * Enabling Multibyte:: Controlling whether to use multibyte characters. |
434 * Language Environments:: Setting things up for the language you use. | |
435 * Input Methods:: Entering text characters not on your keyboard. | |
436 * Select Input Method:: Specifying your choice of input methods. | |
437 * Coding Systems:: Character set conversion when you read and | |
438 write files, and so on. | |
439 * Recognize Coding:: How Emacs figures out which conversion to use. | |
440 * Specify Coding:: Various ways to choose which conversion to use. | |
441 * Fontsets:: Fontsets are collections of fonts | |
442 that cover the whole spectrum of characters. | |
443 * Defining Fontsets:: Defining a new fontset. | |
27212 | 444 * Single-Byte Character Support:: |
24093 | 445 You can pick one European character set |
446 to use without multibyte characters. | |
447 | |
448 Major Modes | |
449 | |
450 * Choosing Modes:: How major modes are specified or chosen. | |
451 | |
452 Indentation | |
453 | |
454 * Indentation Commands:: Various commands and techniques for indentation. | |
455 * Tab Stops:: You can set arbitrary "tab stops" and then | |
456 indent to the next tab stop when you want to. | |
457 * Just Spaces:: You can request indentation using just spaces. | |
458 | |
459 Commands for Human Languages | |
460 | |
461 * Words:: Moving over and killing words. | |
462 * Sentences:: Moving over and killing sentences. | |
463 * Paragraphs:: Moving over paragraphs. | |
464 * Pages:: Moving over pages. | |
465 * Filling:: Filling or justifying text. | |
466 * Case:: Changing the case of text. | |
467 * Text Mode:: The major modes for editing text files. | |
468 * Outline Mode:: Editing outlines. | |
469 * TeX Mode:: Editing input to the formatter TeX. | |
470 * Nroff Mode:: Editing input to the formatter nroff. | |
471 * Formatted Text:: Editing formatted text directly in WYSIWYG fashion. | |
472 | |
473 Filling Text | |
474 | |
475 * Auto Fill:: Auto Fill mode breaks long lines automatically. | |
476 * Fill Commands:: Commands to refill paragraphs and center lines. | |
477 * Fill Prefix:: Filling paragraphs that are indented | |
478 or in a comment, etc. | |
479 * Adaptive Fill:: How Emacs can determine the fill prefix automatically. | |
480 | |
481 Editing Programs | |
482 | |
483 * Program Modes:: Major modes for editing programs. | |
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484 * Defuns:: Commands to operate on major top-level parts |
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485 of a program. |
24093 | 486 * Program Indent:: Adjusting indentation to show the nesting. |
487 * Comments:: Inserting, killing, and aligning comments. | |
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488 * Parentheses:: Commands that operate on parentheses. |
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489 * Documentation:: Getting documentation of functions you plan to call. |
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490 * Hideshow:: Displaying blocks selectively. |
24093 | 491 * Symbol Completion:: Completion on symbol names of your program or language. |
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492 * Glasses:: Making identifiersLikeThis more readable. |
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493 * Misc for Programs:: Other Emacs features useful for editing programs. |
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494 * C Modes:: Special commands of C, C++, Objective-C, |
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495 Java, and Pike modes. |
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496 * Fortran:: Fortran mode and its special features. |
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497 * Asm Mode:: Asm mode and its special features. |
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498 |
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499 Top-Level Definitions, or Defuns |
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500 |
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501 * Left Margin Paren:: An open-paren or similar opening delimiter |
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502 starts a defun if it is at the left margin. |
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503 * Moving by Defuns:: Commands to move over or mark a major definition. |
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504 * Imenu:: Making buffer indexes as menus. |
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505 * Which Function:: Which Function mode shows which function you are in. |
24093 | 506 |
507 Indentation for Programs | |
508 | |
509 * Basic Indent:: Indenting a single line. | |
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510 * Multi-line Indent:: Commands to reindent many lines at once. |
24093 | 511 * Lisp Indent:: Specifying how each Lisp function should be indented. |
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512 * C Indent:: Extra features for indenting C and related modes. |
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513 * Custom C Indent:: Controlling indentation style for C and related modes. |
24093 | 514 |
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515 Commands for Editing with Parentheses |
24093 | 516 |
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517 * Expressions:: Expressions with balanced parentheses. |
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518 * Moving by Parens:: Commands for moving up, down and across |
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519 in the structure of parentheses. |
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520 * Matching:: Insertion of a close-delimiter flashes matching open. |
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521 |
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522 Manipulating Comments |
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523 |
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524 * Comment Commands:: Inserting, killing, and indenting comments. |
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525 * Multi-Line Comments:: Commands for adding and editing multi-line comments. |
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526 * Options for Comments::Customizing the comment features. |
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527 |
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528 Documentation Lookup |
24093 | 529 |
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530 * Info Lookup:: Looking up library functions and commands |
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531 in Info files. |
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532 * Man Page:: Looking up man pages of library functions and commands. |
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533 * Lisp Doc:: Looking up Emacs Lisp functions, etc. |
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534 |
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535 C and Related Modes |
24093 | 536 |
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537 * Motion in C:: Commands to move by C statements, etc. |
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538 * Electric C:: Colon and other chars can automatically reindent. |
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539 * Hungry Delete:: A more powerful DEL command. |
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540 * Other C Commands:: Filling comments, viewing expansion of macros, |
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541 and other neat features. |
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542 * Comments in C:: Options for customizing comment style. |
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543 |
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544 Fortran Mode |
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545 |
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546 * Motion: Fortran Motion. Moving point by statements or subprograms. |
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547 * Indent: Fortran Indent. Indentation commands for Fortran. |
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548 * Comments: Fortran Comments. Inserting and aligning comments. |
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549 * Autofill: Fortran Autofill. Auto fill minor mode for Fortran. |
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550 * Columns: Fortran Columns. Measuring columns for valid Fortran. |
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551 * Abbrev: Fortran Abbrev. Built-in abbrevs for Fortran keywords. |
24093 | 552 |
553 Compiling and Testing Programs | |
554 | |
555 * Compilation:: Compiling programs in languages other | |
556 than Lisp (C, Pascal, etc.). | |
557 * Compilation Mode:: The mode for visiting compiler errors. | |
558 * Compilation Shell:: Customizing your shell properly | |
559 for use in the compilation buffer. | |
560 * Debuggers:: Running symbolic debuggers for non-Lisp programs. | |
561 * Executing Lisp:: Various modes for editing Lisp programs, | |
562 with different facilities for running | |
563 the Lisp programs. | |
564 * Lisp Libraries:: Creating Lisp programs to run in Emacs. | |
565 * Lisp Interaction:: Executing Lisp in an Emacs buffer. | |
566 * Lisp Eval:: Executing a single Lisp expression in Emacs. | |
567 * External Lisp:: Communicating through Emacs with a separate Lisp. | |
568 | |
569 Running Debuggers Under Emacs | |
570 | |
571 * Starting GUD:: How to start a debugger subprocess. | |
572 * Debugger Operation:: Connection between the debugger and source buffers. | |
573 * Commands of GUD:: Key bindings for common commands. | |
574 * GUD Customization:: Defining your own commands for GUD. | |
575 | |
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576 Maintaining Programs |
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577 |
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578 * Change Log:: Maintaining a change history for your program. |
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579 * Authors:: Maintaining the Emacs @file{AUTHORS} file. |
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580 * Tags:: Go direct to any function in your program in one |
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581 command. Tags remembers which file it is in. |
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582 * Emerge:: A convenient way of merging two versions of a program. |
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583 |
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584 Tags Tables |
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585 |
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586 * Tag Syntax:: Tag syntax for various types of code and text files. |
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587 * Create Tags Table:: Creating a tags table with @code{etags}. |
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588 * Select Tags Table:: How to visit a tags table. |
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589 * Find Tag:: Commands to find the definition of a specific tag. |
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590 * Tags Search:: Using a tags table for searching and replacing. |
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591 * List Tags:: Listing and finding tags defined in a file. |
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592 |
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593 Merging Files with Emerge |
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594 |
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595 * Overview of Emerge:: How to start Emerge. Basic concepts. |
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596 * Submodes of Emerge:: Fast mode vs. Edit mode. |
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597 Skip Prefers mode and Auto Advance mode. |
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598 * State of Difference:: You do the merge by specifying state A or B |
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599 for each difference. |
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600 * Merge Commands:: Commands for selecting a difference, |
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601 changing states of differences, etc. |
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602 * Exiting Emerge:: What to do when you've finished the merge. |
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603 * Combining in Emerge:: How to keep both alternatives for a difference. |
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604 * Fine Points of Emerge:: Misc. |
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605 |
24093 | 606 Abbrevs |
607 | |
608 * Abbrev Concepts:: Fundamentals of defined abbrevs. | |
609 * Defining Abbrevs:: Defining an abbrev, so it will expand when typed. | |
610 * Expanding Abbrevs:: Controlling expansion: prefixes, canceling expansion. | |
611 * Editing Abbrevs:: Viewing or editing the entire list of defined abbrevs. | |
612 * Saving Abbrevs:: Saving the entire list of abbrevs for another session. | |
613 * Dynamic Abbrevs:: Abbreviations for words already in the buffer. | |
614 | |
615 Editing Pictures | |
616 | |
617 * Basic Picture:: Basic concepts and simple commands of Picture Mode. | |
618 * Insert in Picture:: Controlling direction of cursor motion | |
619 after "self-inserting" characters. | |
620 * Tabs in Picture:: Various features for tab stops and indentation. | |
621 * Rectangles in Picture:: Clearing and superimposing rectangles. | |
622 | |
623 Sending Mail | |
624 | |
625 * Mail Format:: Format of the mail being composed. | |
626 * Mail Headers:: Details of permitted mail header fields. | |
627 * Mail Aliases:: Abbreviating and grouping mail addresses. | |
628 * Mail Mode:: Special commands for editing mail being composed. | |
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|
629 * Mail Amusements:: Distract the NSA's attention; add a fortune to a msg. |
24093 | 630 * Mail Methods:: Using alternative mail-composition methods. |
631 | |
632 Reading Mail with Rmail | |
633 | |
634 * Rmail Basics:: Basic concepts of Rmail, and simple use. | |
635 * Rmail Scrolling:: Scrolling through a message. | |
636 * Rmail Motion:: Moving to another message. | |
637 * Rmail Deletion:: Deleting and expunging messages. | |
638 * Rmail Inbox:: How mail gets into the Rmail file. | |
639 * Rmail Files:: Using multiple Rmail files. | |
640 * Rmail Output:: Copying message out to files. | |
641 * Rmail Labels:: Classifying messages by labeling them. | |
642 * Rmail Attributes:: Certain standard labels, called attributes. | |
643 * Rmail Reply:: Sending replies to messages you are viewing. | |
644 * Rmail Summary:: Summaries show brief info on many messages. | |
645 * Rmail Sorting:: Sorting messages in Rmail. | |
646 * Rmail Display:: How Rmail displays a message; customization. | |
647 * Rmail Editing:: Editing message text and headers in Rmail. | |
648 * Rmail Digest:: Extracting the messages from a digest message. | |
649 * Out of Rmail:: Converting an Rmail file to mailbox format. | |
650 * Rmail Rot13:: Reading messages encoded in the rot13 code. | |
651 * Movemail:: More details of fetching new mail. | |
652 | |
653 Dired, the Directory Editor | |
654 | |
655 * Dired Enter:: How to invoke Dired. | |
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|
656 * Dired Navigation:: How to move in the Dired buffer. |
24093 | 657 * Dired Deletion:: Deleting files with Dired. |
658 * Flagging Many Files:: Flagging files based on their names. | |
659 * Dired Visiting:: Other file operations through Dired. | |
660 * Marks vs Flags:: Flagging for deletion vs marking. | |
661 * Operating on Files:: How to copy, rename, print, compress, etc. | |
662 either one file or several files. | |
663 * Shell Commands in Dired:: Running a shell command on the marked files. | |
664 * Transforming File Names:: Using patterns to rename multiple files. | |
665 * Comparison in Dired:: Running `diff' by way of Dired. | |
666 * Subdirectories in Dired:: Adding subdirectories to the Dired buffer. | |
667 * Subdirectory Motion:: Moving across subdirectories, and up and down. | |
668 * Hiding Subdirectories:: Making subdirectories visible or invisible. | |
669 * Dired Updating:: Discarding lines for files of no interest. | |
670 * Dired and Find:: Using `find' to choose the files for Dired. | |
671 | |
672 The Calendar and the Diary | |
673 | |
674 * Calendar Motion:: Moving through the calendar; selecting a date. | |
675 * Scroll Calendar:: Bringing earlier or later months onto the screen. | |
676 * Counting Days:: How many days are there between two dates? | |
677 * General Calendar:: Exiting or recomputing the calendar. | |
678 * LaTeX Calendar:: Print a calendar using LaTeX. | |
679 * Holidays:: Displaying dates of holidays. | |
680 * Sunrise/Sunset:: Displaying local times of sunrise and sunset. | |
681 * Lunar Phases:: Displaying phases of the moon. | |
682 * Other Calendars:: Converting dates to other calendar systems. | |
683 * Diary:: Displaying events from your diary. | |
684 * Appointments:: Reminders when it's time to do something. | |
685 * Daylight Savings:: How to specify when daylight savings time is active. | |
686 | |
687 Movement in the Calendar | |
688 | |
689 * Calendar Unit Motion:: Moving by days, weeks, months, and years. | |
690 * Move to Beginning or End:: Moving to start/end of weeks, months, and years. | |
691 * Specified Dates:: Moving to the current date or another | |
692 specific date. | |
693 | |
694 Conversion To and From Other Calendars | |
695 | |
696 * Calendar Systems:: The calendars Emacs understands | |
697 (aside from Gregorian). | |
698 * To Other Calendar:: Converting the selected date to various calendars. | |
699 * From Other Calendar:: Moving to a date specified in another calendar. | |
700 * Mayan Calendar:: Moving to a date specified in a Mayan calendar. | |
701 | |
702 The Diary | |
703 | |
704 * Diary Commands:: Viewing diary entries and associated calendar dates. | |
705 * Format of Diary File:: Entering events in your diary. | |
706 * Date Formats:: Various ways you can specify dates. | |
707 * Adding to Diary:: Commands to create diary entries. | |
708 * Special Diary Entries:: Anniversaries, blocks of dates, cyclic entries, etc. | |
709 | |
710 @sc{Gnus} | |
711 | |
712 * Buffers of Gnus:: The group, summary, and article buffers. | |
713 * Gnus Startup:: What you should know about starting Gnus. | |
714 * Summary of Gnus:: A short description of the basic Gnus commands. | |
715 | |
716 Running Shell Commands from Emacs | |
717 | |
718 * Single Shell:: How to run one shell command and return. | |
719 * Interactive Shell:: Permanent shell taking input via Emacs. | |
720 * Shell Mode:: Special Emacs commands used with permanent shell. | |
721 * Shell History:: Repeating previous commands in a shell buffer. | |
722 * Shell Options:: Options for customizing Shell mode. | |
723 * Remote Host:: Connecting to another computer. | |
724 | |
725 Customization | |
726 | |
727 * Minor Modes:: Each minor mode is one feature you can turn on | |
728 independently of any others. | |
729 * Variables:: Many Emacs commands examine Emacs variables | |
730 to decide what to do; by setting variables, | |
731 you can control their functioning. | |
732 * Keyboard Macros:: A keyboard macro records a sequence of | |
733 keystrokes to be replayed with a single command. | |
734 * Key Bindings:: The keymaps say what command each key runs. | |
735 By changing them, you can "redefine keys". | |
736 * Keyboard Translations:: | |
737 If your keyboard passes an undesired code | |
738 for a key, you can tell Emacs to | |
739 substitute another code. | |
740 * Syntax:: The syntax table controls how words and | |
741 expressions are parsed. | |
742 * Init File:: How to write common customizations in the | |
743 @file{.emacs} file. | |
744 | |
745 Variables | |
746 | |
747 * Examining:: Examining or setting one variable's value. | |
748 * Easy Customization:: | |
749 Convenient and easy customization of variables. | |
750 * Hooks:: Hook variables let you specify programs for parts | |
751 of Emacs to run on particular occasions. | |
752 * Locals:: Per-buffer values of variables. | |
753 * File Variables:: How files can specify variable values. | |
754 | |
755 Keyboard Macros | |
756 | |
757 * Basic Kbd Macro:: Defining and running keyboard macros. | |
758 * Save Kbd Macro:: Giving keyboard macros names; saving them in files. | |
759 * Kbd Macro Query:: Making keyboard macros do different things each time. | |
760 | |
761 Customizing Key Bindings | |
762 | |
763 * Keymaps:: Generalities. The global keymap. | |
764 * Prefix Keymaps:: Keymaps for prefix keys. | |
765 * Local Keymaps:: Major and minor modes have their own keymaps. | |
766 * Minibuffer Maps:: The minibuffer uses its own local keymaps. | |
767 * Rebinding:: How to redefine one key's meaning conveniently. | |
768 * Init Rebinding:: Rebinding keys with your init file, @file{.emacs}. | |
769 * Function Keys:: Rebinding terminal function keys. | |
770 * Named ASCII Chars:: Distinguishing @key{TAB} from @kbd{C-i}, and so on. | |
771 * Mouse Buttons:: Rebinding mouse buttons in Emacs. | |
772 * Disabling:: Disabling a command means confirmation is required | |
773 before it can be executed. This is done to protect | |
774 beginners from surprises. | |
775 | |
776 The Init File, @file{~/.emacs} | |
777 | |
778 * Init Syntax:: Syntax of constants in Emacs Lisp. | |
779 * Init Examples:: How to do some things with an init file. | |
780 * Terminal Init:: Each terminal type can have an init file. | |
781 * Find Init:: How Emacs finds the init file. | |
782 | |
783 Dealing with Emacs Trouble | |
784 | |
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785 * DEL Does Not Delete:: What to do if @key{DEL} doesn't delete. |
24093 | 786 * Stuck Recursive:: `[...]' in mode line around the parentheses. |
787 * Screen Garbled:: Garbage on the screen. | |
788 * Text Garbled:: Garbage in the text. | |
789 * Unasked-for Search:: Spontaneous entry to incremental search. | |
790 * Memory Full:: How to cope when you run out of memory. | |
791 * Emergency Escape:: Emergency escape--- | |
792 What to do if Emacs stops responding. | |
793 * Total Frustration:: When you are at your wits' end. | |
794 | |
795 Reporting Bugs | |
796 | |
797 * Criteria: Bug Criteria. Have you really found a bug? | |
798 * Understanding Bug Reporting:: How to report a bug effectively. | |
799 * Checklist:: Steps to follow for a good bug report. | |
800 * Sending Patches:: How to send a patch for GNU Emacs. | |
801 | |
802 Command Line Options and Arguments | |
803 | |
804 * Action Arguments:: Arguments to visit files, load libraries, | |
805 and call functions. | |
806 * Initial Options:: Arguments that take effect while starting Emacs. | |
807 * Command Example:: Examples of using command line arguments. | |
808 * Resume Arguments:: Specifying arguments when you resume a running Emacs. | |
809 * Environment:: Environment variables that Emacs uses. | |
810 | |
811 * Display X:: Changing the default display and using remote login. | |
812 * Font X:: Choosing a font for text, under X. | |
813 * Colors X:: Choosing colors, under X. | |
814 * Window Size X:: Start-up window size, under X. | |
815 * Borders X:: Internal and external borders, under X. | |
816 * Title X:: Specifying the initial frame's title. | |
817 * Icons X:: Choosing what sort of icon to use, under X. | |
818 * Resources X:: Advanced use of classes and resources, under X. | |
819 * Lucid Resources:: X resources for Lucid menus. | |
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|
820 * LessTif Resources:: X resources for LessTif and Motif menus. |
24093 | 821 |
822 Environment Variables | |
823 | |
824 * General Variables:: Environment variables that all versions of Emacs use. | |
825 * Misc Variables:: Certain system specific variables. | |
826 | |
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|
827 MS-DOS and Windows 95/98/NT |
24093 | 828 |
829 * MS-DOS Input:: Keyboard and mouse usage on MS-DOS. | |
830 * MS-DOS Display:: Fonts, frames and display size on MS-DOS. | |
831 * MS-DOS File Names:: File-name conventions on MS-DOS. | |
832 * Text and Binary:: Text files on MS-DOS use CRLF to separate lines. | |
833 * MS-DOS Printing:: How to specify the printer on MS-DOS. | |
834 * MS-DOS Processes:: Running subprocesses on MS-DOS. | |
835 * Windows Processes:: Running subprocesses on Windows. | |
836 * Windows System Menu:: Controlling what the ALT key does. | |
837 @end menu | |
838 | |
839 @iftex | |
840 @unnumbered Preface | |
841 | |
842 This manual documents the use and simple customization of the Emacs | |
843 editor. The reader is not expected to be a programmer; simple | |
844 customizations do not require programming skill. But the user who is not | |
845 interested in customizing can ignore the scattered customization hints. | |
846 | |
847 This is primarily a reference manual, but can also be used as a | |
848 primer. For complete beginners, it is a good idea to start with the | |
849 on-line, learn-by-doing tutorial, before reading the manual. To run the | |
850 tutorial, start Emacs and type @kbd{C-h t}. This way you can learn | |
851 Emacs by using Emacs on a specially designed file which describes | |
852 commands, tells you when to try them, and then explains the results you | |
853 see. | |
854 | |
855 On first reading, just skim chapters 1 and 2, which describe the | |
856 notational conventions of the manual and the general appearance of the | |
857 Emacs display screen. Note which questions are answered in these | |
858 chapters, so you can refer back later. After reading chapter 4, you | |
859 should practice the commands there. The next few chapters describe | |
860 fundamental techniques and concepts that are used constantly. You need | |
861 to understand them thoroughly, experimenting with them if necessary. | |
862 | |
863 Chapters 14 through 19 describe intermediate-level features that are | |
864 useful for all kinds of editing. Chapter 20 and following chapters | |
865 describe features that you may or may not want to use; read those | |
866 chapters when you need them. | |
867 | |
868 Read the Trouble chapter if Emacs does not seem to be working | |
869 properly. It explains how to cope with some common problems | |
870 (@pxref{Lossage}), as well as when and how to report Emacs bugs | |
871 (@pxref{Bugs}). | |
872 | |
873 To find the documentation on a particular command, look in the index. | |
874 Keys (character commands) and command names have separate indexes. There | |
875 is also a glossary, with a cross reference for each term. | |
876 | |
877 This manual is available as a printed book and also as an Info file. | |
878 The Info file is for on-line perusal with the Info program, which will | |
879 be the principal way of viewing documentation on-line in the GNU system. | |
880 Both the Info file and the Info program itself are distributed along | |
881 with GNU Emacs. The Info file and the printed book contain | |
882 substantially the same text and are generated from the same source | |
883 files, which are also distributed along with GNU Emacs. | |
884 | |
885 GNU Emacs is a member of the Emacs editor family. There are many Emacs | |
886 editors, all sharing common principles of organization. For information on | |
887 the underlying philosophy of Emacs and the lessons learned from its | |
888 development, write for a copy of AI memo 519a, ``Emacs, the Extensible, | |
889 Customizable Self-Documenting Display Editor,'' to Publications Department, | |
890 Artificial Intelligence Lab, 545 Tech Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA@. At | |
891 last report they charge $2.25 per copy. Another useful publication is LCS | |
892 TM-165, ``A Cookbook for an Emacs,'' by Craig Finseth, available from | |
893 Publications Department, Laboratory for Computer Science, 545 Tech Square, | |
894 Cambridge, MA 02139, USA@. The price today is $3. | |
895 | |
896 This edition of the manual is intended for use with GNU Emacs installed | |
897 on GNU and Unix systems. GNU Emacs can also be used on VMS, MS-DOS | |
898 (also called MS-DOG), Windows NT, and Windows 95 systems. Those systems use | |
899 different file name syntax; in addition, VMS and MS-DOS do not support | |
900 all GNU Emacs features. We don't try to describe VMS usage in this | |
901 manual. @xref{MS-DOS}, for information about using Emacs on MS-DOS. | |
902 @end iftex | |
903 | |
904 @node Distrib, Copying, Top, Top | |
905 @unnumbered Distribution | |
906 | |
907 GNU Emacs is @dfn{free software}; this means that everyone is free to | |
908 use it and free to redistribute it on certain conditions. GNU Emacs is | |
909 not in the public domain; it is copyrighted and there are restrictions | |
910 on its distribution, but these restrictions are designed to permit | |
911 everything that a good cooperating citizen would want to do. What is | |
912 not allowed is to try to prevent others from further sharing any version | |
913 of GNU Emacs that they might get from you. The precise conditions are | |
914 found in the GNU General Public License that comes with Emacs and also | |
915 appears following this section. | |
916 | |
917 One way to get a copy of GNU Emacs is from someone else who has it. You | |
918 need not ask for our permission to do so, or tell any one else; just | |
919 copy it. If you have access to the Internet, you can get the latest | |
920 distribution version of GNU Emacs by anonymous FTP; see the file | |
921 @file{etc/FTP} in the Emacs distribution for more information. | |
922 | |
923 You may also receive GNU Emacs when you buy a computer. Computer | |
924 manufacturers are free to distribute copies on the same terms that apply to | |
925 everyone else. These terms require them to give you the full sources, | |
926 including whatever changes they may have made, and to permit you to | |
927 redistribute the GNU Emacs received from them under the usual terms of the | |
928 General Public License. In other words, the program must be free for you | |
929 when you get it, not just free for the manufacturer. | |
930 | |
931 You can also order copies of GNU Emacs from the Free Software Foundation | |
932 on CD-ROM@. This is a convenient and reliable way to get a copy; it is | |
933 also a good way to help fund our work. (The Foundation has always | |
934 received most of its funds in this way.) An order form is included in | |
935 the file @file{etc/ORDERS} in the Emacs distribution, and on our web | |
936 site in @url{http://www.gnu.org/order/order.html}. For further | |
937 information, write to | |
938 | |
939 @display | |
940 Free Software Foundation | |
941 59 Temple Place, Suite 330 | |
942 Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA | |
943 USA | |
944 @end display | |
945 | |
946 The income from distribution fees goes to support the foundation's | |
947 purpose: the development of new free software, and improvements to our | |
948 existing programs including GNU Emacs. | |
949 | |
950 If you find GNU Emacs useful, please @strong{send a donation} to the | |
951 Free Software Foundation to support our work. Donations to the Free | |
952 Software Foundation are tax deductible in the US. If you use GNU Emacs | |
953 at your workplace, please suggest that the company make a donation. If | |
954 company policy is unsympathetic to the idea of donating to charity, you | |
955 might instead suggest ordering a CD-ROM from the Foundation | |
956 occasionally, or subscribing to periodic updates. | |
957 | |
958 @iftex | |
959 Contributors to GNU Emacs include Per Abrahamsen, Jay K. Adams, Joe | |
960 Arceneaux, Boaz Ben-Zvi, Jim Blandy, Terrence Brannon, Frank Bresz, | |
961 Peter Breton, Kevin Broadey, Vincent Broman, David M. Brown, Bill | |
962 Carpenter, Hans Chalupsky, Bob Chassell, James Clark, Mike Clarkson, | |
963 Glynn Clements, Andrew Csillag, Doug Cutting, Michael DeCorte, Gary | |
964 Delp, Matthieu Devin, Eri Ding, Carsten Dominik, Scott Draves, Viktor | |
965 Dukhovni, John Eaton, Rolf Ebert, Stephen Eglen, Torbj@"orn Einarsson, | |
966 Tsugumoto Enami, Hans Henrik Eriksen, Michael Ernst, Ata Etemadi, | |
967 Frederick Farnback, Fred Fish, Karl Fogel, Gary Foster, Noah Friedman, | |
968 Keith Gabryelski, Kevin Gallagher, Kevin Gallo, Howard Gayle, Stephen | |
969 Gildea, David Gillespie, Bob Glickstein, Boris Goldowsky, Michelangelo | |
24882 | 970 Grigni, Michael Gschwind, Henry Guillaume, Doug Gwyn, Ken'ichi Handa, |
24093 | 971 Chris Hanson, K. Shane Hartman, John Heidemann, Markus Heritsch, Karl |
972 Heuer, Manabu Higashida, Anders Holst, Kurt Hornik, Tom Houlder, Lars | |
973 Ingebrigtsen, Andrew Innes, Michael K. Johnson, Kyle Jones, Tomoji | |
974 Kagatani, Brewster Kahle, David Kaufman, Henry Kautz, Howard Kaye, | |
975 Michael Kifer, Richard King, Larry K. Kolodney, Robert Krawitz, | |
976 Sebastian Kremer, Geoff Kuenning, David K@aa gedal, Daniel LaLiberte, | |
977 Aaron Larson, James R. Larus, Frederic Lepied, Lars Lindberg, Eric | |
978 Ludlam, Neil M. Mager, Ken Manheimer, Bill Mann, Brian Marick, Simon | |
979 Marshall, Bengt Martensson, Charlie Martin, Thomas May, Roland McGrath, | |
980 David Megginson, Wayne Mesard, Richard Mlynarik, Keith Moore, Erik | |
981 Naggum, Thomas Neumann, Mike Newton, Jurgen Nickelsen, Jeff Norden, | |
982 Andrew Norman, Jeff Peck, Damon Anton Permezel, Tom Perrine, Jens | |
983 Petersen, Daniel Pfeiffer, Fred Pierresteguy, Christian Plaunt, | |
984 Francesco A. Potorti, Michael D. Prange, Ashwin Ram, Eric S. Raymond, | |
985 Paul Reilly, Edward M. Reingold, Rob Riepel, Roland B. Roberts, John | |
986 Robinson, Danny Roozendaal, William Rosenblatt, Guillermo J. Rozas, Ivar | |
987 Rummelhoff, Wolfgang Rupprecht, James B. Salem, Masahiko Sato, William | |
988 Schelter, Ralph Schleicher, Gregor Schmid, Michael Schmidt, Ronald | |
989 S. Schnell, Philippe Schnoebelen, Stephen Schoef, Randal Schwartz, | |
990 Manuel Serrano, Stanislav Shalunov, Mark Shapiro, Richard Sharman, Olin | |
991 Shivers, Espen Skoglund, Rick Sladkey, Lynn Slater, Chris Smith, David | |
992 Smith, Paul D. Smith, William Sommerfeld, Michael Staats, Sam Steingold, | |
993 Ake Stenhoff, Peter Stephenson, Jonathan Stigelman, Steve Strassman, | |
994 Jens T. Berger Thielemann, Spencer Thomas, Jim Thompson, Masanobu Umeda, | |
995 Neil W. Van Dyke, Ulrik Vieth, Geoffrey Voelker, Johan Vromans, Barry | |
996 Warsaw, Morten Welinder, Joseph Brian Wells, Rodney Whitby, Ed | |
997 Wilkinson, Mike Williams, Steven A. Wood, Dale R. Worley, Felix | |
998 S. T. Wu, Tom Wurgler, Eli Zaretskii, Jamie Zawinski, Ian T. Zimmermann, | |
999 Reto Zimmermann, and Neal Ziring. | |
1000 @end iftex | |
1001 | |
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1002 @node Copying, GNU Free Documentation License, Distrib, Top |
24093 | 1003 @unnumbered GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE |
1004 @center Version 2, June 1991 | |
1005 | |
1006 @display | |
1007 Copyright @copyright{} 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. | |
1008 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA | |
1009 | |
1010 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies | |
1011 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. | |
1012 @end display | |
1013 | |
1014 @unnumberedsec Preamble | |
1015 | |
1016 The licenses for most software are designed to take away your | |
1017 freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public | |
1018 License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free | |
1019 software---to make sure the software is free for all its users. This | |
1020 General Public License applies to most of the Free Software | |
1021 Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to | |
1022 using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by | |
1023 the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to | |
1024 your programs, too. | |
1025 | |
1026 When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not | |
1027 price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you | |
1028 have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for | |
1029 this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it | |
1030 if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it | |
1031 in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things. | |
1032 | |
1033 To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid | |
1034 anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. | |
1035 These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you | |
1036 distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it. | |
1037 | |
1038 For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether | |
1039 gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that | |
1040 you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the | |
1041 source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their | |
1042 rights. | |
1043 | |
1044 We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and | |
1045 (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, | |
1046 distribute and/or modify the software. | |
1047 | |
1048 Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain | |
1049 that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free | |
1050 software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we | |
1051 want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so | |
1052 that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original | |
1053 authors' reputations. | |
1054 | |
1055 Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software | |
1056 patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free | |
1057 program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the | |
1058 program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any | |
1059 patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all. | |
1060 | |
1061 The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and | |
1062 modification follow. | |
1063 | |
1064 @iftex | |
1065 @unnumberedsec TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION | |
1066 @end iftex | |
1067 @ifinfo | |
1068 @center TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION | |
1069 @end ifinfo | |
1070 | |
1071 @enumerate 0 | |
1072 @item | |
1073 This License applies to any program or other work which contains | |
1074 a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed | |
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|
1075 under the terms of this General Public License. The ``Program,'' below, |
24093 | 1076 refers to any such program or work, and a ``work based on the Program'' |
1077 means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law: | |
1078 that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it, | |
1079 either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another | |
1080 language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in | |
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1081 the term ``modification.'') Each licensee is addressed as ``you.'' |
24093 | 1082 |
1083 Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not | |
1084 covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of | |
1085 running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program | |
1086 is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the | |
1087 Program (independent of having been made by running the Program). | |
1088 Whether that is true depends on what the Program does. | |
1089 | |
1090 @item | |
1091 You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's | |
1092 source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you | |
1093 conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate | |
1094 copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the | |
1095 notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty; | |
1096 and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License | |
1097 along with the Program. | |
1098 | |
1099 You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and | |
1100 you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee. | |
1101 | |
1102 @item | |
1103 You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion | |
1104 of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and | |
1105 distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 | |
1106 above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions: | |
1107 | |
1108 @enumerate a | |
1109 @item | |
1110 You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices | |
1111 stating that you changed the files and the date of any change. | |
1112 | |
1113 @item | |
1114 You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in | |
1115 whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any | |
1116 part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third | |
1117 parties under the terms of this License. | |
1118 | |
1119 @item | |
1120 If the modified program normally reads commands interactively | |
1121 when run, you must cause it, when started running for such | |
1122 interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an | |
1123 announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a | |
1124 notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide | |
1125 a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under | |
1126 these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this | |
1127 License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but | |
1128 does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on | |
1129 the Program is not required to print an announcement.) | |
1130 @end enumerate | |
1131 | |
1132 These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If | |
1133 identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program, | |
1134 and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in | |
1135 themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those | |
1136 sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you | |
1137 distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based | |
1138 on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of | |
1139 this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the | |
1140 entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it. | |
1141 | |
1142 Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest | |
1143 your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to | |
1144 exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or | |
1145 collective works based on the Program. | |
1146 | |
1147 In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program | |
1148 with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of | |
1149 a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under | |
1150 the scope of this License. | |
1151 | |
1152 @item | |
1153 You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, | |
1154 under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of | |
1155 Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following: | |
1156 | |
1157 @enumerate a | |
1158 @item | |
1159 Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable | |
1160 source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections | |
1161 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or, | |
1162 | |
1163 @item | |
1164 Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three | |
1165 years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your | |
1166 cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete | |
1167 machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be | |
1168 distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium | |
1169 customarily used for software interchange; or, | |
1170 | |
1171 @item | |
1172 Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer | |
1173 to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is | |
1174 allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you | |
1175 received the program in object code or executable form with such | |
1176 an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.) | |
1177 @end enumerate | |
1178 | |
1179 The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for | |
1180 making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source | |
1181 code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any | |
1182 associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to | |
1183 control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a | |
1184 special exception, the source code distributed need not include | |
1185 anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary | |
1186 form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the | |
1187 operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component | |
1188 itself accompanies the executable. | |
1189 | |
1190 If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering | |
1191 access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent | |
1192 access to copy the source code from the same place counts as | |
1193 distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not | |
1194 compelled to copy the source along with the object code. | |
1195 | |
1196 @item | |
1197 You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program | |
1198 except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt | |
1199 otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is | |
1200 void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. | |
1201 However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under | |
1202 this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such | |
1203 parties remain in full compliance. | |
1204 | |
1205 @item | |
1206 You are not required to accept this License, since you have not | |
1207 signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or | |
1208 distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are | |
1209 prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by | |
1210 modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the | |
1211 Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and | |
1212 all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying | |
1213 the Program or works based on it. | |
1214 | |
1215 @item | |
1216 Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the | |
1217 Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the | |
1218 original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to | |
1219 these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further | |
1220 restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein. | |
1221 You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to | |
1222 this License. | |
1223 | |
1224 @item | |
1225 If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent | |
1226 infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues), | |
1227 conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or | |
1228 otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not | |
1229 excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot | |
1230 distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this | |
1231 License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you | |
1232 may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent | |
1233 license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by | |
1234 all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then | |
1235 the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to | |
1236 refrain entirely from distribution of the Program. | |
1237 | |
1238 If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under | |
1239 any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to | |
1240 apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other | |
1241 circumstances. | |
1242 | |
1243 It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any | |
1244 patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any | |
1245 such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the | |
1246 integrity of the free software distribution system, which is | |
1247 implemented by public license practices. Many people have made | |
1248 generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed | |
1249 through that system in reliance on consistent application of that | |
1250 system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing | |
1251 to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot | |
1252 impose that choice. | |
1253 | |
1254 This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to | |
1255 be a consequence of the rest of this License. | |
1256 | |
1257 @item | |
1258 If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in | |
1259 certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the | |
1260 original copyright holder who places the Program under this License | |
1261 may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding | |
1262 those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among | |
1263 countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates | |
1264 the limitation as if written in the body of this License. | |
1265 | |
1266 @item | |
1267 The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions | |
1268 of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will | |
1269 be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to | |
1270 address new problems or concerns. | |
1271 | |
1272 Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program | |
1273 specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and ``any | |
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1274 later version,'' you have the option of following the terms and conditions |
24093 | 1275 either of that version or of any later version published by the Free |
1276 Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of | |
1277 this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software | |
1278 Foundation. | |
1279 | |
1280 @item | |
1281 If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free | |
1282 programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author | |
1283 to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free | |
1284 Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes | |
1285 make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals | |
1286 of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and | |
1287 of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally. | |
1288 | |
1289 @iftex | |
1290 @heading NO WARRANTY | |
1291 @end iftex | |
1292 @ifinfo | |
1293 @center NO WARRANTY | |
1294 @end ifinfo | |
1295 | |
1296 @item | |
1297 BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY | |
1298 FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW@. EXCEPT WHEN | |
1299 OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES | |
1300 PROVIDE THE PROGRAM ``AS IS'' WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED | |
1301 OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF | |
1302 MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE@. THE ENTIRE RISK AS | |
1303 TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU@. SHOULD THE | |
1304 PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, | |
1305 REPAIR OR CORRECTION. | |
1306 | |
1307 @item | |
1308 IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING | |
1309 WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR | |
1310 REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, | |
1311 INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING | |
1312 OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED | |
1313 TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY | |
1314 YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER | |
1315 PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE | |
1316 POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. | |
1317 @end enumerate | |
1318 | |
1319 @iftex | |
1320 @heading END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS | |
1321 @end iftex | |
1322 @ifinfo | |
1323 @center END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS | |
1324 @end ifinfo | |
1325 | |
1326 @page | |
1327 @unnumberedsec How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs | |
1328 | |
1329 If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest | |
1330 possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it | |
1331 free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms. | |
1332 | |
1333 To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest | |
1334 to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively | |
1335 convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least | |
1336 the ``copyright'' line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. | |
1337 | |
1338 @smallexample | |
1339 @var{one line to give the program's name and an idea of what it does.} | |
1340 Copyright (C) 19@var{yy} @var{name of author} | |
1341 | |
1342 This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or | |
1343 modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License | |
1344 as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 | |
1345 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. | |
1346 | |
1347 This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, | |
1348 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of | |
1349 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE@. See the | |
1350 GNU General Public License for more details. | |
1351 | |
1352 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along | |
1353 with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., | |
1354 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. | |
1355 @end smallexample | |
1356 | |
1357 Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. | |
1358 | |
1359 If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this | |
1360 when it starts in an interactive mode: | |
1361 | |
1362 @smallexample | |
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1363 Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 20@var{yy} @var{name of author} |
24093 | 1364 Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details |
1365 type `show w'. This is free software, and you are welcome | |
1366 to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c' | |
1367 for details. | |
1368 @end smallexample | |
1369 | |
1370 The hypothetical commands @samp{show w} and @samp{show c} should show | |
1371 the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the | |
1372 commands you use may be called something other than @samp{show w} and | |
1373 @samp{show c}; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items---whatever | |
1374 suits your program. | |
1375 | |
1376 You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your | |
1377 school, if any, to sign a ``copyright disclaimer'' for the program, if | |
1378 necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names: | |
1379 | |
1380 @smallexample | |
1381 @group | |
1382 Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright | |
1383 interest in the program `Gnomovision' | |
1384 (which makes passes at compilers) written | |
1385 by James Hacker. | |
1386 | |
1387 @var{signature of Ty Coon}, 1 April 1989 | |
1388 Ty Coon, President of Vice | |
1389 @end group | |
1390 @end smallexample | |
1391 | |
1392 This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into | |
1393 proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may | |
1394 consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the | |
1395 library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General | |
1396 Public License instead of this License. | |
1397 | |
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1398 @include doclicense.texi |
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1399 |
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1400 @node Intro, Glossary, GNU Free Documentation License, Top |
24093 | 1401 @unnumbered Introduction |
1402 | |
1403 You are reading about GNU Emacs, the GNU incarnation of the advanced, | |
1404 self-documenting, customizable, extensible real-time display editor Emacs. | |
1405 (The `G' in `GNU' is not silent.) | |
1406 | |
1407 We say that Emacs is a @dfn{display} editor because normally the text | |
1408 being edited is visible on the screen and is updated automatically as you | |
1409 type your commands. @xref{Screen,Display}. | |
1410 | |
1411 We call it a @dfn{real-time} editor because the display is updated very | |
1412 frequently, usually after each character or pair of characters you | |
1413 type. This minimizes the amount of information you must keep in your | |
1414 head as you edit. @xref{Basic,Real-time,Basic Editing}. | |
1415 | |
1416 We call Emacs advanced because it provides facilities that go beyond | |
1417 simple insertion and deletion: controlling subprocesses; automatic | |
1418 indentation of programs; viewing two or more files at once; editing | |
1419 formatted text; and dealing in terms of characters, words, lines, | |
1420 sentences, paragraphs, and pages, as well as expressions and comments in | |
1421 several different programming languages. | |
1422 | |
1423 @dfn{Self-documenting} means that at any time you can type a special | |
1424 character, @kbd{Control-h}, to find out what your options are. You can | |
1425 also use it to find out what any command does, or to find all the commands | |
1426 that pertain to a topic. @xref{Help}. | |
1427 | |
1428 @dfn{Customizable} means that you can change the definitions of Emacs | |
1429 commands in little ways. For example, if you use a programming language in | |
1430 which comments start with @samp{<**} and end with @samp{**>}, you can tell | |
1431 the Emacs comment manipulation commands to use those strings | |
1432 (@pxref{Comments}). Another sort of customization is rearrangement of the | |
1433 command set. For example, if you prefer the four basic cursor motion | |
1434 commands (up, down, left and right) on keys in a diamond pattern on the | |
1435 keyboard, you can rebind the keys that way. @xref{Customization}. | |
1436 | |
1437 @dfn{Extensible} means that you can go beyond simple customization and | |
1438 write entirely new commands, programs in the Lisp language to be run by | |
1439 Emacs's own Lisp interpreter. Emacs is an ``on-line extensible'' | |
1440 system, which means that it is divided into many functions that call | |
1441 each other, any of which can be redefined in the middle of an editing | |
1442 session. Almost any part of Emacs can be replaced without making a | |
1443 separate copy of all of Emacs. Most of the editing commands of Emacs | |
38131 | 1444 are written in Lisp; the few exceptions could have been written |
24093 | 1445 in Lisp but are written in C for efficiency. Although only a programmer |
1446 can write an extension, anybody can use it afterward. If you want to | |
1447 learn Emacs Lisp programming, we recommend the @cite{Introduction to | |
1448 Emacs Lisp} by Robert J. Chassell, also published by the Free Software | |
1449 Foundation. | |
1450 | |
1451 When run under the X Window System, Emacs provides its own menus and | |
1452 convenient bindings to mouse buttons. But Emacs can provide many of the | |
1453 benefits of a window system on a text-only terminal. For instance, you | |
1454 can look at or edit several files at once, move text between files, and | |
1455 edit files while running shell commands. | |
1456 | |
1457 @include screen.texi | |
1458 @include commands.texi | |
1459 @include entering.texi | |
1460 @include basic.texi | |
1461 @include mini.texi | |
1462 @include m-x.texi | |
1463 @include help.texi | |
1464 @include mark.texi | |
1465 @include killing.texi | |
1466 @include regs.texi | |
1467 @include display.texi | |
1468 @include search.texi | |
1469 @include fixit.texi | |
1470 @include files.texi | |
1471 @include buffers.texi | |
1472 @include windows.texi | |
1473 @include frames.texi | |
1474 @include mule.texi | |
1475 @include major.texi | |
1476 @include indent.texi | |
1477 @include text.texi | |
1478 @include programs.texi | |
1479 @include building.texi | |
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1480 @include maintaining.texi |
24093 | 1481 @include abbrevs.texi |
1482 @include picture.texi | |
1483 @include sending.texi | |
1484 @include rmail.texi | |
1485 @include dired.texi | |
1486 @include calendar.texi | |
1487 @include misc.texi | |
1488 @include custom.texi | |
1489 @include trouble.texi | |
1490 @include cmdargs.texi | |
1491 | |
1492 @include anti.texi | |
34199 | 1493 @include macos.texi |
24093 | 1494 @include msdog.texi |
1495 @include gnu.texi | |
1496 @include glossary.texi | |
1497 @ifinfo | |
1498 @include ack.texi | |
1499 @end ifinfo | |
1500 | |
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1501 @c The Option Index is produced only in the on-line version, |
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1502 @c because the index entries related to command-line options |
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1503 @c tend to point to the same pages and all begin with a dash. |
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1504 @c This, and the need to keep the node links consistent, are |
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1505 @c the reasons for the funky @iftex/@ifnottex dance below. |
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1506 @c The Option Index is _not_ before Key Index, because that |
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1507 @c would require changes in the glossary.texi's @node line. |
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1508 @c It is not after Concept Index for similar reasons. |
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1509 |
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1510 @iftex |
24093 | 1511 @node Key Index, Command Index, Glossary, Top |
1512 @unnumbered Key (Character) Index | |
1513 @printindex ky | |
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1514 @end iftex |
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1515 |
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1516 @ifnottex |
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1517 @node Key Index, Option Index, Glossary, Top |
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1518 @unnumbered Key (Character) Index |
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1519 @printindex ky |
24093 | 1520 |
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1521 @node Option Index, Command Index, Key Index, Top |
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1522 @unnumbered Command-Line Options Index |
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1523 @printindex op |
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Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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1524 |
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1525 @node Command Index, Variable Index, Option Index, Top |
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1526 @unnumbered Command and Function Index |
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1527 @printindex fn |
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1528 @end ifnottex |
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1529 |
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1530 @iftex |
24093 | 1531 @node Command Index, Variable Index, Key Index, Top |
1532 @unnumbered Command and Function Index | |
1533 @printindex fn | |
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1534 @end iftex |
24093 | 1535 |
1536 @node Variable Index, Concept Index, Command Index, Top | |
1537 @unnumbered Variable Index | |
1538 @printindex vr | |
1539 | |
1540 @node Concept Index, Acknowledgments, Variable Index, Top | |
1541 @unnumbered Concept Index | |
1542 @printindex cp | |
1543 | |
1544 @summarycontents | |
1545 @contents | |
1546 @bye | |
1547 |