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annotate lispref/keymaps.texi @ 25678:1878f7ae0df5
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author | Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org> |
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date | Mon, 13 Sep 1999 11:14:08 +0000 |
parents | a6db4671c7a0 |
children | 467b88fab665 |
rev | line source |
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6558 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
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3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1998 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
6558 | 4 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. |
5 @setfilename ../info/keymaps | |
6 @node Keymaps, Modes, Command Loop, Top | |
7 @chapter Keymaps | |
8 @cindex keymap | |
9 | |
10 The bindings between input events and commands are recorded in data | |
11 structures called @dfn{keymaps}. Each binding in a keymap associates | |
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12 (or @dfn{binds}) an individual event type either to another keymap or to |
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13 a command. When an event type is bound to a keymap, that keymap is used |
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14 to look up the next input event; this continues until a command is |
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15 found. The whole process is called @dfn{key lookup}. |
6558 | 16 |
17 @menu | |
18 * Keymap Terminology:: Definitions of terms pertaining to keymaps. | |
19 * Format of Keymaps:: What a keymap looks like as a Lisp object. | |
20 * Creating Keymaps:: Functions to create and copy keymaps. | |
21 * Inheritance and Keymaps:: How one keymap can inherit the bindings | |
22 of another keymap. | |
23 * Prefix Keys:: Defining a key with a keymap as its definition. | |
24 * Active Keymaps:: Each buffer has a local keymap | |
25 to override the standard (global) bindings. | |
26 A minor mode can also override them. | |
27 * Key Lookup:: How extracting elements from keymaps works. | |
28 * Functions for Key Lookup:: How to request key lookup. | |
29 * Changing Key Bindings:: Redefining a key in a keymap. | |
30 * Key Binding Commands:: Interactive interfaces for redefining keys. | |
31 * Scanning Keymaps:: Looking through all keymaps, for printing help. | |
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32 * Menu Keymaps:: Defining a menu as a keymap. |
6558 | 33 @end menu |
34 | |
35 @node Keymap Terminology | |
36 @section Keymap Terminology | |
37 @cindex key | |
38 @cindex keystroke | |
39 @cindex key binding | |
40 @cindex binding of a key | |
41 @cindex complete key | |
42 @cindex undefined key | |
43 | |
44 A @dfn{keymap} is a table mapping event types to definitions (which | |
45 can be any Lisp objects, though only certain types are meaningful for | |
46 execution by the command loop). Given an event (or an event type) and a | |
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47 keymap, Emacs can get the event's definition. Events include |
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48 characters, function keys, and mouse actions (@pxref{Input Events}). |
6558 | 49 |
50 A sequence of input events that form a unit is called a | |
51 @dfn{key sequence}, or @dfn{key} for short. A sequence of one event | |
52 is always a key sequence, and so are some multi-event sequences. | |
53 | |
54 A keymap determines a binding or definition for any key sequence. If | |
55 the key sequence is a single event, its binding is the definition of the | |
56 event in the keymap. The binding of a key sequence of more than one | |
57 event is found by an iterative process: the binding of the first event | |
58 is found, and must be a keymap; then the second event's binding is found | |
59 in that keymap, and so on until all the events in the key sequence are | |
60 used up. | |
61 | |
62 If the binding of a key sequence is a keymap, we call the key sequence | |
63 a @dfn{prefix key}. Otherwise, we call it a @dfn{complete key} (because | |
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64 no more events can be added to it). If the binding is @code{nil}, |
6558 | 65 we call the key @dfn{undefined}. Examples of prefix keys are @kbd{C-c}, |
66 @kbd{C-x}, and @kbd{C-x 4}. Examples of defined complete keys are | |
67 @kbd{X}, @key{RET}, and @kbd{C-x 4 C-f}. Examples of undefined complete | |
68 keys are @kbd{C-x C-g}, and @kbd{C-c 3}. @xref{Prefix Keys}, for more | |
69 details. | |
70 | |
71 The rule for finding the binding of a key sequence assumes that the | |
72 intermediate bindings (found for the events before the last) are all | |
73 keymaps; if this is not so, the sequence of events does not form a | |
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74 unit---it is not really one key sequence. In other words, removing one |
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75 or more events from the end of any valid key sequence must always yield |
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76 a prefix key. For example, @kbd{C-f C-n} is not a key sequence; |
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77 @kbd{C-f} is not a prefix key, so a longer sequence starting with |
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78 @kbd{C-f} cannot be a key sequence. |
6558 | 79 |
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80 The set of possible multi-event key sequences depends on the bindings |
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81 for prefix keys; therefore, it can be different for different keymaps, |
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82 and can change when bindings are changed. However, a one-event sequence |
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83 is always a key sequence, because it does not depend on any prefix keys |
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84 for its well-formedness. |
6558 | 85 |
86 At any time, several primary keymaps are @dfn{active}---that is, in | |
87 use for finding key bindings. These are the @dfn{global map}, which is | |
88 shared by all buffers; the @dfn{local keymap}, which is usually | |
89 associated with a specific major mode; and zero or more @dfn{minor mode | |
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90 keymaps}, which belong to currently enabled minor modes. (Not all minor |
6558 | 91 modes have keymaps.) The local keymap bindings shadow (i.e., take |
92 precedence over) the corresponding global bindings. The minor mode | |
93 keymaps shadow both local and global keymaps. @xref{Active Keymaps}, | |
94 for details. | |
95 | |
96 @node Format of Keymaps | |
97 @section Format of Keymaps | |
98 @cindex format of keymaps | |
99 @cindex keymap format | |
100 @cindex full keymap | |
101 @cindex sparse keymap | |
102 | |
103 A keymap is a list whose @sc{car} is the symbol @code{keymap}. The | |
104 remaining elements of the list define the key bindings of the keymap. | |
105 Use the function @code{keymapp} (see below) to test whether an object is | |
106 a keymap. | |
107 | |
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108 Several kinds of elements may appear in a keymap, after the symbol |
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109 @code{keymap} that begins it: |
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110 |
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111 @table @code |
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112 @item (@var{type} .@: @var{binding}) |
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113 This specifies one binding, for events of type @var{type}. Each |
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114 ordinary binding applies to events of a particular @dfn{event type}, |
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115 which is always a character or a symbol. @xref{Classifying Events}. |
6558 | 116 |
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117 @item (t .@: @var{binding}) |
6558 | 118 @cindex default key binding |
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119 This specifies a @dfn{default key binding}; any event not bound by other |
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120 elements of the keymap is given @var{binding} as its binding. Default |
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121 bindings allow a keymap to bind all possible event types without having |
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122 to enumerate all of them. A keymap that has a default binding |
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123 completely masks any lower-precedence keymap. |
6558 | 124 |
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125 @item @var{vector} |
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126 If an element of a keymap is a vector, the vector counts as bindings for |
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127 all the @sc{ASCII} characters, codes 0 through 127; vector element |
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128 @var{n} is the binding for the character with code @var{n}. This is a |
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129 compact way to record lots of bindings. A keymap with such a vector is |
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130 called a @dfn{full keymap}. Other keymaps are called @dfn{sparse |
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131 keymaps}. |
6558 | 132 |
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133 When a keymap contains a vector, it always defines a binding for each |
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134 @sc{ASCII} character, even if the vector contains @code{nil} for that |
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135 character. Such a binding of @code{nil} overrides any default key |
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136 binding in the keymap, for @sc{ASCII} characters. However, default |
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137 bindings are still meaningful for events other than @sc{ASCII} |
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138 characters. A binding of @code{nil} does @emph{not} override |
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139 lower-precedence keymaps; thus, if the local map gives a binding of |
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140 @code{nil}, Emacs uses the binding from the global map. |
6558 | 141 |
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142 @item @var{string} |
6558 | 143 @cindex keymap prompt string |
144 @cindex overall prompt string | |
145 @cindex prompt string of keymap | |
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146 Aside from bindings, a keymap can also have a string as an element. |
6558 | 147 This is called the @dfn{overall prompt string} and makes it possible to |
148 use the keymap as a menu. @xref{Menu Keymaps}. | |
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149 @end table |
6558 | 150 |
151 @cindex meta characters lookup | |
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152 Keymaps do not directly record bindings for the meta characters. |
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153 Instead, meta characters are regarded for |
6558 | 154 purposes of key lookup as sequences of two characters, the first of |
155 which is @key{ESC} (or whatever is currently the value of | |
156 @code{meta-prefix-char}). Thus, the key @kbd{M-a} is really represented | |
157 as @kbd{@key{ESC} a}, and its global binding is found at the slot for | |
158 @kbd{a} in @code{esc-map} (@pxref{Prefix Keys}). | |
159 | |
160 Here as an example is the local keymap for Lisp mode, a sparse | |
161 keymap. It defines bindings for @key{DEL} and @key{TAB}, plus @kbd{C-c | |
162 C-l}, @kbd{M-C-q}, and @kbd{M-C-x}. | |
163 | |
164 @example | |
165 @group | |
166 lisp-mode-map | |
167 @result{} | |
168 @end group | |
169 @group | |
170 (keymap | |
171 ;; @key{TAB} | |
172 (9 . lisp-indent-line) | |
173 @end group | |
174 @group | |
175 ;; @key{DEL} | |
176 (127 . backward-delete-char-untabify) | |
177 @end group | |
178 @group | |
179 (3 keymap | |
180 ;; @kbd{C-c C-l} | |
181 (12 . run-lisp)) | |
182 @end group | |
183 @group | |
184 (27 keymap | |
185 ;; @r{@kbd{M-C-q}, treated as @kbd{@key{ESC} C-q}} | |
186 (17 . indent-sexp) | |
187 ;; @r{@kbd{M-C-x}, treated as @kbd{@key{ESC} C-x}} | |
188 (24 . lisp-send-defun))) | |
189 @end group | |
190 @end example | |
191 | |
192 @defun keymapp object | |
193 This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a keymap, @code{nil} | |
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194 otherwise. More precisely, this function tests for a list whose |
6558 | 195 @sc{car} is @code{keymap}. |
196 | |
197 @example | |
198 @group | |
199 (keymapp '(keymap)) | |
200 @result{} t | |
201 @end group | |
202 @group | |
203 (keymapp (current-global-map)) | |
204 @result{} t | |
205 @end group | |
206 @end example | |
207 @end defun | |
208 | |
209 @node Creating Keymaps | |
210 @section Creating Keymaps | |
211 @cindex creating keymaps | |
212 | |
213 Here we describe the functions for creating keymaps. | |
214 | |
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215 @c ??? This should come after make-sparse-keymap |
6558 | 216 @defun make-keymap &optional prompt |
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217 This function creates and returns a new full keymap (i.e., one |
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218 containing a vector of length 128 for defining all the @sc{ASCII} |
6558 | 219 characters). The new keymap initially binds all @sc{ASCII} characters |
220 to @code{nil}, and does not bind any other kind of event. | |
221 | |
222 @example | |
223 @group | |
224 (make-keymap) | |
225 @result{} (keymap [nil nil nil @dots{} nil nil]) | |
226 @end group | |
227 @end example | |
228 | |
229 If you specify @var{prompt}, that becomes the overall prompt string for | |
230 the keymap. The prompt string is useful for menu keymaps (@pxref{Menu | |
231 Keymaps}). | |
232 @end defun | |
233 | |
234 @defun make-sparse-keymap &optional prompt | |
235 This function creates and returns a new sparse keymap with no entries. | |
236 The new keymap does not bind any events. The argument @var{prompt} | |
237 specifies a prompt string, as in @code{make-keymap}. | |
238 | |
239 @example | |
240 @group | |
241 (make-sparse-keymap) | |
242 @result{} (keymap) | |
243 @end group | |
244 @end example | |
245 @end defun | |
246 | |
247 @defun copy-keymap keymap | |
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248 This function returns a copy of @var{keymap}. Any keymaps that |
6558 | 249 appear directly as bindings in @var{keymap} are also copied recursively, |
250 and so on to any number of levels. However, recursive copying does not | |
251 take place when the definition of a character is a symbol whose function | |
252 definition is a keymap; the same symbol appears in the new copy. | |
253 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
254 | |
255 @example | |
256 @group | |
257 (setq map (copy-keymap (current-local-map))) | |
258 @result{} (keymap | |
259 @end group | |
260 @group | |
261 ;; @r{(This implements meta characters.)} | |
262 (27 keymap | |
263 (83 . center-paragraph) | |
264 (115 . center-line)) | |
265 (9 . tab-to-tab-stop)) | |
266 @end group | |
267 | |
268 @group | |
269 (eq map (current-local-map)) | |
270 @result{} nil | |
271 @end group | |
272 @group | |
273 (equal map (current-local-map)) | |
274 @result{} t | |
275 @end group | |
276 @end example | |
277 @end defun | |
278 | |
279 @node Inheritance and Keymaps | |
280 @section Inheritance and Keymaps | |
281 @cindex keymap inheritance | |
282 @cindex inheriting a keymap's bindings | |
283 | |
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284 A keymap can inherit the bindings of another keymap, which we call the |
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285 @dfn{parent keymap}. Such a keymap looks like this: |
6558 | 286 |
287 @example | |
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288 (keymap @var{bindings}@dots{} . @var{parent-keymap}) |
6558 | 289 @end example |
290 | |
291 @noindent | |
292 The effect is that this keymap inherits all the bindings of | |
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293 @var{parent-keymap}, whatever they may be at the time a key is looked up, |
6558 | 294 but can add to them or override them with @var{bindings}. |
295 | |
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296 If you change the bindings in @var{parent-keymap} using @code{define-key} |
6558 | 297 or other key-binding functions, these changes are visible in the |
298 inheriting keymap unless shadowed by @var{bindings}. The converse is | |
299 not true: if you use @code{define-key} to change the inheriting keymap, | |
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300 that affects @var{bindings}, but has no effect on @var{parent-keymap}. |
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301 |
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302 The proper way to construct a keymap with a parent is to use |
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303 @code{set-keymap-parent}; if you have code that directly constructs a |
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304 keymap with a parent, please convert the program to use |
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305 @code{set-keymap-parent} instead. |
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306 |
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307 @defun keymap-parent keymap |
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308 This returns the parent keymap of @var{keymap}. If @var{keymap} |
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309 has no parent, @code{keymap-parent} returns @code{nil}. |
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310 @end defun |
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311 |
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312 @defun set-keymap-parent keymap parent |
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313 This sets the parent keymap of @var{keymap} to @var{parent}, and returns |
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314 @var{parent}. If @var{parent} is @code{nil}, this function gives |
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315 @var{keymap} no parent at all. |
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316 |
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317 If @var{keymap} has submaps (bindings for prefix keys), they too receive |
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318 new parent keymaps that reflect what @var{parent} specifies for those |
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319 prefix keys. |
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320 @end defun |
6558 | 321 |
322 Here is an example showing how to make a keymap that inherits | |
323 from @code{text-mode-map}: | |
324 | |
325 @example | |
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326 (let ((map (make-sparse-keymap))) |
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327 (set-keymap-parent map text-mode-map) |
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328 map) |
6558 | 329 @end example |
330 | |
331 @node Prefix Keys | |
332 @section Prefix Keys | |
333 @cindex prefix key | |
334 | |
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335 A @dfn{prefix key} is a key sequence whose binding is a keymap. The |
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336 keymap defines what to do with key sequences that extend the prefix key. |
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337 For example, @kbd{C-x} is a prefix key, and it uses a keymap that is |
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338 also stored in the variable @code{ctl-x-map}. This keymap defines |
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339 bindings for key sequences starting with @kbd{C-x}. |
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340 |
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341 Some of the standard Emacs prefix keys use keymaps that are |
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342 also found in Lisp variables: |
6558 | 343 |
344 @itemize @bullet | |
345 @item | |
346 @vindex esc-map | |
347 @findex ESC-prefix | |
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348 @code{esc-map} is the global keymap for the @key{ESC} prefix key. Thus, |
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349 the global definitions of all meta characters are actually found here. |
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350 This map is also the function definition of @code{ESC-prefix}. |
6558 | 351 |
352 @item | |
353 @cindex @kbd{C-h} | |
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354 @code{help-map} is the global keymap for the @kbd{C-h} prefix key. |
6558 | 355 |
356 @item | |
357 @cindex @kbd{C-c} | |
358 @vindex mode-specific-map | |
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359 @code{mode-specific-map} is the global keymap for the prefix key |
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360 @kbd{C-c}. This map is actually global, not mode-specific, but its name |
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361 provides useful information about @kbd{C-c} in the output of @kbd{C-h b} |
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362 (@code{display-bindings}), since the main use of this prefix key is for |
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363 mode-specific bindings. |
6558 | 364 |
365 @item | |
366 @cindex @kbd{C-x} | |
367 @vindex ctl-x-map | |
368 @findex Control-X-prefix | |
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369 @code{ctl-x-map} is the global keymap used for the @kbd{C-x} prefix key. |
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370 This map is found via the function cell of the symbol |
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371 @code{Control-X-prefix}. |
6558 | 372 |
373 @item | |
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374 @cindex @kbd{C-x @key{RET}} |
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375 @vindex mule-keymap |
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376 @code{mule-keymap} is the global keymap used for the @kbd{C-x @key{RET}} |
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377 prefix key. |
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378 |
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379 @item |
6558 | 380 @cindex @kbd{C-x 4} |
381 @vindex ctl-x-4-map | |
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382 @code{ctl-x-4-map} is the global keymap used for the @kbd{C-x 4} prefix |
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383 key. |
6558 | 384 |
385 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
386 @item | |
387 @cindex @kbd{C-x 5} | |
388 @vindex ctl-x-5-map | |
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389 @code{ctl-x-5-map} is the global keymap used for the @kbd{C-x 5} prefix |
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390 key. |
6558 | 391 |
392 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
393 @item | |
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394 @cindex @kbd{C-x 6} |
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395 @vindex 2C-mode-map |
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396 @code{2C-mode-map} is the global keymap used for the @kbd{C-x 6} prefix |
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397 key. |
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398 |
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399 @item |
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400 @cindex @kbd{C-x v} |
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401 @vindex vc-prefix-map |
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402 @code{vc-prefix-map} is the global keymap used for the @kbd{C-x v} prefix |
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403 key. |
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404 |
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405 @item |
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406 @cindex @kbd{M-g} |
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407 @vindex facemenu-keymap |
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408 @code{facemenu-keymap} is the global keymap used for the @kbd{M-g} |
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409 prefix key. |
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410 |
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411 @c Emacs 19 feature |
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412 @item |
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413 The other Emacs prefix keys are @kbd{C-x @@}, @kbd{C-x a i}, @kbd{C-x |
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414 @key{ESC}} and @kbd{@key{ESC} @key{ESC}}. They use keymaps that have no |
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415 special names. |
6558 | 416 @end itemize |
417 | |
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418 The keymap binding of a prefix key is used for looking up the event |
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419 that follows the prefix key. (It may instead be a symbol whose function |
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420 definition is a keymap. The effect is the same, but the symbol serves |
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421 as a name for the prefix key.) Thus, the binding of @kbd{C-x} is the |
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422 symbol @code{Control-X-prefix}, whose function cell holds the keymap |
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423 for @kbd{C-x} commands. (The same keymap is also the value of |
6558 | 424 @code{ctl-x-map}.) |
425 | |
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426 Prefix key definitions can appear in any active keymap. The |
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427 definitions of @kbd{C-c}, @kbd{C-x}, @kbd{C-h} and @key{ESC} as prefix |
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428 keys appear in the global map, so these prefix keys are always |
6558 | 429 available. Major and minor modes can redefine a key as a prefix by |
430 putting a prefix key definition for it in the local map or the minor | |
431 mode's map. @xref{Active Keymaps}. | |
432 | |
433 If a key is defined as a prefix in more than one active map, then its | |
434 various definitions are in effect merged: the commands defined in the | |
435 minor mode keymaps come first, followed by those in the local map's | |
436 prefix definition, and then by those from the global map. | |
437 | |
438 In the following example, we make @kbd{C-p} a prefix key in the local | |
439 keymap, in such a way that @kbd{C-p} is identical to @kbd{C-x}. Then | |
440 the binding for @kbd{C-p C-f} is the function @code{find-file}, just | |
441 like @kbd{C-x C-f}. The key sequence @kbd{C-p 6} is not found in any | |
442 active keymap. | |
443 | |
444 @example | |
445 @group | |
446 (use-local-map (make-sparse-keymap)) | |
447 @result{} nil | |
448 @end group | |
449 @group | |
450 (local-set-key "\C-p" ctl-x-map) | |
451 @result{} nil | |
452 @end group | |
453 @group | |
454 (key-binding "\C-p\C-f") | |
455 @result{} find-file | |
456 @end group | |
457 | |
458 @group | |
459 (key-binding "\C-p6") | |
460 @result{} nil | |
461 @end group | |
462 @end example | |
463 | |
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464 @defun define-prefix-command symbol &optional mapvar prompt |
6558 | 465 @cindex prefix command |
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466 This function prepares @var{symbol} for use as a prefix key's binding: |
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467 it creates a full keymap and stores it as @var{symbol}'s function |
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468 definition. Subsequently binding a key sequence to @var{symbol} will |
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469 make that key sequence into a prefix key. The return value is @code{symbol}. |
6558 | 470 |
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471 This function also sets @var{symbol} as a variable, with the keymap as |
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472 its value. But if @var{mapvar} is non-@code{nil}, it sets @var{mapvar} |
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473 as a variable instead. |
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474 |
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475 If @var{prompt} is non-@code{nil}, that becomes the overall prompt |
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476 string for the keymap. The prompt string is useful for menu keymaps |
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477 (@pxref{Menu Keymaps}). |
6558 | 478 @end defun |
479 | |
480 @node Active Keymaps | |
481 @section Active Keymaps | |
482 @cindex active keymap | |
483 @cindex global keymap | |
484 @cindex local keymap | |
485 | |
486 Emacs normally contains many keymaps; at any given time, just a few of | |
487 them are @dfn{active} in that they participate in the interpretation | |
488 of user input. These are the global keymap, the current buffer's | |
489 local keymap, and the keymaps of any enabled minor modes. | |
490 | |
491 The @dfn{global keymap} holds the bindings of keys that are defined | |
492 regardless of the current buffer, such as @kbd{C-f}. The variable | |
493 @code{global-map} holds this keymap, which is always active. | |
494 | |
495 Each buffer may have another keymap, its @dfn{local keymap}, which may | |
496 contain new or overriding definitions for keys. The current buffer's | |
497 local keymap is always active except when @code{overriding-local-map} | |
498 overrides it. Text properties can specify an alternative local map for | |
499 certain parts of the buffer; see @ref{Special Properties}. | |
500 | |
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501 Each minor mode can have a keymap; if it does, the keymap is active |
6558 | 502 when the minor mode is enabled. |
503 | |
504 The variable @code{overriding-local-map}, if non-@code{nil}, specifies | |
505 another local keymap that overrides the buffer's local map and all the | |
506 minor mode keymaps. | |
507 | |
508 All the active keymaps are used together to determine what command to | |
509 execute when a key is entered. Emacs searches these maps one by one, in | |
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510 order of decreasing precedence, until it finds a binding in one of the |
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511 maps. The procedure for searching a single keymap is called @dfn{key |
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512 lookup}; see @ref{Key Lookup}. |
6558 | 513 |
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514 Normally, Emacs first searches for the key in the minor mode maps, in |
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515 the order specified by @code{minor-mode-map-alist}; if they do not |
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516 supply a binding for the key, Emacs searches the local map; if that too |
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517 has no binding, Emacs then searches the global map. However, if |
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518 @code{overriding-local-map} is non-@code{nil}, Emacs searches that map |
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519 first, before the global map. |
6558 | 520 |
521 @cindex major mode keymap | |
522 Since every buffer that uses the same major mode normally uses the | |
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523 same local keymap, you can think of the keymap as local to the mode. A |
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524 change to the local keymap of a buffer (using @code{local-set-key}, for |
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525 example) is seen also in the other buffers that share that keymap. |
6558 | 526 |
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527 The local keymaps that are used for Lisp mode and some other major |
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528 modes exist even if they have not yet been used. These local maps are |
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529 the values of variables such as @code{lisp-mode-map}. For most major |
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530 modes, which are less frequently used, the local keymap is constructed |
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531 only when the mode is used for the first time in a session. |
6558 | 532 |
533 The minibuffer has local keymaps, too; they contain various completion | |
534 and exit commands. @xref{Intro to Minibuffers}. | |
535 | |
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536 Emacs has other keymaps that are used in a different way---translating |
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537 events within @code{read-key-sequence}. @xref{Translating Input}. |
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538 |
6558 | 539 @xref{Standard Keymaps}, for a list of standard keymaps. |
540 | |
541 @defvar global-map | |
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542 This variable contains the default global keymap that maps Emacs |
6558 | 543 keyboard input to commands. The global keymap is normally this keymap. |
544 The default global keymap is a full keymap that binds | |
545 @code{self-insert-command} to all of the printing characters. | |
546 | |
547 It is normal practice to change the bindings in the global map, but you | |
548 should not assign this variable any value other than the keymap it starts | |
549 out with. | |
550 @end defvar | |
551 | |
552 @defun current-global-map | |
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553 This function returns the current global keymap. This is the |
6558 | 554 same as the value of @code{global-map} unless you change one or the |
555 other. | |
556 | |
557 @example | |
558 @group | |
559 (current-global-map) | |
560 @result{} (keymap [set-mark-command beginning-of-line @dots{} | |
561 delete-backward-char]) | |
562 @end group | |
563 @end example | |
564 @end defun | |
565 | |
566 @defun current-local-map | |
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567 This function returns the current buffer's local keymap, or @code{nil} |
6558 | 568 if it has none. In the following example, the keymap for the |
569 @samp{*scratch*} buffer (using Lisp Interaction mode) is a sparse keymap | |
570 in which the entry for @key{ESC}, @sc{ASCII} code 27, is another sparse | |
571 keymap. | |
572 | |
573 @example | |
574 @group | |
575 (current-local-map) | |
576 @result{} (keymap | |
577 (10 . eval-print-last-sexp) | |
578 (9 . lisp-indent-line) | |
579 (127 . backward-delete-char-untabify) | |
580 @end group | |
581 @group | |
582 (27 keymap | |
583 (24 . eval-defun) | |
584 (17 . indent-sexp))) | |
585 @end group | |
586 @end example | |
587 @end defun | |
588 | |
589 @defun current-minor-mode-maps | |
590 This function returns a list of the keymaps of currently enabled minor modes. | |
591 @end defun | |
592 | |
593 @defun use-global-map keymap | |
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594 This function makes @var{keymap} the new current global keymap. It |
6558 | 595 returns @code{nil}. |
596 | |
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597 It is very unusual to change the global keymap. |
6558 | 598 @end defun |
599 | |
600 @defun use-local-map keymap | |
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601 This function makes @var{keymap} the new local keymap of the current |
6558 | 602 buffer. If @var{keymap} is @code{nil}, then the buffer has no local |
603 keymap. @code{use-local-map} returns @code{nil}. Most major mode | |
604 commands use this function. | |
605 @end defun | |
606 | |
607 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
608 @defvar minor-mode-map-alist | |
609 This variable is an alist describing keymaps that may or may not be | |
610 active according to the values of certain variables. Its elements look | |
611 like this: | |
612 | |
613 @example | |
614 (@var{variable} . @var{keymap}) | |
615 @end example | |
616 | |
617 The keymap @var{keymap} is active whenever @var{variable} has a | |
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618 non-@code{nil} value. Typically @var{variable} is the variable that |
6558 | 619 enables or disables a minor mode. @xref{Keymaps and Minor Modes}. |
620 | |
621 Note that elements of @code{minor-mode-map-alist} do not have the same | |
622 structure as elements of @code{minor-mode-alist}. The map must be the | |
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623 @sc{cdr} of the element; a list with the map as the @sc{cadr} will not |
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624 do. The @sc{cadr} can be either a keymap (a list) or a symbol |
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625 whose function definition is a keymap. |
6558 | 626 |
627 When more than one minor mode keymap is active, their order of priority | |
628 is the order of @code{minor-mode-map-alist}. But you should design | |
629 minor modes so that they don't interfere with each other. If you do | |
630 this properly, the order will not matter. | |
631 | |
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632 See @ref{Keymaps and Minor Modes}, for more information about minor |
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633 modes. See also @code{minor-mode-key-binding} (@pxref{Functions for Key |
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634 Lookup}). |
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635 @end defvar |
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636 |
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637 @defvar minor-mode-overriding-map-alist |
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638 @tindex minor-mode-overriding-map-alist |
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639 This variable allows major modes to override the key bindings for |
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640 particular minor modes. The elements of this alist look like the |
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641 elements of @code{minor-mode-map-alist}: @code{(@var{variable} |
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642 . @var{keymap})}. |
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643 |
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644 If a variable appears as an element of |
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645 @code{minor-mode-overriding-map-alist}, the map specified by that |
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646 element totally replaces any map specified for the same variable in |
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647 @code{minor-mode-map-alist}. |
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648 |
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649 @code{minor-mode-overriding-map-alist} is automatically buffer-local in |
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650 all buffers. |
6558 | 651 @end defvar |
652 | |
653 @defvar overriding-local-map | |
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654 If non-@code{nil}, this variable holds a keymap to use instead of the |
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655 buffer's local keymap and instead of all the minor mode keymaps. This |
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656 keymap, if any, overrides all other maps that would have been active, |
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657 except for the current global map. |
6558 | 658 @end defvar |
659 | |
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660 @defvar overriding-terminal-local-map |
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661 If non-@code{nil}, this variable holds a keymap to use instead of |
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662 @code{overriding-local-map}, the buffer's local keymap and all the minor |
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663 mode keymaps. |
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664 |
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665 This variable is always local to the current terminal and cannot be |
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666 buffer-local. @xref{Multiple Displays}. It is used to implement |
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667 incremental search mode. |
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668 @end defvar |
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669 |
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670 @defvar overriding-local-map-menu-flag |
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671 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, the value of |
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672 @code{overriding-local-map} or @code{overriding-terminal-local-map} can |
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673 affect the display of the menu bar. The default value is @code{nil}, so |
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674 those map variables have no effect on the menu bar. |
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675 |
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676 Note that these two map variables do affect the execution of key |
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677 sequences entered using the menu bar, even if they do not affect the |
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678 menu bar display. So if a menu bar key sequence comes in, you should |
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679 clear the variables before looking up and executing that key sequence. |
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680 Modes that use the variables would typically do this anyway; normally |
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681 they respond to events that they do not handle by ``unreading'' them and |
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682 exiting. |
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683 @end defvar |
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684 |
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685 @defvar special-event-map |
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686 This variable holds a keymap for special events. If an event type has a |
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687 binding in this keymap, then it is special, and the binding for the |
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688 event is run directly by @code{read-event}. @xref{Special Events}. |
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689 @end defvar |
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690 |
6558 | 691 @node Key Lookup |
692 @section Key Lookup | |
693 @cindex key lookup | |
694 @cindex keymap entry | |
695 | |
696 @dfn{Key lookup} is the process of finding the binding of a key | |
697 sequence from a given keymap. Actual execution of the binding is not | |
698 part of key lookup. | |
699 | |
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700 Key lookup uses just the event type of each event in the key sequence; |
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701 the rest of the event is ignored. In fact, a key sequence used for key |
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702 lookup may designate mouse events with just their types (symbols) |
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703 instead of with entire mouse events (lists). @xref{Input Events}. Such |
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704 a ``key-sequence'' is insufficient for @code{command-execute} to run, |
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705 but it is sufficient for looking up or rebinding a key. |
6558 | 706 |
707 When the key sequence consists of multiple events, key lookup | |
708 processes the events sequentially: the binding of the first event is | |
709 found, and must be a keymap; then the second event's binding is found in | |
710 that keymap, and so on until all the events in the key sequence are used | |
711 up. (The binding thus found for the last event may or may not be a | |
712 keymap.) Thus, the process of key lookup is defined in terms of a | |
713 simpler process for looking up a single event in a keymap. How that is | |
714 done depends on the type of object associated with the event in that | |
715 keymap. | |
716 | |
717 Let's use the term @dfn{keymap entry} to describe the value found by | |
718 looking up an event type in a keymap. (This doesn't include the item | |
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719 string and other extra elements in menu key bindings, because |
6558 | 720 @code{lookup-key} and other key lookup functions don't include them in |
721 the returned value.) While any Lisp object may be stored in a keymap as | |
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722 a keymap entry, not all make sense for key lookup. Here is a table of |
6558 | 723 the meaningful kinds of keymap entries: |
724 | |
725 @table @asis | |
726 @item @code{nil} | |
727 @cindex @code{nil} in keymap | |
728 @code{nil} means that the events used so far in the lookup form an | |
729 undefined key. When a keymap fails to mention an event type at all, and | |
730 has no default binding, that is equivalent to a binding of @code{nil} | |
731 for that event type. | |
732 | |
733 @item @var{command} | |
734 @cindex command in keymap | |
735 The events used so far in the lookup form a complete key, | |
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736 and @var{command} is its binding. @xref{What Is a Function}. |
6558 | 737 |
12098 | 738 @item @var{array} |
6558 | 739 @cindex string in keymap |
12098 | 740 The array (either a string or a vector) is a keyboard macro. The events |
741 used so far in the lookup form a complete key, and the array is its | |
742 binding. See @ref{Keyboard Macros}, for more information. | |
6558 | 743 |
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744 @item @var{keymap} |
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745 @cindex keymap in keymap |
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746 The events used so far in the lookup form a prefix key. The next |
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747 event of the key sequence is looked up in @var{keymap}. |
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748 |
6558 | 749 @item @var{list} |
750 @cindex list in keymap | |
751 The meaning of a list depends on the types of the elements of the list. | |
752 | |
753 @itemize @bullet | |
754 @item | |
755 If the @sc{car} of @var{list} is the symbol @code{keymap}, then the list | |
756 is a keymap, and is treated as a keymap (see above). | |
757 | |
758 @item | |
759 @cindex @code{lambda} in keymap | |
760 If the @sc{car} of @var{list} is @code{lambda}, then the list is a | |
761 lambda expression. This is presumed to be a command, and is treated as | |
762 such (see above). | |
763 | |
764 @item | |
765 If the @sc{car} of @var{list} is a keymap and the @sc{cdr} is an event | |
766 type, then this is an @dfn{indirect entry}: | |
767 | |
768 @example | |
769 (@var{othermap} . @var{othertype}) | |
770 @end example | |
771 | |
772 When key lookup encounters an indirect entry, it looks up instead the | |
773 binding of @var{othertype} in @var{othermap} and uses that. | |
774 | |
775 This feature permits you to define one key as an alias for another key. | |
776 For example, an entry whose @sc{car} is the keymap called @code{esc-map} | |
12098 | 777 and whose @sc{cdr} is 32 (the code for @key{SPC}) means, ``Use the global |
6558 | 778 binding of @kbd{Meta-@key{SPC}}, whatever that may be.'' |
779 @end itemize | |
780 | |
781 @item @var{symbol} | |
782 @cindex symbol in keymap | |
783 The function definition of @var{symbol} is used in place of | |
784 @var{symbol}. If that too is a symbol, then this process is repeated, | |
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785 any number of times. Ultimately this should lead to an object that is |
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786 a keymap, a command, or a keyboard macro. A list is allowed if it is a |
6558 | 787 keymap or a command, but indirect entries are not understood when found |
788 via symbols. | |
789 | |
790 Note that keymaps and keyboard macros (strings and vectors) are not | |
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791 valid functions, so a symbol with a keymap, string, or vector as its |
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792 function definition is invalid as a function. It is, however, valid as |
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793 a key binding. If the definition is a keyboard macro, then the symbol |
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794 is also valid as an argument to @code{command-execute} |
6558 | 795 (@pxref{Interactive Call}). |
796 | |
797 @cindex @code{undefined} in keymap | |
798 The symbol @code{undefined} is worth special mention: it means to treat | |
799 the key as undefined. Strictly speaking, the key is defined, and its | |
800 binding is the command @code{undefined}; but that command does the same | |
801 thing that is done automatically for an undefined key: it rings the bell | |
802 (by calling @code{ding}) but does not signal an error. | |
803 | |
804 @cindex preventing prefix key | |
805 @code{undefined} is used in local keymaps to override a global key | |
806 binding and make the key ``undefined'' locally. A local binding of | |
807 @code{nil} would fail to do this because it would not override the | |
808 global binding. | |
809 | |
810 @item @var{anything else} | |
811 If any other type of object is found, the events used so far in the | |
812 lookup form a complete key, and the object is its binding, but the | |
813 binding is not executable as a command. | |
814 @end table | |
815 | |
816 In short, a keymap entry may be a keymap, a command, a keyboard macro, | |
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817 a symbol that leads to one of them, or an indirection or @code{nil}. |
6558 | 818 Here is an example of a sparse keymap with two characters bound to |
819 commands and one bound to another keymap. This map is the normal value | |
820 of @code{emacs-lisp-mode-map}. Note that 9 is the code for @key{TAB}, | |
821 127 for @key{DEL}, 27 for @key{ESC}, 17 for @kbd{C-q} and 24 for | |
822 @kbd{C-x}. | |
823 | |
824 @example | |
825 @group | |
826 (keymap (9 . lisp-indent-line) | |
827 (127 . backward-delete-char-untabify) | |
828 (27 keymap (17 . indent-sexp) (24 . eval-defun))) | |
829 @end group | |
830 @end example | |
831 | |
832 @node Functions for Key Lookup | |
833 @section Functions for Key Lookup | |
834 | |
835 Here are the functions and variables pertaining to key lookup. | |
836 | |
837 @defun lookup-key keymap key &optional accept-defaults | |
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838 This function returns the definition of @var{key} in @var{keymap}. All |
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839 the other functions described in this chapter that look up keys use |
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840 @code{lookup-key}. Here are examples: |
6558 | 841 |
842 @example | |
843 @group | |
844 (lookup-key (current-global-map) "\C-x\C-f") | |
845 @result{} find-file | |
846 @end group | |
847 @group | |
848 (lookup-key (current-global-map) "\C-x\C-f12345") | |
849 @result{} 2 | |
850 @end group | |
851 @end example | |
852 | |
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853 If the string or vector @var{key} is not a valid key sequence according |
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854 to the prefix keys specified in @var{keymap}, it must be ``too long'' |
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855 and have extra events at the end that do not fit into a single key |
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856 sequence. Then the value is a number, the number of events at the front |
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857 of @var{key} that compose a complete key. |
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858 |
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859 @c Emacs 19 feature |
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860 If @var{accept-defaults} is non-@code{nil}, then @code{lookup-key} |
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861 considers default bindings as well as bindings for the specific events |
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862 in @var{key}. Otherwise, @code{lookup-key} reports only bindings for |
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863 the specific sequence @var{key}, ignoring default bindings except when |
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864 you explicitly ask about them. (To do this, supply @code{t} as an |
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865 element of @var{key}; see @ref{Format of Keymaps}.) |
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866 |
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867 If @var{key} contains a meta character, that character is implicitly |
6558 | 868 replaced by a two-character sequence: the value of |
869 @code{meta-prefix-char}, followed by the corresponding non-meta | |
870 character. Thus, the first example below is handled by conversion into | |
871 the second example. | |
872 | |
873 @example | |
874 @group | |
875 (lookup-key (current-global-map) "\M-f") | |
876 @result{} forward-word | |
877 @end group | |
878 @group | |
879 (lookup-key (current-global-map) "\ef") | |
880 @result{} forward-word | |
881 @end group | |
882 @end example | |
883 | |
884 Unlike @code{read-key-sequence}, this function does not modify the | |
885 specified events in ways that discard information (@pxref{Key Sequence | |
886 Input}). In particular, it does not convert letters to lower case and | |
887 it does not change drag events to clicks. | |
888 @end defun | |
889 | |
890 @deffn Command undefined | |
891 Used in keymaps to undefine keys. It calls @code{ding}, but does | |
892 not cause an error. | |
893 @end deffn | |
894 | |
895 @defun key-binding key &optional accept-defaults | |
896 This function returns the binding for @var{key} in the current | |
897 keymaps, trying all the active keymaps. The result is @code{nil} if | |
898 @var{key} is undefined in the keymaps. | |
899 | |
900 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
901 The argument @var{accept-defaults} controls checking for default | |
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902 bindings, as in @code{lookup-key} (above). |
6558 | 903 |
904 An error is signaled if @var{key} is not a string or a vector. | |
905 | |
906 @example | |
907 @group | |
908 (key-binding "\C-x\C-f") | |
909 @result{} find-file | |
910 @end group | |
911 @end example | |
912 @end defun | |
913 | |
914 @defun local-key-binding key &optional accept-defaults | |
915 This function returns the binding for @var{key} in the current | |
916 local keymap, or @code{nil} if it is undefined there. | |
917 | |
918 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
919 The argument @var{accept-defaults} controls checking for default bindings, | |
920 as in @code{lookup-key} (above). | |
921 @end defun | |
922 | |
923 @defun global-key-binding key &optional accept-defaults | |
924 This function returns the binding for command @var{key} in the | |
925 current global keymap, or @code{nil} if it is undefined there. | |
926 | |
927 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
928 The argument @var{accept-defaults} controls checking for default bindings, | |
929 as in @code{lookup-key} (above). | |
930 @end defun | |
931 | |
932 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
933 @defun minor-mode-key-binding key &optional accept-defaults | |
934 This function returns a list of all the active minor mode bindings of | |
935 @var{key}. More precisely, it returns an alist of pairs | |
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936 @code{(@var{modename} . @var{binding})}, where @var{modename} is the |
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937 variable that enables the minor mode, and @var{binding} is @var{key}'s |
6558 | 938 binding in that mode. If @var{key} has no minor-mode bindings, the |
939 value is @code{nil}. | |
940 | |
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941 If the first binding found is not a prefix definition (a keymap or a |
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942 symbol defined as a keymap), all subsequent bindings from other minor |
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943 modes are omitted, since they would be completely shadowed. Similarly, |
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944 the list omits non-prefix bindings that follow prefix bindings. |
6558 | 945 |
946 The argument @var{accept-defaults} controls checking for default | |
947 bindings, as in @code{lookup-key} (above). | |
948 @end defun | |
949 | |
950 @defvar meta-prefix-char | |
951 @cindex @key{ESC} | |
952 This variable is the meta-prefix character code. It is used when | |
953 translating a meta character to a two-character sequence so it can be | |
954 looked up in a keymap. For useful results, the value should be a prefix | |
955 event (@pxref{Prefix Keys}). The default value is 27, which is the | |
956 @sc{ASCII} code for @key{ESC}. | |
957 | |
958 As long as the value of @code{meta-prefix-char} remains 27, key | |
959 lookup translates @kbd{M-b} into @kbd{@key{ESC} b}, which is normally | |
960 defined as the @code{backward-word} command. However, if you set | |
961 @code{meta-prefix-char} to 24, the code for @kbd{C-x}, then Emacs will | |
962 translate @kbd{M-b} into @kbd{C-x b}, whose standard binding is the | |
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963 @code{switch-to-buffer} command. Here is an illustration: |
6558 | 964 |
965 @smallexample | |
966 @group | |
967 meta-prefix-char ; @r{The default value.} | |
968 @result{} 27 | |
969 @end group | |
970 @group | |
971 (key-binding "\M-b") | |
972 @result{} backward-word | |
973 @end group | |
974 @group | |
975 ?\C-x ; @r{The print representation} | |
976 @result{} 24 ; @r{of a character.} | |
977 @end group | |
978 @group | |
979 (setq meta-prefix-char 24) | |
980 @result{} 24 | |
981 @end group | |
982 @group | |
983 (key-binding "\M-b") | |
984 @result{} switch-to-buffer ; @r{Now, typing @kbd{M-b} is} | |
985 ; @r{like typing @kbd{C-x b}.} | |
986 | |
987 (setq meta-prefix-char 27) ; @r{Avoid confusion!} | |
988 @result{} 27 ; @r{Restore the default value!} | |
989 @end group | |
990 @end smallexample | |
991 @end defvar | |
992 | |
993 @node Changing Key Bindings | |
994 @section Changing Key Bindings | |
995 @cindex changing key bindings | |
996 @cindex rebinding | |
997 | |
998 The way to rebind a key is to change its entry in a keymap. If you | |
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999 change a binding in the global keymap, the change is effective in all |
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1000 buffers (though it has no direct effect in buffers that shadow the |
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1001 global binding with a local one). If you change the current buffer's |
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1002 local map, that usually affects all buffers using the same major mode. |
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1003 The @code{global-set-key} and @code{local-set-key} functions are |
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1004 convenient interfaces for these operations (@pxref{Key Binding |
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1005 Commands}). You can also use @code{define-key}, a more general |
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1006 function; then you must specify explicitly the map to change. |
6558 | 1007 |
1008 @cindex meta character key constants | |
1009 @cindex control character key constants | |
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1010 In writing the key sequence to rebind, it is good to use the special |
6558 | 1011 escape sequences for control and meta characters (@pxref{String Type}). |
1012 The syntax @samp{\C-} means that the following character is a control | |
1013 character and @samp{\M-} means that the following character is a meta | |
1014 character. Thus, the string @code{"\M-x"} is read as containing a | |
1015 single @kbd{M-x}, @code{"\C-f"} is read as containing a single | |
1016 @kbd{C-f}, and @code{"\M-\C-x"} and @code{"\C-\M-x"} are both read as | |
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1017 containing a single @kbd{C-M-x}. You can also use this escape syntax in |
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1018 vectors, as well as others that aren't allowed in strings; one example |
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1019 is @samp{[?\C-\H-x home]}. @xref{Character Type}. |
6558 | 1020 |
12067 | 1021 The key definition and lookup functions accept an alternate syntax for |
1022 event types in a key sequence that is a vector: you can use a list | |
1023 containing modifier names plus one base event (a character or function | |
1024 key name). For example, @code{(control ?a)} is equivalent to | |
1025 @code{?\C-a} and @code{(hyper control left)} is equivalent to | |
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1026 @code{C-H-left}. One advantage of such lists is that the precise |
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1027 numeric codes for the modifier bits don't appear in compiled files. |
12098 | 1028 |
6558 | 1029 For the functions below, an error is signaled if @var{keymap} is not a |
1030 keymap or if @var{key} is not a string or vector representing a key | |
1031 sequence. You can use event types (symbols) as shorthand for events | |
1032 that are lists. | |
1033 | |
1034 @defun define-key keymap key binding | |
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1035 This function sets the binding for @var{key} in @var{keymap}. (If |
6558 | 1036 @var{key} is more than one event long, the change is actually made |
1037 in another keymap reached from @var{keymap}.) The argument | |
1038 @var{binding} can be any Lisp object, but only certain types are | |
1039 meaningful. (For a list of meaningful types, see @ref{Key Lookup}.) | |
1040 The value returned by @code{define-key} is @var{binding}. | |
1041 | |
1042 @cindex invalid prefix key error | |
1043 @cindex key sequence error | |
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1044 Every prefix of @var{key} must be a prefix key (i.e., bound to a keymap) |
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1045 or undefined; otherwise an error is signaled. If some prefix of |
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1046 @var{key} is undefined, then @code{define-key} defines it as a prefix |
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1047 key so that the rest of @var{key} can be defined as specified. |
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1048 |
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1049 If there was previously no binding for @var{key} in @var{keymap}, the |
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1050 new binding is added at the beginning of @var{keymap}. The order of |
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1051 bindings in a keymap makes no difference in most cases, but it does |
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1052 matter for menu keymaps (@pxref{Menu Keymaps}). |
6558 | 1053 @end defun |
1054 | |
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1055 Here is an example that creates a sparse keymap and makes a number of |
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1056 bindings in it: |
6558 | 1057 |
1058 @smallexample | |
1059 @group | |
1060 (setq map (make-sparse-keymap)) | |
1061 @result{} (keymap) | |
1062 @end group | |
1063 @group | |
1064 (define-key map "\C-f" 'forward-char) | |
1065 @result{} forward-char | |
1066 @end group | |
1067 @group | |
1068 map | |
1069 @result{} (keymap (6 . forward-char)) | |
1070 @end group | |
1071 | |
1072 @group | |
1073 ;; @r{Build sparse submap for @kbd{C-x} and bind @kbd{f} in that.} | |
1074 (define-key map "\C-xf" 'forward-word) | |
1075 @result{} forward-word | |
1076 @end group | |
1077 @group | |
1078 map | |
1079 @result{} (keymap | |
1080 (24 keymap ; @kbd{C-x} | |
1081 (102 . forward-word)) ; @kbd{f} | |
1082 (6 . forward-char)) ; @kbd{C-f} | |
1083 @end group | |
1084 | |
1085 @group | |
1086 ;; @r{Bind @kbd{C-p} to the @code{ctl-x-map}.} | |
1087 (define-key map "\C-p" ctl-x-map) | |
1088 ;; @code{ctl-x-map} | |
1089 @result{} [nil @dots{} find-file @dots{} backward-kill-sentence] | |
1090 @end group | |
1091 | |
1092 @group | |
1093 ;; @r{Bind @kbd{C-f} to @code{foo} in the @code{ctl-x-map}.} | |
1094 (define-key map "\C-p\C-f" 'foo) | |
1095 @result{} 'foo | |
1096 @end group | |
1097 @group | |
1098 map | |
1099 @result{} (keymap ; @r{Note @code{foo} in @code{ctl-x-map}.} | |
1100 (16 keymap [nil @dots{} foo @dots{} backward-kill-sentence]) | |
1101 (24 keymap | |
1102 (102 . forward-word)) | |
1103 (6 . forward-char)) | |
1104 @end group | |
1105 @end smallexample | |
1106 | |
1107 @noindent | |
1108 Note that storing a new binding for @kbd{C-p C-f} actually works by | |
1109 changing an entry in @code{ctl-x-map}, and this has the effect of | |
1110 changing the bindings of both @kbd{C-p C-f} and @kbd{C-x C-f} in the | |
1111 default global map. | |
1112 | |
1113 @defun substitute-key-definition olddef newdef keymap &optional oldmap | |
1114 @cindex replace bindings | |
1115 This function replaces @var{olddef} with @var{newdef} for any keys in | |
1116 @var{keymap} that were bound to @var{olddef}. In other words, | |
1117 @var{olddef} is replaced with @var{newdef} wherever it appears. The | |
1118 function returns @code{nil}. | |
1119 | |
1120 For example, this redefines @kbd{C-x C-f}, if you do it in an Emacs with | |
1121 standard bindings: | |
1122 | |
1123 @smallexample | |
1124 @group | |
1125 (substitute-key-definition | |
1126 'find-file 'find-file-read-only (current-global-map)) | |
1127 @end group | |
1128 @end smallexample | |
1129 | |
1130 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
1131 If @var{oldmap} is non-@code{nil}, then its bindings determine which | |
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1132 keys to rebind. The rebindings still happen in @var{keymap}, not in |
6558 | 1133 @var{oldmap}. Thus, you can change one map under the control of the |
1134 bindings in another. For example, | |
1135 | |
1136 @smallexample | |
1137 (substitute-key-definition | |
1138 'delete-backward-char 'my-funny-delete | |
1139 my-map global-map) | |
1140 @end smallexample | |
1141 | |
1142 @noindent | |
1143 puts the special deletion command in @code{my-map} for whichever keys | |
1144 are globally bound to the standard deletion command. | |
1145 | |
1146 @ignore | |
1147 @c Emacs 18 only | |
1148 Prefix keymaps that appear within @var{keymap} are not checked | |
1149 recursively for keys bound to @var{olddef}; they are not changed at all. | |
1150 Perhaps it would be better to check nested keymaps recursively. | |
1151 @end ignore | |
1152 | |
1153 Here is an example showing a keymap before and after substitution: | |
1154 | |
1155 @smallexample | |
1156 @group | |
1157 (setq map '(keymap | |
1158 (?1 . olddef-1) | |
1159 (?2 . olddef-2) | |
1160 (?3 . olddef-1))) | |
1161 @result{} (keymap (49 . olddef-1) (50 . olddef-2) (51 . olddef-1)) | |
1162 @end group | |
1163 | |
1164 @group | |
1165 (substitute-key-definition 'olddef-1 'newdef map) | |
1166 @result{} nil | |
1167 @end group | |
1168 @group | |
1169 map | |
1170 @result{} (keymap (49 . newdef) (50 . olddef-2) (51 . newdef)) | |
1171 @end group | |
1172 @end smallexample | |
1173 @end defun | |
1174 | |
1175 @defun suppress-keymap keymap &optional nodigits | |
1176 @cindex @code{self-insert-command} override | |
1177 This function changes the contents of the full keymap @var{keymap} by | |
1178 making all the printing characters undefined. More precisely, it binds | |
1179 them to the command @code{undefined}. This makes ordinary insertion of | |
1180 text impossible. @code{suppress-keymap} returns @code{nil}. | |
1181 | |
1182 If @var{nodigits} is @code{nil}, then @code{suppress-keymap} defines | |
1183 digits to run @code{digit-argument}, and @kbd{-} to run | |
1184 @code{negative-argument}. Otherwise it makes them undefined like the | |
1185 rest of the printing characters. | |
1186 | |
1187 @cindex yank suppression | |
1188 @cindex @code{quoted-insert} suppression | |
1189 The @code{suppress-keymap} function does not make it impossible to | |
1190 modify a buffer, as it does not suppress commands such as @code{yank} | |
1191 and @code{quoted-insert}. To prevent any modification of a buffer, make | |
1192 it read-only (@pxref{Read Only Buffers}). | |
1193 | |
1194 Since this function modifies @var{keymap}, you would normally use it | |
1195 on a newly created keymap. Operating on an existing keymap | |
1196 that is used for some other purpose is likely to cause trouble; for | |
1197 example, suppressing @code{global-map} would make it impossible to use | |
1198 most of Emacs. | |
1199 | |
1200 Most often, @code{suppress-keymap} is used to initialize local | |
1201 keymaps of modes such as Rmail and Dired where insertion of text is not | |
1202 desirable and the buffer is read-only. Here is an example taken from | |
1203 the file @file{emacs/lisp/dired.el}, showing how the local keymap for | |
1204 Dired mode is set up: | |
1205 | |
1206 @smallexample | |
1207 @group | |
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1208 (setq dired-mode-map (make-keymap)) |
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1209 (suppress-keymap dired-mode-map) |
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1210 (define-key dired-mode-map "r" 'dired-rename-file) |
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1211 (define-key dired-mode-map "\C-d" 'dired-flag-file-deleted) |
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1212 (define-key dired-mode-map "d" 'dired-flag-file-deleted) |
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1213 (define-key dired-mode-map "v" 'dired-view-file) |
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1214 (define-key dired-mode-map "e" 'dired-find-file) |
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1215 (define-key dired-mode-map "f" 'dired-find-file) |
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1216 @dots{} |
6558 | 1217 @end group |
1218 @end smallexample | |
1219 @end defun | |
1220 | |
1221 @node Key Binding Commands | |
1222 @section Commands for Binding Keys | |
1223 | |
1224 This section describes some convenient interactive interfaces for | |
1225 changing key bindings. They work by calling @code{define-key}. | |
1226 | |
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1227 People often use @code{global-set-key} in their @file{.emacs} file for |
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1228 simple customization. For example, |
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1229 |
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1230 @smallexample |
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1231 (global-set-key "\C-x\C-\\" 'next-line) |
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1232 @end smallexample |
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1233 |
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1234 @noindent |
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1235 or |
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1236 |
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1237 @smallexample |
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1238 (global-set-key [?\C-x ?\C-\\] 'next-line) |
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1239 @end smallexample |
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1240 |
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1241 @noindent |
12098 | 1242 or |
1243 | |
1244 @smallexample | |
1245 (global-set-key [(control ?x) (control ?\\)] 'next-line) | |
1246 @end smallexample | |
1247 | |
1248 @noindent | |
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1249 redefines @kbd{C-x C-\} to move down a line. |
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1250 |
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1251 @smallexample |
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1252 (global-set-key [M-mouse-1] 'mouse-set-point) |
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1253 @end smallexample |
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1254 |
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1255 @noindent |
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1256 redefines the first (leftmost) mouse button, typed with the Meta key, to |
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1257 set point where you click. |
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1258 |
6558 | 1259 @deffn Command global-set-key key definition |
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1260 This function sets the binding of @var{key} in the current global map |
6558 | 1261 to @var{definition}. |
1262 | |
1263 @smallexample | |
1264 @group | |
1265 (global-set-key @var{key} @var{definition}) | |
1266 @equiv{} | |
1267 (define-key (current-global-map) @var{key} @var{definition}) | |
1268 @end group | |
1269 @end smallexample | |
1270 @end deffn | |
1271 | |
1272 @deffn Command global-unset-key key | |
1273 @cindex unbinding keys | |
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1274 This function removes the binding of @var{key} from the current |
6558 | 1275 global map. |
1276 | |
1277 One use of this function is in preparation for defining a longer key | |
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1278 that uses @var{key} as a prefix---which would not be allowed if |
6558 | 1279 @var{key} has a non-prefix binding. For example: |
1280 | |
1281 @smallexample | |
1282 @group | |
1283 (global-unset-key "\C-l") | |
1284 @result{} nil | |
1285 @end group | |
1286 @group | |
1287 (global-set-key "\C-l\C-l" 'redraw-display) | |
1288 @result{} nil | |
1289 @end group | |
1290 @end smallexample | |
1291 | |
1292 This function is implemented simply using @code{define-key}: | |
1293 | |
1294 @smallexample | |
1295 @group | |
1296 (global-unset-key @var{key}) | |
1297 @equiv{} | |
1298 (define-key (current-global-map) @var{key} nil) | |
1299 @end group | |
1300 @end smallexample | |
1301 @end deffn | |
1302 | |
1303 @deffn Command local-set-key key definition | |
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1304 This function sets the binding of @var{key} in the current local |
6558 | 1305 keymap to @var{definition}. |
1306 | |
1307 @smallexample | |
1308 @group | |
1309 (local-set-key @var{key} @var{definition}) | |
1310 @equiv{} | |
1311 (define-key (current-local-map) @var{key} @var{definition}) | |
1312 @end group | |
1313 @end smallexample | |
1314 @end deffn | |
1315 | |
1316 @deffn Command local-unset-key key | |
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1317 This function removes the binding of @var{key} from the current |
6558 | 1318 local map. |
1319 | |
1320 @smallexample | |
1321 @group | |
1322 (local-unset-key @var{key}) | |
1323 @equiv{} | |
1324 (define-key (current-local-map) @var{key} nil) | |
1325 @end group | |
1326 @end smallexample | |
1327 @end deffn | |
1328 | |
1329 @node Scanning Keymaps | |
1330 @section Scanning Keymaps | |
1331 | |
1332 This section describes functions used to scan all the current keymaps | |
1333 for the sake of printing help information. | |
1334 | |
1335 @defun accessible-keymaps keymap &optional prefix | |
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1336 This function returns a list of all the keymaps that can be reached (via |
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1337 zero or more prefix keys) from @var{keymap}. The value is an |
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1338 association list with elements of the form @code{(@var{key} .@: |
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1339 @var{map})}, where @var{key} is a prefix key whose definition in |
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1340 @var{keymap} is @var{map}. |
6558 | 1341 |
1342 The elements of the alist are ordered so that the @var{key} increases | |
1343 in length. The first element is always @code{("" .@: @var{keymap})}, | |
1344 because the specified keymap is accessible from itself with a prefix of | |
1345 no events. | |
1346 | |
1347 If @var{prefix} is given, it should be a prefix key sequence; then | |
1348 @code{accessible-keymaps} includes only the submaps whose prefixes start | |
1349 with @var{prefix}. These elements look just as they do in the value of | |
1350 @code{(accessible-keymaps)}; the only difference is that some elements | |
1351 are omitted. | |
1352 | |
1353 In the example below, the returned alist indicates that the key | |
1354 @key{ESC}, which is displayed as @samp{^[}, is a prefix key whose | |
1355 definition is the sparse keymap @code{(keymap (83 .@: center-paragraph) | |
1356 (115 .@: foo))}. | |
1357 | |
1358 @smallexample | |
1359 @group | |
1360 (accessible-keymaps (current-local-map)) | |
1361 @result{}(("" keymap | |
1362 (27 keymap ; @r{Note this keymap for @key{ESC} is repeated below.} | |
1363 (83 . center-paragraph) | |
1364 (115 . center-line)) | |
1365 (9 . tab-to-tab-stop)) | |
1366 @end group | |
1367 | |
1368 @group | |
1369 ("^[" keymap | |
1370 (83 . center-paragraph) | |
1371 (115 . foo))) | |
1372 @end group | |
1373 @end smallexample | |
1374 | |
1375 In the following example, @kbd{C-h} is a prefix key that uses a sparse | |
1376 keymap starting with @code{(keymap (118 . describe-variable)@dots{})}. | |
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1377 Another prefix, @kbd{C-x 4}, uses a keymap which is also the value of |
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1378 the variable @code{ctl-x-4-map}. The event @code{mode-line} is one of |
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1379 several dummy events used as prefixes for mouse actions in special parts |
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1380 of a window. |
6558 | 1381 |
1382 @smallexample | |
1383 @group | |
1384 (accessible-keymaps (current-global-map)) | |
1385 @result{} (("" keymap [set-mark-command beginning-of-line @dots{} | |
1386 delete-backward-char]) | |
1387 @end group | |
1388 @group | |
1389 ("^H" keymap (118 . describe-variable) @dots{} | |
1390 (8 . help-for-help)) | |
1391 @end group | |
1392 @group | |
1393 ("^X" keymap [x-flush-mouse-queue @dots{} | |
1394 backward-kill-sentence]) | |
1395 @end group | |
1396 @group | |
1397 ("^[" keymap [mark-sexp backward-sexp @dots{} | |
1398 backward-kill-word]) | |
1399 @end group | |
1400 ("^X4" keymap (15 . display-buffer) @dots{}) | |
1401 @group | |
1402 ([mode-line] keymap | |
1403 (S-mouse-2 . mouse-split-window-horizontally) @dots{})) | |
1404 @end group | |
1405 @end smallexample | |
1406 | |
1407 @noindent | |
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1408 These are not all the keymaps you would see in actuality. |
6558 | 1409 @end defun |
1410 | |
1411 @defun where-is-internal command &optional keymap firstonly noindirect | |
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1412 This function is a subroutine used by the @code{where-is} command |
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1413 (@pxref{Help, , Help, emacs,The GNU Emacs Manual}). It returns a list |
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1414 of key sequences (of any length) that are bound to @var{command} in a |
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1415 set of keymaps. |
6558 | 1416 |
1417 The argument @var{command} can be any object; it is compared with all | |
1418 keymap entries using @code{eq}. | |
1419 | |
1420 If @var{keymap} is @code{nil}, then the maps used are the current active | |
1421 keymaps, disregarding @code{overriding-local-map} (that is, pretending | |
1422 its value is @code{nil}). If @var{keymap} is non-@code{nil}, then the | |
1423 maps searched are @var{keymap} and the global keymap. | |
1424 | |
1425 Usually it's best to use @code{overriding-local-map} as the expression | |
1426 for @var{keymap}. Then @code{where-is-internal} searches precisely the | |
1427 keymaps that are active. To search only the global map, pass | |
1428 @code{(keymap)} (an empty keymap) as @var{keymap}. | |
1429 | |
1430 If @var{firstonly} is @code{non-ascii}, then the value is a single | |
1431 string representing the first key sequence found, rather than a list of | |
1432 all possible key sequences. If @var{firstonly} is @code{t}, then the | |
1433 value is the first key sequence, except that key sequences consisting | |
1434 entirely of @sc{ASCII} characters (or meta variants of @sc{ASCII} | |
1435 characters) are preferred to all other key sequences. | |
1436 | |
1437 If @var{noindirect} is non-@code{nil}, @code{where-is-internal} doesn't | |
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1438 follow indirect keymap bindings. This makes it possible to search for |
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1439 an indirect definition itself. |
6558 | 1440 |
1441 @smallexample | |
1442 @group | |
1443 (where-is-internal 'describe-function) | |
1444 @result{} ("\^hf" "\^hd") | |
1445 @end group | |
1446 @end smallexample | |
1447 @end defun | |
1448 | |
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1449 @deffn Command describe-bindings &optional prefix |
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1450 This function creates a listing of all current key bindings, and |
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1451 displays it in a buffer named @samp{*Help*}. The text is grouped by |
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1452 modes---minor modes first, then the major mode, then global bindings. |
6558 | 1453 |
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1454 If @var{prefix} is non-@code{nil}, it should be a prefix key; then the |
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1455 listing includes only keys that start with @var{prefix}. |
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1456 |
6558 | 1457 The listing describes meta characters as @key{ESC} followed by the |
1458 corresponding non-meta character. | |
1459 | |
1460 When several characters with consecutive @sc{ASCII} codes have the | |
1461 same definition, they are shown together, as | |
1462 @samp{@var{firstchar}..@var{lastchar}}. In this instance, you need to | |
1463 know the @sc{ASCII} codes to understand which characters this means. | |
1464 For example, in the default global map, the characters @samp{@key{SPC} | |
1465 ..@: ~} are described by a single line. @key{SPC} is @sc{ASCII} 32, | |
1466 @kbd{~} is @sc{ASCII} 126, and the characters between them include all | |
1467 the normal printing characters, (e.g., letters, digits, punctuation, | |
1468 etc.@:); all these characters are bound to @code{self-insert-command}. | |
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1469 @end deffn |
6558 | 1470 |
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1471 @node Menu Keymaps |
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1472 @section Menu Keymaps |
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1473 @cindex menu keymaps |
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1474 |
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1475 @c Emacs 19 feature |
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1476 A keymap can define a menu as well as bindings for keyboard keys and |
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1477 mouse button. Menus are usually actuated with the mouse, but they can |
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1478 work with the keyboard also. |
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1479 |
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1480 @menu |
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1481 * Defining Menus:: How to make a keymap that defines a menu. |
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1482 * Mouse Menus:: How users actuate the menu with the mouse. |
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1483 * Keyboard Menus:: How they actuate it with the keyboard. |
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1484 * Menu Example:: Making a simple menu. |
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1485 * Menu Bar:: How to customize the menu bar. |
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1486 * Modifying Menus:: How to add new items to a menu. |
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1487 @end menu |
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1488 |
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1489 @node Defining Menus |
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1490 @subsection Defining Menus |
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1491 @cindex defining menus |
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1492 @cindex menu prompt string |
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1493 @cindex prompt string (of menu) |
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1494 |
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1495 A keymap is suitable for menu use if it has an @dfn{overall prompt |
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1496 string}, which is a string that appears as an element of the keymap. |
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1497 (@xref{Format of Keymaps}.) The string should describe the purpose of |
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1498 the menu. The easiest way to construct a keymap with a prompt string is |
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1499 to specify the string as an argument when you call @code{make-keymap} or |
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1500 @code{make-sparse-keymap} (@pxref{Creating Keymaps}). |
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1501 |
10522
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1502 The order of items in the menu is the same as the order of bindings in |
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1503 the keymap. Since @code{define-key} puts new bindings at the front, you |
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1504 should define the menu items starting at the bottom of the menu and |
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1505 moving to the top, if you care about the order. When you add an item to |
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1506 an existing menu, you can specify its position in the menu using |
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1507 @code{define-key-after} (@pxref{Modifying Menus}). |
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1508 |
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1509 @menu |
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1510 * Simple Menu Items:: A simple kind of menu key binding, |
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1511 limited in capabilities. |
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1512 * Alias Menu Items:: Using command aliases in menu items. |
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1513 * Extended Menu Items:: More powerful menu item definitions |
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1514 let you specify keywords to enable |
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1515 various features. |
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1516 @end menu |
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1517 |
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1518 @node Simple Menu Items |
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1519 @subsubsection Simple Menu Items |
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1520 |
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1521 The simpler and older way to define a menu keymap binding |
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1522 looks like this: |
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1523 |
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1524 @example |
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1525 (@var{item-string} . @var{real-binding}) |
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1526 @end example |
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1527 |
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1528 @noindent |
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1529 The @sc{car}, @var{item-string}, is the string to be displayed in the |
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1530 menu. It should be short---preferably one to three words. It should |
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1531 describe the action of the command it corresponds to. |
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1532 |
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1533 You can also supply a second string, called the help string, as follows: |
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1534 |
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1535 @example |
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1536 (@var{item-string} @var{help-string} . @var{real-binding}) |
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1537 @end example |
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1538 |
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1539 Currently Emacs does not actually use @var{help-string}; it knows only |
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1540 how to ignore @var{help-string} in order to extract @var{real-binding}. |
12098 | 1541 In the future we may use @var{help-string} as extended documentation for |
1542 the menu item, available on request. | |
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1543 |
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1544 As far as @code{define-key} is concerned, @var{item-string} and |
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1545 @var{help-string} are part of the event's binding. However, |
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1546 @code{lookup-key} returns just @var{real-binding}, and only |
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1547 @var{real-binding} is used for executing the key. |
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1548 |
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1549 If @var{real-binding} is @code{nil}, then @var{item-string} appears in |
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1550 the menu but cannot be selected. |
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1551 |
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1552 If @var{real-binding} is a symbol and has a non-@code{nil} |
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1553 @code{menu-enable} property, that property is an expression that |
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1554 controls whether the menu item is enabled. Every time the keymap is |
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1555 used to display a menu, Emacs evaluates the expression, and it enables |
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1556 the menu item only if the expression's value is non-@code{nil}. When a |
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1557 menu item is disabled, it is displayed in a ``fuzzy'' fashion, and |
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1558 cannot be selected. |
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1559 |
12098 | 1560 The menu bar does not recalculate which items are enabled every time you |
1561 look at a menu. This is because the X toolkit requires the whole tree | |
1562 of menus in advance. To force recalculation of the menu bar, call | |
1563 @code{force-mode-line-update} (@pxref{Mode Line Format}). | |
1564 | |
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1565 You've probably noticed that menu items show the equivalent keyboard key |
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1566 sequence (if any) to invoke the same command. To save time on |
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1567 recalculation, menu display caches this information in a sublist in the |
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1568 binding, like this: |
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1569 |
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1570 @c This line is not too long--rms. |
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1571 @example |
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1572 (@var{item-string} @r{[}@var{help-string}@r{]} (@var{key-binding-data}) . @var{real-binding}) |
7252
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1573 @end example |
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1574 |
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1575 @noindent |
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1576 Don't put these sublists in the menu item yourself; menu display |
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1577 calculates them automatically. Don't mention keyboard equivalents in |
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1578 the item strings themselves, since that is redundant. |
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1579 |
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1580 @node Extended Menu Items |
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1581 @subsubsection Extended Menu Items |
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1582 @kindex menu-item |
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1583 |
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1584 An extended-format menu item is a more flexible and also cleaner |
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1585 alternative to the simple format. It consists of a list that starts |
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1586 with the symbol @code{menu-item}. To define a non-selectable string, |
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1587 the item looks like this: |
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1588 |
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1589 @example |
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1590 (menu-item @var{item-name}) |
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1591 @end example |
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1592 |
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1593 @noindent |
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1594 where a string consisting of two or more dashes specifies a separator line. |
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1595 |
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1596 To define a real menu item which can be selected, the extended format |
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1597 item looks like this: |
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1598 |
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1599 @example |
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1600 (menu-item @var{item-name} @var{real-binding} |
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1601 . @var{item-property-list}) |
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1602 @end example |
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1603 |
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1604 @noindent |
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1605 Here, @var{item-name} is an expression which evaluates to the menu item |
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1606 string. Thus, the string need not be a constant. The third element, |
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1607 @var{real-binding}, is the command to execute. The tail of the list, |
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1608 @var{item-property-list}, has the form of a property list which contains |
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1609 other information. Here is a table of the properties that are supported: |
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1610 |
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1611 @table @code |
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1612 @item :enable FORM |
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1613 The result of evaluating @var{form} determines whether the item is |
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1614 enabled (non-@code{nil} means yes). |
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1615 |
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1616 @item :visible FORM |
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1617 The result of evaluating @var{form} determines whether the item should |
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1618 actually appear in the menu (non-@code{nil} means yes). If the item |
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1619 does not appear, then the menu is displayed as if this item were |
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1620 not defined at all. |
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1621 |
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1622 @item :help @var{help} |
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1623 The value of this property, @var{help}, is the extra help string (not |
22138
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1624 currently used by Emacs). |
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1625 |
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1626 @item :button (@var{type} . @var{selected}) |
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1627 This property provides a way to define radio buttons and toggle buttons. |
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1628 The @sc{car}, @var{type}, says which: is should be @code{:toggle} or |
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1629 @code{:radio}. The @sc{cdr}, @var{selected}, should be a form; the |
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1630 result of evaluating it says whether this button is currently selected. |
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1631 |
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1632 A @dfn{toggle} is a menu item which is labeled as either ``on'' or ``off'' |
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1633 according to the value of @var{selected}. The command itself should |
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1634 toggle @var{selected}, setting it to @code{t} if it is @code{nil}, |
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1635 and to @code{nil} if it is @code{t}. Here is how the menu item |
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1636 to toggle the @code{debug-on-error} flag is defined: |
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1637 |
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1638 @example |
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1639 (menu-item "Debug on Error" toggle-debug-on-error |
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1640 :button (:toggle |
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1641 . (and (boundp 'debug-on-error) |
24952 | 1642 debug-on-error))) |
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1643 @end example |
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1644 |
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1645 @noindent |
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1646 This works because @code{toggle-debug-on-error} is defined as a command |
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1647 which toggles the variable @code{debug-on-error}. |
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1648 |
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1649 @dfn{Radio buttons} are a group of menu items, in which at any time one |
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1650 and only one is ``selected.'' There should be a variable whose value |
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1651 says which one is selected at any time. The @var{selected} form for |
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1652 each radio button in the group should check whether the variable has the |
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1653 right value for selecting that button. Clicking on the button should |
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1654 set the variable so that the button you clicked on becomes selected. |
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1655 |
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1656 @item :key-sequence @var{key-sequence} |
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1657 This property specifies which key sequence is likely to be bound to the |
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1658 same command invoked by this menu item. If you specify the right key |
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1659 sequence, that makes preparing the menu for display run much faster. |
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1660 |
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1661 If you specify the wrong key sequence, it has no effect; before Emacs |
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1662 displays @var{key-sequence} in the menu, it verifies that |
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1663 @var{key-sequence} is really equivalent to this menu item. |
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1664 |
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1665 @item :key-sequence nil |
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1666 This property indicates that there is normally no key binding which is |
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1667 equivalent to this menu item. Using this property saves time in |
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1668 preparing the menu for display, because Emacs does not need to search |
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1669 the keymaps for a keyboard equivalent for this menu item. |
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1670 |
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1671 However, if the user has rebound this item's definition to a key |
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1672 sequence, Emacs ignores the @code{:keys} property and finds the keyboard |
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1673 equivalent anyway. |
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1674 |
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1675 @item :keys @var{string} |
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1676 This property specifies that @var{string} is the string to display |
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1677 as the keyboard equivalent for this menu item. You can use |
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1678 the @samp{\\[...]} documentation construct in @var{string}. |
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1679 |
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1680 @item :filter @var{filter-fn} |
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1681 This property provides a way to compute the menu item dynamically. |
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1682 The property value @var{filter-fn} should be a function of one argument; |
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1683 when it is called, its argument will be @var{real-binding}. The |
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1684 function should return the binding to use instead. |
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1685 @end table |
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1686 |
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1687 @node Alias Menu Items |
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1688 @subsubsection Alias Menu Items |
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1689 |
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1690 Sometimes it is useful to make menu items that use the ``same'' |
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1691 command but with different enable conditions. The best way to do this |
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1692 in Emacs now is with extended menu items; before that feature existed, |
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1693 it could be done by defining alias commands and using them in menu |
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1694 items. Here's an example that makes two aliases for |
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1695 @code{toggle-read-only} and gives them different enable conditions: |
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1696 |
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1697 @example |
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1698 (defalias 'make-read-only 'toggle-read-only) |
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1699 (put 'make-read-only 'menu-enable '(not buffer-read-only)) |
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1700 (defalias 'make-writable 'toggle-read-only) |
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1701 (put 'make-writable 'menu-enable 'buffer-read-only) |
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1702 @end example |
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1703 |
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1704 When using aliases in menus, often it is useful to display the |
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1705 equivalent key bindings for the ``real'' command name, not the aliases |
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1706 (which typically don't have any key bindings except for the menu |
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1707 itself). To request this, give the alias symbol a non-@code{nil} |
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1708 @code{menu-alias} property. Thus, |
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1709 |
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1710 @example |
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1711 (put 'make-read-only 'menu-alias t) |
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1712 (put 'make-writable 'menu-alias t) |
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1713 @end example |
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1714 |
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1715 @noindent |
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1716 causes menu items for @code{make-read-only} and @code{make-writable} to |
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1717 show the keyboard bindings for @code{toggle-read-only}. |
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1718 |
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1719 @node Mouse Menus |
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1720 @subsection Menus and the Mouse |
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1721 |
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1722 The usual way to make a menu keymap produce a menu is to make it the |
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1723 definition of a prefix key. (A Lisp program can explicitly pop up a |
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1724 menu and receive the user's choice---see @ref{Pop-Up Menus}.) |
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1725 |
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1726 If the prefix key ends with a mouse event, Emacs handles the menu keymap |
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1727 by popping up a visible menu, so that the user can select a choice with |
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1728 the mouse. When the user clicks on a menu item, the event generated is |
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1729 whatever character or symbol has the binding that brought about that |
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1730 menu item. (A menu item may generate a series of events if the menu has |
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1731 multiple levels or comes from the menu bar.) |
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1732 |
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1733 It's often best to use a button-down event to trigger the menu. Then |
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1734 the user can select a menu item by releasing the button. |
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1735 |
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1736 A single keymap can appear as multiple menu panes, if you explicitly |
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1737 arrange for this. The way to do this is to make a keymap for each pane, |
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1738 then create a binding for each of those maps in the main keymap of the |
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1739 menu. Give each of these bindings an item string that starts with |
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1740 @samp{@@}. The rest of the item string becomes the name of the pane. |
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1741 See the file @file{lisp/mouse.el} for an example of this. Any ordinary |
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1742 bindings with @samp{@@}-less item strings are grouped into one pane, |
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1743 which appears along with the other panes explicitly created for the |
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1744 submaps. |
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1745 |
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1746 X toolkit menus don't have panes; instead, they can have submenus. |
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1747 Every nested keymap becomes a submenu, whether the item string starts |
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1748 with @samp{@@} or not. In a toolkit version of Emacs, the only thing |
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1749 special about @samp{@@} at the beginning of an item string is that the |
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1750 @samp{@@} doesn't appear in the menu item. |
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1751 |
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1752 You can also produce multiple panes or submenus from separate keymaps. |
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1753 The full definition of a prefix key always comes from merging the |
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1754 definitions supplied by the various active keymaps (minor mode, local, |
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1755 and global). When more than one of these keymaps is a menu, each of |
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1756 them makes a separate pane or panes (when Emacs does not use an |
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1757 X-toolkit) or a separate submenu (when using an X-toolkit). |
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1758 @xref{Active Keymaps}. |
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1759 |
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1760 @node Keyboard Menus |
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1761 @subsection Menus and the Keyboard |
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1762 |
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1763 When a prefix key ending with a keyboard event (a character or function |
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1764 key) has a definition that is a menu keymap, the user can use the |
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1765 keyboard to choose a menu item. |
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1766 |
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1767 Emacs displays the menu alternatives (the item strings of the bindings) |
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1768 in the echo area. If they don't all fit at once, the user can type |
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1769 @key{SPC} to see the next line of alternatives. Successive uses of |
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1770 @key{SPC} eventually get to the end of the menu and then cycle around to |
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1771 the beginning. (The variable @code{menu-prompt-more-char} specifies |
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1772 which character is used for this; @key{SPC} is the default.) |
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1773 |
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1774 When the user has found the desired alternative from the menu, he or she |
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1775 should type the corresponding character---the one whose binding is that |
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1776 alternative. |
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1777 |
12098 | 1778 @ignore |
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1779 In a menu intended for keyboard use, each menu item must clearly |
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1780 indicate what character to type. The best convention to use is to make |
12098 | 1781 the character the first letter of the item string---that is something |
1782 users will understand without being told. We plan to change this; by | |
1783 the time you read this manual, keyboard menus may explicitly name the | |
1784 key for each alternative. | |
1785 @end ignore | |
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1786 |
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1787 This way of using menus in an Emacs-like editor was inspired by the |
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1788 Hierarkey system. |
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1789 |
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1790 @defvar menu-prompt-more-char |
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1791 This variable specifies the character to use to ask to see |
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1792 the next line of a menu. Its initial value is 32, the code |
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1793 for @key{SPC}. |
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1794 @end defvar |
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1795 |
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1796 @node Menu Example |
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1797 @subsection Menu Example |
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1798 @cindex menu definition example |
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1799 |
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1800 Here is a complete example of defining a menu keymap. It is the |
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1801 definition of the @samp{Print} submenu in the @samp{Tools} menu in the |
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1802 menu bar, and it uses the simple menu item format (@pxref{Simple Menu |
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1803 Items}). First we create the keymap, and give it a name: |
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1804 |
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1805 @example |
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1806 (defvar menu-bar-print-menu (make-sparse-keymap "Print")) |
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1807 @end example |
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1808 |
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1809 @noindent |
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1810 Next we define the menu items: |
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1811 |
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1812 @example |
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1813 (define-key menu-bar-print-menu [ps-print-region] |
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1814 '("Postscript Print Region" . ps-print-region-with-faces)) |
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1815 (define-key menu-bar-print-menu [ps-print-buffer] |
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1816 '("Postscript Print Buffer" . ps-print-buffer-with-faces)) |
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1817 (define-key menu-bar-print-menu [separator-ps-print] |
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1818 '("--")) |
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1819 (define-key menu-bar-print-menu [print-region] |
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1820 '("Print Region" . print-region)) |
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1821 (define-key menu-bar-print-menu [print-buffer] |
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1822 '("Print Buffer" . print-buffer)) |
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1823 @end example |
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1824 |
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1825 @noindent |
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1826 Note the symbols which the bindings are ``made for''; these appear |
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1827 inside square brackets, in the key sequence being defined. In some |
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1828 cases, this symbol is the same as the command name; sometimes it is |
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1829 different. These symbols are treated as ``function keys'', but they are |
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1830 not real function keys on the keyboard. They do not affect the |
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1831 functioning of the menu itself, but they are ``echoed'' in the echo area |
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1832 when the user selects from the menu, and they appear in the output of |
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1833 @code{where-is} and @code{apropos}. |
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1834 |
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1835 The binding whose definition is @code{("--")} is a separator line. |
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1836 Like a real menu item, the separator has a key symbol, in this case |
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1837 @code{separator-ps-print}. If one menu has two separators, they must |
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1838 have two different key symbols. |
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1839 |
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1840 Here is code to define enable conditions for two of the commands in |
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1841 the menu: |
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1842 |
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1843 @example |
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1844 (put 'print-region 'menu-enable 'mark-active) |
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1845 (put 'ps-print-region-with-faces 'menu-enable 'mark-active) |
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1846 @end example |
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1847 |
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1848 Here is how we make this menu appear as an item in the parent menu: |
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1849 |
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1850 @example |
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1851 (define-key menu-bar-tools-menu [print] |
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1852 (cons "Print" menu-bar-print-menu)) |
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1853 @end example |
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1854 |
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1855 @noindent |
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1856 Note that this incorporates the submenu keymap, which is the value of |
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1857 the variable @code{menu-bar-print-menu}, rather than the symbol |
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1858 @code{menu-bar-print-menu} itself. Using that symbol in the parent menu |
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1859 item would be meaningless because @code{menu-bar-print-menu} is not a |
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1860 command. |
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1861 |
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1862 If you wanted to attach the same print menu to a mouse click, you |
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1863 can do it this way: |
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1864 |
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1865 @example |
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1866 (define-key global-map [C-S-down-mouse-1] |
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1867 menu-bar-print-menu) |
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1868 @end example |
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1869 |
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1870 We could equally well use an extended menu item (@pxref{Extended Menu |
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1871 Items}) for @code{print-region}, like this: |
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1872 |
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1873 @example |
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1874 (define-key menu-bar-print-menu [print-region] |
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1875 '(menu-item "Print Region" print-region |
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1876 :enable (mark-active))) |
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1877 @end example |
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1878 |
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1879 @noindent |
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1880 With the extended menu item, the enable condition is specified |
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1881 inside the menu item itself. If we wanted to make this |
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1882 item disappear from the menu entirely when the mark is inactive, |
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1883 we could do it this way: |
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1884 |
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1885 @example |
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1886 (define-key menu-bar-print-menu [print-region] |
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1887 '(menu-item "Print Region" print-region |
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1888 :visible (mark-active))) |
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1889 @end example |
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1890 |
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1891 @node Menu Bar |
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1892 @subsection The Menu Bar |
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1893 @cindex menu bar |
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1894 |
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1895 Most window systems allow each frame to have a @dfn{menu bar}---a |
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1896 permanently displayed menu stretching horizontally across the top of the |
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1897 frame. The items of the menu bar are the subcommands of the fake |
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1898 ``function key'' @code{menu-bar}, as defined by all the active keymaps. |
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1899 |
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1900 To add an item to the menu bar, invent a fake ``function key'' of your |
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1901 own (let's call it @var{key}), and make a binding for the key sequence |
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1902 @code{[menu-bar @var{key}]}. Most often, the binding is a menu keymap, |
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1903 so that pressing a button on the menu bar item leads to another menu. |
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1904 |
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1905 When more than one active keymap defines the same fake function key |
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1906 for the menu bar, the item appears just once. If the user clicks on |
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1907 that menu bar item, it brings up a single, combined menu containing |
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1908 all the subcommands of that item---the global subcommands, the local |
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1909 subcommands, and the minor mode subcommands. |
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1910 |
12067 | 1911 The variable @code{overriding-local-map} is normally ignored when |
1912 determining the menu bar contents. That is, the menu bar is computed | |
1913 from the keymaps that would be active if @code{overriding-local-map} | |
1914 were @code{nil}. @xref{Active Keymaps}. | |
1915 | |
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1916 In order for a frame to display a menu bar, its @code{menu-bar-lines} |
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1917 parameter must be greater than zero. Emacs uses just one line for the |
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1918 menu bar itself; if you specify more than one line, the other lines |
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1919 serve to separate the menu bar from the windows in the frame. We |
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1920 recommend 1 or 2 as the value of @code{menu-bar-lines}. @xref{Window Frame |
12098 | 1921 Parameters}. |
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1922 |
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1923 Here's an example of setting up a menu bar item: |
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1924 |
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1925 @example |
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1926 @group |
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1927 (modify-frame-parameters (selected-frame) |
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1928 '((menu-bar-lines . 2))) |
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1929 @end group |
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1930 |
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1931 @group |
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1932 ;; @r{Make a menu keymap (with a prompt string)} |
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1933 ;; @r{and make it the menu bar item's definition.} |
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1934 (define-key global-map [menu-bar words] |
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1935 (cons "Words" (make-sparse-keymap "Words"))) |
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1936 @end group |
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1937 |
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1938 @group |
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1939 ;; @r{Define specific subcommands in this menu.} |
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1940 (define-key global-map |
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1941 [menu-bar words forward] |
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1942 '("Forward word" . forward-word)) |
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1943 @end group |
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1944 @group |
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1945 (define-key global-map |
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1946 [menu-bar words backward] |
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1947 '("Backward word" . backward-word)) |
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1948 @end group |
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1949 @end example |
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1950 |
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1951 A local keymap can cancel a menu bar item made by the global keymap by |
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1952 rebinding the same fake function key with @code{undefined} as the |
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1953 binding. For example, this is how Dired suppresses the @samp{Edit} menu |
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1954 bar item: |
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1955 |
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1956 @example |
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1957 (define-key dired-mode-map [menu-bar edit] 'undefined) |
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1958 @end example |
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1959 |
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1960 @noindent |
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1961 @code{edit} is the fake function key used by the global map for the |
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1962 @samp{Edit} menu bar item. The main reason to suppress a global |
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1963 menu bar item is to regain space for mode-specific items. |
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1964 |
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1965 @defvar menu-bar-final-items |
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1966 Normally the menu bar shows global items followed by items defined by the |
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1967 local maps. |
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1968 |
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1969 This variable holds a list of fake function keys for items to display at |
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1970 the end of the menu bar rather than in normal sequence. The default |
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1971 value is @code{(help-menu)}; thus, the @samp{Help} menu item normally appears |
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1972 at the end of the menu bar, following local menu items. |
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1973 @end defvar |
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1974 |
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1975 @defvar menu-bar-update-hook |
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1976 This normal hook is run whenever the user clicks on the menu bar, before |
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1977 displaying a submenu. You can use it to update submenus whose contents |
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1978 should vary. |
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1979 @end defvar |
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1980 |
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1981 @node Modifying Menus |
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1982 @subsection Modifying Menus |
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1983 |
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1984 When you insert a new item in an existing menu, you probably want to |
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1985 put it in a particular place among the menu's existing items. If you |
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1986 use @code{define-key} to add the item, it normally goes at the front of |
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1987 the menu. To put it elsewhere in the menu, use @code{define-key-after}: |
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1988 |
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1989 @defun define-key-after map key binding after |
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1990 Define a binding in @var{map} for @var{key}, with value @var{binding}, |
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1991 just like @code{define-key}, but position the binding in @var{map} after |
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1992 the binding for the event @var{after}. The argument @var{key} should be |
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1993 of length one---a vector or string with just one element. But |
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1994 @var{after} should be a single event type---a symbol or a character, not |
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1995 a sequence. The new binding goes after the binding for @var{after}. If |
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1996 @var{after} is @code{t}, then the new binding goes last, at the end of |
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1997 the keymap. |
7681 | 1998 |
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1999 Here is an example: |
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2000 |
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2001 @example |
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2002 (define-key-after my-menu [drink] |
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2003 '("Drink" . drink-command) 'eat) |
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2004 @end example |
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2005 |
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2006 @noindent |
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2007 makes a binding for the fake function key @key{DRINK} and puts it |
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2008 right after the binding for @key{EAT}. |
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2009 |
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2010 Here is how to insert an item called @samp{Work} in the @samp{Signals} |
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2011 menu of Shell mode, after the item @code{break}: |
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2012 |
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2013 @example |
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2014 (define-key-after |
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2015 (lookup-key shell-mode-map [menu-bar signals]) |
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2016 [work] '("Work" . work-command) 'break) |
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2017 @end example |
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2018 @end defun |