Mercurial > emacs
annotate lispintro/emacs-lisp-intro.texi @ 74466:1d4b1a32fd66
Update copyright years.
author | Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org> |
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date | Thu, 07 Dec 2006 05:06:17 +0000 |
parents | e658f2abf575 |
children | 164280499c23 f1d13e615070 |
rev | line source |
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1 \input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*- |
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2 @comment %**start of header |
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3 @setfilename ../info/eintr |
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4 @c setfilename emacs-lisp-intro.info |
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5 @c sethtmlfilename emacs-lisp-intro.html |
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6 @settitle Programming in Emacs Lisp |
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7 @syncodeindex vr cp |
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8 @syncodeindex fn cp |
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9 @setchapternewpage odd |
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10 @finalout |
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11 |
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12 @c --------- |
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13 @c <<<< For hard copy printing, this file is now |
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14 @c set for smallbook, which works for all sizes |
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15 @c of paper, and with Postscript figures >>>> |
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16 @smallbook |
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17 @clear largebook |
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18 @set print-postscript-figures |
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19 @c set largebook |
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20 @c clear print-postscript-figures |
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21 @c --------- |
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22 |
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23 @comment %**end of header |
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24 |
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25 @set edition-number 3.07 |
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26 @set update-date 9 November 2006 |
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27 |
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28 @ignore |
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29 ## Summary of shell commands to create various output formats: |
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30 |
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31 pushd /usr/local/src/emacs/lispintro/ |
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32 ## pushd /u/intro/ |
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33 |
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34 ## Info output |
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35 makeinfo --paragraph-indent=0 --verbose emacs-lisp-intro.texi |
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36 |
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37 ## ;; (progn (when (bufferp (get-buffer "*info*")) (kill-buffer "*info*")) (info "/usr/local/src/emacs/info/eintr")) |
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38 |
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39 ## DVI output |
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40 texi2dvi emacs-lisp-intro.texi |
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41 |
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42 ## xdvi -margins 24pt -topmargin 4pt -offsets 24pt -geometry 760x1140 -s 5 -useTeXpages -mousemode 1 emacs-lisp-intro.dvi & |
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43 |
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44 ## HTML output |
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45 makeinfo --html --no-split --verbose emacs-lisp-intro.texi |
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46 |
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47 ## galeon emacs-lisp-intro.html |
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48 |
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49 ## Plain text output |
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50 makeinfo --fill-column=70 --no-split --paragraph-indent=0 \ |
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51 --verbose --no-headers --output=emacs-lisp-intro.txt emacs-lisp-intro.texi |
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52 |
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53 popd |
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54 |
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55 # as user `root' |
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56 # insert thumbdrive |
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57 mtusb # mount -v -t ext3 /dev/sda /mnt |
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58 cp -v /u/intro/emacs-lisp-intro.texi /mnt/backup/intro/emacs-lisp-intro.texi |
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59 umtusb # umount -v /mnt |
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60 # remove thumbdrive |
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61 |
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62 ## Other shell commands |
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63 |
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64 pushd /usr/local/src/emacs/lispintro/ |
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65 ## pushd /u/intro/ |
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66 |
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67 ## PDF |
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68 texi2dvi --pdf emacs-lisp-intro.texi |
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69 # xpdf emacs-lisp-intro.pdf & |
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70 |
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71 ## DocBook -- note file extension |
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72 makeinfo --docbook --no-split --paragraph-indent=0 \ |
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73 --verbose --output=emacs-lisp-intro.docbook emacs-lisp-intro.texi |
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74 |
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75 ## XML with a Texinfo DTD -- note file extension |
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76 makeinfo --xml --no-split --paragraph-indent=0 \ |
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77 --verbose --output=emacs-lisp-intro.texinfoxml emacs-lisp-intro.texi |
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78 |
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79 ## PostScript (needs DVI) |
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80 # gv emacs-lisp-intro.ps & |
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81 # Create DVI if we lack it |
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82 # texi2dvi emacs-lisp-intro.texi |
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83 dvips emacs-lisp-intro.dvi -o emacs-lisp-intro.ps |
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84 |
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85 ## RTF (needs HTML) |
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86 # Use OpenOffice to view RTF |
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87 # Create HTML if we lack it |
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88 # makeinfo --no-split --html emacs-lisp-intro.texi |
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89 /usr/local/src/html2rtf.pl emacs-lisp-intro.html |
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90 |
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91 ## LaTeX (needs RTF) |
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92 /usr/bin/rtf2latex emacs-lisp-intro.rtf |
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93 |
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94 popd |
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95 |
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96 @end ignore |
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97 |
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98 @c ================ Included Figures ================ |
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99 |
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100 @c Set print-postscript-figures if you print PostScript figures. |
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101 @c If you clear this, the ten figures will be printed as ASCII diagrams. |
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102 @c (This is not relevant to Info, since Info only handles ASCII.) |
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103 @c Your site may require editing changes to print PostScript; in this |
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104 @c case, search for `print-postscript-figures' and make appropriate changes. |
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105 |
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106 @c ================ How to Create an Info file ================ |
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107 |
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108 @c If you have `makeinfo' installed, run the following command |
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109 |
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110 @c makeinfo emacs-lisp-intro.texi |
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111 |
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112 @c or, if you want a single, large Info file, and no paragraph indents: |
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113 @c makeinfo --no-split --paragraph-indent=0 --verbose emacs-lisp-intro.texi |
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114 |
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115 @c After creating the Info file, edit your Info `dir' file, if the |
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116 @c `dircategory' section below does not enable your system to |
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117 @c install the manual automatically. |
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118 @c (The `dir' file is often in the `/usr/local/info/' directory.) |
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119 |
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120 @c ================ How to Create an HTML file ================ |
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121 |
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122 @c To convert to HTML format |
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123 @c makeinfo --html --no-split --verbose emacs-lisp-intro.texi |
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124 |
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125 @c ================ How to Print a Book in Various Sizes ================ |
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126 |
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127 @c This book can be printed in any of three different sizes. |
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128 @c In the above header, set @-commands appropriately. |
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129 |
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130 @c 7 by 9.25 inches: |
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131 @c @smallbook |
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132 @c @clear largebook |
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133 |
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134 @c 8.5 by 11 inches: |
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135 @c @c smallbook |
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136 @c @set largebook |
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137 |
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138 @c European A4 size paper: |
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139 @c @c smallbook |
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140 @c @afourpaper |
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141 @c @set largebook |
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142 |
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143 @c ================ How to Typeset and Print ================ |
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144 |
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145 @c If you do not include PostScript figures, run either of the |
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146 @c following command sequences, or similar commands suited to your |
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147 @c system: |
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148 |
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149 @c texi2dvi emacs-lisp-intro.texi |
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150 @c lpr -d emacs-lisp-intro.dvi |
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151 |
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152 @c or else: |
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153 |
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154 @c tex emacs-lisp-intro.texi |
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155 @c texindex emacs-lisp-intro.?? |
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156 @c tex emacs-lisp-intro.texi |
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157 @c lpr -d emacs-lisp-intro.dvi |
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158 |
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159 @c If you include the PostScript figures, and you have old software, |
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160 @c you may need to convert the .dvi file to a .ps file before |
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161 @c printing. Run either of the following command sequences, or one |
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162 @c similar: |
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163 @c |
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164 @c dvips -f < emacs-lisp-intro.dvi > emacs-lisp-intro.ps |
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165 @c |
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166 @c or else: |
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167 @c |
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168 @c postscript -p < emacs-lisp-intro.dvi > emacs-lisp-intro.ps |
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169 @c |
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170 |
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171 @c (Note: if you edit the book so as to change the length of the |
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172 @c table of contents, you may have to change the value of `pageno' below.) |
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173 |
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174 @c ================ End of Formatting Sections ================ |
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175 |
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176 @c For next or subsequent edition: |
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177 @c create function using with-output-to-temp-buffer |
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178 @c create a major mode, with keymaps |
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179 @c run an asynchronous process, like grep or diff |
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180 |
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181 @c For 8.5 by 11 inch format: do not use such a small amount of |
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182 @c whitespace between paragraphs as smallbook format |
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183 @ifset largebook |
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184 @tex |
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185 \global\parskip 6pt plus 1pt |
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186 @end tex |
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187 @end ifset |
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188 |
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189 @c For all sized formats: print within-book cross |
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190 @c reference with ``...'' rather than [...] |
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191 |
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192 @c This works with the texinfo.tex file, version 2003-05-04.08, |
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193 @c in the Texinfo version 4.6 of the 2003 Jun 13 distribution. |
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194 |
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195 @tex |
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197 \global\def\xrefprintnodename#1{\unskip, ``#1''} | |
198 \else | |
199 \global\def\xrefprintnodename#1{ ``#1''} | |
200 \fi | |
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201 % \global\def\xrefprintnodename#1{, ``#1''} |
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202 @end tex |
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203 |
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204 @c ---------------------------------------------------- |
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205 |
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206 @dircategory Emacs |
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207 @direntry |
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208 * Emacs Lisp Intro: (eintr). |
73683 | 209 A simple introduction to Emacs Lisp programming. |
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210 @end direntry |
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211 |
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212 @copying |
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213 This is an @cite{Introduction to Programming in Emacs Lisp}, for |
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214 people who are not programmers. |
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215 @sp 1 |
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216 Edition @value{edition-number}, @value{update-date} |
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217 @sp 1 |
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218 Copyright @copyright{} 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2001, |
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219 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
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220 @sp 1 |
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221 |
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222 @iftex |
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223 Published by the:@* |
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224 |
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225 GNU Press, @hfill @uref{http://www.gnupress.org}@* |
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226 a division of the @hfill General: @email{press@@gnu.org}@* |
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227 Free Software Foundation, Inc. @hfill Orders:@w{ } @email{sales@@gnu.org}@* |
64083 | 228 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor @hfill Tel: +1 (617) 542-5942@* |
229 Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA @hfill Fax: +1 (617) 542-2652@* | |
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230 @end iftex |
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231 |
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232 @ifnottex |
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233 Published by the: |
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234 |
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235 @example |
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236 GNU Press, Website: http://www.gnupress.org |
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237 a division of the General: press@@gnu.org |
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238 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Orders: sales@@gnu.org |
64083 | 239 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor Tel: +1 (617) 542-5942 |
240 Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA Fax: +1 (617) 542-2652 | |
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241 @end example |
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242 @end ifnottex |
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243 |
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244 @sp 1 |
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245 @c Printed copies are available for $30 each.@* |
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246 ISBN 1-882114-43-4 |
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247 |
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248 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document |
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249 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or |
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250 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; there |
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251 being no Invariant Section, with the Front-Cover Texts being ``A GNU |
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252 Manual'', and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of |
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253 the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free |
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254 Documentation License''. |
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255 |
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256 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and |
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257 modify this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the |
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258 Free Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.'' |
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259 @end copying |
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260 |
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261 @c half title; two lines here, so do not use `shorttitlepage' |
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262 @tex |
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263 {\begingroup% |
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264 \hbox{}\vskip 1.5in \chaprm \centerline{An Introduction to}% |
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265 \endgroup}% |
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266 {\begingroup\hbox{}\vskip 0.25in \chaprm% |
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267 \centerline{Programming in Emacs Lisp}% |
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268 \endgroup\page\hbox{}\page} |
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269 @end tex |
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270 |
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271 @titlepage |
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272 @sp 6 |
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273 @center @titlefont{An Introduction to} |
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274 @sp 2 |
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275 @center @titlefont{Programming in Emacs Lisp} |
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276 @sp 2 |
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277 @center Revised Third Edition |
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278 @sp 4 |
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279 @center by Robert J. Chassell |
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280 |
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281 @page |
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282 @vskip 0pt plus 1filll |
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283 @insertcopying |
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284 @end titlepage |
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285 |
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286 @iftex |
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287 @headings off |
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288 @evenheading @thispage @| @| @thischapter |
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289 @oddheading @thissection @| @| @thispage |
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290 @end iftex |
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291 |
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292 @ifnothtml |
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293 @c Keep T.O.C. short by tightening up for largebook |
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294 @ifset largebook |
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295 @tex |
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296 \global\parskip 2pt plus 1pt |
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297 \global\advance\baselineskip by -1pt |
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298 @end tex |
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299 @end ifset |
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300 @end ifnothtml |
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301 |
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302 @shortcontents |
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303 @contents |
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304 |
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305 @ifnottex |
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306 @node Top, Preface, (dir), (dir) |
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307 @top An Introduction to Programming in Emacs Lisp |
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308 |
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309 @insertcopying |
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310 |
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311 This master menu first lists each chapter and index; then it lists |
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312 every node in every chapter. |
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313 @end ifnottex |
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314 |
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315 @c >>>> Set pageno appropriately <<<< |
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316 |
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317 @c The first page of the Preface is a roman numeral; it is the first |
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318 @c right handed page after the Table of Contents; hence the following |
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319 @c setting must be for an odd negative number. |
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320 |
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321 @iftex |
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322 @global@pageno = -11 |
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323 @end iftex |
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324 |
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325 @menu |
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326 * Preface:: What to look for. |
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327 * List Processing:: What is Lisp? |
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328 * Practicing Evaluation:: Running several programs. |
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329 * Writing Defuns:: How to write function definitions. |
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330 * Buffer Walk Through:: Exploring a few buffer-related functions. |
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331 * More Complex:: A few, even more complex functions. |
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332 * Narrowing & Widening:: Restricting your and Emacs attention to |
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333 a region. |
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334 * car cdr & cons:: Fundamental functions in Lisp. |
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335 * Cutting & Storing Text:: Removing text and saving it. |
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336 * List Implementation:: How lists are implemented in the computer. |
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337 * Yanking:: Pasting stored text. |
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338 * Loops & Recursion:: How to repeat a process. |
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339 * Regexp Search:: Regular expression searches. |
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340 * Counting Words:: A review of repetition and regexps. |
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341 * Words in a defun:: Counting words in a @code{defun}. |
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342 * Readying a Graph:: A prototype graph printing function. |
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343 * Emacs Initialization:: How to write a @file{.emacs} file. |
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344 * Debugging:: How to run the Emacs Lisp debuggers. |
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345 * Conclusion:: Now you have the basics. |
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346 * the-the:: An appendix: how to find reduplicated words. |
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347 * Kill Ring:: An appendix: how the kill ring works. |
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348 * Full Graph:: How to create a graph with labelled axes. |
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349 * Free Software and Free Manuals:: |
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350 * GNU Free Documentation License:: |
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351 * Index:: |
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352 * About the Author:: |
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353 |
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354 @detailmenu |
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355 --- The Detailed Node Listing --- |
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356 |
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357 Preface |
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358 |
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359 * Why:: Why learn Emacs Lisp? |
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360 * On Reading this Text:: Read, gain familiarity, pick up habits.... |
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361 * Who You Are:: For whom this is written. |
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362 * Lisp History:: |
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363 * Note for Novices:: You can read this as a novice. |
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364 * Thank You:: |
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365 |
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366 List Processing |
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367 |
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368 * Lisp Lists:: What are lists? |
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369 * Run a Program:: Any list in Lisp is a program ready to run. |
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370 * Making Errors:: Generating an error message. |
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371 * Names & Definitions:: Names of symbols and function definitions. |
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372 * Lisp Interpreter:: What the Lisp interpreter does. |
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373 * Evaluation:: Running a program. |
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374 * Variables:: Returning a value from a variable. |
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375 * Arguments:: Passing information to a function. |
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376 * set & setq:: Setting the value of a variable. |
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377 * Summary:: The major points. |
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378 * Error Message Exercises:: |
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379 |
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380 Lisp Lists |
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381 |
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382 * Numbers Lists:: List have numbers, other lists, in them. |
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383 * Lisp Atoms:: Elemental entities. |
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384 * Whitespace in Lists:: Formatting lists to be readable. |
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385 * Typing Lists:: How GNU Emacs helps you type lists. |
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386 |
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387 The Lisp Interpreter |
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388 |
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389 * Complications:: Variables, Special forms, Lists within. |
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390 * Byte Compiling:: Specially processing code for speed. |
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391 |
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392 Evaluation |
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393 |
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394 * How the Interpreter Acts:: Returns and Side Effects... |
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395 * Evaluating Inner Lists:: Lists within lists... |
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396 |
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397 Variables |
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398 |
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399 * fill-column Example:: |
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400 * Void Function:: The error message for a symbol |
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401 without a function. |
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402 * Void Variable:: The error message for a symbol without a value. |
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403 |
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404 Arguments |
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405 |
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406 * Data types:: Types of data passed to a function. |
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407 * Args as Variable or List:: An argument can be the value |
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408 of a variable or list. |
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409 * Variable Number of Arguments:: Some functions may take a |
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410 variable number of arguments. |
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411 * Wrong Type of Argument:: Passing an argument of the wrong type |
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412 to a function. |
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413 * message:: A useful function for sending messages. |
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414 |
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415 Setting the Value of a Variable |
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416 |
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417 * Using set:: Setting values. |
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418 * Using setq:: Setting a quoted value. |
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419 * Counting:: Using @code{setq} to count. |
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420 |
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421 Practicing Evaluation |
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422 |
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423 * How to Evaluate:: Typing editing commands or @kbd{C-x C-e} |
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424 causes evaluation. |
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425 * Buffer Names:: Buffers and files are different. |
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426 * Getting Buffers:: Getting a buffer itself, not merely its name. |
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427 * Switching Buffers:: How to change to another buffer. |
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428 * Buffer Size & Locations:: Where point is located and the size of |
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429 the buffer. |
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430 * Evaluation Exercise:: |
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431 |
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432 How To Write Function Definitions |
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433 |
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434 * Primitive Functions:: |
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435 * defun:: The @code{defun} special form. |
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436 * Install:: Install a function definition. |
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437 * Interactive:: Making a function interactive. |
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438 * Interactive Options:: Different options for @code{interactive}. |
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439 * Permanent Installation:: Installing code permanently. |
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440 * let:: Creating and initializing local variables. |
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441 * if:: What if? |
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442 * else:: If--then--else expressions. |
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443 * Truth & Falsehood:: What Lisp considers false and true. |
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444 * save-excursion:: Keeping track of point, mark, and buffer. |
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445 * Review:: |
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446 * defun Exercises:: |
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447 |
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448 Install a Function Definition |
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449 |
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450 * Effect of installation:: |
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451 * Change a defun:: How to change a function definition. |
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452 |
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453 Make a Function Interactive |
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454 |
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455 * Interactive multiply-by-seven:: An overview. |
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456 * multiply-by-seven in detail:: The interactive version. |
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457 |
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458 @code{let} |
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459 |
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460 * Prevent confusion:: |
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461 * Parts of let Expression:: |
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462 * Sample let Expression:: |
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463 * Uninitialized let Variables:: |
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464 |
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465 The @code{if} Special Form |
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466 |
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467 * if in more detail:: |
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468 * type-of-animal in detail:: An example of an @code{if} expression. |
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469 |
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470 Truth and Falsehood in Emacs Lisp |
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471 |
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472 * nil explained:: @code{nil} has two meanings. |
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473 |
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474 @code{save-excursion} |
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475 |
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476 * Point and mark:: A review of various locations. |
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477 * Template for save-excursion:: |
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478 |
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479 A Few Buffer--Related Functions |
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|
480 |
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diff
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481 * Finding More:: How to find more information. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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diff
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482 * simplified-beginning-of-buffer:: Shows @code{goto-char}, |
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Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
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483 @code{point-min}, and @code{push-mark}. |
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Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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484 * mark-whole-buffer:: Almost the same as @code{beginning-of-buffer}. |
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485 * append-to-buffer:: Uses @code{save-excursion} and |
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486 @code{insert-buffer-substring}. |
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487 * Buffer Related Review:: Review. |
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Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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488 * Buffer Exercises:: |
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Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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489 |
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490 The Definition of @code{mark-whole-buffer} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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491 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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492 * mark-whole-buffer overview:: |
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Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
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|
493 * Body of mark-whole-buffer:: Only three lines of code. |
7a66b17d124d
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494 |
7a66b17d124d
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495 The Definition of @code{append-to-buffer} |
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parents:
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496 |
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|
497 * append-to-buffer overview:: |
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diff
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|
498 * append interactive:: A two part interactive expression. |
7a66b17d124d
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499 * append-to-buffer body:: Incorporates a @code{let} expression. |
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Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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500 * append save-excursion:: How the @code{save-excursion} works. |
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501 |
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parents:
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502 A Few More Complex Functions |
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503 |
7a66b17d124d
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|
504 * copy-to-buffer:: With @code{set-buffer}, @code{get-buffer-create}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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505 * insert-buffer:: Read-only, and with @code{or}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
506 * beginning-of-buffer:: Shows @code{goto-char}, |
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parents:
diff
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|
507 @code{point-min}, and @code{push-mark}. |
7a66b17d124d
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parents:
diff
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|
508 * Second Buffer Related Review:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
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|
509 * optional Exercise:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
510 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
511 The Definition of @code{insert-buffer} |
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Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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diff
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|
512 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
513 * insert-buffer code:: |
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Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
514 * insert-buffer interactive:: When you can read, but not write. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
515 * insert-buffer body:: The body has an @code{or} and a @code{let}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
516 * if & or:: Using an @code{if} instead of an @code{or}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
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|
517 * Insert or:: How the @code{or} expression works. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
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|
518 * Insert let:: Two @code{save-excursion} expressions. |
73554
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519 * New insert-buffer:: |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
520 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
521 The Interactive Expression in @code{insert-buffer} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
522 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
523 * Read-only buffer:: When a buffer cannot be modified. |
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Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
524 * b for interactive:: An existing buffer or else its name. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
525 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
526 Complete Definition of @code{beginning-of-buffer} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
527 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
528 * Optional Arguments:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
529 * beginning-of-buffer opt arg:: Example with optional argument. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
530 * beginning-of-buffer complete:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
531 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
532 @code{beginning-of-buffer} with an Argument |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
533 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
534 * Disentangle beginning-of-buffer:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
535 * Large buffer case:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
536 * Small buffer case:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
537 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
538 Narrowing and Widening |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
539 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
540 * Narrowing advantages:: The advantages of narrowing |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
541 * save-restriction:: The @code{save-restriction} special form. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
542 * what-line:: The number of the line that point is on. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
543 * narrow Exercise:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
544 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
545 @code{car}, @code{cdr}, @code{cons}: Fundamental Functions |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
546 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
547 * Strange Names:: An historical aside: why the strange names? |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
548 * car & cdr:: Functions for extracting part of a list. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
549 * cons:: Constructing a list. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
550 * nthcdr:: Calling @code{cdr} repeatedly. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
551 * nth:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
552 * setcar:: Changing the first element of a list. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
553 * setcdr:: Changing the rest of a list. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
554 * cons Exercise:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
555 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
556 @code{cons} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
557 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
558 * Build a list:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
559 * length:: How to find the length of a list. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
560 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
561 Cutting and Storing Text |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
562 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
563 * Storing Text:: Text is stored in a list. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
564 * zap-to-char:: Cutting out text up to a character. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
565 * kill-region:: Cutting text out of a region. |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
566 * copy-region-as-kill:: A definition for copying text. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
567 * Digression into C:: Minor note on C programming language macros. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
568 * defvar:: How to give a variable an initial value. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
569 * cons & search-fwd Review:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
570 * search Exercises:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
571 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
572 @code{zap-to-char} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
573 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
574 * Complete zap-to-char:: The complete implementation. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
575 * zap-to-char interactive:: A three part interactive expression. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
576 * zap-to-char body:: A short overview. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
577 * search-forward:: How to search for a string. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
578 * progn:: The @code{progn} special form. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
579 * Summing up zap-to-char:: Using @code{point} and @code{search-forward}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
580 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
581 @code{kill-region} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
582 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
583 * Complete kill-region:: The function definition. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
584 * condition-case:: Dealing with a problem. |
73554
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Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
585 * Lisp macro:: |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
586 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
587 @code{copy-region-as-kill} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
588 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
589 * Complete copy-region-as-kill:: The complete function definition. |
73854
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
590 * copy-region-as-kill body:: The body of @code{copy-region-as-kill}. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
591 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
592 The Body of @code{copy-region-as-kill} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
593 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
594 * last-command & this-command:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
595 * kill-append function:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
596 * kill-new function:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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597 |
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598 Initializing a Variable with @code{defvar} |
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599 |
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600 * See variable current value:: |
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601 * defvar and asterisk:: |
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602 |
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603 How Lists are Implemented |
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604 |
7a66b17d124d
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parents:
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605 * Lists diagrammed:: |
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606 * Symbols as Chest:: Exploring a powerful metaphor. |
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607 * List Exercise:: |
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608 |
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parents:
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609 Yanking Text Back |
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610 |
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611 * Kill Ring Overview:: |
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612 * kill-ring-yank-pointer:: The kill ring is a list. |
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613 * yank nthcdr Exercises:: The @code{kill-ring-yank-pointer} variable. |
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614 |
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615 Loops and Recursion |
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616 |
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617 * while:: Causing a stretch of code to repeat. |
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618 * dolist dotimes:: |
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619 * Recursion:: Causing a function to call itself. |
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620 * Looping exercise:: |
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621 |
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622 @code{while} |
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623 |
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624 * Looping with while:: Repeat so long as test returns true. |
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625 * Loop Example:: A @code{while} loop that uses a list. |
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626 * print-elements-of-list:: Uses @code{while}, @code{car}, @code{cdr}. |
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627 * Incrementing Loop:: A loop with an incrementing counter. |
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628 * Incrementing Loop Details:: |
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629 * Decrementing Loop:: A loop with a decrementing counter. |
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630 |
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631 Details of an Incrementing Loop |
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632 |
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633 * Incrementing Example:: Counting pebbles in a triangle. |
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634 * Inc Example parts:: The parts of the function definition. |
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635 * Inc Example altogether:: Putting the function definition together. |
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636 |
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637 Loop with a Decrementing Counter |
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638 |
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parents:
diff
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639 * Decrementing Example:: More pebbles on the beach. |
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640 * Dec Example parts:: The parts of the function definition. |
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641 * Dec Example altogether:: Putting the function definition together. |
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642 |
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643 Save your time: @code{dolist} and @code{dotimes} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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644 |
7a66b17d124d
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645 * dolist:: |
7a66b17d124d
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646 * dotimes:: |
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diff
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|
647 |
7a66b17d124d
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648 Recursion |
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|
649 |
7a66b17d124d
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650 * Building Robots:: Same model, different serial number ... |
7a66b17d124d
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parents:
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|
651 * Recursive Definition Parts:: Walk until you stop ... |
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parents:
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652 * Recursion with list:: Using a list as the test whether to recurse. |
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parents:
diff
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653 * Recursive triangle function:: |
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parents:
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654 * Recursion with cond:: |
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Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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655 * Recursive Patterns:: Often used templates. |
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656 * No Deferment:: Don't store up work ... |
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657 * No deferment solution:: |
7a66b17d124d
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658 |
7a66b17d124d
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659 Recursion in Place of a Counter |
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660 |
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661 * Recursive Example arg of 1 or 2:: |
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662 * Recursive Example arg of 3 or 4:: |
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663 |
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664 Recursive Patterns |
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|
665 |
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666 * Every:: |
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parents:
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667 * Accumulate:: |
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parents:
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668 * Keep:: |
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669 |
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670 Regular Expression Searches |
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|
671 |
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672 * sentence-end:: The regular expression for @code{sentence-end}. |
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parents:
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673 * re-search-forward:: Very similar to @code{search-forward}. |
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674 * forward-sentence:: A straightforward example of regexp search. |
7a66b17d124d
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675 * forward-paragraph:: A somewhat complex example. |
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|
676 * etags:: How to create your own @file{TAGS} table. |
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parents:
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677 * Regexp Review:: |
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678 * re-search Exercises:: |
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Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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679 |
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680 @code{forward-sentence} |
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681 |
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682 * Complete forward-sentence:: |
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|
683 * fwd-sentence while loops:: Two @code{while} loops. |
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Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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684 * fwd-sentence re-search:: A regular expression search. |
7a66b17d124d
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|
685 |
7a66b17d124d
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diff
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|
686 @code{forward-paragraph}: a Goldmine of Functions |
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parents:
diff
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|
687 |
7a66b17d124d
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parents:
diff
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|
688 * forward-paragraph in brief:: Key parts of the function definition. |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
689 * fwd-para let:: The @code{let*} expression. |
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parents:
diff
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690 * fwd-para while:: The forward motion @code{while} loop. |
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Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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|
691 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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692 Counting: Repetition and Regexps |
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Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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|
693 |
7a66b17d124d
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694 * Why Count Words:: |
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diff
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|
695 * count-words-region:: Use a regexp, but find a problem. |
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parents:
diff
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|
696 * recursive-count-words:: Start with case of no words in region. |
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diff
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|
697 * Counting Exercise:: |
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diff
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|
698 |
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diff
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699 The @code{count-words-region} Function |
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|
700 |
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701 * Design count-words-region:: The definition using a @code{while} loop. |
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Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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702 * Whitespace Bug:: The Whitespace Bug in @code{count-words-region}. |
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parents:
diff
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|
703 |
7a66b17d124d
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diff
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|
704 Counting Words in a @code{defun} |
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parents:
diff
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|
705 |
7a66b17d124d
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parents:
diff
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|
706 * Divide and Conquer:: |
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parents:
diff
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|
707 * Words and Symbols:: What to count? |
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parents:
diff
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708 * Syntax:: What constitutes a word or symbol? |
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Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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709 * count-words-in-defun:: Very like @code{count-words}. |
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Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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|
710 * Several defuns:: Counting several defuns in a file. |
7a66b17d124d
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diff
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|
711 * Find a File:: Do you want to look at a file? |
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parents:
diff
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|
712 * lengths-list-file:: A list of the lengths of many definitions. |
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parents:
diff
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713 * Several files:: Counting in definitions in different files. |
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parents:
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714 * Several files recursively:: Recursively counting in different files. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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715 * Prepare the data:: Prepare the data for display in a graph. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
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|
716 |
7a66b17d124d
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diff
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|
717 Count Words in @code{defuns} in Different Files |
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diff
changeset
|
718 |
7a66b17d124d
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diff
changeset
|
719 * lengths-list-many-files:: Return a list of the lengths of defuns. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
720 * append:: Attach one list to another. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
721 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
722 Prepare the Data for Display in a Graph |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
723 |
73852
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
724 * Data for Display in Detail:: |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
725 * Sorting:: Sorting lists. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
726 * Files List:: Making a list of files. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
727 * Counting function definitions:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
728 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
729 Readying a Graph |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
730 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
731 * Columns of a graph:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
732 * graph-body-print:: How to print the body of a graph. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
733 * recursive-graph-body-print:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
734 * Printed Axes:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
735 * Line Graph Exercise:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
736 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
737 Your @file{.emacs} File |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
738 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
739 * Default Configuration:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
740 * Site-wide Init:: You can write site-wide init files. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
741 * defcustom:: Emacs will write code for you. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
742 * Beginning a .emacs File:: How to write a @code{.emacs file}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
743 * Text and Auto-fill:: Automatically wrap lines. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
744 * Mail Aliases:: Use abbreviations for email addresses. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
745 * Indent Tabs Mode:: Don't use tabs with @TeX{} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
746 * Keybindings:: Create some personal keybindings. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
747 * Keymaps:: More about key binding. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
748 * Loading Files:: Load (i.e., evaluate) files automatically. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
749 * Autoload:: Make functions available. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
750 * Simple Extension:: Define a function; bind it to a key. |
73597
4d65d5858190
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Remove version reference for X colors.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73587
diff
changeset
|
751 * X11 Colors:: Colors in X. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
752 * Miscellaneous:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
753 * Mode Line:: How to customize your mode line. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
754 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
755 Debugging |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
756 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
757 * debug:: How to use the built-in debugger. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
758 * debug-on-entry:: Start debugging when you call a function. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
759 * debug-on-quit:: Start debugging when you quit with @kbd{C-g}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
760 * edebug:: How to use Edebug, a source level debugger. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
761 * Debugging Exercises:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
762 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
763 Handling the Kill Ring |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
764 |
73852
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
765 * What the Kill Ring Does:: |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
766 * current-kill:: |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
767 * yank:: Paste a copy of a clipped element. |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
768 * yank-pop:: Insert element pointed to. |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
769 * ring file:: |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
770 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
771 The @code{current-kill} Function |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
772 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
773 * Understanding current-kill:: |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
774 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
775 @code{current-kill} in Outline |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
776 |
73852
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
777 * Body of current-kill:: |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
778 * Digression concerning error:: How to mislead humans, but not computers. |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
779 * Determining the Element:: |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
780 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
781 A Graph with Labelled Axes |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
782 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
783 * Labelled Example:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
784 * print-graph Varlist:: @code{let} expression in @code{print-graph}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
785 * print-Y-axis:: Print a label for the vertical axis. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
786 * print-X-axis:: Print a horizontal label. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
787 * Print Whole Graph:: The function to print a complete graph. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
788 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
789 The @code{print-Y-axis} Function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
790 |
73852
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
791 * print-Y-axis in Detail:: |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
792 * Height of label:: What height for the Y axis? |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
793 * Compute a Remainder:: How to compute the remainder of a division. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
794 * Y Axis Element:: Construct a line for the Y axis. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
795 * Y-axis-column:: Generate a list of Y axis labels. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
796 * print-Y-axis Penultimate:: A not quite final version. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
797 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
798 The @code{print-X-axis} Function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
799 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
800 * Similarities differences:: Much like @code{print-Y-axis}, but not exactly. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
801 * X Axis Tic Marks:: Create tic marks for the horizontal axis. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
802 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
803 Printing the Whole Graph |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
804 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
805 * The final version:: A few changes. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
806 * Test print-graph:: Run a short test. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
807 * Graphing words in defuns:: Executing the final code. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
808 * lambda:: How to write an anonymous function. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
809 * mapcar:: Apply a function to elements of a list. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
810 * Another Bug:: Yet another bug @dots{} most insidious. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
811 * Final printed graph:: The graph itself! |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
812 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
813 @end detailmenu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
814 @end menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
815 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
816 @node Preface, List Processing, Top, Top |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
817 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
818 @unnumbered Preface |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
819 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
820 Most of the GNU Emacs integrated environment is written in the programming |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
821 language called Emacs Lisp. The code written in this programming |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
822 language is the software---the sets of instructions---that tell the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
823 computer what to do when you give it commands. Emacs is designed so |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
824 that you can write new code in Emacs Lisp and easily install it as an |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
825 extension to the editor. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
826 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
827 (GNU Emacs is sometimes called an ``extensible editor'', but it does |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
828 much more than provide editing capabilities. It is better to refer to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
829 Emacs as an ``extensible computing environment''. However, that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
830 phrase is quite a mouthful. It is easier to refer to Emacs simply as |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
831 an editor. Moreover, everything you do in Emacs---find the Mayan date |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
832 and phases of the moon, simplify polynomials, debug code, manage |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
833 files, read letters, write books---all these activities are kinds of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
834 editing in the most general sense of the word.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
835 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
836 @menu |
73854
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
837 * Why:: Why learn Emacs Lisp? |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
838 * On Reading this Text:: Read, gain familiarity, pick up habits.... |
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839 * Who You Are:: For whom this is written. |
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840 * Lisp History:: |
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841 * Note for Novices:: You can read this as a novice. |
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842 * Thank You:: |
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843 @end menu |
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844 |
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845 @node Why, On Reading this Text, Preface, Preface |
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846 @ifnottex |
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847 @unnumberedsec Why Study Emacs Lisp? |
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848 @end ifnottex |
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849 |
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850 Although Emacs Lisp is usually thought of in association only with Emacs, |
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851 it is a full computer programming language. You can use Emacs Lisp as |
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852 you would any other programming language. |
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853 |
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854 Perhaps you want to understand programming; perhaps you want to extend |
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855 Emacs; or perhaps you want to become a programmer. This introduction to |
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856 Emacs Lisp is designed to get you started: to guide you in learning the |
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857 fundamentals of programming, and more importantly, to show you how you |
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858 can teach yourself to go further. |
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859 |
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860 @node On Reading this Text, Who You Are, Why, Preface |
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861 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
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862 @unnumberedsec On Reading this Text |
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863 |
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864 All through this document, you will see little sample programs you can |
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865 run inside of Emacs. If you read this document in Info inside of GNU |
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866 Emacs, you can run the programs as they appear. (This is easy to do and |
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867 is explained when the examples are presented.) Alternatively, you can |
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868 read this introduction as a printed book while sitting beside a computer |
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869 running Emacs. (This is what I like to do; I like printed books.) If |
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870 you don't have a running Emacs beside you, you can still read this book, |
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871 but in this case, it is best to treat it as a novel or as a travel guide |
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872 to a country not yet visited: interesting, but not the same as being |
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873 there. |
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874 |
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875 Much of this introduction is dedicated to walk-throughs or guided tours |
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876 of code used in GNU Emacs. These tours are designed for two purposes: |
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877 first, to give you familiarity with real, working code (code you use |
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878 every day); and, second, to give you familiarity with the way Emacs |
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879 works. It is interesting to see how a working environment is |
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880 implemented. |
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881 Also, I |
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882 hope that you will pick up the habit of browsing through source code. |
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883 You can learn from it and mine it for ideas. Having GNU Emacs is like |
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884 having a dragon's cave of treasures. |
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885 |
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886 In addition to learning about Emacs as an editor and Emacs Lisp as a |
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887 programming language, the examples and guided tours will give you an |
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888 opportunity to get acquainted with Emacs as a Lisp programming |
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889 environment. GNU Emacs supports programming and provides tools that |
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890 you will want to become comfortable using, such as @kbd{M-.} (the key |
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891 which invokes the @code{find-tag} command). You will also learn about |
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892 buffers and other objects that are part of the environment. |
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893 Learning about these features of Emacs is like learning new routes |
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894 around your home town. |
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895 |
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896 @ignore |
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897 In addition, I have written several programs as extended examples. |
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898 Although these are examples, the programs are real. I use them. |
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899 Other people use them. You may use them. Beyond the fragments of |
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900 programs used for illustrations, there is very little in here that is |
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901 `just for teaching purposes'; what you see is used. This is a great |
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902 advantage of Emacs Lisp: it is easy to learn to use it for work. |
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903 @end ignore |
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904 |
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905 Finally, I hope to convey some of the skills for using Emacs to |
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906 learn aspects of programming that you don't know. You can often use |
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907 Emacs to help you understand what puzzles you or to find out how to do |
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908 something new. This self-reliance is not only a pleasure, but an |
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909 advantage. |
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|
910 |
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911 @node Who You Are, Lisp History, On Reading this Text, Preface |
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912 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
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913 @unnumberedsec For Whom This is Written |
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914 |
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915 This text is written as an elementary introduction for people who are |
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916 not programmers. If you are a programmer, you may not be satisfied with |
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917 this primer. The reason is that you may have become expert at reading |
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918 reference manuals and be put off by the way this text is organized. |
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919 |
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920 An expert programmer who reviewed this text said to me: |
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921 |
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922 @quotation |
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923 @i{I prefer to learn from reference manuals. I ``dive into'' each |
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924 paragraph, and ``come up for air'' between paragraphs.} |
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925 |
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926 @i{When I get to the end of a paragraph, I assume that that subject is |
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927 done, finished, that I know everything I need (with the |
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928 possible exception of the case when the next paragraph starts talking |
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929 about it in more detail). I expect that a well written reference manual |
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930 will not have a lot of redundancy, and that it will have excellent |
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931 pointers to the (one) place where the information I want is.} |
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932 @end quotation |
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933 |
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934 This introduction is not written for this person! |
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935 |
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936 Firstly, I try to say everything at least three times: first, to |
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937 introduce it; second, to show it in context; and third, to show it in a |
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938 different context, or to review it. |
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939 |
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940 Secondly, I hardly ever put all the information about a subject in one |
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941 place, much less in one paragraph. To my way of thinking, that imposes |
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942 too heavy a burden on the reader. Instead I try to explain only what |
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943 you need to know at the time. (Sometimes I include a little extra |
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944 information so you won't be surprised later when the additional |
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945 information is formally introduced.) |
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946 |
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947 When you read this text, you are not expected to learn everything the |
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948 first time. Frequently, you need only make, as it were, a `nodding |
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949 acquaintance' with some of the items mentioned. My hope is that I have |
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950 structured the text and given you enough hints that you will be alert to |
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951 what is important, and concentrate on it. |
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952 |
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953 You will need to ``dive into'' some paragraphs; there is no other way |
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954 to read them. But I have tried to keep down the number of such |
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955 paragraphs. This book is intended as an approachable hill, rather than |
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956 as a daunting mountain. |
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957 |
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958 This introduction to @cite{Programming in Emacs Lisp} has a companion |
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|
959 document, |
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|
960 @iftex |
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|
961 @cite{The GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. |
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|
962 @end iftex |
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|
963 @ifnottex |
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|
964 @ref{Top, , The GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual, elisp, The GNU |
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|
965 Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. |
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|
966 @end ifnottex |
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|
967 The reference manual has more detail than this introduction. In the |
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968 reference manual, all the information about one topic is concentrated |
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969 in one place. You should turn to it if you are like the programmer |
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970 quoted above. And, of course, after you have read this |
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|
971 @cite{Introduction}, you will find the @cite{Reference Manual} useful |
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|
972 when you are writing your own programs. |
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|
973 |
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|
974 @node Lisp History, Note for Novices, Who You Are, Preface |
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|
975 @unnumberedsec Lisp History |
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|
976 @cindex Lisp history |
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|
977 |
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978 Lisp was first developed in the late 1950s at the Massachusetts |
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979 Institute of Technology for research in artificial intelligence. The |
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980 great power of the Lisp language makes it superior for other purposes as |
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981 well, such as writing editor commands and integrated environments. |
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982 |
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|
983 @cindex Maclisp |
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|
984 @cindex Common Lisp |
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985 GNU Emacs Lisp is largely inspired by Maclisp, which was written at MIT |
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986 in the 1960s. It is somewhat inspired by Common Lisp, which became a |
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987 standard in the 1980s. However, Emacs Lisp is much simpler than Common |
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988 Lisp. (The standard Emacs distribution contains an optional extensions |
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989 file, @file{cl.el}, that adds many Common Lisp features to Emacs Lisp.) |
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|
990 |
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991 @node Note for Novices, Thank You, Lisp History, Preface |
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992 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
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993 @unnumberedsec A Note for Novices |
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|
994 |
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995 If you don't know GNU Emacs, you can still read this document |
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996 profitably. However, I recommend you learn Emacs, if only to learn to |
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997 move around your computer screen. You can teach yourself how to use |
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998 Emacs with the on-line tutorial. To use it, type @kbd{C-h t}. (This |
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|
999 means you press and release the @key{CTRL} key and the @kbd{h} at the |
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1000 same time, and then press and release @kbd{t}.) |
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|
1001 |
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1002 Also, I often refer to one of Emacs' standard commands by listing the |
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|
1003 keys which you press to invoke the command and then giving the name of |
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|
1004 the command in parentheses, like this: @kbd{M-C-\} |
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|
1005 (@code{indent-region}). What this means is that the |
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|
1006 @code{indent-region} command is customarily invoked by typing |
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|
1007 @kbd{M-C-\}. (You can, if you wish, change the keys that are typed to |
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|
1008 invoke the command; this is called @dfn{rebinding}. @xref{Keymaps, , |
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1009 Keymaps}.) The abbreviation @kbd{M-C-\} means that you type your |
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1010 @key{META} key, @key{CTRL} key and @key{\} key all at the same time. |
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|
1011 (On many modern keyboards the @key{META} key is labelled |
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1012 @key{ALT}.) |
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|
1013 Sometimes a combination like this is called a keychord, since it is |
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|
1014 similar to the way you play a chord on a piano. If your keyboard does |
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1015 not have a @key{META} key, the @key{ESC} key prefix is used in place |
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1016 of it. In this case, @kbd{M-C-\} means that you press and release your |
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|
1017 @key{ESC} key and then type the @key{CTRL} key and the @key{\} key at |
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1018 the same time. But usually @kbd{M-C-\} means press the @key{CTRL} key |
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|
1019 along with the key that is labelled @key{ALT} and, at the same time, |
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|
1020 press the @key{\} key. |
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|
1021 |
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1022 In addition to typing a lone keychord, you can prefix what you type |
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|
1023 with @kbd{C-u}, which is called the `universal argument'. The |
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|
1024 @kbd{C-u} keychord passes an argument to the subsequent command. |
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|
1025 Thus, to indent a region of plain text by 6 spaces, mark the region, |
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1026 and then type @w{@kbd{C-u 6 M-C-\}}. (If you do not specify a number, |
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|
1027 Emacs either passes the number 4 to the command or otherwise runs the |
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diff
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|
1028 command differently than it would otherwise.) @xref{Arguments, , |
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|
1029 Numeric Arguments, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}. |
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|
1030 |
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|
1031 If you are reading this in Info using GNU Emacs, you can read through |
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|
1032 this whole document just by pressing the space bar, @key{SPC}. |
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|
1033 (To learn about Info, type @kbd{C-h i} and then select Info.) |
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|
1034 |
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|
1035 A note on terminology: when I use the word Lisp alone, I often am |
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diff
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|
1036 referring to the various dialects of Lisp in general, but when I speak |
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|
1037 of Emacs Lisp, I am referring to GNU Emacs Lisp in particular. |
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|
1038 |
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|
1039 @node Thank You, , Note for Novices, Preface |
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|
1040 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
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|
1041 @unnumberedsec Thank You |
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|
1042 |
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|
1043 My thanks to all who helped me with this book. My especial thanks to |
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|
1044 @r{Jim Blandy}, @r{Noah Friedman}, @w{Jim Kingdon}, @r{Roland |
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1045 McGrath}, @w{Frank Ritter}, @w{Randy Smith}, @w{Richard M.@: |
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|
1046 Stallman}, and @w{Melissa Weisshaus}. My thanks also go to both |
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|
1047 @w{Philip Johnson} and @w{David Stampe} for their patient |
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|
1048 encouragement. My mistakes are my own. |
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|
1049 |
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|
1050 @flushright |
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|
1051 Robert J. Chassell |
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|
1052 @end flushright |
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|
1053 |
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|
1054 @c ================ Beginning of main text ================ |
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|
1055 |
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|
1056 @c Start main text on right-hand (verso) page |
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|
1057 |
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|
1058 @tex |
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|
1059 \par\vfill\supereject |
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|
1060 \headings off |
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|
1061 \ifodd\pageno |
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|
1062 \par\vfill\supereject |
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|
1063 \else |
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|
1064 \par\vfill\supereject |
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|
1065 \page\hbox{}\page |
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|
1066 \par\vfill\supereject |
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|
1067 \fi |
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|
1068 @end tex |
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|
1069 |
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|
1070 @iftex |
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|
1071 @headings off |
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|
1072 @evenheading @thispage @| @| @thischapter |
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|
1073 @oddheading @thissection @| @| @thispage |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
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|
1074 @global@pageno = 1 |
41421
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|
1075 @end iftex |
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|
1076 |
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|
1077 @node List Processing, Practicing Evaluation, Preface, Top |
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1078 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
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1079 @chapter List Processing |
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1080 |
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1081 To the untutored eye, Lisp is a strange programming language. In Lisp |
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1082 code there are parentheses everywhere. Some people even claim that |
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1083 the name stands for `Lots of Isolated Silly Parentheses'. But the |
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1084 claim is unwarranted. Lisp stands for LISt Processing, and the |
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1085 programming language handles @emph{lists} (and lists of lists) by |
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1086 putting them between parentheses. The parentheses mark the boundaries |
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1087 of the list. Sometimes a list is preceded by a single apostrophe or |
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1088 quotation mark, @samp{'}@footnote{The single apostrophe or quotation |
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1089 mark is an abbreviation for the function @code{quote}; you need not |
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1090 think about functions now; functions are defined in @ref{Making |
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1091 Errors, , Generate an Error Message}.} Lists are the basis of Lisp. |
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1092 |
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1093 @menu |
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1094 * Lisp Lists:: What are lists? |
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1095 * Run a Program:: Any list in Lisp is a program ready to run. |
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1096 * Making Errors:: Generating an error message. |
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1097 * Names & Definitions:: Names of symbols and function definitions. |
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1098 * Lisp Interpreter:: What the Lisp interpreter does. |
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1099 * Evaluation:: Running a program. |
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1100 * Variables:: Returning a value from a variable. |
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1101 * Arguments:: Passing information to a function. |
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1102 * set & setq:: Setting the value of a variable. |
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1103 * Summary:: The major points. |
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1104 * Error Message Exercises:: |
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1105 @end menu |
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1106 |
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1107 @node Lisp Lists, Run a Program, List Processing, List Processing |
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1108 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
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1109 @section Lisp Lists |
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1110 @cindex Lisp Lists |
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1111 |
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1112 In Lisp, a list looks like this: @code{'(rose violet daisy buttercup)}. |
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1113 This list is preceded by a single apostrophe. It could just as well be |
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1114 written as follows, which looks more like the kind of list you are likely |
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1115 to be familiar with: |
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1116 |
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1117 @smallexample |
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1118 @group |
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1119 '(rose |
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1120 violet |
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1121 daisy |
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1122 buttercup) |
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1123 @end group |
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1124 @end smallexample |
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1125 |
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1126 @noindent |
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1127 The elements of this list are the names of the four different flowers, |
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1128 separated from each other by whitespace and surrounded by parentheses, |
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1129 like flowers in a field with a stone wall around them. |
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1130 @cindex Flowers in a field |
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1131 |
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1132 @menu |
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1133 * Numbers Lists:: List have numbers, other lists, in them. |
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1134 * Lisp Atoms:: Elemental entities. |
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1135 * Whitespace in Lists:: Formatting lists to be readable. |
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1136 * Typing Lists:: How GNU Emacs helps you type lists. |
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1137 @end menu |
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1138 |
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1139 @node Numbers Lists, Lisp Atoms, Lisp Lists, Lisp Lists |
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1140 @ifnottex |
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1141 @unnumberedsubsec Numbers, Lists inside of Lists |
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1142 @end ifnottex |
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1143 |
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1144 Lists can also have numbers in them, as in this list: @code{(+ 2 2)}. |
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1145 This list has a plus-sign, @samp{+}, followed by two @samp{2}s, each |
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1146 separated by whitespace. |
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1147 |
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1148 In Lisp, both data and programs are represented the same way; that is, |
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1149 they are both lists of words, numbers, or other lists, separated by |
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1150 whitespace and surrounded by parentheses. (Since a program looks like |
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1151 data, one program may easily serve as data for another; this is a very |
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1152 powerful feature of Lisp.) (Incidentally, these two parenthetical |
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1153 remarks are @emph{not} Lisp lists, because they contain @samp{;} and |
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1154 @samp{.} as punctuation marks.) |
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1155 |
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1156 @need 1200 |
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1157 Here is another list, this time with a list inside of it: |
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1158 |
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1159 @smallexample |
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1160 '(this list has (a list inside of it)) |
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1161 @end smallexample |
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1162 |
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1163 The components of this list are the words @samp{this}, @samp{list}, |
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1164 @samp{has}, and the list @samp{(a list inside of it)}. The interior |
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1165 list is made up of the words @samp{a}, @samp{list}, @samp{inside}, |
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1166 @samp{of}, @samp{it}. |
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1167 |
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1168 @node Lisp Atoms, Whitespace in Lists, Numbers Lists, Lisp Lists |
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1169 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
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1170 @subsection Lisp Atoms |
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1171 @cindex Lisp Atoms |
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1172 |
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1173 In Lisp, what we have been calling words are called @dfn{atoms}. This |
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1174 term comes from the historical meaning of the word atom, which means |
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1175 `indivisible'. As far as Lisp is concerned, the words we have been |
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1176 using in the lists cannot be divided into any smaller parts and still |
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1177 mean the same thing as part of a program; likewise with numbers and |
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1178 single character symbols like @samp{+}. On the other hand, unlike an |
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1179 ancient atom, a list can be split into parts. (@xref{car cdr & cons, |
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1180 , @code{car} @code{cdr} & @code{cons} Fundamental Functions}.) |
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1181 |
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1182 In a list, atoms are separated from each other by whitespace. They can be |
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1183 right next to a parenthesis. |
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1184 |
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1185 @cindex @samp{empty list} defined |
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1186 Technically speaking, a list in Lisp consists of parentheses surrounding |
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1187 atoms separated by whitespace or surrounding other lists or surrounding |
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1188 both atoms and other lists. A list can have just one atom in it or |
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1189 have nothing in it at all. A list with nothing in it looks like this: |
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1190 @code{()}, and is called the @dfn{empty list}. Unlike anything else, an |
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1191 empty list is considered both an atom and a list at the same time. |
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1192 |
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1193 @cindex Symbolic expressions, introduced |
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Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1194 @cindex @samp{expression} defined |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1195 @cindex @samp{form} defined |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1196 The printed representation of both atoms and lists are called |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1197 @dfn{symbolic expressions} or, more concisely, @dfn{s-expressions}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1198 The word @dfn{expression} by itself can refer to either the printed |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1199 representation, or to the atom or list as it is held internally in the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1200 computer. Often, people use the term @dfn{expression} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1201 indiscriminately. (Also, in many texts, the word @dfn{form} is used |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1202 as a synonym for expression.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1203 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1204 Incidentally, the atoms that make up our universe were named such when |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1205 they were thought to be indivisible; but it has been found that physical |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1206 atoms are not indivisible. Parts can split off an atom or it can |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1207 fission into two parts of roughly equal size. Physical atoms were named |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1208 prematurely, before their truer nature was found. In Lisp, certain |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1209 kinds of atom, such as an array, can be separated into parts; but the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1210 mechanism for doing this is different from the mechanism for splitting a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1211 list. As far as list operations are concerned, the atoms of a list are |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1212 unsplittable. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1213 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1214 As in English, the meanings of the component letters of a Lisp atom |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1215 are different from the meaning the letters make as a word. For |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1216 example, the word for the South American sloth, the @samp{ai}, is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1217 completely different from the two words, @samp{a}, and @samp{i}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1218 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1219 There are many kinds of atom in nature but only a few in Lisp: for |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1220 example, @dfn{numbers}, such as 37, 511, or 1729, and @dfn{symbols}, such |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1221 as @samp{+}, @samp{foo}, or @samp{forward-line}. The words we have |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1222 listed in the examples above are all symbols. In everyday Lisp |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1223 conversation, the word ``atom'' is not often used, because programmers |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1224 usually try to be more specific about what kind of atom they are dealing |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1225 with. Lisp programming is mostly about symbols (and sometimes numbers) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1226 within lists. (Incidentally, the preceding three word parenthetical |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1227 remark is a proper list in Lisp, since it consists of atoms, which in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1228 this case are symbols, separated by whitespace and enclosed by |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1229 parentheses, without any non-Lisp punctuation.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1230 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1231 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1232 In addition, text between double quotation marks---even sentences or |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1233 paragraphs---is an atom. Here is an example: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1234 @cindex Text between double quotation marks |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1235 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1236 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1237 '(this list includes "text between quotation marks.") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1238 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1239 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1240 @cindex @samp{string} defined |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1241 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1242 In Lisp, all of the quoted text including the punctuation mark and the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1243 blank spaces is a single atom. This kind of atom is called a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1244 @dfn{string} (for `string of characters') and is the sort of thing that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1245 is used for messages that a computer can print for a human to read. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1246 Strings are a different kind of atom than numbers or symbols and are |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1247 used differently. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1248 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1249 @node Whitespace in Lists, Typing Lists, Lisp Atoms, Lisp Lists |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1250 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1251 @subsection Whitespace in Lists |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1252 @cindex Whitespace in lists |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1253 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1254 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1255 The amount of whitespace in a list does not matter. From the point of view |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1256 of the Lisp language, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1257 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1258 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1259 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1260 '(this list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1261 looks like this) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1262 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1263 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1264 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1265 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1266 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1267 is exactly the same as this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1268 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1269 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1270 '(this list looks like this) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1271 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1272 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1273 Both examples show what to Lisp is the same list, the list made up of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1274 the symbols @samp{this}, @samp{list}, @samp{looks}, @samp{like}, and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1275 @samp{this} in that order. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1276 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1277 Extra whitespace and newlines are designed to make a list more readable |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1278 by humans. When Lisp reads the expression, it gets rid of all the extra |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1279 whitespace (but it needs to have at least one space between atoms in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1280 order to tell them apart.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1281 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1282 Odd as it seems, the examples we have seen cover almost all of what Lisp |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1283 lists look like! Every other list in Lisp looks more or less like one |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1284 of these examples, except that the list may be longer and more complex. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1285 In brief, a list is between parentheses, a string is between quotation |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1286 marks, a symbol looks like a word, and a number looks like a number. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1287 (For certain situations, square brackets, dots and a few other special |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1288 characters may be used; however, we will go quite far without them.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1289 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1290 @node Typing Lists, , Whitespace in Lists, Lisp Lists |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1291 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1292 @subsection GNU Emacs Helps You Type Lists |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1293 @cindex Help typing lists |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1294 @cindex Formatting help |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1295 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1296 When you type a Lisp expression in GNU Emacs using either Lisp |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1297 Interaction mode or Emacs Lisp mode, you have available to you several |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1298 commands to format the Lisp expression so it is easy to read. For |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1299 example, pressing the @key{TAB} key automatically indents the line the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1300 cursor is on by the right amount. A command to properly indent the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1301 code in a region is customarily bound to @kbd{M-C-\}. Indentation is |
44899
ebddb2618c17
Fixed typographic errors.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
43431
diff
changeset
|
1302 designed so that you can see which elements of a list belong to which |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1303 list---elements of a sub-list are indented more than the elements of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1304 the enclosing list. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1305 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1306 In addition, when you type a closing parenthesis, Emacs momentarily |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1307 jumps the cursor back to the matching opening parenthesis, so you can |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1308 see which one it is. This is very useful, since every list you type |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1309 in Lisp must have its closing parenthesis match its opening |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1310 parenthesis. (@xref{Major Modes, , Major Modes, emacs, The GNU Emacs |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1311 Manual}, for more information about Emacs' modes.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1312 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1313 @node Run a Program, Making Errors, Lisp Lists, List Processing |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1314 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1315 @section Run a Program |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1316 @cindex Run a program |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1317 @cindex Program, running one |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1318 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1319 @cindex @samp{evaluate} defined |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1320 A list in Lisp---any list---is a program ready to run. If you run it |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1321 (for which the Lisp jargon is @dfn{evaluate}), the computer will do one |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1322 of three things: do nothing except return to you the list itself; send |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1323 you an error message; or, treat the first symbol in the list as a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1324 command to do something. (Usually, of course, it is the last of these |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
1325 three things that you really want!) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1326 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1327 @c use code for the single apostrophe, not samp. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1328 The single apostrophe, @code{'}, that I put in front of some of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1329 example lists in preceding sections is called a @dfn{quote}; when it |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1330 precedes a list, it tells Lisp to do nothing with the list, other than |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1331 take it as it is written. But if there is no quote preceding a list, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1332 the first item of the list is special: it is a command for the computer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1333 to obey. (In Lisp, these commands are called @emph{functions}.) The list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1334 @code{(+ 2 2)} shown above did not have a quote in front of it, so Lisp |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1335 understands that the @code{+} is an instruction to do something with the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1336 rest of the list: add the numbers that follow. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1337 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1338 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1339 If you are reading this inside of GNU Emacs in Info, here is how you can |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1340 evaluate such a list: place your cursor immediately after the right |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1341 hand parenthesis of the following list and then type @kbd{C-x C-e}: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1342 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1343 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1344 (+ 2 2) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1345 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1346 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1347 @c use code for the number four, not samp. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1348 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1349 You will see the number @code{4} appear in the echo area. (In the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1350 jargon, what you have just done is ``evaluate the list.'' The echo area |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1351 is the line at the bottom of the screen that displays or ``echoes'' |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1352 text.) Now try the same thing with a quoted list: place the cursor |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1353 right after the following list and type @kbd{C-x C-e}: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1354 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1355 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1356 '(this is a quoted list) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1357 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1358 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1359 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1360 You will see @code{(this is a quoted list)} appear in the echo area. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1361 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1362 @cindex Lisp interpreter, explained |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1363 @cindex Interpreter, Lisp, explained |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1364 In both cases, what you are doing is giving a command to the program |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1365 inside of GNU Emacs called the @dfn{Lisp interpreter}---giving the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1366 interpreter a command to evaluate the expression. The name of the Lisp |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1367 interpreter comes from the word for the task done by a human who comes |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1368 up with the meaning of an expression---who ``interprets'' it. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1369 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1370 You can also evaluate an atom that is not part of a list---one that is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1371 not surrounded by parentheses; again, the Lisp interpreter translates |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1372 from the humanly readable expression to the language of the computer. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1373 But before discussing this (@pxref{Variables}), we will discuss what the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1374 Lisp interpreter does when you make an error. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1375 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1376 @node Making Errors, Names & Definitions, Run a Program, List Processing |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1377 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1378 @section Generate an Error Message |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1379 @cindex Generate an error message |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1380 @cindex Error message generation |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1381 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1382 Partly so you won't worry if you do it accidentally, we will now give |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1383 a command to the Lisp interpreter that generates an error message. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1384 This is a harmless activity; and indeed, we will often try to generate |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1385 error messages intentionally. Once you understand the jargon, error |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1386 messages can be informative. Instead of being called ``error'' |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1387 messages, they should be called ``help'' messages. They are like |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1388 signposts to a traveller in a strange country; deciphering them can be |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1389 hard, but once understood, they can point the way. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1390 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1391 The error message is generated by a built-in GNU Emacs debugger. We |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1392 will `enter the debugger'. You get out of the debugger by typing @code{q}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1393 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1394 What we will do is evaluate a list that is not quoted and does not |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1395 have a meaningful command as its first element. Here is a list almost |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1396 exactly the same as the one we just used, but without the single-quote |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1397 in front of it. Position the cursor right after it and type @kbd{C-x |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1398 C-e}: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1399 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1400 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1401 (this is an unquoted list) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1402 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1403 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1404 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1405 What you see depends on which version of Emacs you are running. GNU |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
1406 Emacs version 22 provides more information than version 20 and before. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1407 First, the more recent result of generating an error; then the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1408 earlier, version 20 result. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1409 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1410 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1411 @noindent |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
1412 In GNU Emacs version 22, a @file{*Backtrace*} window will open up and |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1413 you will see the following in it: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1414 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1415 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1416 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1417 ---------- Buffer: *Backtrace* ---------- |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1418 Debugger entered--Lisp error: (void-function this) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1419 (this is an unquoted list) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1420 eval((this is an unquoted list)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1421 eval-last-sexp-1(nil) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1422 eval-last-sexp(nil) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1423 call-interactively(eval-last-sexp) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1424 ---------- Buffer: *Backtrace* ---------- |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1425 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1426 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1427 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1428 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1429 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1430 Your cursor will be in this window (you may have to wait a few seconds |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1431 before it becomes visible). To quit the debugger and make the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1432 debugger window go away, type: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1433 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1434 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1435 q |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1436 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1437 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1438 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1439 Please type @kbd{q} right now, so you become confident that you can |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1440 get out of the debugger. Then, type @kbd{C-x C-e} again to re-enter |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1441 it. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1442 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1443 @cindex @samp{function} defined |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1444 Based on what we already know, we can almost read this error message. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1445 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1446 You read the @file{*Backtrace*} buffer from the bottom up; it tells |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1447 you what Emacs did. When you typed @kbd{C-x C-e}, you made an |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1448 interactive call to the command @code{eval-last-sexp}. @code{eval} is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1449 an abbreviation for `evaluate' and @code{sexp} is an abbreviation for |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1450 `symbolic expression'. The command means `evaluate last symbolic |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1451 expression', which is the expression just before your cursor. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1452 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1453 Each line above tells you what the Lisp interpreter evaluated next. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1454 The most recent action is at the top. The buffer is called the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1455 @file{*Backtrace*} buffer because it enables you to track Emacs |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1456 backwards. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1457 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1458 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1459 At the top of the @file{*Backtrace*} buffer, you see the line: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1460 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1461 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1462 Debugger entered--Lisp error: (void-function this) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1463 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1464 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1465 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1466 The Lisp interpreter tried to evaluate the first atom of the list, the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1467 word @samp{this}. It is this action that generated the error message |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1468 @samp{void-function this}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1469 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1470 The message contains the words @samp{void-function} and @samp{this}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1471 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1472 @cindex @samp{function} defined |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1473 The word @samp{function} was mentioned once before. It is a very |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1474 important word. For our purposes, we can define it by saying that a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1475 @dfn{function} is a set of instructions to the computer that tell the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1476 computer to do something. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1477 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1478 Now we can begin to understand the error message: @samp{void-function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1479 this}. The function (that is, the word @samp{this}) does not have a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1480 definition of any set of instructions for the computer to carry out. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1481 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1482 The slightly odd word, @samp{void-function}, is designed to cover the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1483 way Emacs Lisp is implemented, which is that when a symbol does not |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1484 have a function definition attached to it, the place that should |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1485 contain the instructions is `void'. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1486 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1487 On the other hand, since we were able to add 2 plus 2 successfully, by |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1488 evaluating @code{(+ 2 2)}, we can infer that the symbol @code{+} must |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1489 have a set of instructions for the computer to obey and those |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1490 instructions must be to add the numbers that follow the @code{+}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1491 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1492 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1493 In GNU Emacs version 20, and in earlier versions, you will see only |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1494 one line of error message; it will appear in the echo area and look |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1495 like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1496 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1497 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1498 Symbol's function definition is void:@: this |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1499 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1500 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1501 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1502 (Also, your terminal may beep at you---some do, some don't; and others |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1503 blink. This is just a device to get your attention.) The message goes |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1504 away as soon as you type another key, even just to move the cursor. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1505 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1506 We know the meaning of the word @samp{Symbol}. It refers to the first |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1507 atom of the list, the word @samp{this}. The word @samp{function} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1508 refers to the instructions that tell the computer what to do. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1509 (Technically, the symbol tells the computer where to find the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1510 instructions, but this is a complication we can ignore for the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1511 moment.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1512 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1513 The error message can be understood: @samp{Symbol's function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1514 definition is void:@: this}. The symbol (that is, the word |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1515 @samp{this}) lacks instructions for the computer to carry out. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1516 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1517 @node Names & Definitions, Lisp Interpreter, Making Errors, List Processing |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1518 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1519 @section Symbol Names and Function Definitions |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1520 @cindex Symbol names |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1521 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1522 We can articulate another characteristic of Lisp based on what we have |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1523 discussed so far---an important characteristic: a symbol, like |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1524 @code{+}, is not itself the set of instructions for the computer to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1525 carry out. Instead, the symbol is used, perhaps temporarily, as a way |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1526 of locating the definition or set of instructions. What we see is the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1527 name through which the instructions can be found. Names of people |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1528 work the same way. I can be referred to as @samp{Bob}; however, I am |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
1529 not the letters @samp{B}, @samp{o}, @samp{b} but am, or was, the |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
1530 consciousness consistently associated with a particular life-form. |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
1531 The name is not me, but it can be used to refer to me. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1532 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1533 In Lisp, one set of instructions can be attached to several names. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1534 For example, the computer instructions for adding numbers can be |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1535 linked to the symbol @code{plus} as well as to the symbol @code{+} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1536 (and are in some dialects of Lisp). Among humans, I can be referred |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1537 to as @samp{Robert} as well as @samp{Bob} and by other words as well. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1538 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1539 On the other hand, a symbol can have only one function definition |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1540 attached to it at a time. Otherwise, the computer would be confused as |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1541 to which definition to use. If this were the case among people, only |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1542 one person in the world could be named @samp{Bob}. However, the function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1543 definition to which the name refers can be changed readily. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1544 (@xref{Install, , Install a Function Definition}.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1545 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1546 Since Emacs Lisp is large, it is customary to name symbols in a way |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1547 that identifies the part of Emacs to which the function belongs. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1548 Thus, all the names for functions that deal with Texinfo start with |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1549 @samp{texinfo-} and those for functions that deal with reading mail |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1550 start with @samp{rmail-}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
1551 |
7a66b17d124d
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parents:
diff
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|
1552 @node Lisp Interpreter, Evaluation, Names & Definitions, List Processing |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
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|
1553 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
1554 @section The Lisp Interpreter |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
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|
1555 @cindex Lisp interpreter, what it does |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
1556 @cindex Interpreter, what it does |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
1557 |
7a66b17d124d
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Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
1558 Based on what we have seen, we can now start to figure out what the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
1559 Lisp interpreter does when we command it to evaluate a list. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
1560 First, it looks to see whether there is a quote before the list; if |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
1561 there is, the interpreter just gives us the list. On the other |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
1562 hand, if there is no quote, the interpreter looks at the first element |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
1563 in the list and sees whether it has a function definition. If it does, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
1564 the interpreter carries out the instructions in the function definition. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
1565 Otherwise, the interpreter prints an error message. |
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Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
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|
1566 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
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|
1567 This is how Lisp works. Simple. There are added complications which we |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
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|
1568 will get to in a minute, but these are the fundamentals. Of course, to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
1569 write Lisp programs, you need to know how to write function definitions |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
1570 and attach them to names, and how to do this without confusing either |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
1571 yourself or the computer. |
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Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
1572 |
7a66b17d124d
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parents:
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|
1573 @menu |
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|
1574 * Complications:: Variables, Special forms, Lists within. |
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|
1575 * Byte Compiling:: Specially processing code for speed. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
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|
1576 @end menu |
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|
1577 |
7a66b17d124d
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|
1578 @node Complications, Byte Compiling, Lisp Interpreter, Lisp Interpreter |
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|
1579 @ifnottex |
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|
1580 @unnumberedsubsec Complications |
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|
1581 @end ifnottex |
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|
1582 |
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diff
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|
1583 Now, for the first complication. In addition to lists, the Lisp |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
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|
1584 interpreter can evaluate a symbol that is not quoted and does not have |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
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|
1585 parentheses around it. The Lisp interpreter will attempt to determine |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
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|
1586 the symbol's value as a @dfn{variable}. This situation is described |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
1587 in the section on variables. (@xref{Variables}.) |
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Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
1588 |
7a66b17d124d
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Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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|
1589 @cindex Special form |
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Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
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|
1590 The second complication occurs because some functions are unusual and do |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
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|
1591 not work in the usual manner. Those that don't are called @dfn{special |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
1592 forms}. They are used for special jobs, like defining a function, and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
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|
1593 there are not many of them. In the next few chapters, you will be |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
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|
1594 introduced to several of the more important special forms. |
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Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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|
1595 |
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|
1596 The third and final complication is this: if the function that the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
1597 Lisp interpreter is looking at is not a special form, and if it is part |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
1598 of a list, the Lisp interpreter looks to see whether the list has a list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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diff
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|
1599 inside of it. If there is an inner list, the Lisp interpreter first |
7a66b17d124d
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|
1600 figures out what it should do with the inside list, and then it works on |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
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|
1601 the outside list. If there is yet another list embedded inside the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
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|
1602 inner list, it works on that one first, and so on. It always works on |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
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|
1603 the innermost list first. The interpreter works on the innermost list |
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Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
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|
1604 first, to evaluate the result of that list. The result may be |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
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|
1605 used by the enclosing expression. |
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Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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diff
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|
1606 |
7a66b17d124d
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parents:
diff
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|
1607 Otherwise, the interpreter works left to right, from one expression to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
1608 the next. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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diff
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|
1609 |
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diff
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|
1610 @node Byte Compiling, , Complications, Lisp Interpreter |
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Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
1611 @subsection Byte Compiling |
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Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
1612 @cindex Byte compiling |
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Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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diff
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|
1613 |
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parents:
diff
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|
1614 One other aspect of interpreting: the Lisp interpreter is able to |
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Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
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|
1615 interpret two kinds of entity: humanly readable code, on which we will |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
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|
1616 focus exclusively, and specially processed code, called @dfn{byte |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
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|
1617 compiled} code, which is not humanly readable. Byte compiled code |
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Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
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|
1618 runs faster than humanly readable code. |
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Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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diff
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|
1619 |
7a66b17d124d
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parents:
diff
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|
1620 You can transform humanly readable code into byte compiled code by |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
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|
1621 running one of the compile commands such as @code{byte-compile-file}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
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|
1622 Byte compiled code is usually stored in a file that ends with a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
1623 @file{.elc} extension rather than a @file{.el} extension. You will |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
1624 see both kinds of file in the @file{emacs/lisp} directory; the files |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
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|
1625 to read are those with @file{.el} extensions. |
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Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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diff
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|
1626 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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diff
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|
1627 As a practical matter, for most things you might do to customize or |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
1628 extend Emacs, you do not need to byte compile; and I will not discuss |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
1629 the topic here. @xref{Byte Compilation, , Byte Compilation, elisp, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
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|
1630 The GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}, for a full description of byte |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
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|
1631 compilation. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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diff
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|
1632 |
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diff
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|
1633 @node Evaluation, Variables, Lisp Interpreter, List Processing |
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Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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diff
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|
1634 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
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diff
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|
1635 @section Evaluation |
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Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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|
1636 @cindex Evaluation |
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Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
1637 |
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diff
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|
1638 When the Lisp interpreter works on an expression, the term for the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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diff
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|
1639 activity is called @dfn{evaluation}. We say that the interpreter |
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Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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diff
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|
1640 `evaluates the expression'. I've used this term several times before. |
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Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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|
1641 The word comes from its use in everyday language, `to ascertain the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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diff
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|
1642 value or amount of; to appraise', according to @cite{Webster's New |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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|
1643 Collegiate Dictionary}. |
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|
1644 |
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|
1645 @menu |
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|
1646 * How the Interpreter Acts:: Returns and Side Effects... |
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|
1647 * Evaluating Inner Lists:: Lists within lists... |
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|
1648 @end menu |
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|
1649 |
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|
1650 @node How the Interpreter Acts, Evaluating Inner Lists, Evaluation, Evaluation |
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|
1651 @ifnottex |
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|
1652 @unnumberedsubsec How the Lisp Interpreter Acts |
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|
1653 @end ifnottex |
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|
1654 |
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|
1655 @cindex @samp{returned value} explained |
41421
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|
1656 After evaluating an expression, the Lisp interpreter will most likely |
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|
1657 @dfn{return} the value that the computer produces by carrying out the |
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|
1658 instructions it found in the function definition, or perhaps it will |
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|
1659 give up on that function and produce an error message. (The interpreter |
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Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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|
1660 may also find itself tossed, so to speak, to a different function or it |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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|
1661 may attempt to repeat continually what it is doing for ever and ever in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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diff
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|
1662 what is called an `infinite loop'. These actions are less common; and |
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|
1663 we can ignore them.) Most frequently, the interpreter returns a value. |
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|
1664 |
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|
1665 @cindex @samp{side effect} defined |
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|
1666 At the same time the interpreter returns a value, it may do something |
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changeset
|
1667 else as well, such as move a cursor or copy a file; this other kind of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1668 action is called a @dfn{side effect}. Actions that we humans think are |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1669 important, such as printing results, are often ``side effects'' to the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1670 Lisp interpreter. The jargon can sound peculiar, but it turns out that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1671 it is fairly easy to learn to use side effects. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1672 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1673 In summary, evaluating a symbolic expression most commonly causes the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1674 Lisp interpreter to return a value and perhaps carry out a side effect; |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1675 or else produce an error. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1676 |
73852
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
1677 @node Evaluating Inner Lists, , How the Interpreter Acts, Evaluation |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1678 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1679 @subsection Evaluating Inner Lists |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1680 @cindex Inner list evaluation |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1681 @cindex Evaluating inner lists |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1682 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1683 If evaluation applies to a list that is inside another list, the outer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1684 list may use the value returned by the first evaluation as information |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1685 when the outer list is evaluated. This explains why inner expressions |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1686 are evaluated first: the values they return are used by the outer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1687 expressions. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1688 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1689 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1690 We can investigate this process by evaluating another addition example. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1691 Place your cursor after the following expression and type @kbd{C-x C-e}: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1692 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1693 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1694 (+ 2 (+ 3 3)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1695 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1696 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1697 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1698 The number 8 will appear in the echo area. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1699 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1700 What happens is that the Lisp interpreter first evaluates the inner |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1701 expression, @code{(+ 3 3)}, for which the value 6 is returned; then it |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1702 evaluates the outer expression as if it were written @code{(+ 2 6)}, which |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1703 returns the value 8. Since there are no more enclosing expressions to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1704 evaluate, the interpreter prints that value in the echo area. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1705 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1706 Now it is easy to understand the name of the command invoked by the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1707 keystrokes @kbd{C-x C-e}: the name is @code{eval-last-sexp}. The |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1708 letters @code{sexp} are an abbreviation for `symbolic expression', and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1709 @code{eval} is an abbreviation for `evaluate'. The command means |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1710 `evaluate last symbolic expression'. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1711 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1712 As an experiment, you can try evaluating the expression by putting the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1713 cursor at the beginning of the next line immediately following the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1714 expression, or inside the expression. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1715 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1716 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1717 Here is another copy of the expression: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1718 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1719 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1720 (+ 2 (+ 3 3)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1721 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1722 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1723 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1724 If you place the cursor at the beginning of the blank line that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1725 immediately follows the expression and type @kbd{C-x C-e}, you will |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1726 still get the value 8 printed in the echo area. Now try putting the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1727 cursor inside the expression. If you put it right after the next to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1728 last parenthesis (so it appears to sit on top of the last parenthesis), |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1729 you will get a 6 printed in the echo area! This is because the command |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1730 evaluates the expression @code{(+ 3 3)}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1731 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1732 Now put the cursor immediately after a number. Type @kbd{C-x C-e} and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1733 you will get the number itself. In Lisp, if you evaluate a number, you |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1734 get the number itself---this is how numbers differ from symbols. If you |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1735 evaluate a list starting with a symbol like @code{+}, you will get a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1736 value returned that is the result of the computer carrying out the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1737 instructions in the function definition attached to that name. If a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1738 symbol by itself is evaluated, something different happens, as we will |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1739 see in the next section. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1740 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1741 @node Variables, Arguments, Evaluation, List Processing |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1742 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1743 @section Variables |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1744 @cindex Variables |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1745 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1746 In Emacs Lisp, a symbol can have a value attached to it just as it can |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1747 have a function definition attached to it. The two are different. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1748 The function definition is a set of instructions that a computer will |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1749 obey. A value, on the other hand, is something, such as number or a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1750 name, that can vary (which is why such a symbol is called a variable). |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1751 The value of a symbol can be any expression in Lisp, such as a symbol, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1752 number, list, or string. A symbol that has a value is often called a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1753 @dfn{variable}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1754 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1755 A symbol can have both a function definition and a value attached to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1756 it at the same time. Or it can have just one or the other. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1757 The two are separate. This is somewhat similar |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1758 to the way the name Cambridge can refer to the city in Massachusetts |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1759 and have some information attached to the name as well, such as |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1760 ``great programming center''. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1761 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1762 @ignore |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1763 (Incidentally, in Emacs Lisp, a symbol can have two |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1764 other things attached to it, too: a property list and a documentation |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1765 string; these are discussed later.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1766 @end ignore |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1767 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1768 Another way to think about this is to imagine a symbol as being a chest |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1769 of drawers. The function definition is put in one drawer, the value in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1770 another, and so on. What is put in the drawer holding the value can be |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1771 changed without affecting the contents of the drawer holding the |
73587
c84b73607df3
Removed INSTALL MANIFEST since those files are now irrelevant.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73554
diff
changeset
|
1772 function definition, and vice-verse. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1773 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1774 @menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1775 * fill-column Example:: |
73854
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
1776 * Void Function:: The error message for a symbol |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
1777 without a function. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
1778 * Void Variable:: The error message for a symbol without a value. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1779 @end menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1780 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1781 @node fill-column Example, Void Function, Variables, Variables |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1782 @ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1783 @unnumberedsubsec @code{fill-column}, an Example Variable |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1784 @end ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1785 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1786 @findex fill-column, @r{an example variable} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1787 @cindex Example variable, @code{fill-column} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1788 @cindex Variable, example of, @code{fill-column} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1789 The variable @code{fill-column} illustrates a symbol with a value |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1790 attached to it: in every GNU Emacs buffer, this symbol is set to some |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1791 value, usually 72 or 70, but sometimes to some other value. To find the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1792 value of this symbol, evaluate it by itself. If you are reading this in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1793 Info inside of GNU Emacs, you can do this by putting the cursor after |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1794 the symbol and typing @kbd{C-x C-e}: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1795 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1796 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1797 fill-column |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1798 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1799 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
1800 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1801 After I typed @kbd{C-x C-e}, Emacs printed the number 72 in my echo |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1802 area. This is the value for which @code{fill-column} is set for me as I |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1803 write this. It may be different for you in your Info buffer. Notice |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1804 that the value returned as a variable is printed in exactly the same way |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1805 as the value returned by a function carrying out its instructions. From |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1806 the point of view of the Lisp interpreter, a value returned is a value |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1807 returned. What kind of expression it came from ceases to matter once |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1808 the value is known. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1809 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
1810 A symbol can have any value attached to it or, to use the jargon, we can |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
1811 @dfn{bind} the variable to a value: to a number, such as 72; to a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1812 string, @code{"such as this"}; to a list, such as @code{(spruce pine |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
1813 oak)}; we can even bind a variable to a function definition. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
1814 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
1815 A symbol can be bound to a value in several ways. @xref{set & setq, , |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
1816 Setting the Value of a Variable}, for information about one way to do |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
1817 this. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
1818 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
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|
1819 @node Void Function, Void Variable, fill-column Example, Variables |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1820 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1821 @subsection Error Message for a Symbol Without a Function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
1822 @cindex Symbol without function error |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
1823 @cindex Error for symbol without function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
1824 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
1825 When we evaluated @code{fill-column} to find its value as a variable, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1826 we did not place parentheses around the word. This is because we did |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
1827 not intend to use it as a function name. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
1828 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
1829 If @code{fill-column} were the first or only element of a list, the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
1830 Lisp interpreter would attempt to find the function definition |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1831 attached to it. But @code{fill-column} has no function definition. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1832 Try evaluating this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1833 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1834 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1835 (fill-column) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1836 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1837 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
1838 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
1839 @noindent |
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Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
1840 In GNU Emacs version 22, you will create a @file{*Backtrace*} buffer |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
1841 that says: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1842 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1843 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1844 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1845 ---------- Buffer: *Backtrace* ---------- |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1846 Debugger entered--Lisp error: (void-function fill-column) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1847 (fill-column) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1848 eval((fill-column)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1849 eval-last-sexp-1(nil) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1850 eval-last-sexp(nil) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1851 call-interactively(eval-last-sexp) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1852 ---------- Buffer: *Backtrace* ---------- |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1853 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1854 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1855 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1856 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1857 (Remember, to quit the debugger and make the debugger window go away, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1858 type @kbd{q} in the @file{*Backtrace*} buffer.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1859 |
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|
1860 @ignore |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
1861 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1862 In GNU Emacs 20 and before, you will produce an error message that says: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1863 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1864 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1865 Symbol's function definition is void:@: fill-column |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
1866 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
1867 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
1868 @noindent |
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Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
1869 (The message will go away as soon as you move the cursor or type |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
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|
1870 another key.) |
73554
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Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
1871 @end ignore |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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diff
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|
1872 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
1873 @node Void Variable, , Void Function, Variables |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1874 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
1875 @subsection Error Message for a Symbol Without a Value |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
1876 @cindex Symbol without value error |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
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|
1877 @cindex Error for symbol without value |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
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|
1878 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
1879 If you attempt to evaluate a symbol that does not have a value bound to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
1880 it, you will receive an error message. You can see this by |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1881 experimenting with our 2 plus 2 addition. In the following expression, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1882 put your cursor right after the @code{+}, before the first number 2, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1883 type @kbd{C-x C-e}: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1884 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1885 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1886 (+ 2 2) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1887 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
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|
1888 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
1889 @need 1500 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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diff
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|
1890 @noindent |
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|
1891 In GNU Emacs 22, you will create a @file{*Backtrace*} buffer that |
41421
7a66b17d124d
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|
1892 says: |
7a66b17d124d
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diff
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|
1893 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1894 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
1895 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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diff
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|
1896 ---------- Buffer: *Backtrace* ---------- |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
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|
1897 Debugger entered--Lisp error: (void-variable +) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
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|
1898 eval(+) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
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|
1899 eval-last-sexp-1(nil) |
7a66b17d124d
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|
1900 eval-last-sexp(nil) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
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|
1901 call-interactively(eval-last-sexp) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
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|
1902 ---------- Buffer: *Backtrace* ---------- |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
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|
1903 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
1904 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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diff
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|
1905 |
7a66b17d124d
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parents:
diff
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|
1906 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1907 (As with the other times we entered the debugger, you can quit by |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1908 typing @kbd{q} in the @file{*Backtrace*} buffer.) |
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1909 |
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1910 This backtrace is different from the very first error message we saw, |
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1911 which said, @samp{Debugger entered--Lisp error: (void-function this)}. |
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1912 In this case, the function does not have a value as a variable; while |
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1913 in the other error message, the function (the word `this') did not |
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1914 have a definition. |
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1915 |
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1916 In this experiment with the @code{+}, what we did was cause the Lisp |
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1917 interpreter to evaluate the @code{+} and look for the value of the |
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1918 variable instead of the function definition. We did this by placing the |
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1919 cursor right after the symbol rather than after the parenthesis of the |
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1920 enclosing list as we did before. As a consequence, the Lisp interpreter |
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1921 evaluated the preceding s-expression, which in this case was the |
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1922 @code{+} by itself. |
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1923 |
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1924 Since @code{+} does not have a value bound to it, just the function |
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1925 definition, the error message reported that the symbol's value as a |
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1926 variable was void. |
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1927 |
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1928 @ignore |
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1929 @need 800 |
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1930 In GNU Emacs version 20 and before, your error message will say: |
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1931 |
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1932 @example |
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1933 Symbol's value as variable is void:@: + |
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1934 @end example |
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1935 |
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1936 @noindent |
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1937 The meaning is the same as in GNU Emacs 22. |
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1938 @end ignore |
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1939 |
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1940 @node Arguments, set & setq, Variables, List Processing |
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1941 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
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1942 @section Arguments |
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1943 @cindex Arguments |
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1944 @cindex Passing information to functions |
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1945 |
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1946 To see how information is passed to functions, let's look again at |
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1947 our old standby, the addition of two plus two. In Lisp, this is written |
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1948 as follows: |
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1949 |
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1950 @smallexample |
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1951 (+ 2 2) |
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1952 @end smallexample |
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1953 |
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1954 If you evaluate this expression, the number 4 will appear in your echo |
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1955 area. What the Lisp interpreter does is add the numbers that follow |
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1956 the @code{+}. |
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1957 |
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1958 @cindex @samp{argument} defined |
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1959 The numbers added by @code{+} are called the @dfn{arguments} of the |
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1960 function @code{+}. These numbers are the information that is given to |
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1961 or @dfn{passed} to the function. |
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1962 |
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1963 The word `argument' comes from the way it is used in mathematics and |
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1964 does not refer to a disputation between two people; instead it refers to |
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1965 the information presented to the function, in this case, to the |
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1966 @code{+}. In Lisp, the arguments to a function are the atoms or lists |
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1967 that follow the function. The values returned by the evaluation of |
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1968 these atoms or lists are passed to the function. Different functions |
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1969 require different numbers of arguments; some functions require none at |
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1970 all.@footnote{It is curious to track the path by which the word `argument' |
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1971 came to have two different meanings, one in mathematics and the other in |
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1972 everyday English. According to the @cite{Oxford English Dictionary}, |
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1973 the word derives from the Latin for @samp{to make clear, prove}; thus it |
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1974 came to mean, by one thread of derivation, `the evidence offered as |
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1975 proof', which is to say, `the information offered', which led to its |
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1976 meaning in Lisp. But in the other thread of derivation, it came to mean |
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1977 `to assert in a manner against which others may make counter |
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1978 assertions', which led to the meaning of the word as a disputation. |
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1979 (Note here that the English word has two different definitions attached |
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1980 to it at the same time. By contrast, in Emacs Lisp, a symbol cannot |
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1981 have two different function definitions at the same time.)} |
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1982 |
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1983 @menu |
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1984 * Data types:: Types of data passed to a function. |
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1985 * Args as Variable or List:: An argument can be the value |
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1986 of a variable or list. |
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1987 * Variable Number of Arguments:: Some functions may take a |
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1988 variable number of arguments. |
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1989 * Wrong Type of Argument:: Passing an argument of the wrong type |
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1990 to a function. |
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1991 * message:: A useful function for sending messages. |
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1992 @end menu |
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1993 |
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1994 @node Data types, Args as Variable or List, Arguments, Arguments |
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1995 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
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1996 @subsection Arguments' Data Types |
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1997 @cindex Data types |
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1998 @cindex Types of data |
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1999 @cindex Arguments' data types |
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2000 |
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2001 The type of data that should be passed to a function depends on what |
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2002 kind of information it uses. The arguments to a function such as |
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2003 @code{+} must have values that are numbers, since @code{+} adds numbers. |
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2004 Other functions use different kinds of data for their arguments. |
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2005 |
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2006 @need 1250 |
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2007 @findex concat |
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2008 For example, the @code{concat} function links together or unites two or |
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2009 more strings of text to produce a string. The arguments are strings. |
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2010 Concatenating the two character strings @code{abc}, @code{def} produces |
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2011 the single string @code{abcdef}. This can be seen by evaluating the |
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2012 following: |
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2013 |
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2014 @smallexample |
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2015 (concat "abc" "def") |
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2016 @end smallexample |
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2017 |
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2018 @noindent |
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2019 The value produced by evaluating this expression is @code{"abcdef"}. |
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2020 |
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2021 A function such as @code{substring} uses both a string and numbers as |
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2022 arguments. The function returns a part of the string, a substring of |
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2023 the first argument. This function takes three arguments. Its first |
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2024 argument is the string of characters, the second and third arguments are |
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2025 numbers that indicate the beginning and end of the substring. The |
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2026 numbers are a count of the number of characters (including spaces and |
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2027 punctuations) from the beginning of the string. |
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2028 |
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diff
changeset
|
2029 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2030 For example, if you evaluate the following: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2031 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2032 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2033 (substring "The quick brown fox jumped." 16 19) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2034 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2035 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2036 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2037 you will see @code{"fox"} appear in the echo area. The arguments are the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2038 string and the two numbers. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2039 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2040 Note that the string passed to @code{substring} is a single atom even |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2041 though it is made up of several words separated by spaces. Lisp counts |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2042 everything between the two quotation marks as part of the string, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2043 including the spaces. You can think of the @code{substring} function as |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2044 a kind of `atom smasher' since it takes an otherwise indivisible atom |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2045 and extracts a part. However, @code{substring} is only able to extract |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2046 a substring from an argument that is a string, not from another type of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2047 atom such as a number or symbol. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2048 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2049 @node Args as Variable or List, Variable Number of Arguments, Data types, Arguments |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2050 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2051 @subsection An Argument as the Value of a Variable or List |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2052 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2053 An argument can be a symbol that returns a value when it is evaluated. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2054 For example, when the symbol @code{fill-column} by itself is evaluated, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2055 it returns a number. This number can be used in an addition. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2056 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2057 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2058 Position the cursor after the following expression and type @kbd{C-x |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2059 C-e}: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2060 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2061 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2062 (+ 2 fill-column) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2063 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2064 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2065 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2066 The value will be a number two more than what you get by evaluating |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
2067 @code{fill-column} alone. For me, this is 74, because my value of |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2068 @code{fill-column} is 72. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2069 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2070 As we have just seen, an argument can be a symbol that returns a value |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2071 when evaluated. In addition, an argument can be a list that returns a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2072 value when it is evaluated. For example, in the following expression, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2073 the arguments to the function @code{concat} are the strings |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2074 @w{@code{"The "}} and @w{@code{" red foxes."}} and the list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2075 @code{(number-to-string (+ 2 fill-column))}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2076 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
2077 @c For GNU Emacs 22, need number-to-string |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2078 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2079 (concat "The " (number-to-string (+ 2 fill-column)) " red foxes.") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2080 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2081 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2082 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2083 If you evaluate this expression---and if, as with my Emacs, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2084 @code{fill-column} evaluates to 72---@code{"The 74 red foxes."} will |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2085 appear in the echo area. (Note that you must put spaces after the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2086 word @samp{The} and before the word @samp{red} so they will appear in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2087 the final string. The function @code{number-to-string} converts the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2088 integer that the addition function returns to a string. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2089 @code{number-to-string} is also known as @code{int-to-string}.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2090 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2091 @node Variable Number of Arguments, Wrong Type of Argument, Args as Variable or List, Arguments |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2092 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2093 @subsection Variable Number of Arguments |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2094 @cindex Variable number of arguments |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2095 @cindex Arguments, variable number of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2096 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2097 Some functions, such as @code{concat}, @code{+} or @code{*}, take any |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2098 number of arguments. (The @code{*} is the symbol for multiplication.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2099 This can be seen by evaluating each of the following expressions in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2100 the usual way. What you will see in the echo area is printed in this |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2101 text after @samp{@result{}}, which you may read as `evaluates to'. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2102 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2103 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2104 In the first set, the functions have no arguments: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2105 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2106 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2107 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2108 (+) @result{} 0 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2109 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2110 (*) @result{} 1 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2111 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2112 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2113 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2114 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2115 In this set, the functions have one argument each: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2116 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2117 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2118 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2119 (+ 3) @result{} 3 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2120 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2121 (* 3) @result{} 3 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2122 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2123 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2124 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2125 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2126 In this set, the functions have three arguments each: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2127 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2128 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2129 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2130 (+ 3 4 5) @result{} 12 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2131 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2132 (* 3 4 5) @result{} 60 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2133 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2134 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2135 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2136 @node Wrong Type of Argument, message, Variable Number of Arguments, Arguments |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2137 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2138 @subsection Using the Wrong Type Object as an Argument |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2139 @cindex Wrong type of argument |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2140 @cindex Argument, wrong type of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2141 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2142 When a function is passed an argument of the wrong type, the Lisp |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2143 interpreter produces an error message. For example, the @code{+} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2144 function expects the values of its arguments to be numbers. As an |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2145 experiment we can pass it the quoted symbol @code{hello} instead of a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2146 number. Position the cursor after the following expression and type |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2147 @kbd{C-x C-e}: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2148 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2149 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2150 (+ 2 'hello) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2151 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2152 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2153 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2154 When you do this you will generate an error message. What has happened |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2155 is that @code{+} has tried to add the 2 to the value returned by |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2156 @code{'hello}, but the value returned by @code{'hello} is the symbol |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2157 @code{hello}, not a number. Only numbers can be added. So @code{+} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2158 could not carry out its addition. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2159 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2160 @need 1250 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
2161 In GNU Emacs version 22, you will create and enter a |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2162 @file{*Backtrace*} buffer that says: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2163 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2164 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2165 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2166 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2167 ---------- Buffer: *Backtrace* ---------- |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2168 Debugger entered--Lisp error: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2169 (wrong-type-argument number-or-marker-p hello) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2170 +(2 hello) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2171 eval((+ 2 (quote hello))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2172 eval-last-sexp-1(nil) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2173 eval-last-sexp(nil) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2174 call-interactively(eval-last-sexp) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2175 ---------- Buffer: *Backtrace* ---------- |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2176 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2177 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2178 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2179 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2180 As usual, the error message tries to be helpful and makes sense after you |
57334
37199d6ac2c7
Add minor footnotes saying ' is an abbreviation for quote.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
56940
diff
changeset
|
2181 learn how to read it.@footnote{@code{(quote hello)} is an expansion of |
37199d6ac2c7
Add minor footnotes saying ' is an abbreviation for quote.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
56940
diff
changeset
|
2182 the abbreviation @code{'hello}.} |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2183 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2184 The first part of the error message is straightforward; it says |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2185 @samp{wrong type argument}. Next comes the mysterious jargon word |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2186 @w{@samp{number-or-marker-p}}. This word is trying to tell you what |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2187 kind of argument the @code{+} expected. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2188 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2189 The symbol @code{number-or-marker-p} says that the Lisp interpreter is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2190 trying to determine whether the information presented it (the value of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2191 the argument) is a number or a marker (a special object representing a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2192 buffer position). What it does is test to see whether the @code{+} is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2193 being given numbers to add. It also tests to see whether the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2194 argument is something called a marker, which is a specific feature of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2195 Emacs Lisp. (In Emacs, locations in a buffer are recorded as markers. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2196 When the mark is set with the @kbd{C-@@} or @kbd{C-@key{SPC}} command, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2197 its position is kept as a marker. The mark can be considered a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2198 number---the number of characters the location is from the beginning |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2199 of the buffer.) In Emacs Lisp, @code{+} can be used to add the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2200 numeric value of marker positions as numbers. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2201 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2202 The @samp{p} of @code{number-or-marker-p} is the embodiment of a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2203 practice started in the early days of Lisp programming. The @samp{p} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2204 stands for `predicate'. In the jargon used by the early Lisp |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2205 researchers, a predicate refers to a function to determine whether some |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2206 property is true or false. So the @samp{p} tells us that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2207 @code{number-or-marker-p} is the name of a function that determines |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2208 whether it is true or false that the argument supplied is a number or |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2209 a marker. Other Lisp symbols that end in @samp{p} include @code{zerop}, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2210 a function that tests whether its argument has the value of zero, and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2211 @code{listp}, a function that tests whether its argument is a list. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2212 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2213 Finally, the last part of the error message is the symbol @code{hello}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2214 This is the value of the argument that was passed to @code{+}. If the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2215 addition had been passed the correct type of object, the value passed |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2216 would have been a number, such as 37, rather than a symbol like |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2217 @code{hello}. But then you would not have got the error message. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2218 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
2219 @ignore |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2220 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2221 In GNU Emacs version 20 and before, the echo area displays an error |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2222 message that says: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2223 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2224 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2225 Wrong type argument:@: number-or-marker-p, hello |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2226 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2227 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2228 This says, in different words, the same as the top line of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2229 @file{*Backtrace*} buffer. |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
2230 @end ignore |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2231 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2232 @node message, , Wrong Type of Argument, Arguments |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2233 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2234 @subsection The @code{message} Function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2235 @findex message |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2236 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2237 Like @code{+}, the @code{message} function takes a variable number of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2238 arguments. It is used to send messages to the user and is so useful |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2239 that we will describe it here. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2240 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2241 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2242 A message is printed in the echo area. For example, you can print a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2243 message in your echo area by evaluating the following list: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2244 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2245 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2246 (message "This message appears in the echo area!") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2247 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2248 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2249 The whole string between double quotation marks is a single argument |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2250 and is printed @i{in toto}. (Note that in this example, the message |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2251 itself will appear in the echo area within double quotes; that is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2252 because you see the value returned by the @code{message} function. In |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2253 most uses of @code{message} in programs that you write, the text will |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2254 be printed in the echo area as a side-effect, without the quotes. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2255 @xref{multiply-by-seven in detail, , @code{multiply-by-seven} in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2256 detail}, for an example of this.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2257 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2258 However, if there is a @samp{%s} in the quoted string of characters, the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2259 @code{message} function does not print the @samp{%s} as such, but looks |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2260 to the argument that follows the string. It evaluates the second |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2261 argument and prints the value at the location in the string where the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2262 @samp{%s} is. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2263 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2264 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2265 You can see this by positioning the cursor after the following |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2266 expression and typing @kbd{C-x C-e}: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2267 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2268 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2269 (message "The name of this buffer is: %s." (buffer-name)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2270 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2271 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2272 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2273 In Info, @code{"The name of this buffer is: *info*."} will appear in the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2274 echo area. The function @code{buffer-name} returns the name of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2275 buffer as a string, which the @code{message} function inserts in place |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2276 of @code{%s}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2277 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2278 To print a value as an integer, use @samp{%d} in the same way as |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2279 @samp{%s}. For example, to print a message in the echo area that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2280 states the value of the @code{fill-column}, evaluate the following: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2281 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2282 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2283 (message "The value of fill-column is %d." fill-column) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2284 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2285 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2286 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2287 On my system, when I evaluate this list, @code{"The value of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2288 fill-column is 72."} appears in my echo area@footnote{Actually, you |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2289 can use @code{%s} to print a number. It is non-specific. @code{%d} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2290 prints only the part of a number left of a decimal point, and not |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2291 anything that is not a number.}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2292 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2293 If there is more than one @samp{%s} in the quoted string, the value of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2294 the first argument following the quoted string is printed at the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2295 location of the first @samp{%s} and the value of the second argument is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2296 printed at the location of the second @samp{%s}, and so on. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2297 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2298 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2299 For example, if you evaluate the following, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2300 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2301 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2302 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2303 (message "There are %d %s in the office!" |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2304 (- fill-column 14) "pink elephants") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2305 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2306 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2307 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2308 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2309 a rather whimsical message will appear in your echo area. On my system |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2310 it says, @code{"There are 58 pink elephants in the office!"}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2311 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2312 The expression @code{(- fill-column 14)} is evaluated and the resulting |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2313 number is inserted in place of the @samp{%d}; and the string in double |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2314 quotes, @code{"pink elephants"}, is treated as a single argument and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2315 inserted in place of the @samp{%s}. (That is to say, a string between |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2316 double quotes evaluates to itself, like a number.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2317 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2318 Finally, here is a somewhat complex example that not only illustrates |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2319 the computation of a number, but also shows how you can use an |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2320 expression within an expression to generate the text that is substituted |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2321 for @samp{%s}: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2322 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2323 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2324 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2325 (message "He saw %d %s" |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
2326 (- fill-column 32) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2327 (concat "red " |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2328 (substring |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2329 "The quick brown foxes jumped." 16 21) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2330 " leaping.")) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2331 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2332 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2333 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2334 In this example, @code{message} has three arguments: the string, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2335 @code{"He saw %d %s"}, the expression, @code{(- fill-column 32)}, and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2336 the expression beginning with the function @code{concat}. The value |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2337 resulting from the evaluation of @code{(- fill-column 32)} is inserted |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2338 in place of the @samp{%d}; and the value returned by the expression |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2339 beginning with @code{concat} is inserted in place of the @samp{%s}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2340 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
2341 When your fill column is 70 and you evaluate the expression, the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
2342 message @code{"He saw 38 red foxes leaping."} appears in your echo |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
2343 area. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2344 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2345 @node set & setq, Summary, Arguments, List Processing |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2346 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2347 @section Setting the Value of a Variable |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2348 @cindex Variable, setting value |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2349 @cindex Setting value of variable |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2350 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2351 @cindex @samp{bind} defined |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2352 There are several ways by which a variable can be given a value. One of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2353 the ways is to use either the function @code{set} or the function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2354 @code{setq}. Another way is to use @code{let} (@pxref{let}). (The |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2355 jargon for this process is to @dfn{bind} a variable to a value.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2356 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2357 The following sections not only describe how @code{set} and @code{setq} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2358 work but also illustrate how arguments are passed. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2359 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2360 @menu |
73854
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
2361 * Using set:: Setting values. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
2362 * Using setq:: Setting a quoted value. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
2363 * Counting:: Using @code{setq} to count. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2364 @end menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2365 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2366 @node Using set, Using setq, set & setq, set & setq |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2367 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2368 @subsection Using @code{set} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2369 @findex set |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2370 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2371 To set the value of the symbol @code{flowers} to the list @code{'(rose |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2372 violet daisy buttercup)}, evaluate the following expression by |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2373 positioning the cursor after the expression and typing @kbd{C-x C-e}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2374 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2375 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2376 (set 'flowers '(rose violet daisy buttercup)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2377 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2378 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2379 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2380 The list @code{(rose violet daisy buttercup)} will appear in the echo |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2381 area. This is what is @emph{returned} by the @code{set} function. As a |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
2382 side effect, the symbol @code{flowers} is bound to the list; that is, |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2383 the symbol @code{flowers}, which can be viewed as a variable, is given |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2384 the list as its value. (This process, by the way, illustrates how a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2385 side effect to the Lisp interpreter, setting the value, can be the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2386 primary effect that we humans are interested in. This is because every |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2387 Lisp function must return a value if it does not get an error, but it |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2388 will only have a side effect if it is designed to have one.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2389 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2390 After evaluating the @code{set} expression, you can evaluate the symbol |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2391 @code{flowers} and it will return the value you just set. Here is the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2392 symbol. Place your cursor after it and type @kbd{C-x C-e}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2393 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2394 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2395 flowers |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2396 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2397 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2398 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2399 When you evaluate @code{flowers}, the list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2400 @code{(rose violet daisy buttercup)} appears in the echo area. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2401 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2402 Incidentally, if you evaluate @code{'flowers}, the variable with a quote |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2403 in front of it, what you will see in the echo area is the symbol itself, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2404 @code{flowers}. Here is the quoted symbol, so you can try this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2405 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2406 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2407 'flowers |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2408 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2409 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2410 Note also, that when you use @code{set}, you need to quote both |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2411 arguments to @code{set}, unless you want them evaluated. Since we do |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2412 not want either argument evaluated, neither the variable |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2413 @code{flowers} nor the list @code{(rose violet daisy buttercup)}, both |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2414 are quoted. (When you use @code{set} without quoting its first |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2415 argument, the first argument is evaluated before anything else is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2416 done. If you did this and @code{flowers} did not have a value |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2417 already, you would get an error message that the @samp{Symbol's value |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2418 as variable is void}; on the other hand, if @code{flowers} did return |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2419 a value after it was evaluated, the @code{set} would attempt to set |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2420 the value that was returned. There are situations where this is the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2421 right thing for the function to do; but such situations are rare.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2422 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2423 @node Using setq, Counting, Using set, set & setq |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2424 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2425 @subsection Using @code{setq} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2426 @findex setq |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2427 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2428 As a practical matter, you almost always quote the first argument to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2429 @code{set}. The combination of @code{set} and a quoted first argument |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2430 is so common that it has its own name: the special form @code{setq}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2431 This special form is just like @code{set} except that the first argument |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2432 is quoted automatically, so you don't need to type the quote mark |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2433 yourself. Also, as an added convenience, @code{setq} permits you to set |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2434 several different variables to different values, all in one expression. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2435 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2436 To set the value of the variable @code{carnivores} to the list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2437 @code{'(lion tiger leopard)} using @code{setq}, the following expression |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2438 is used: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2439 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2440 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2441 (setq carnivores '(lion tiger leopard)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2442 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2443 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2444 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2445 This is exactly the same as using @code{set} except the first argument |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2446 is automatically quoted by @code{setq}. (The @samp{q} in @code{setq} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2447 means @code{quote}.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2448 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2449 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2450 With @code{set}, the expression would look like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2451 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2452 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2453 (set 'carnivores '(lion tiger leopard)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2454 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2455 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2456 Also, @code{setq} can be used to assign different values to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2457 different variables. The first argument is bound to the value |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2458 of the second argument, the third argument is bound to the value of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2459 fourth argument, and so on. For example, you could use the following to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2460 assign a list of trees to the symbol @code{trees} and a list of herbivores |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2461 to the symbol @code{herbivores}: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2462 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2463 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2464 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2465 (setq trees '(pine fir oak maple) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2466 herbivores '(gazelle antelope zebra)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2467 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2468 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2469 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2470 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2471 (The expression could just as well have been on one line, but it might |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2472 not have fit on a page; and humans find it easier to read nicely |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2473 formatted lists.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2474 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2475 Although I have been using the term `assign', there is another way of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2476 thinking about the workings of @code{set} and @code{setq}; and that is to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2477 say that @code{set} and @code{setq} make the symbol @emph{point} to the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2478 list. This latter way of thinking is very common and in forthcoming |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2479 chapters we shall come upon at least one symbol that has `pointer' as |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2480 part of its name. The name is chosen because the symbol has a value, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2481 specifically a list, attached to it; or, expressed another way, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2482 the symbol is set to ``point'' to the list. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2483 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2484 @node Counting, , Using setq, set & setq |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2485 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2486 @subsection Counting |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2487 @cindex Counting |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2488 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2489 Here is an example that shows how to use @code{setq} in a counter. You |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2490 might use this to count how many times a part of your program repeats |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2491 itself. First set a variable to zero; then add one to the number each |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2492 time the program repeats itself. To do this, you need a variable that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2493 serves as a counter, and two expressions: an initial @code{setq} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2494 expression that sets the counter variable to zero; and a second |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2495 @code{setq} expression that increments the counter each time it is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2496 evaluated. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2497 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2498 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2499 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2500 (setq counter 0) ; @r{Let's call this the initializer.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2501 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2502 (setq counter (+ counter 1)) ; @r{This is the incrementer.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2503 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2504 counter ; @r{This is the counter.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2505 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2506 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2507 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2508 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2509 (The text following the @samp{;} are comments. @xref{Change a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2510 defun, , Change a Function Definition}.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2511 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2512 If you evaluate the first of these expressions, the initializer, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2513 @code{(setq counter 0)}, and then evaluate the third expression, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2514 @code{counter}, the number @code{0} will appear in the echo area. If |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2515 you then evaluate the second expression, the incrementer, @code{(setq |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2516 counter (+ counter 1))}, the counter will get the value 1. So if you |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2517 again evaluate @code{counter}, the number @code{1} will appear in the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2518 echo area. Each time you evaluate the second expression, the value of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2519 the counter will be incremented. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2520 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2521 When you evaluate the incrementer, @code{(setq counter (+ counter 1))}, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2522 the Lisp interpreter first evaluates the innermost list; this is the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2523 addition. In order to evaluate this list, it must evaluate the variable |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2524 @code{counter} and the number @code{1}. When it evaluates the variable |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2525 @code{counter}, it receives its current value. It passes this value and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2526 the number @code{1} to the @code{+} which adds them together. The sum |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2527 is then returned as the value of the inner list and passed to the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2528 @code{setq} which sets the variable @code{counter} to this new value. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2529 Thus, the value of the variable, @code{counter}, is changed. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2530 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2531 @node Summary, Error Message Exercises, set & setq, List Processing |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2532 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2533 @section Summary |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2534 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2535 Learning Lisp is like climbing a hill in which the first part is the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2536 steepest. You have now climbed the most difficult part; what remains |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2537 becomes easier as you progress onwards. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2538 |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
2539 @need 1000 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2540 In summary, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2541 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2542 @itemize @bullet |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2543 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2544 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2545 Lisp programs are made up of expressions, which are lists or single atoms. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2546 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2547 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2548 Lists are made up of zero or more atoms or inner lists, separated by whitespace and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2549 surrounded by parentheses. A list can be empty. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2550 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2551 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2552 Atoms are multi-character symbols, like @code{forward-paragraph}, single |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2553 character symbols like @code{+}, strings of characters between double |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2554 quotation marks, or numbers. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2555 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2556 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2557 A number evaluates to itself. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2558 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2559 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2560 A string between double quotes also evaluates to itself. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2561 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2562 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2563 When you evaluate a symbol by itself, its value is returned. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2564 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2565 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2566 When you evaluate a list, the Lisp interpreter looks at the first symbol |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2567 in the list and then at the function definition bound to that symbol. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2568 Then the instructions in the function definition are carried out. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2569 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2570 @item |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
2571 A single quotation mark, |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
2572 @ifinfo |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
2573 ' |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
2574 @end ifinfo |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
2575 @ifnotinfo |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
2576 @code{'} |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
2577 @end ifnotinfo |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
2578 , tells the Lisp interpreter that it should |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2579 return the following expression as written, and not evaluate it as it |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2580 would if the quote were not there. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2581 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2582 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2583 Arguments are the information passed to a function. The arguments to a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2584 function are computed by evaluating the rest of the elements of the list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2585 of which the function is the first element. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2586 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2587 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2588 A function always returns a value when it is evaluated (unless it gets |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2589 an error); in addition, it may also carry out some action called a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2590 ``side effect''. In many cases, a function's primary purpose is to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2591 create a side effect. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2592 @end itemize |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2593 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2594 @node Error Message Exercises, , Summary, List Processing |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2595 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2596 @section Exercises |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2597 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2598 A few simple exercises: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2599 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2600 @itemize @bullet |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2601 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2602 Generate an error message by evaluating an appropriate symbol that is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2603 not within parentheses. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2604 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2605 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2606 Generate an error message by evaluating an appropriate symbol that is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2607 between parentheses. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2608 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2609 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2610 Create a counter that increments by two rather than one. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2611 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2612 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2613 Write an expression that prints a message in the echo area when |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2614 evaluated. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2615 @end itemize |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2616 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2617 @node Practicing Evaluation, Writing Defuns, List Processing, Top |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2618 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2619 @chapter Practicing Evaluation |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2620 @cindex Practicing evaluation |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2621 @cindex Evaluation practice |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2622 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2623 Before learning how to write a function definition in Emacs Lisp, it is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2624 useful to spend a little time evaluating various expressions that have |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2625 already been written. These expressions will be lists with the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2626 functions as their first (and often only) element. Since some of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2627 functions associated with buffers are both simple and interesting, we |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2628 will start with those. In this section, we will evaluate a few of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2629 these. In another section, we will study the code of several other |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2630 buffer-related functions, to see how they were written. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2631 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2632 @menu |
73854
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
2633 * How to Evaluate:: Typing editing commands or @kbd{C-x C-e} |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
2634 causes evaluation. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
2635 * Buffer Names:: Buffers and files are different. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
2636 * Getting Buffers:: Getting a buffer itself, not merely its name. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
2637 * Switching Buffers:: How to change to another buffer. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
2638 * Buffer Size & Locations:: Where point is located and the size of |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
2639 the buffer. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2640 * Evaluation Exercise:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2641 @end menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2642 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2643 @node How to Evaluate, Buffer Names, Practicing Evaluation, Practicing Evaluation |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2644 @ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2645 @unnumberedsec How to Evaluate |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2646 @end ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2647 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2648 @i{Whenever you give an editing command} to Emacs Lisp, such as the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2649 command to move the cursor or to scroll the screen, @i{you are evaluating |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2650 an expression,} the first element of which is a function. @i{This is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2651 how Emacs works.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2652 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2653 @cindex @samp{interactive function} defined |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2654 @cindex @samp{command} defined |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2655 When you type keys, you cause the Lisp interpreter to evaluate an |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2656 expression and that is how you get your results. Even typing plain text |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2657 involves evaluating an Emacs Lisp function, in this case, one that uses |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2658 @code{self-insert-command}, which simply inserts the character you |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2659 typed. The functions you evaluate by typing keystrokes are called |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2660 @dfn{interactive} functions, or @dfn{commands}; how you make a function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2661 interactive will be illustrated in the chapter on how to write function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2662 definitions. @xref{Interactive, , Making a Function Interactive}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2663 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2664 In addition to typing keyboard commands, we have seen a second way to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2665 evaluate an expression: by positioning the cursor after a list and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2666 typing @kbd{C-x C-e}. This is what we will do in the rest of this |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2667 section. There are other ways to evaluate an expression as well; these |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2668 will be described as we come to them. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2669 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2670 Besides being used for practicing evaluation, the functions shown in the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2671 next few sections are important in their own right. A study of these |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2672 functions makes clear the distinction between buffers and files, how to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2673 switch to a buffer, and how to determine a location within it. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2674 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2675 @node Buffer Names, Getting Buffers, How to Evaluate, Practicing Evaluation |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2676 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2677 @section Buffer Names |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2678 @findex buffer-name |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2679 @findex buffer-file-name |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2680 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2681 The two functions, @code{buffer-name} and @code{buffer-file-name}, show |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2682 the difference between a file and a buffer. When you evaluate the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2683 following expression, @code{(buffer-name)}, the name of the buffer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2684 appears in the echo area. When you evaluate @code{(buffer-file-name)}, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2685 the name of the file to which the buffer refers appears in the echo |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2686 area. Usually, the name returned by @code{(buffer-name)} is the same as |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2687 the name of the file to which it refers, and the name returned by |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2688 @code{(buffer-file-name)} is the full path-name of the file. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2689 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2690 A file and a buffer are two different entities. A file is information |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2691 recorded permanently in the computer (unless you delete it). A buffer, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2692 on the other hand, is information inside of Emacs that will vanish at |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2693 the end of the editing session (or when you kill the buffer). Usually, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2694 a buffer contains information that you have copied from a file; we say |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2695 the buffer is @dfn{visiting} that file. This copy is what you work on |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2696 and modify. Changes to the buffer do not change the file, until you |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2697 save the buffer. When you save the buffer, the buffer is copied to the file |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2698 and is thus saved permanently. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2699 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2700 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2701 If you are reading this in Info inside of GNU Emacs, you can evaluate |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2702 each of the following expressions by positioning the cursor after it and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2703 typing @kbd{C-x C-e}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2704 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
2705 @example |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2706 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2707 (buffer-name) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2708 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2709 (buffer-file-name) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2710 @end group |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
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|
2711 @end example |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
2712 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
2713 @noindent |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
2714 When I do this in Info, the value returned by evaluating |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
2715 @code{(buffer-name)} is @file{"*info*"}, and the value returned by |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
2716 evaluating @code{(buffer-file-name)} is @file{nil}. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
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|
2717 |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2718 On the other hand, while I am writing this Introduction, the value |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
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|
2719 returned by evaluating @code{(buffer-name)} is |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
2720 @file{"introduction.texinfo"}, and the value returned by evaluating |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
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|
2721 @code{(buffer-file-name)} is |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
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|
2722 @file{"/gnu/work/intro/introduction.texinfo"}. |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
2723 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
2724 @cindex @code{nil}, history of word |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
2725 The former is the name of the buffer and the latter is the name of the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
2726 file. In Info, the buffer name is @file{"*info*"}. Info does not |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2727 point to any file, so the result of evaluating |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
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|
2728 @code{(buffer-file-name)} is @file{nil}. The symbol @code{nil} is |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2729 from the Latin word for `nothing'; in this case, it means that the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
2730 buffer is not associated with any file. (In Lisp, @code{nil} is also |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2731 used to mean `false' and is a synonym for the empty list, @code{()}.) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
2732 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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diff
changeset
|
2733 When I am writing, the name of my buffer is |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2734 @file{"introduction.texinfo"}. The name of the file to which it |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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changeset
|
2735 points is @file{"/gnu/work/intro/introduction.texinfo"}. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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changeset
|
2736 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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diff
changeset
|
2737 (In the expressions, the parentheses tell the Lisp interpreter to |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2738 treat @w{@code{buffer-name}} and @w{@code{buffer-file-name}} as |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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changeset
|
2739 functions; without the parentheses, the interpreter would attempt to |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
2740 evaluate the symbols as variables. @xref{Variables}.) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2741 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2742 In spite of the distinction between files and buffers, you will often |
73587
c84b73607df3
Removed INSTALL MANIFEST since those files are now irrelevant.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73554
diff
changeset
|
2743 find that people refer to a file when they mean a buffer and vice-verse. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2744 Indeed, most people say, ``I am editing a file,'' rather than saying, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2745 ``I am editing a buffer which I will soon save to a file.'' It is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2746 almost always clear from context what people mean. When dealing with |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2747 computer programs, however, it is important to keep the distinction in mind, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2748 since the computer is not as smart as a person. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2749 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2750 @cindex Buffer, history of word |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2751 The word `buffer', by the way, comes from the meaning of the word as a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2752 cushion that deadens the force of a collision. In early computers, a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2753 buffer cushioned the interaction between files and the computer's |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2754 central processing unit. The drums or tapes that held a file and the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2755 central processing unit were pieces of equipment that were very |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2756 different from each other, working at their own speeds, in spurts. The |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2757 buffer made it possible for them to work together effectively. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2758 Eventually, the buffer grew from being an intermediary, a temporary |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2759 holding place, to being the place where work is done. This |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2760 transformation is rather like that of a small seaport that grew into a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2761 great city: once it was merely the place where cargo was warehoused |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2762 temporarily before being loaded onto ships; then it became a business |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2763 and cultural center in its own right. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2764 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
2765 Not all buffers are associated with files. For example, a |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
2766 @file{*scratch*} buffer does not visit any file. Similarly, a |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2767 @file{*Help*} buffer is not associated with any file. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2768 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
2769 In the old days, when you lacked a @file{~/.emacs} file and started an |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
2770 Emacs session by typing the command @code{emacs} alone, without naming |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
2771 any files, Emacs started with the @file{*scratch*} buffer visible. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
2772 Nowadays, you will see a splash screen. You can follow one of the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
2773 commands suggested on the splash screen, visit a file, or press the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
2774 spacebar to reach the @file{*scratch*} buffer. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
2775 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
2776 If you switch to the @file{*scratch*} buffer, type |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
2777 @code{(buffer-name)}, position the cursor after it, and then type |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
2778 @kbd{C-x C-e} to evaluate the expression. The name @code{"*scratch*"} |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
2779 will be returned and will appear in the echo area. @code{"*scratch*"} |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
2780 is the name of the buffer. When you type @code{(buffer-file-name)} in |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
2781 the @file{*scratch*} buffer and evaluate that, @code{nil} will appear |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
2782 in the echo area, just as it does when you evaluate |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
2783 @code{(buffer-file-name)} in Info. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2784 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2785 Incidentally, if you are in the @file{*scratch*} buffer and want the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2786 value returned by an expression to appear in the @file{*scratch*} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2787 buffer itself rather than in the echo area, type @kbd{C-u C-x C-e} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2788 instead of @kbd{C-x C-e}. This causes the value returned to appear |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2789 after the expression. The buffer will look like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2790 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2791 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2792 (buffer-name)"*scratch*" |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2793 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2794 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2795 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2796 You cannot do this in Info since Info is read-only and it will not allow |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2797 you to change the contents of the buffer. But you can do this in any |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2798 buffer you can edit; and when you write code or documentation (such as |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2799 this book), this feature is very useful. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2801 @node Getting Buffers, Switching Buffers, Buffer Names, Practicing Evaluation |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2802 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2803 @section Getting Buffers |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2804 @findex current-buffer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2805 @findex other-buffer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2806 @cindex Getting a buffer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2807 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2808 The @code{buffer-name} function returns the @emph{name} of the buffer; |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2809 to get the buffer @emph{itself}, a different function is needed: the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2810 @code{current-buffer} function. If you use this function in code, what |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2811 you get is the buffer itself. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2812 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2813 A name and the object or entity to which the name refers are different |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2814 from each other. You are not your name. You are a person to whom |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2815 others refer by name. If you ask to speak to George and someone hands you |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2816 a card with the letters @samp{G}, @samp{e}, @samp{o}, @samp{r}, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2817 @samp{g}, and @samp{e} written on it, you might be amused, but you would |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2818 not be satisfied. You do not want to speak to the name, but to the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2819 person to whom the name refers. A buffer is similar: the name of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2820 scratch buffer is @file{*scratch*}, but the name is not the buffer. To |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2821 get a buffer itself, you need to use a function such as |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2822 @code{current-buffer}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2823 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2824 However, there is a slight complication: if you evaluate |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2825 @code{current-buffer} in an expression on its own, as we will do here, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2826 what you see is a printed representation of the name of the buffer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2827 without the contents of the buffer. Emacs works this way for two |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2828 reasons: the buffer may be thousands of lines long---too long to be |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2829 conveniently displayed; and, another buffer may have the same contents |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2830 but a different name, and it is important to distinguish between them. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2831 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2832 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2833 Here is an expression containing the function: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2834 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2835 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2836 (current-buffer) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2837 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2838 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2839 @noindent |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
2840 If you evaluate this expression in Info in Emacs in the usual way, |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
2841 @file{#<buffer *info*>} will appear in the echo area. The special |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
2842 format indicates that the buffer itself is being returned, rather than |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
2843 just its name. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2844 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2845 Incidentally, while you can type a number or symbol into a program, you |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2846 cannot do that with the printed representation of a buffer: the only way |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2847 to get a buffer itself is with a function such as @code{current-buffer}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2848 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2849 A related function is @code{other-buffer}. This returns the most |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
2850 recently selected buffer other than the one you are in currently, not |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
2851 a printed representation of its name. If you have recently switched |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
2852 back and forth from the @file{*scratch*} buffer, @code{other-buffer} |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
2853 will return that buffer. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2854 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2855 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2856 You can see this by evaluating the expression: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2857 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2858 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2859 (other-buffer) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2860 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2861 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2862 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2863 You should see @file{#<buffer *scratch*>} appear in the echo area, or |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2864 the name of whatever other buffer you switched back from most |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2865 recently@footnote{Actually, by default, if the buffer from which you |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2866 just switched is visible to you in another window, @code{other-buffer} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2867 will choose the most recent buffer that you cannot see; this is a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2868 subtlety that I often forget.}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2869 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2870 @node Switching Buffers, Buffer Size & Locations, Getting Buffers, Practicing Evaluation |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2871 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2872 @section Switching Buffers |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2873 @findex switch-to-buffer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2874 @findex set-buffer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2875 @cindex Switching to a buffer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2876 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2877 The @code{other-buffer} function actually provides a buffer when it is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2878 used as an argument to a function that requires one. We can see this |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2879 by using @code{other-buffer} and @code{switch-to-buffer} to switch to a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2880 different buffer. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2881 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2882 But first, a brief introduction to the @code{switch-to-buffer} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2883 function. When you switched back and forth from Info to the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2884 @file{*scratch*} buffer to evaluate @code{(buffer-name)}, you most |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2885 likely typed @kbd{C-x b} and then typed @file{*scratch*}@footnote{Or |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
2886 rather, to save typing, you probably only typed @kbd{RET} if the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
2887 default buffer was @file{*scratch*}, or if it was different, then you |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
2888 typed just part of the name, such as @code{*sc}, pressed your |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
2889 @kbd{TAB} key to cause it to expand to the full name, and then typed |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
2890 your @kbd{RET} key.} when prompted in the minibuffer for the name of |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
2891 the buffer to which you wanted to switch. The keystrokes, @kbd{C-x |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
2892 b}, cause the Lisp interpreter to evaluate the interactive function |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2893 @code{switch-to-buffer}. As we said before, this is how Emacs works: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2894 different keystrokes call or run different functions. For example, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2895 @kbd{C-f} calls @code{forward-char}, @kbd{M-e} calls |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2896 @code{forward-sentence}, and so on. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2897 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2898 By writing @code{switch-to-buffer} in an expression, and giving it a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2899 buffer to switch to, we can switch buffers just the way @kbd{C-x b} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2900 does. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2901 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2902 @need 1000 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2903 Here is the Lisp expression: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2904 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2905 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2906 (switch-to-buffer (other-buffer)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2907 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2908 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2909 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2910 The symbol @code{switch-to-buffer} is the first element of the list, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2911 so the Lisp interpreter will treat it as a function and carry out the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2912 instructions that are attached to it. But before doing that, the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2913 interpreter will note that @code{other-buffer} is inside parentheses |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2914 and work on that symbol first. @code{other-buffer} is the first (and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2915 in this case, the only) element of this list, so the Lisp interpreter |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2916 calls or runs the function. It returns another buffer. Next, the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2917 interpreter runs @code{switch-to-buffer}, passing to it, as an |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2918 argument, the other buffer, which is what Emacs will switch to. If |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2919 you are reading this in Info, try this now. Evaluate the expression. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2920 (To get back, type @kbd{C-x b @key{RET}}.)@footnote{Remember, this |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2921 expression will move you to your most recent other buffer that you |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2922 cannot see. If you really want to go to your most recently selected |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2923 buffer, even if you can still see it, you need to evaluate the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2924 following more complex expression: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2925 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2926 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2927 (switch-to-buffer (other-buffer (current-buffer) t)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2928 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2929 |
42562
fb149efd0c72
Follow law precisely: four digits for all dates in copyright lines.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
42506
diff
changeset
|
2930 @c noindent |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2931 In this case, the first argument to @code{other-buffer} tells it which |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2932 buffer to skip---the current one---and the second argument tells |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2933 @code{other-buffer} it is OK to switch to a visible buffer. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2934 In regular use, @code{switch-to-buffer} takes you to an invisible |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2935 window since you would most likely use @kbd{C-x o} (@code{other-window}) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2936 to go to another visible buffer.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2937 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2938 In the programming examples in later sections of this document, you will |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2939 see the function @code{set-buffer} more often than |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2940 @code{switch-to-buffer}. This is because of a difference between |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2941 computer programs and humans: humans have eyes and expect to see the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2942 buffer on which they are working on their computer terminals. This is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2943 so obvious, it almost goes without saying. However, programs do not |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2944 have eyes. When a computer program works on a buffer, that buffer does |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2945 not need to be visible on the screen. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2946 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2947 @code{switch-to-buffer} is designed for humans and does two different |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2948 things: it switches the buffer to which Emacs' attention is directed; and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2949 it switches the buffer displayed in the window to the new buffer. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2950 @code{set-buffer}, on the other hand, does only one thing: it switches |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2951 the attention of the computer program to a different buffer. The buffer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2952 on the screen remains unchanged (of course, normally nothing happens |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2953 there until the command finishes running). |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2954 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2955 @cindex @samp{call} defined |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2956 Also, we have just introduced another jargon term, the word @dfn{call}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2957 When you evaluate a list in which the first symbol is a function, you |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2958 are calling that function. The use of the term comes from the notion of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2959 the function as an entity that can do something for you if you `call' |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2960 it---just as a plumber is an entity who can fix a leak if you call him |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2961 or her. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2962 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2963 @node Buffer Size & Locations, Evaluation Exercise, Switching Buffers, Practicing Evaluation |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2964 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2965 @section Buffer Size and the Location of Point |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2966 @cindex Size of buffer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2967 @cindex Buffer size |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2968 @cindex Point location |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2969 @cindex Location of point |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2970 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2971 Finally, let's look at several rather simple functions, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2972 @code{buffer-size}, @code{point}, @code{point-min}, and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2973 @code{point-max}. These give information about the size of a buffer and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2974 the location of point within it. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2975 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2976 The function @code{buffer-size} tells you the size of the current |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2977 buffer; that is, the function returns a count of the number of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2978 characters in the buffer. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2979 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2980 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2981 (buffer-size) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2982 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2983 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2984 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2985 You can evaluate this in the usual way, by positioning the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2986 cursor after the expression and typing @kbd{C-x C-e}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2987 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2988 @cindex @samp{point} defined |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2989 In Emacs, the current position of the cursor is called @dfn{point}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2990 The expression @code{(point)} returns a number that tells you where the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2991 cursor is located as a count of the number of characters from the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2992 beginning of the buffer up to point. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2993 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2994 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2995 You can see the character count for point in this buffer by evaluating |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2996 the following expression in the usual way: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2997 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2998 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2999 (point) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3000 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3001 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3002 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3003 As I write this, the value of @code{point} is 65724. The @code{point} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3004 function is frequently used in some of the examples later in this |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3005 book. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3006 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3007 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3008 The value of point depends, of course, on its location within the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3009 buffer. If you evaluate point in this spot, the number will be larger: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3010 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3011 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3012 (point) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3013 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3014 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3015 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3016 For me, the value of point in this location is 66043, which means that |
73680
a171b46b168c
Replace 22.0.100 with 22.1.100.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73619
diff
changeset
|
3017 there are 319 characters (including spaces) between the two |
a171b46b168c
Replace 22.0.100 with 22.1.100.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73619
diff
changeset
|
3018 expressions. (Doubtless, you will see different numbers, since I will |
a171b46b168c
Replace 22.0.100 with 22.1.100.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73619
diff
changeset
|
3019 have edited this since I first evaluated point.) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3020 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3021 @cindex @samp{narrowing} defined |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3022 The function @code{point-min} is somewhat similar to @code{point}, but |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3023 it returns the value of the minimum permissible value of point in the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3024 current buffer. This is the number 1 unless @dfn{narrowing} is in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3025 effect. (Narrowing is a mechanism whereby you can restrict yourself, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3026 or a program, to operations on just a part of a buffer. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3027 @xref{Narrowing & Widening, , Narrowing and Widening}.) Likewise, the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3028 function @code{point-max} returns the value of the maximum permissible |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3029 value of point in the current buffer. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3030 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3031 @node Evaluation Exercise, , Buffer Size & Locations, Practicing Evaluation |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3032 @section Exercise |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3033 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3034 Find a file with which you are working and move towards its middle. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3035 Find its buffer name, file name, length, and your position in the file. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3036 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3037 @node Writing Defuns, Buffer Walk Through, Practicing Evaluation, Top |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3038 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3039 @chapter How To Write Function Definitions |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3040 @cindex Definition writing |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3041 @cindex Function definition writing |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3042 @cindex Writing a function definition |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3043 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3044 When the Lisp interpreter evaluates a list, it looks to see whether the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3045 first symbol on the list has a function definition attached to it; or, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3046 put another way, whether the symbol points to a function definition. If |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3047 it does, the computer carries out the instructions in the definition. A |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3048 symbol that has a function definition is called, simply, a function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3049 (although, properly speaking, the definition is the function and the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3050 symbol refers to it.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3051 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3052 @menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3053 * Primitive Functions:: |
73854
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
3054 * defun:: The @code{defun} special form. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
3055 * Install:: Install a function definition. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
3056 * Interactive:: Making a function interactive. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
3057 * Interactive Options:: Different options for @code{interactive}. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
3058 * Permanent Installation:: Installing code permanently. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
3059 * let:: Creating and initializing local variables. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
3060 * if:: What if? |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
3061 * else:: If--then--else expressions. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
3062 * Truth & Falsehood:: What Lisp considers false and true. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
3063 * save-excursion:: Keeping track of point, mark, and buffer. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3064 * Review:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3065 * defun Exercises:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3066 @end menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3067 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3068 @node Primitive Functions, defun, Writing Defuns, Writing Defuns |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3069 @ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3070 @unnumberedsec An Aside about Primitive Functions |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3071 @end ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3072 @cindex Primitive functions |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3073 @cindex Functions, primitive |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3074 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3075 @cindex C language primitives |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3076 @cindex Primitives written in C |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3077 All functions are defined in terms of other functions, except for a few |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3078 @dfn{primitive} functions that are written in the C programming |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3079 language. When you write functions' definitions, you will write them in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3080 Emacs Lisp and use other functions as your building blocks. Some of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3081 functions you will use will themselves be written in Emacs Lisp (perhaps |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3082 by you) and some will be primitives written in C. The primitive |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3083 functions are used exactly like those written in Emacs Lisp and behave |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3084 like them. They are written in C so we can easily run GNU Emacs on any |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3085 computer that has sufficient power and can run C. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3086 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3087 Let me re-emphasize this: when you write code in Emacs Lisp, you do not |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3088 distinguish between the use of functions written in C and the use of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3089 functions written in Emacs Lisp. The difference is irrelevant. I |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3090 mention the distinction only because it is interesting to know. Indeed, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3091 unless you investigate, you won't know whether an already-written |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3092 function is written in Emacs Lisp or C. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3093 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3094 @node defun, Install, Primitive Functions, Writing Defuns |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3095 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3096 @section The @code{defun} Special Form |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3097 @findex defun |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3098 @cindex Special form of @code{defun} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3099 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3100 @cindex @samp{function definition} defined |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3101 In Lisp, a symbol such as @code{mark-whole-buffer} has code attached to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3102 it that tells the computer what to do when the function is called. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3103 This code is called the @dfn{function definition} and is created by |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3104 evaluating a Lisp expression that starts with the symbol @code{defun} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3105 (which is an abbreviation for @emph{define function}). Because |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3106 @code{defun} does not evaluate its arguments in the usual way, it is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3107 called a @dfn{special form}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3108 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3109 In subsequent sections, we will look at function definitions from the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3110 Emacs source code, such as @code{mark-whole-buffer}. In this section, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3111 we will describe a simple function definition so you can see how it |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3112 looks. This function definition uses arithmetic because it makes for a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3113 simple example. Some people dislike examples using arithmetic; however, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3114 if you are such a person, do not despair. Hardly any of the code we |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3115 will study in the remainder of this introduction involves arithmetic or |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3116 mathematics. The examples mostly involve text in one way or another. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3117 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3118 A function definition has up to five parts following the word |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3119 @code{defun}: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3120 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3121 @enumerate |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3122 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3123 The name of the symbol to which the function definition should be |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3124 attached. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3125 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3126 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3127 A list of the arguments that will be passed to the function. If no |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3128 arguments will be passed to the function, this is an empty list, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3129 @code{()}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3130 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3131 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3132 Documentation describing the function. (Technically optional, but |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3133 strongly recommended.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3134 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3135 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3136 Optionally, an expression to make the function interactive so you can |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3137 use it by typing @kbd{M-x} and then the name of the function; or by |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3138 typing an appropriate key or keychord. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3139 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3140 @cindex @samp{body} defined |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3141 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3142 The code that instructs the computer what to do: the @dfn{body} of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3143 function definition. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3144 @end enumerate |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3145 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3146 It is helpful to think of the five parts of a function definition as |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3147 being organized in a template, with slots for each part: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3148 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3149 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3150 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3151 (defun @var{function-name} (@var{arguments}@dots{}) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3152 "@var{optional-documentation}@dots{}" |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3153 (interactive @var{argument-passing-info}) ; @r{optional} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3154 @var{body}@dots{}) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3155 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3156 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3157 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3158 As an example, here is the code for a function that multiplies its |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3159 argument by 7. (This example is not interactive. @xref{Interactive, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3160 , Making a Function Interactive}, for that information.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3161 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3162 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3163 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3164 (defun multiply-by-seven (number) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3165 "Multiply NUMBER by seven." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3166 (* 7 number)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3167 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3168 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3169 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3170 This definition begins with a parenthesis and the symbol @code{defun}, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3171 followed by the name of the function. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3172 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3173 @cindex @samp{argument list} defined |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3174 The name of the function is followed by a list that contains the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3175 arguments that will be passed to the function. This list is called |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3176 the @dfn{argument list}. In this example, the list has only one |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3177 element, the symbol, @code{number}. When the function is used, the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3178 symbol will be bound to the value that is used as the argument to the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3179 function. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3180 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3181 Instead of choosing the word @code{number} for the name of the argument, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3182 I could have picked any other name. For example, I could have chosen |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3183 the word @code{multiplicand}. I picked the word `number' because it |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3184 tells what kind of value is intended for this slot; but I could just as |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3185 well have chosen the word `multiplicand' to indicate the role that the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3186 value placed in this slot will play in the workings of the function. I |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3187 could have called it @code{foogle}, but that would have been a bad |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3188 choice because it would not tell humans what it means. The choice of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3189 name is up to the programmer and should be chosen to make the meaning of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3190 the function clear. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3191 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3192 Indeed, you can choose any name you wish for a symbol in an argument |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3193 list, even the name of a symbol used in some other function: the name |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3194 you use in an argument list is private to that particular definition. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3195 In that definition, the name refers to a different entity than any use |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3196 of the same name outside the function definition. Suppose you have a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3197 nick-name `Shorty' in your family; when your family members refer to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3198 `Shorty', they mean you. But outside your family, in a movie, for |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3199 example, the name `Shorty' refers to someone else. Because a name in an |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3200 argument list is private to the function definition, you can change the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3201 value of such a symbol inside the body of a function without changing |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3202 its value outside the function. The effect is similar to that produced |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3203 by a @code{let} expression. (@xref{let, , @code{let}}.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3204 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3205 @ignore |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3206 Note also that we discuss the word `number' in two different ways: as a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3207 symbol that appears in the code, and as the name of something that will |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3208 be replaced by a something else during the evaluation of the function. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3209 In the first case, @code{number} is a symbol, not a number; it happens |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3210 that within the function, it is a variable who value is the number in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3211 question, but our primary interest in it is as a symbol. On the other |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3212 hand, when we are talking about the function, our interest is that we |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3213 will substitute a number for the word @var{number}. To keep this |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3214 distinction clear, we use different typography for the two |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3215 circumstances. When we talk about this function, or about how it works, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3216 we refer to this number by writing @var{number}. In the function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3217 itself, we refer to it by writing @code{number}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3218 @end ignore |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3219 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3220 The argument list is followed by the documentation string that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3221 describes the function. This is what you see when you type |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3222 @w{@kbd{C-h f}} and the name of a function. Incidentally, when you |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3223 write a documentation string like this, you should make the first line |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3224 a complete sentence since some commands, such as @code{apropos}, print |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3225 only the first line of a multi-line documentation string. Also, you |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3226 should not indent the second line of a documentation string, if you |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3227 have one, because that looks odd when you use @kbd{C-h f} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3228 (@code{describe-function}). The documentation string is optional, but |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3229 it is so useful, it should be included in almost every function you |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3230 write. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3231 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3232 @findex * @r{(multiplication)} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3233 The third line of the example consists of the body of the function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3234 definition. (Most functions' definitions, of course, are longer than |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3235 this.) In this function, the body is the list, @code{(* 7 number)}, which |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3236 says to multiply the value of @var{number} by 7. (In Emacs Lisp, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3237 @code{*} is the function for multiplication, just as @code{+} is the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3238 function for addition.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3239 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3240 When you use the @code{multiply-by-seven} function, the argument |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3241 @code{number} evaluates to the actual number you want used. Here is an |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3242 example that shows how @code{multiply-by-seven} is used; but don't try |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3243 to evaluate this yet! |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3244 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3245 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3246 (multiply-by-seven 3) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3247 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3248 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3249 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3250 The symbol @code{number}, specified in the function definition in the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3251 next section, is given or ``bound to'' the value 3 in the actual use of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3252 the function. Note that although @code{number} was inside parentheses |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3253 in the function definition, the argument passed to the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3254 @code{multiply-by-seven} function is not in parentheses. The |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3255 parentheses are written in the function definition so the computer can |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3256 figure out where the argument list ends and the rest of the function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3257 definition begins. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3258 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3259 If you evaluate this example, you are likely to get an error message. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3260 (Go ahead, try it!) This is because we have written the function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3261 definition, but not yet told the computer about the definition---we have |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3262 not yet installed (or `loaded') the function definition in Emacs. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3263 Installing a function is the process that tells the Lisp interpreter the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3264 definition of the function. Installation is described in the next |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3265 section. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3266 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3267 @node Install, Interactive, defun, Writing Defuns |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3268 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3269 @section Install a Function Definition |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3270 @cindex Install a Function Definition |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3271 @cindex Definition installation |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3272 @cindex Function definition installation |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3273 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3274 If you are reading this inside of Info in Emacs, you can try out the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3275 @code{multiply-by-seven} function by first evaluating the function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3276 definition and then evaluating @code{(multiply-by-seven 3)}. A copy of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3277 the function definition follows. Place the cursor after the last |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3278 parenthesis of the function definition and type @kbd{C-x C-e}. When you |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3279 do this, @code{multiply-by-seven} will appear in the echo area. (What |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3280 this means is that when a function definition is evaluated, the value it |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3281 returns is the name of the defined function.) At the same time, this |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3282 action installs the function definition. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3283 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3284 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3285 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3286 (defun multiply-by-seven (number) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3287 "Multiply NUMBER by seven." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3288 (* 7 number)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3289 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3290 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3291 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3292 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3293 By evaluating this @code{defun}, you have just installed |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3294 @code{multiply-by-seven} in Emacs. The function is now just as much a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3295 part of Emacs as @code{forward-word} or any other editing function you |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3296 use. (@code{multiply-by-seven} will stay installed until you quit |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3297 Emacs. To reload code automatically whenever you start Emacs, see |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3298 @ref{Permanent Installation, , Installing Code Permanently}.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3299 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3300 @menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3301 * Effect of installation:: |
73854
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
3302 * Change a defun:: How to change a function definition. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3303 @end menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3304 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3305 @node Effect of installation, Change a defun, Install, Install |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3306 @ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3307 @unnumberedsubsec The effect of installation |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3308 @end ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3309 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3310 You can see the effect of installing @code{multiply-by-seven} by |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3311 evaluating the following sample. Place the cursor after the following |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3312 expression and type @kbd{C-x C-e}. The number 21 will appear in the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3313 echo area. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3314 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3315 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3316 (multiply-by-seven 3) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3317 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3318 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3319 If you wish, you can read the documentation for the function by typing |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3320 @kbd{C-h f} (@code{describe-function}) and then the name of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3321 function, @code{multiply-by-seven}. When you do this, a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3322 @file{*Help*} window will appear on your screen that says: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3323 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3324 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3325 @group |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3326 multiply-by-seven is a Lisp function. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3327 (multiply-by-seven NUMBER) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3328 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3329 Multiply NUMBER by seven. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3330 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3331 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3332 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3333 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3334 (To return to a single window on your screen, type @kbd{C-x 1}.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3335 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3336 @node Change a defun, , Effect of installation, Install |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3337 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3338 @subsection Change a Function Definition |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3339 @cindex Changing a function definition |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3340 @cindex Function definition, how to change |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3341 @cindex Definition, how to change |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3342 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3343 If you want to change the code in @code{multiply-by-seven}, just rewrite |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3344 it. To install the new version in place of the old one, evaluate the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3345 function definition again. This is how you modify code in Emacs. It is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3346 very simple. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3347 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3348 As an example, you can change the @code{multiply-by-seven} function to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3349 add the number to itself seven times instead of multiplying the number |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3350 by seven. It produces the same answer, but by a different path. At |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3351 the same time, we will add a comment to the code; a comment is text |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3352 that the Lisp interpreter ignores, but that a human reader may find |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3353 useful or enlightening. The comment is that this is the ``second |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3354 version''. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3355 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3356 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3357 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3358 (defun multiply-by-seven (number) ; @r{Second version.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3359 "Multiply NUMBER by seven." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3360 (+ number number number number number number number)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3361 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3362 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3363 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3364 @cindex Comments in Lisp code |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3365 The comment follows a semicolon, @samp{;}. In Lisp, everything on a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3366 line that follows a semicolon is a comment. The end of the line is the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3367 end of the comment. To stretch a comment over two or more lines, begin |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3368 each line with a semicolon. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3369 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3370 @xref{Beginning a .emacs File, , Beginning a @file{.emacs} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3371 File}, and @ref{Comments, , Comments, elisp, The GNU Emacs Lisp |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3372 Reference Manual}, for more about comments. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3373 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3374 You can install this version of the @code{multiply-by-seven} function by |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3375 evaluating it in the same way you evaluated the first function: place |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3376 the cursor after the last parenthesis and type @kbd{C-x C-e}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3377 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3378 In summary, this is how you write code in Emacs Lisp: you write a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3379 function; install it; test it; and then make fixes or enhancements and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3380 install it again. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3381 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3382 @node Interactive, Interactive Options, Install, Writing Defuns |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3383 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3384 @section Make a Function Interactive |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3385 @cindex Interactive functions |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3386 @findex interactive |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3387 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3388 You make a function interactive by placing a list that begins with |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3389 the special form @code{interactive} immediately after the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3390 documentation. A user can invoke an interactive function by typing |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3391 @kbd{M-x} and then the name of the function; or by typing the keys to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3392 which it is bound, for example, by typing @kbd{C-n} for |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3393 @code{next-line} or @kbd{C-x h} for @code{mark-whole-buffer}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3394 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3395 Interestingly, when you call an interactive function interactively, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3396 the value returned is not automatically displayed in the echo area. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3397 This is because you often call an interactive function for its side |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3398 effects, such as moving forward by a word or line, and not for the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3399 value returned. If the returned value were displayed in the echo area |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3400 each time you typed a key, it would be very distracting. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3401 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3402 @menu |
73854
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
3403 * Interactive multiply-by-seven:: An overview. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
3404 * multiply-by-seven in detail:: The interactive version. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3405 @end menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3406 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3407 @node Interactive multiply-by-seven, multiply-by-seven in detail, Interactive, Interactive |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3408 @ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3409 @unnumberedsubsec An Interactive @code{multiply-by-seven}, An Overview |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3410 @end ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3411 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3412 Both the use of the special form @code{interactive} and one way to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3413 display a value in the echo area can be illustrated by creating an |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3414 interactive version of @code{multiply-by-seven}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3415 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3416 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3417 Here is the code: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3418 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3419 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3420 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3421 (defun multiply-by-seven (number) ; @r{Interactive version.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3422 "Multiply NUMBER by seven." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3423 (interactive "p") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3424 (message "The result is %d" (* 7 number))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3425 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3426 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3427 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3428 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3429 You can install this code by placing your cursor after it and typing |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3430 @kbd{C-x C-e}. The name of the function will appear in your echo area. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3431 Then, you can use this code by typing @kbd{C-u} and a number and then |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3432 typing @kbd{M-x multiply-by-seven} and pressing @key{RET}. The phrase |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3433 @samp{The result is @dots{}} followed by the product will appear in the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3434 echo area. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3435 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3436 Speaking more generally, you invoke a function like this in either of two |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3437 ways: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3438 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3439 @enumerate |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3440 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3441 By typing a prefix argument that contains the number to be passed, and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3442 then typing @kbd{M-x} and the name of the function, as with |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3443 @kbd{C-u 3 M-x forward-sentence}; or, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3444 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3445 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3446 By typing whatever key or keychord the function is bound to, as with |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3447 @kbd{C-u 3 M-e}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3448 @end enumerate |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3449 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3450 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3451 Both the examples just mentioned work identically to move point forward |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3452 three sentences. (Since @code{multiply-by-seven} is not bound to a key, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3453 it could not be used as an example of key binding.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3454 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3455 (@xref{Keybindings, , Some Keybindings}, to learn how to bind a command |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3456 to a key.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3457 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3458 A prefix argument is passed to an interactive function by typing the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3459 @key{META} key followed by a number, for example, @kbd{M-3 M-e}, or by |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3460 typing @kbd{C-u} and then a number, for example, @kbd{C-u 3 M-e} (if you |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3461 type @kbd{C-u} without a number, it defaults to 4). |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3462 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3463 @node multiply-by-seven in detail, , Interactive multiply-by-seven, Interactive |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3464 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3465 @subsection An Interactive @code{multiply-by-seven} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3466 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3467 Let's look at the use of the special form @code{interactive} and then at |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3468 the function @code{message} in the interactive version of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3469 @code{multiply-by-seven}. You will recall that the function definition |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3470 looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3471 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3472 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3473 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3474 (defun multiply-by-seven (number) ; @r{Interactive version.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3475 "Multiply NUMBER by seven." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3476 (interactive "p") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3477 (message "The result is %d" (* 7 number))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3478 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3479 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3480 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3481 In this function, the expression, @code{(interactive "p")}, is a list of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3482 two elements. The @code{"p"} tells Emacs to pass the prefix argument to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3483 the function and use its value for the argument of the function. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3484 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3485 @need 1000 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3486 The argument will be a number. This means that the symbol |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3487 @code{number} will be bound to a number in the line: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3488 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3489 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3490 (message "The result is %d" (* 7 number)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3491 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3492 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3493 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3494 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3495 For example, if your prefix argument is 5, the Lisp interpreter will |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3496 evaluate the line as if it were: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3497 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3498 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3499 (message "The result is %d" (* 7 5)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3500 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3501 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3502 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3503 (If you are reading this in GNU Emacs, you can evaluate this expression |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3504 yourself.) First, the interpreter will evaluate the inner list, which |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3505 is @code{(* 7 5)}. This returns a value of 35. Next, it |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3506 will evaluate the outer list, passing the values of the second and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3507 subsequent elements of the list to the function @code{message}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3508 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3509 As we have seen, @code{message} is an Emacs Lisp function especially |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3510 designed for sending a one line message to a user. (@xref{message, , |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3511 The @code{message} function}.) In summary, the @code{message} |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3512 function prints its first argument in the echo area as is, except for |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3513 occurrences of @samp{%d} or @samp{%s} (and various other %-sequences |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3514 which we have not mentioned). When it sees a control sequence, the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3515 function looks to the second or subsequent arguments and prints the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3516 value of the argument in the location in the string where the control |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3517 sequence is located. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3518 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3519 In the interactive @code{multiply-by-seven} function, the control string |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3520 is @samp{%d}, which requires a number, and the value returned by |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3521 evaluating @code{(* 7 5)} is the number 35. Consequently, the number 35 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3522 is printed in place of the @samp{%d} and the message is @samp{The result |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3523 is 35}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3524 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3525 (Note that when you call the function @code{multiply-by-seven}, the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3526 message is printed without quotes, but when you call @code{message}, the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3527 text is printed in double quotes. This is because the value returned by |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3528 @code{message} is what appears in the echo area when you evaluate an |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3529 expression whose first element is @code{message}; but when embedded in a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3530 function, @code{message} prints the text as a side effect without |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3531 quotes.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3532 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3533 @node Interactive Options, Permanent Installation, Interactive, Writing Defuns |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3534 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3535 @section Different Options for @code{interactive} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3536 @cindex Options for @code{interactive} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3537 @cindex Interactive options |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3538 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3539 In the example, @code{multiply-by-seven} used @code{"p"} as the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3540 argument to @code{interactive}. This argument told Emacs to interpret |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3541 your typing either @kbd{C-u} followed by a number or @key{META} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3542 followed by a number as a command to pass that number to the function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3543 as its argument. Emacs has more than twenty characters predefined for |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3544 use with @code{interactive}. In almost every case, one of these |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3545 options will enable you to pass the right information interactively to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3546 a function. (@xref{Interactive Codes, , Code Characters for |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3547 @code{interactive}, elisp, The GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3548 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3549 @need 1250 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3550 Consider the function @code{zap-to-char}. Its interactive expression |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3551 is |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3552 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3553 @smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3554 (interactive "p\ncZap to char: ") |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3555 @end smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3556 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3557 The first part of the argument to @code{interactive} is @samp{p}, with |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3558 which you are already familiar. This argument tells Emacs to |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3559 interpret a `prefix', as a number to be passed to the function. You |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3560 can specify a prefix either by typing @kbd{C-u} followed by a number |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3561 or by typing @key{META} followed by a number. The prefix is the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3562 number of specified characters. Thus, if your prefix is three and the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3563 specified character is @samp{x}, then you will delete all the text up |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
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|
3564 to and including the third next @samp{x}. If you do not set a prefix, |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3565 then you delete all the text up to and including the specified |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3566 character, but no more. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3567 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3568 The @samp{c} tells the function the name of the character to which to delete. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3569 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3570 More formally, a function with two or more arguments can have |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3571 information passed to each argument by adding parts to the string that |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3572 follows @code{interactive}. When you do this, the information is |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3573 passed to each argument in the same order it is specified in the |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3574 @code{interactive} list. In the string, each part is separated from |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3575 the next part by a @samp{\n}, which is a newline. For example, you |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3576 can follow @samp{p} with a @samp{\n} and an @samp{cZap to char:@: }. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3577 This causes Emacs to pass the value of the prefix argument (if there |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3578 is one) and the character. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3579 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3580 In this case, the function definition looks like the following, where |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3581 @code{arg} and @code{char} are the symbols to which @code{interactive} |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3582 binds the prefix argument and the specified character: |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3583 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3584 @smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3585 @group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
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|
3586 (defun @var{name-of-function} (arg char) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3587 "@var{documentation}@dots{}" |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3588 (interactive "p\ncZap to char: ") |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3589 @var{body-of-function}@dots{}) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3590 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3591 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3592 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3593 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3594 (The space after the colon in the prompt makes it look better when you |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3595 are prompted. @xref{copy-to-buffer, , The Definition of |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3596 @code{copy-to-buffer}}, for an example.) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3597 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3598 When a function does not take arguments, @code{interactive} does not |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3599 require any. Such a function contains the simple expression |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3600 @code{(interactive)}. The @code{mark-whole-buffer} function is like |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3601 this. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3602 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3603 Alternatively, if the special letter-codes are not right for your |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3604 application, you can pass your own arguments to @code{interactive} as |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3605 a list. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3606 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3607 @xref{append-to-buffer, , The Definition of @code{append-to-buffer}}, |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3608 for an example. @xref{Using Interactive, , Using @code{Interactive}, |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3609 elisp, The GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}, for a more complete |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3610 explanation about this technique. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3611 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3612 @node Permanent Installation, let, Interactive Options, Writing Defuns |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3613 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3614 @section Install Code Permanently |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3615 @cindex Install code permanently |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3616 @cindex Permanent code installation |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3617 @cindex Code installation |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3618 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3619 When you install a function definition by evaluating it, it will stay |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3620 installed until you quit Emacs. The next time you start a new session |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3621 of Emacs, the function will not be installed unless you evaluate the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3622 function definition again. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3623 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3624 At some point, you may want to have code installed automatically |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3625 whenever you start a new session of Emacs. There are several ways of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3626 doing this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3627 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3628 @itemize @bullet |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3629 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3630 If you have code that is just for yourself, you can put the code for the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3631 function definition in your @file{.emacs} initialization file. When you |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3632 start Emacs, your @file{.emacs} file is automatically evaluated and all |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3633 the function definitions within it are installed. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3634 @xref{Emacs Initialization, , Your @file{.emacs} File}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3635 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3636 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3637 Alternatively, you can put the function definitions that you want |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3638 installed in one or more files of their own and use the @code{load} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3639 function to cause Emacs to evaluate and thereby install each of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3640 functions in the files. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3641 @xref{Loading Files, , Loading Files}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3642 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3643 @item |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3644 Thirdly, if you have code that your whole site will use, it is usual |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3645 to put it in a file called @file{site-init.el} that is loaded when |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3646 Emacs is built. This makes the code available to everyone who uses |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3647 your machine. (See the @file{INSTALL} file that is part of the Emacs |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3648 distribution.) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3649 @end itemize |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3650 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3651 Finally, if you have code that everyone who uses Emacs may want, you |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3652 can post it on a computer network or send a copy to the Free Software |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3653 Foundation. (When you do this, please license the code and its |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3654 documentation under a license that permits other people to run, copy, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3655 study, modify, and redistribute the code and which protects you from |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3656 having your work taken from you.) If you send a copy of your code to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3657 the Free Software Foundation, and properly protect yourself and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3658 others, it may be included in the next release of Emacs. In large |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3659 part, this is how Emacs has grown over the past years, by donations. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3660 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3661 @node let, if, Permanent Installation, Writing Defuns |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3662 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3663 @section @code{let} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3664 @findex let |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3665 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3666 The @code{let} expression is a special form in Lisp that you will need |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3667 to use in most function definitions. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3668 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3669 @code{let} is used to attach or bind a symbol to a value in such a way |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3670 that the Lisp interpreter will not confuse the variable with a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3671 variable of the same name that is not part of the function. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3672 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3673 To understand why the @code{let} special form is necessary, consider |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3674 the situation in which you own a home that you generally refer to as |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3675 `the house', as in the sentence, ``The house needs painting.'' If you |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3676 are visiting a friend and your host refers to `the house', he is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3677 likely to be referring to @emph{his} house, not yours, that is, to a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3678 different house. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3679 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3680 If your friend is referring to his house and you think he is referring |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3681 to your house, you may be in for some confusion. The same thing could |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3682 happen in Lisp if a variable that is used inside of one function has |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3683 the same name as a variable that is used inside of another function, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3684 and the two are not intended to refer to the same value. The |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3685 @code{let} special form prevents this kind of confusion. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3686 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3687 @menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3688 * Prevent confusion:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3689 * Parts of let Expression:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3690 * Sample let Expression:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3691 * Uninitialized let Variables:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3692 @end menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3693 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3694 @node Prevent confusion, Parts of let Expression, let, let |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3695 @ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3696 @unnumberedsubsec @code{let} Prevents Confusion |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3697 @end ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3698 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3699 @cindex @samp{local variable} defined |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3700 @cindex @samp{variable, local}, defined |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3701 The @code{let} special form prevents confusion. @code{let} creates a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3702 name for a @dfn{local variable} that overshadows any use of the same |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3703 name outside the @code{let} expression. This is like understanding |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3704 that whenever your host refers to `the house', he means his house, not |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3705 yours. (Symbols used in argument lists work the same way. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3706 @xref{defun, , The @code{defun} Special Form}.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3707 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3708 Local variables created by a @code{let} expression retain their value |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3709 @emph{only} within the @code{let} expression itself (and within |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3710 expressions called within the @code{let} expression); the local |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3711 variables have no effect outside the @code{let} expression. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3712 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3713 Another way to think about @code{let} is that it is like a @code{setq} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3714 that is temporary and local. The values set by @code{let} are |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3715 automatically undone when the @code{let} is finished. The setting |
44899
ebddb2618c17
Fixed typographic errors.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
43431
diff
changeset
|
3716 only affects expressions that are inside the bounds of the @code{let} |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3717 expression. In computer science jargon, we would say ``the binding of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3718 a symbol is visible only in functions called in the @code{let} form; |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3719 in Emacs Lisp, scoping is dynamic, not lexical.'' |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3720 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3721 @code{let} can create more than one variable at once. Also, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3722 @code{let} gives each variable it creates an initial value, either a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3723 value specified by you, or @code{nil}. (In the jargon, this is called |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3724 `binding the variable to the value'.) After @code{let} has created |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3725 and bound the variables, it executes the code in the body of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3726 @code{let}, and returns the value of the last expression in the body, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3727 as the value of the whole @code{let} expression. (`Execute' is a jargon |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3728 term that means to evaluate a list; it comes from the use of the word |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3729 meaning `to give practical effect to' (@cite{Oxford English |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3730 Dictionary}). Since you evaluate an expression to perform an action, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3731 `execute' has evolved as a synonym to `evaluate'.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3732 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3733 @node Parts of let Expression, Sample let Expression, Prevent confusion, let |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3734 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3735 @subsection The Parts of a @code{let} Expression |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3736 @cindex @code{let} expression, parts of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3737 @cindex Parts of @code{let} expression |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3738 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3739 @cindex @samp{varlist} defined |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3740 A @code{let} expression is a list of three parts. The first part is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3741 the symbol @code{let}. The second part is a list, called a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3742 @dfn{varlist}, each element of which is either a symbol by itself or a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3743 two-element list, the first element of which is a symbol. The third |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3744 part of the @code{let} expression is the body of the @code{let}. The |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3745 body usually consists of one or more lists. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3746 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3747 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3748 A template for a @code{let} expression looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3749 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3750 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3751 (let @var{varlist} @var{body}@dots{}) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3752 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3753 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3754 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3755 The symbols in the varlist are the variables that are given initial |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3756 values by the @code{let} special form. Symbols by themselves are given |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3757 the initial value of @code{nil}; and each symbol that is the first |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3758 element of a two-element list is bound to the value that is returned |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3759 when the Lisp interpreter evaluates the second element. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3760 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3761 Thus, a varlist might look like this: @code{(thread (needles 3))}. In |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3762 this case, in a @code{let} expression, Emacs binds the symbol |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3763 @code{thread} to an initial value of @code{nil}, and binds the symbol |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3764 @code{needles} to an initial value of 3. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3765 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3766 When you write a @code{let} expression, what you do is put the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3767 appropriate expressions in the slots of the @code{let} expression |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3768 template. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3769 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3770 If the varlist is composed of two-element lists, as is often the case, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3771 the template for the @code{let} expression looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3772 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3773 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3774 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3775 (let ((@var{variable} @var{value}) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3776 (@var{variable} @var{value}) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3777 @dots{}) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3778 @var{body}@dots{}) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3779 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3780 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3781 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3782 @node Sample let Expression, Uninitialized let Variables, Parts of let Expression, let |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3783 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3784 @subsection Sample @code{let} Expression |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3785 @cindex Sample @code{let} expression |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3786 @cindex @code{let} expression sample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3787 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3788 The following expression creates and gives initial values |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3789 to the two variables @code{zebra} and @code{tiger}. The body of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3790 @code{let} expression is a list which calls the @code{message} function. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3791 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3792 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3793 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3794 (let ((zebra 'stripes) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3795 (tiger 'fierce)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3796 (message "One kind of animal has %s and another is %s." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3797 zebra tiger)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3798 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3799 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3801 Here, the varlist is @code{((zebra 'stripes) (tiger 'fierce))}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3802 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3803 The two variables are @code{zebra} and @code{tiger}. Each variable is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3804 the first element of a two-element list and each value is the second |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3805 element of its two-element list. In the varlist, Emacs binds the |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3806 variable @code{zebra} to the value @code{stripes}@footnote{According |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3807 to Jared Diamond in @cite{Guns, Germs, and Steel}, ``@dots{} zebras |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3808 become impossibly dangerous as they grow older'' but the claim here is |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3809 that they do not become fierce like a tiger. (1997, W. W. Norton and |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3810 Co., ISBN 0-393-03894-2, page 171)}, and binds the |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3811 variable @code{tiger} to the value @code{fierce}. In this example, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3812 both values are symbols preceded by a quote. The values could just as |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3813 well have been another list or a string. The body of the @code{let} |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3814 follows after the list holding the variables. In this example, the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3815 body is a list that uses the @code{message} function to print a string |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
3816 in the echo area. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3817 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3818 @need 1500 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3819 You may evaluate the example in the usual fashion, by placing the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3820 cursor after the last parenthesis and typing @kbd{C-x C-e}. When you do |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3821 this, the following will appear in the echo area: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3822 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3823 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3824 "One kind of animal has stripes and another is fierce." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3825 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3826 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3827 As we have seen before, the @code{message} function prints its first |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3828 argument, except for @samp{%s}. In this example, the value of the variable |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3829 @code{zebra} is printed at the location of the first @samp{%s} and the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3830 value of the variable @code{tiger} is printed at the location of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3831 second @samp{%s}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3832 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3833 @node Uninitialized let Variables, , Sample let Expression, let |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3834 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3835 @subsection Uninitialized Variables in a @code{let} Statement |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3836 @cindex Uninitialized @code{let} variables |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3837 @cindex @code{let} variables uninitialized |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3838 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3839 If you do not bind the variables in a @code{let} statement to specific |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3840 initial values, they will automatically be bound to an initial value of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3841 @code{nil}, as in the following expression: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3842 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3843 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3844 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3845 (let ((birch 3) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3846 pine |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3847 fir |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3848 (oak 'some)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3849 (message |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3850 "Here are %d variables with %s, %s, and %s value." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3851 birch pine fir oak)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3852 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3853 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3854 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3855 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3856 Here, the varlist is @code{((birch 3) pine fir (oak 'some))}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3857 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3858 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3859 If you evaluate this expression in the usual way, the following will |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3860 appear in your echo area: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3861 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3862 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3863 "Here are 3 variables with nil, nil, and some value." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3864 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3865 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3866 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3867 In this example, Emacs binds the symbol @code{birch} to the number 3, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3868 binds the symbols @code{pine} and @code{fir} to @code{nil}, and binds |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3869 the symbol @code{oak} to the value @code{some}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3870 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3871 Note that in the first part of the @code{let}, the variables @code{pine} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3872 and @code{fir} stand alone as atoms that are not surrounded by |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3873 parentheses; this is because they are being bound to @code{nil}, the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3874 empty list. But @code{oak} is bound to @code{some} and so is a part of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3875 the list @code{(oak 'some)}. Similarly, @code{birch} is bound to the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3876 number 3 and so is in a list with that number. (Since a number |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3877 evaluates to itself, the number does not need to be quoted. Also, the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3878 number is printed in the message using a @samp{%d} rather than a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3879 @samp{%s}.) The four variables as a group are put into a list to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3880 delimit them from the body of the @code{let}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3881 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3882 @node if, else, let, Writing Defuns |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3883 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3884 @section The @code{if} Special Form |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3885 @findex if |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3886 @cindex Conditional with @code{if} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3887 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3888 A third special form, in addition to @code{defun} and @code{let}, is the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3889 conditional @code{if}. This form is used to instruct the computer to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3890 make decisions. You can write function definitions without using |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3891 @code{if}, but it is used often enough, and is important enough, to be |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3892 included here. It is used, for example, in the code for the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3893 function @code{beginning-of-buffer}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3894 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3895 The basic idea behind an @code{if}, is that ``@emph{if} a test is true, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3896 @emph{then} an expression is evaluated.'' If the test is not true, the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3897 expression is not evaluated. For example, you might make a decision |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3898 such as, ``if it is warm and sunny, then go to the beach!'' |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3899 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3900 @menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3901 * if in more detail:: |
73854
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
3902 * type-of-animal in detail:: An example of an @code{if} expression. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3903 @end menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3904 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3905 @node if in more detail, type-of-animal in detail, if, if |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3906 @ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3907 @unnumberedsubsec @code{if} in more detail |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3908 @end ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3909 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3910 @cindex @samp{if-part} defined |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3911 @cindex @samp{then-part} defined |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3912 An @code{if} expression written in Lisp does not use the word `then'; |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3913 the test and the action are the second and third elements of the list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3914 whose first element is @code{if}. Nonetheless, the test part of an |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3915 @code{if} expression is often called the @dfn{if-part} and the second |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3916 argument is often called the @dfn{then-part}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3917 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3918 Also, when an @code{if} expression is written, the true-or-false-test |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3919 is usually written on the same line as the symbol @code{if}, but the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3920 action to carry out if the test is true, the ``then-part'', is written |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3921 on the second and subsequent lines. This makes the @code{if} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3922 expression easier to read. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3923 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3924 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3925 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3926 (if @var{true-or-false-test} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3927 @var{action-to-carry-out-if-test-is-true}) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3928 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3929 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3930 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3931 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3932 The true-or-false-test will be an expression that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3933 is evaluated by the Lisp interpreter. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3934 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3935 Here is an example that you can evaluate in the usual manner. The test |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3936 is whether the number 5 is greater than the number 4. Since it is, the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3937 message @samp{5 is greater than 4!} will be printed. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3938 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3939 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3940 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3941 (if (> 5 4) ; @r{if-part} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3942 (message "5 is greater than 4!")) ; @r{then-part} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3943 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3944 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3945 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3946 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3947 (The function @code{>} tests whether its first argument is greater than |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3948 its second argument and returns true if it is.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3949 @findex > (greater than) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3950 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3951 Of course, in actual use, the test in an @code{if} expression will not |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3952 be fixed for all time as it is by the expression @code{(> 5 4)}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3953 Instead, at least one of the variables used in the test will be bound to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3954 a value that is not known ahead of time. (If the value were known ahead |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3955 of time, we would not need to run the test!) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3956 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3957 For example, the value may be bound to an argument of a function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3958 definition. In the following function definition, the character of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3959 animal is a value that is passed to the function. If the value bound to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3960 @code{characteristic} is @code{fierce}, then the message, @samp{It's a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3961 tiger!} will be printed; otherwise, @code{nil} will be returned. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3962 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3963 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3964 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3965 (defun type-of-animal (characteristic) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3966 "Print message in echo area depending on CHARACTERISTIC. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3967 If the CHARACTERISTIC is the symbol `fierce', |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3968 then warn of a tiger." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3969 (if (equal characteristic 'fierce) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3970 (message "It's a tiger!"))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3971 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3972 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3973 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3974 @need 1500 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3975 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3976 If you are reading this inside of GNU Emacs, you can evaluate the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3977 function definition in the usual way to install it in Emacs, and then you |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3978 can evaluate the following two expressions to see the results: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3979 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3980 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3981 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3982 (type-of-animal 'fierce) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3983 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3984 (type-of-animal 'zebra) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3985 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3986 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3987 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3988 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3989 @c Following sentences rewritten to prevent overfull hbox. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3990 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3991 When you evaluate @code{(type-of-animal 'fierce)}, you will see the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3992 following message printed in the echo area: @code{"It's a tiger!"}; and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3993 when you evaluate @code{(type-of-animal 'zebra)} you will see @code{nil} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3994 printed in the echo area. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3995 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3996 @node type-of-animal in detail, , if in more detail, if |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3997 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3998 @subsection The @code{type-of-animal} Function in Detail |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3999 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4000 Let's look at the @code{type-of-animal} function in detail. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4001 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4002 The function definition for @code{type-of-animal} was written by filling |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4003 the slots of two templates, one for a function definition as a whole, and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4004 a second for an @code{if} expression. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4005 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4006 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4007 The template for every function that is not interactive is: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4008 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4009 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4010 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4011 (defun @var{name-of-function} (@var{argument-list}) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4012 "@var{documentation}@dots{}" |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4013 @var{body}@dots{}) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4014 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4015 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4016 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4017 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4018 The parts of the function that match this template look like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4019 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4020 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4021 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4022 (defun type-of-animal (characteristic) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4023 "Print message in echo area depending on CHARACTERISTIC. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4024 If the CHARACTERISTIC is the symbol `fierce', |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4025 then warn of a tiger." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4026 @var{body: the} @code{if} @var{expression}) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4027 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4028 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4029 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4030 The name of function is @code{type-of-animal}; it is passed the value |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4031 of one argument. The argument list is followed by a multi-line |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4032 documentation string. The documentation string is included in the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4033 example because it is a good habit to write documentation string for |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4034 every function definition. The body of the function definition |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4035 consists of the @code{if} expression. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4036 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4037 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4038 The template for an @code{if} expression looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4039 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4040 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4041 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4042 (if @var{true-or-false-test} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4043 @var{action-to-carry-out-if-the-test-returns-true}) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4044 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4045 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4046 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4047 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4048 In the @code{type-of-animal} function, the code for the @code{if} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4049 looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4050 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4051 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4052 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4053 (if (equal characteristic 'fierce) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4054 (message "It's a tiger!"))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4055 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4056 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4057 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4058 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4059 Here, the true-or-false-test is the expression: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4060 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4061 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4062 (equal characteristic 'fierce) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4063 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4064 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4065 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4066 In Lisp, @code{equal} is a function that determines whether its first |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4067 argument is equal to its second argument. The second argument is the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4068 quoted symbol @code{'fierce} and the first argument is the value of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4069 symbol @code{characteristic}---in other words, the argument passed to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4070 this function. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4071 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4072 In the first exercise of @code{type-of-animal}, the argument |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4073 @code{fierce} is passed to @code{type-of-animal}. Since @code{fierce} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4074 is equal to @code{fierce}, the expression, @code{(equal characteristic |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4075 'fierce)}, returns a value of true. When this happens, the @code{if} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4076 evaluates the second argument or then-part of the @code{if}: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4077 @code{(message "It's tiger!")}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4078 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4079 On the other hand, in the second exercise of @code{type-of-animal}, the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4080 argument @code{zebra} is passed to @code{type-of-animal}. @code{zebra} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4081 is not equal to @code{fierce}, so the then-part is not evaluated and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4082 @code{nil} is returned by the @code{if} expression. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4083 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4084 @node else, Truth & Falsehood, if, Writing Defuns |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4085 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4086 @section If--then--else Expressions |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4087 @cindex Else |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4088 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4089 An @code{if} expression may have an optional third argument, called |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4090 the @dfn{else-part}, for the case when the true-or-false-test returns |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4091 false. When this happens, the second argument or then-part of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4092 overall @code{if} expression is @emph{not} evaluated, but the third or |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4093 else-part @emph{is} evaluated. You might think of this as the cloudy |
57364
c14ee9d769e8
Add missing backquote.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
57334
diff
changeset
|
4094 day alternative for the decision ``if it is warm and sunny, then go to |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4095 the beach, else read a book!''. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4096 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4097 The word ``else'' is not written in the Lisp code; the else-part of an |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4098 @code{if} expression comes after the then-part. In the written Lisp, the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4099 else-part is usually written to start on a line of its own and is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4100 indented less than the then-part: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4101 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4102 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4103 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4104 (if @var{true-or-false-test} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4105 @var{action-to-carry-out-if-the-test-returns-true} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4106 @var{action-to-carry-out-if-the-test-returns-false}) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4107 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4108 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4109 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4110 For example, the following @code{if} expression prints the message @samp{4 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4111 is not greater than 5!} when you evaluate it in the usual way: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4112 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4113 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4114 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4115 (if (> 4 5) ; @r{if-part} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4116 (message "5 is greater than 4!") ; @r{then-part} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4117 (message "4 is not greater than 5!")) ; @r{else-part} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4118 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4119 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4120 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4121 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4122 Note that the different levels of indentation make it easy to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4123 distinguish the then-part from the else-part. (GNU Emacs has several |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4124 commands that automatically indent @code{if} expressions correctly. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4125 @xref{Typing Lists, , GNU Emacs Helps You Type Lists}.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4126 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4127 We can extend the @code{type-of-animal} function to include an |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4128 else-part by simply incorporating an additional part to the @code{if} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4129 expression. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4130 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4131 @need 1500 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4132 You can see the consequences of doing this if you evaluate the following |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4133 version of the @code{type-of-animal} function definition to install it |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4134 and then evaluate the two subsequent expressions to pass different |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4135 arguments to the function. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4136 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4137 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4138 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4139 (defun type-of-animal (characteristic) ; @r{Second version.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4140 "Print message in echo area depending on CHARACTERISTIC. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4141 If the CHARACTERISTIC is the symbol `fierce', |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4142 then warn of a tiger; |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4143 else say it's not fierce." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4144 (if (equal characteristic 'fierce) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4145 (message "It's a tiger!") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4146 (message "It's not fierce!"))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4147 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4148 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4149 @sp 1 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4150 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4151 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4152 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4153 (type-of-animal 'fierce) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4154 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4155 (type-of-animal 'zebra) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4156 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4157 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4158 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4159 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4160 @c Following sentence rewritten to prevent overfull hbox. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4161 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4162 When you evaluate @code{(type-of-animal 'fierce)}, you will see the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4163 following message printed in the echo area: @code{"It's a tiger!"}; but |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4164 when you evaluate @code{(type-of-animal 'zebra)}, you will see |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4165 @code{"It's not fierce!"}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4166 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4167 (Of course, if the @var{characteristic} were @code{ferocious}, the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4168 message @code{"It's not fierce!"} would be printed; and it would be |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4169 misleading! When you write code, you need to take into account the |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4170 possibility that some such argument will be tested by the @code{if} |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4171 and write your program accordingly.) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4172 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4173 @node Truth & Falsehood, save-excursion, else, Writing Defuns |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4174 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4175 @section Truth and Falsehood in Emacs Lisp |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4176 @cindex Truth and falsehood in Emacs Lisp |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4177 @cindex Falsehood and truth in Emacs Lisp |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4178 @findex nil |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4179 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4180 There is an important aspect to the truth test in an @code{if} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4181 expression. So far, we have spoken of `true' and `false' as values of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4182 predicates as if they were new kinds of Emacs Lisp objects. In fact, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4183 `false' is just our old friend @code{nil}. Anything else---anything |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4184 at all---is `true'. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4185 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4186 The expression that tests for truth is interpreted as @dfn{true} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4187 if the result of evaluating it is a value that is not @code{nil}. In |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4188 other words, the result of the test is considered true if the value |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4189 returned is a number such as 47, a string such as @code{"hello"}, or a |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4190 symbol (other than @code{nil}) such as @code{flowers}, or a list (so |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4191 long as it is not empty), or even a buffer! |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4192 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4193 @menu |
73854
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
4194 * nil explained:: @code{nil} has two meanings. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4195 @end menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4196 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4197 @node nil explained, , Truth & Falsehood, Truth & Falsehood |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4198 @ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4199 @unnumberedsubsec An explanation of @code{nil} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4200 @end ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4201 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4202 Before illustrating a test for truth, we need an explanation of @code{nil}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4203 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4204 In Emacs Lisp, the symbol @code{nil} has two meanings. First, it means the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4205 empty list. Second, it means false and is the value returned when a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4206 true-or-false-test tests false. @code{nil} can be written as an empty |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4207 list, @code{()}, or as @code{nil}. As far as the Lisp interpreter is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4208 concerned, @code{()} and @code{nil} are the same. Humans, however, tend |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4209 to use @code{nil} for false and @code{()} for the empty list. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4210 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4211 In Emacs Lisp, any value that is not @code{nil}---is not the empty |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4212 list---is considered true. This means that if an evaluation returns |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4213 something that is not an empty list, an @code{if} expression will test |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4214 true. For example, if a number is put in the slot for the test, it |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4215 will be evaluated and will return itself, since that is what numbers |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4216 do when evaluated. In this conditional, the @code{if} expression will |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4217 test true. The expression tests false only when @code{nil}, an empty |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4218 list, is returned by evaluating the expression. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4219 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4220 You can see this by evaluating the two expressions in the following examples. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4221 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4222 In the first example, the number 4 is evaluated as the test in the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4223 @code{if} expression and returns itself; consequently, the then-part |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4224 of the expression is evaluated and returned: @samp{true} appears in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4225 the echo area. In the second example, the @code{nil} indicates false; |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4226 consequently, the else-part of the expression is evaluated and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4227 returned: @samp{false} appears in the echo area. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4228 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4229 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4230 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4231 (if 4 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4232 'true |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4233 'false) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4234 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4235 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4236 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4237 (if nil |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4238 'true |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4239 'false) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4240 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4241 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4242 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4243 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4244 Incidentally, if some other useful value is not available for a test that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4245 returns true, then the Lisp interpreter will return the symbol @code{t} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4246 for true. For example, the expression @code{(> 5 4)} returns @code{t} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4247 when evaluated, as you can see by evaluating it in the usual way: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4248 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4249 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4250 (> 5 4) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4251 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4252 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4253 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4254 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4255 On the other hand, this function returns @code{nil} if the test is false. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4256 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4257 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4258 (> 4 5) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4259 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4260 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4261 @node save-excursion, Review, Truth & Falsehood, Writing Defuns |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4262 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4263 @section @code{save-excursion} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4264 @findex save-excursion |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4265 @cindex Region, what it is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4266 @cindex Preserving point, mark, and buffer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4267 @cindex Point, mark, buffer preservation |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4268 @findex point |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4269 @findex mark |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4270 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4271 The @code{save-excursion} function is the fourth and final special form |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4272 that we will discuss in this chapter. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4273 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4274 In Emacs Lisp programs used for editing, the @code{save-excursion} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4275 function is very common. It saves the location of point and mark, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4276 executes the body of the function, and then restores point and mark to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4277 their previous positions if their locations were changed. Its primary |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4278 purpose is to keep the user from being surprised and disturbed by |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4279 unexpected movement of point or mark. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4280 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4281 @menu |
73854
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
4282 * Point and mark:: A review of various locations. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4283 * Template for save-excursion:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4284 @end menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4285 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4286 @node Point and mark, Template for save-excursion, save-excursion, save-excursion |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4287 @ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4288 @unnumberedsubsec Point and Mark |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4289 @end ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4290 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4291 Before discussing @code{save-excursion}, however, it may be useful |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4292 first to review what point and mark are in GNU Emacs. @dfn{Point} is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4293 the current location of the cursor. Wherever the cursor |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4294 is, that is point. More precisely, on terminals where the cursor |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4295 appears to be on top of a character, point is immediately before the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4296 character. In Emacs Lisp, point is an integer. The first character in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4297 a buffer is number one, the second is number two, and so on. The |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4298 function @code{point} returns the current position of the cursor as a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4299 number. Each buffer has its own value for point. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4300 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4301 The @dfn{mark} is another position in the buffer; its value can be set |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4302 with a command such as @kbd{C-@key{SPC}} (@code{set-mark-command}). If |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4303 a mark has been set, you can use the command @kbd{C-x C-x} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4304 (@code{exchange-point-and-mark}) to cause the cursor to jump to the mark |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4305 and set the mark to be the previous position of point. In addition, if |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4306 you set another mark, the position of the previous mark is saved in the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4307 mark ring. Many mark positions can be saved this way. You can jump the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4308 cursor to a saved mark by typing @kbd{C-u C-@key{SPC}} one or more |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4309 times. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4310 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4311 The part of the buffer between point and mark is called @dfn{the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4312 region}. Numerous commands work on the region, including |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4313 @code{center-region}, @code{count-lines-region}, @code{kill-region}, and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4314 @code{print-region}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4315 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4316 The @code{save-excursion} special form saves the locations of point and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4317 mark and restores those positions after the code within the body of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4318 special form is evaluated by the Lisp interpreter. Thus, if point were |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4319 in the beginning of a piece of text and some code moved point to the end |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4320 of the buffer, the @code{save-excursion} would put point back to where |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4321 it was before, after the expressions in the body of the function were |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4322 evaluated. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4323 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4324 In Emacs, a function frequently moves point as part of its internal |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4325 workings even though a user would not expect this. For example, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4326 @code{count-lines-region} moves point. To prevent the user from being |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4327 bothered by jumps that are both unexpected and (from the user's point of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4328 view) unnecessary, @code{save-excursion} is often used to keep point and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4329 mark in the location expected by the user. The use of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4330 @code{save-excursion} is good housekeeping. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4331 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4332 To make sure the house stays clean, @code{save-excursion} restores the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4333 values of point and mark even if something goes wrong in the code inside |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4334 of it (or, to be more precise and to use the proper jargon, ``in case of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4335 abnormal exit''). This feature is very helpful. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4336 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4337 In addition to recording the values of point and mark, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4338 @code{save-excursion} keeps track of the current buffer, and restores |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4339 it, too. This means you can write code that will change the buffer and |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4340 have @code{save-excursion} switch you back to the original buffer. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4341 This is how @code{save-excursion} is used in @code{append-to-buffer}. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4342 (@xref{append-to-buffer, , The Definition of @code{append-to-buffer}}.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4343 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4344 @node Template for save-excursion, , Point and mark, save-excursion |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4345 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4346 @subsection Template for a @code{save-excursion} Expression |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4347 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4348 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4349 The template for code using @code{save-excursion} is simple: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4350 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4351 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4352 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4353 (save-excursion |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4354 @var{body}@dots{}) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4355 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4356 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4357 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4358 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4359 The body of the function is one or more expressions that will be |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4360 evaluated in sequence by the Lisp interpreter. If there is more than |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4361 one expression in the body, the value of the last one will be returned |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4362 as the value of the @code{save-excursion} function. The other |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4363 expressions in the body are evaluated only for their side effects; and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4364 @code{save-excursion} itself is used only for its side effect (which |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4365 is restoring the positions of point and mark). |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4366 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4367 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4368 In more detail, the template for a @code{save-excursion} expression |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4369 looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4370 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4371 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4372 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4373 (save-excursion |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4374 @var{first-expression-in-body} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4375 @var{second-expression-in-body} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4376 @var{third-expression-in-body} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4377 @dots{} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4378 @var{last-expression-in-body}) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4379 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4380 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4381 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4382 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4383 An expression, of course, may be a symbol on its own or a list. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4384 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4385 In Emacs Lisp code, a @code{save-excursion} expression often occurs |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4386 within the body of a @code{let} expression. It looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4387 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4388 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4389 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4390 (let @var{varlist} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4391 (save-excursion |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4392 @var{body}@dots{})) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4393 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4394 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4395 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4396 @node Review, defun Exercises, save-excursion, Writing Defuns |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4397 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4398 @section Review |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4399 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4400 In the last few chapters we have introduced a fair number of functions |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4401 and special forms. Here they are described in brief, along with a few |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4402 similar functions that have not been mentioned yet. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4403 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4404 @table @code |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4405 @item eval-last-sexp |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4406 Evaluate the last symbolic expression before the current location of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4407 point. The value is printed in the echo area unless the function is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4408 invoked with an argument; in that case, the output is printed in the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4409 current buffer. This command is normally bound to @kbd{C-x C-e}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4410 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4411 @item defun |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4412 Define function. This special form has up to five parts: the name, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4413 a template for the arguments that will be passed to the function, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4414 documentation, an optional interactive declaration, and the body of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4415 definition. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4416 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4417 @need 1250 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4418 For example, in an early version of Emacs, the function definition was |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4419 as follows. (It is slightly more complex now that it seeks the first |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4420 non-whitespace character rather than the first visible character.) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4421 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4422 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4423 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4424 (defun back-to-indentation () |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4425 "Move point to first visible character on line." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4426 (interactive) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4427 (beginning-of-line 1) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4428 (skip-chars-forward " \t")) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4429 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4430 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4431 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4432 @ignore |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4433 In GNU Emacs 22, |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4434 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4435 (defun backward-to-indentation (&optional arg) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4436 "Move backward ARG lines and position at first nonblank character." |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4437 (interactive "p") |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4438 (forward-line (- (or arg 1))) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4439 (skip-chars-forward " \t")) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4440 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4441 (defun back-to-indentation () |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4442 "Move point to the first non-whitespace character on this line." |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4443 (interactive) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4444 (beginning-of-line 1) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4445 (skip-syntax-forward " " (line-end-position)) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4446 ;; Move back over chars that have whitespace syntax but have the p flag. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4447 (backward-prefix-chars)) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4448 @end ignore |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4449 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4450 @item interactive |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4451 Declare to the interpreter that the function can be used |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4452 interactively. This special form may be followed by a string with one |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4453 or more parts that pass the information to the arguments of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4454 function, in sequence. These parts may also tell the interpreter to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4455 prompt for information. Parts of the string are separated by |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4456 newlines, @samp{\n}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4457 |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
4458 @need 1000 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4459 Common code characters are: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4460 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4461 @table @code |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4462 @item b |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4463 The name of an existing buffer. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4464 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4465 @item f |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4466 The name of an existing file. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4467 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4468 @item p |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4469 The numeric prefix argument. (Note that this `p' is lower case.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4470 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4471 @item r |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4472 Point and the mark, as two numeric arguments, smallest first. This |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4473 is the only code letter that specifies two successive arguments |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4474 rather than one. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4475 @end table |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4476 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4477 @xref{Interactive Codes, , Code Characters for @samp{interactive}, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4478 elisp, The GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}, for a complete list of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4479 code characters. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4480 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4481 @item let |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4482 Declare that a list of variables is for use within the body of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4483 @code{let} and give them an initial value, either @code{nil} or a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4484 specified value; then evaluate the rest of the expressions in the body |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4485 of the @code{let} and return the value of the last one. Inside the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4486 body of the @code{let}, the Lisp interpreter does not see the values of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4487 the variables of the same names that are bound outside of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4488 @code{let}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4489 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4490 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4491 For example, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4492 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4493 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4494 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4495 (let ((foo (buffer-name)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4496 (bar (buffer-size))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4497 (message |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4498 "This buffer is %s and has %d characters." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4499 foo bar)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4500 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4501 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4502 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4503 @item save-excursion |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4504 Record the values of point and mark and the current buffer before |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4505 evaluating the body of this special form. Restore the values of point |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4506 and mark and buffer afterward. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4507 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4508 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4509 For example, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4510 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4511 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4512 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4513 (message "We are %d characters into this buffer." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4514 (- (point) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4515 (save-excursion |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4516 (goto-char (point-min)) (point)))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4517 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4518 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4519 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4520 @item if |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4521 Evaluate the first argument to the function; if it is true, evaluate |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4522 the second argument; else evaluate the third argument, if there is one. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4523 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4524 The @code{if} special form is called a @dfn{conditional}. There are |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4525 other conditionals in Emacs Lisp, but @code{if} is perhaps the most |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4526 commonly used. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4527 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4528 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4529 For example, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4530 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4531 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4532 @group |
73852
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
4533 (if (= 22 emacs-major-version) |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4534 (message "This is version 22 Emacs") |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4535 (message "This is not version 22 Emacs")) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4536 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4537 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4538 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4539 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4540 @item < |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4541 @itemx > |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4542 @itemx <= |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4543 @itemx >= |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4544 The @code{<} function tests whether its first argument is smaller than |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4545 its second argument. A corresponding function, @code{>}, tests whether |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4546 the first argument is greater than the second. Likewise, @code{<=} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4547 tests whether the first argument is less than or equal to the second and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4548 @code{>=} tests whether the first argument is greater than or equal to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4549 the second. In all cases, both arguments must be numbers or markers |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4550 (markers indicate positions in buffers). |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4551 |
73680
a171b46b168c
Replace 22.0.100 with 22.1.100.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73619
diff
changeset
|
4552 @need 800 |
73597
4d65d5858190
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Remove version reference for X colors.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73587
diff
changeset
|
4553 @item = |
73680
a171b46b168c
Replace 22.0.100 with 22.1.100.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73619
diff
changeset
|
4554 The @code{=} function tests whether two arguments, both numbers or |
73597
4d65d5858190
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Remove version reference for X colors.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73587
diff
changeset
|
4555 markers, are equal. |
4d65d5858190
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Remove version reference for X colors.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73587
diff
changeset
|
4556 |
73852
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
4557 @need 1250 |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
4558 @item equal |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
4559 @itemx eq |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
4560 Test whether two objects are the same. @code{equal} uses one meaning |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
4561 of the word `same' and @code{eq} uses another: @code{equal} returns |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
4562 true if the two objects have a similar structure and contents, such as |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
4563 two copies of the same book. On the other hand, @code{eq}, returns |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
4564 true if both arguments are actually the same object. |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
4565 @findex equal |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
4566 @findex eq |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
4567 |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
4568 @need 1250 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4569 @item string< |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4570 @itemx string-lessp |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4571 @itemx string= |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4572 @itemx string-equal |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4573 The @code{string-lessp} function tests whether its first argument is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4574 smaller than the second argument. A shorter, alternative name for the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4575 same function (a @code{defalias}) is @code{string<}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4576 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4577 The arguments to @code{string-lessp} must be strings or symbols; the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4578 ordering is lexicographic, so case is significant. The print names of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4579 symbols are used instead of the symbols themselves. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4580 |
42109
24f8e84cb04d
Indexed `empty string' definition.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
42108
diff
changeset
|
4581 @cindex @samp{empty string} defined |
42108
dcab51f5352e
Define `empty string' a second time, in a slightly more visible location.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
41872
diff
changeset
|
4582 An empty string, @samp{""}, a string with no characters in it, is |
dcab51f5352e
Define `empty string' a second time, in a slightly more visible location.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
41872
diff
changeset
|
4583 smaller than any string of characters. |
dcab51f5352e
Define `empty string' a second time, in a slightly more visible location.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
41872
diff
changeset
|
4584 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4585 @code{string-equal} provides the corresponding test for equality. Its |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4586 shorter, alternative name is @code{string=}. There are no string test |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4587 functions that correspond to @var{>}, @code{>=}, or @code{<=}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4588 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4589 @item message |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4590 Print a message in the echo area. The first argument is a string that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4591 can contain @samp{%s}, @samp{%d}, or @samp{%c} to print the value of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4592 arguments that follow the string. The argument used by @samp{%s} must |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4593 be a string or a symbol; the argument used by @samp{%d} must be a |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
4594 number. The argument used by @samp{%c} must be an @sc{ascii} code |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
4595 number; it will be printed as the character with that @sc{ascii} code. |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4596 (Various other %-sequences have not been mentioned.) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4597 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4598 @item setq |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4599 @itemx set |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4600 The @code{setq} function sets the value of its first argument to the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4601 value of the second argument. The first argument is automatically |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4602 quoted by @code{setq}. It does the same for succeeding pairs of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4603 arguments. Another function, @code{set}, takes only two arguments and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4604 evaluates both of them before setting the value returned by its first |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4605 argument to the value returned by its second argument. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4606 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4607 @item buffer-name |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4608 Without an argument, return the name of the buffer, as a string. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4609 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4610 @itemx buffer-file-name |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4611 Without an argument, return the name of the file the buffer is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4612 visiting. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4613 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4614 @item current-buffer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4615 Return the buffer in which Emacs is active; it may not be |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4616 the buffer that is visible on the screen. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4617 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4618 @item other-buffer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4619 Return the most recently selected buffer (other than the buffer passed |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4620 to @code{other-buffer} as an argument and other than the current |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4621 buffer). |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4622 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4623 @item switch-to-buffer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4624 Select a buffer for Emacs to be active in and display it in the current |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4625 window so users can look at it. Usually bound to @kbd{C-x b}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4626 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4627 @item set-buffer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4628 Switch Emacs' attention to a buffer on which programs will run. Don't |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4629 alter what the window is showing. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4630 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4631 @item buffer-size |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4632 Return the number of characters in the current buffer. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4633 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4634 @item point |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4635 Return the value of the current position of the cursor, as an |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4636 integer counting the number of characters from the beginning of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4637 buffer. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4638 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4639 @item point-min |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4640 Return the minimum permissible value of point in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4641 the current buffer. This is 1, unless narrowing is in effect. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4642 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4643 @item point-max |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4644 Return the value of the maximum permissible value of point in the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4645 current buffer. This is the end of the buffer, unless narrowing is in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4646 effect. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4647 @end table |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4648 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4649 @need 1500 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4650 @node defun Exercises, , Review, Writing Defuns |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4651 @section Exercises |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4652 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4653 @itemize @bullet |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4654 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4655 Write a non-interactive function that doubles the value of its |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4656 argument, a number. Make that function interactive. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4657 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4658 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4659 Write a function that tests whether the current value of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4660 @code{fill-column} is greater than the argument passed to the function, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4661 and if so, prints an appropriate message. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4662 @end itemize |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4663 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4664 @node Buffer Walk Through, More Complex, Writing Defuns, Top |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4665 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4666 @chapter A Few Buffer--Related Functions |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4667 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4668 In this chapter we study in detail several of the functions used in GNU |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4669 Emacs. This is called a ``walk-through''. These functions are used as |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4670 examples of Lisp code, but are not imaginary examples; with the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4671 exception of the first, simplified function definition, these functions |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4672 show the actual code used in GNU Emacs. You can learn a great deal from |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4673 these definitions. The functions described here are all related to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4674 buffers. Later, we will study other functions. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4675 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4676 @menu |
73854
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
4677 * Finding More:: How to find more information. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
4678 * simplified-beginning-of-buffer:: Shows @code{goto-char}, |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
4679 @code{point-min}, and @code{push-mark}. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
4680 * mark-whole-buffer:: Almost the same as @code{beginning-of-buffer}. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
4681 * append-to-buffer:: Uses @code{save-excursion} and |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
4682 @code{insert-buffer-substring}. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
4683 * Buffer Related Review:: Review. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4684 * Buffer Exercises:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4685 @end menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4686 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4687 @node Finding More, simplified-beginning-of-buffer, Buffer Walk Through, Buffer Walk Through |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4688 @section Finding More Information |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4689 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4690 @findex describe-function, @r{introduced} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4691 @cindex Find function documentation |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4692 In this walk-through, I will describe each new function as we come to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4693 it, sometimes in detail and sometimes briefly. If you are interested, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4694 you can get the full documentation of any Emacs Lisp function at any |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4695 time by typing @kbd{C-h f} and then the name of the function (and then |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4696 @key{RET}). Similarly, you can get the full documentation for a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4697 variable by typing @kbd{C-h v} and then the name of the variable (and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4698 then @key{RET}). |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4699 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4700 @cindex Find source of function |
73680
a171b46b168c
Replace 22.0.100 with 22.1.100.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73619
diff
changeset
|
4701 @c In version 22, tells location both of C and of Emacs Lisp |
a171b46b168c
Replace 22.0.100 with 22.1.100.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73619
diff
changeset
|
4702 Also, @code{describe-function} will tell you the location of the |
a171b46b168c
Replace 22.0.100 with 22.1.100.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73619
diff
changeset
|
4703 function definition. |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4704 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4705 Put point into the name of the file that contains the function and |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4706 press the @key{RET} key. In this case, @key{RET} means |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4707 @code{push-button} rather than `return' or `enter'. Emacs will take |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4708 you directly to the function definition. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4709 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4710 @ignore |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4711 Not In version 22 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4712 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4713 If you move point over the file name and press |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
4714 the @key{RET} key, which in this case means @code{help-follow} rather |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4715 than `return' or `enter', Emacs will take you directly to the function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4716 definition. |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4717 @end ignore |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4718 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4719 More generally, if you want to see a function in its original source |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4720 file, you can use the @code{find-tags} function to jump to it. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4721 @code{find-tags} works with a wide variety of languages, not just |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4722 Lisp, and C, and it works with non-programming text as well. For |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4723 example, @code{find-tags} will jump to the various nodes in the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4724 Texinfo source file of this document. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4725 The @code{find-tags} function depends on `tags tables' that record |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4726 the locations of the functions, variables, and other items to which |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4727 @code{find-tags} jumps. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4728 |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
4729 To use the @code{find-tags} command, type @kbd{M-.} (i.e., press the |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
4730 period key while holding down the @key{META} key, or else type the |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4731 @key{ESC} key and then type the period key), and then, at the prompt, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4732 type in the name of the function whose source code you want to see, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4733 such as @code{mark-whole-buffer}, and then type @key{RET}. Emacs will |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4734 switch buffers and display the source code for the function on your |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4735 screen. To switch back to your current buffer, type @kbd{C-x b |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4736 @key{RET}}. (On some keyboards, the @key{META} key is labelled |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4737 @key{ALT}.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4738 |
73767
a44deabfa735
Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73720
diff
changeset
|
4739 @c !!! 22.1.1 tags table location in this paragraph |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4740 @cindex TAGS table, specifying |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4741 @findex find-tags |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4742 Depending on how the initial default values of your copy of Emacs are |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4743 set, you may also need to specify the location of your `tags table', |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4744 which is a file called @file{TAGS}. For example, if you are |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4745 interested in Emacs sources, the tags table you will most likely want, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4746 if it has already been created for you, will be in a subdirectory of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4747 the @file{/usr/local/share/emacs/} directory; thus you would use the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4748 @code{M-x visit-tags-table} command and specify a pathname such as |
73767
a44deabfa735
Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73720
diff
changeset
|
4749 @file{/usr/local/share/emacs/22.1.1/lisp/TAGS}. If the tags table |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4750 has not already been created, you will have to create it yourself. It |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4751 will in a file such as @file{/usr/local/src/emacs/src/TAGS}. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4752 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4753 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4754 To create a @file{TAGS} file in a specific directory, switch to that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4755 directory in Emacs using @kbd{M-x cd} command, or list the directory |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4756 with @kbd{C-x d} (@code{dired}). Then run the compile command, with |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4757 @w{@code{etags *.el}} as the command to execute: |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4758 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4759 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4760 M-x compile RET etags *.el RET |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4761 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4762 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4763 For more information, see @ref{etags, , Create Your Own @file{TAGS} File}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4764 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4765 After you become more familiar with Emacs Lisp, you will find that you will |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4766 frequently use @code{find-tags} to navigate your way around source code; |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4767 and you will create your own @file{TAGS} tables. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4768 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4769 @cindex Library, as term for `file' |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4770 Incidentally, the files that contain Lisp code are conventionally |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4771 called @dfn{libraries}. The metaphor is derived from that of a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4772 specialized library, such as a law library or an engineering library, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4773 rather than a general library. Each library, or file, contains |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4774 functions that relate to a particular topic or activity, such as |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4775 @file{abbrev.el} for handling abbreviations and other typing |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4776 shortcuts, and @file{help.el} for on-line help. (Sometimes several |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4777 libraries provide code for a single activity, as the various |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4778 @file{rmail@dots{}} files provide code for reading electronic mail.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4779 In @cite{The GNU Emacs Manual}, you will see sentences such as ``The |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4780 @kbd{C-h p} command lets you search the standard Emacs Lisp libraries |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4781 by topic keywords.'' |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4782 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4783 @node simplified-beginning-of-buffer, mark-whole-buffer, Finding More, Buffer Walk Through |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4784 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4785 @section A Simplified @code{beginning-of-buffer} Definition |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4786 @findex simplified-beginning-of-buffer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4787 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4788 The @code{beginning-of-buffer} command is a good function to start with |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4789 since you are likely to be familiar with it and it is easy to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4790 understand. Used as an interactive command, @code{beginning-of-buffer} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4791 moves the cursor to the beginning of the buffer, leaving the mark at the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4792 previous position. It is generally bound to @kbd{M-<}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4793 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4794 In this section, we will discuss a shortened version of the function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4795 that shows how it is most frequently used. This shortened function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4796 works as written, but it does not contain the code for a complex option. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4797 In another section, we will describe the entire function. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4798 (@xref{beginning-of-buffer, , Complete Definition of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4799 @code{beginning-of-buffer}}.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4801 Before looking at the code, let's consider what the function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4802 definition has to contain: it must include an expression that makes |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4803 the function interactive so it can be called by typing @kbd{M-x |
44899
ebddb2618c17
Fixed typographic errors.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
43431
diff
changeset
|
4804 beginning-of-buffer} or by typing a keychord such as @kbd{M-<}; it |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4805 must include code to leave a mark at the original position in the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4806 buffer; and it must include code to move the cursor to the beginning |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4807 of the buffer. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4808 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4809 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4810 Here is the complete text of the shortened version of the function: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4811 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4812 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4813 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4814 (defun simplified-beginning-of-buffer () |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4815 "Move point to the beginning of the buffer; |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4816 leave mark at previous position." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4817 (interactive) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4818 (push-mark) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4819 (goto-char (point-min))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4820 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4821 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4822 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4823 Like all function definitions, this definition has five parts following |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4824 the special form @code{defun}: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4825 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4826 @enumerate |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4827 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4828 The name: in this example, @code{simplified-beginning-of-buffer}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4829 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4830 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4831 A list of the arguments: in this example, an empty list, @code{()}, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4832 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4833 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4834 The documentation string. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4835 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4836 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4837 The interactive expression. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4838 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4839 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4840 The body. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4841 @end enumerate |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4842 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4843 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4844 In this function definition, the argument list is empty; this means that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4845 this function does not require any arguments. (When we look at the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4846 definition for the complete function, we will see that it may be passed |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4847 an optional argument.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4848 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4849 The interactive expression tells Emacs that the function is intended to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4850 be used interactively. In this example, @code{interactive} does not have |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4851 an argument because @code{simplified-beginning-of-buffer} does not |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4852 require one. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4853 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4854 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4855 The body of the function consists of the two lines: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4856 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4857 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4858 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4859 (push-mark) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4860 (goto-char (point-min)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4861 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4862 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4863 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4864 The first of these lines is the expression, @code{(push-mark)}. When |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4865 this expression is evaluated by the Lisp interpreter, it sets a mark at |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4866 the current position of the cursor, wherever that may be. The position |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4867 of this mark is saved in the mark ring. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4868 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4869 The next line is @code{(goto-char (point-min))}. This expression |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4870 jumps the cursor to the minimum point in the buffer, that is, to the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4871 beginning of the buffer (or to the beginning of the accessible portion |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4872 of the buffer if it is narrowed. @xref{Narrowing & Widening, , |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4873 Narrowing and Widening}.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4874 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4875 The @code{push-mark} command sets a mark at the place where the cursor |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4876 was located before it was moved to the beginning of the buffer by the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4877 @code{(goto-char (point-min))} expression. Consequently, you can, if |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4878 you wish, go back to where you were originally by typing @kbd{C-x C-x}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4879 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4880 That is all there is to the function definition! |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4881 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4882 @findex describe-function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4883 When you are reading code such as this and come upon an unfamiliar |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4884 function, such as @code{goto-char}, you can find out what it does by |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4885 using the @code{describe-function} command. To use this command, type |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4886 @kbd{C-h f} and then type in the name of the function and press |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4887 @key{RET}. The @code{describe-function} command will print the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4888 function's documentation string in a @file{*Help*} window. For |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4889 example, the documentation for @code{goto-char} is: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4890 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4891 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4892 @group |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4893 Set point to POSITION, a number or marker. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4894 Beginning of buffer is position (point-min), end is (point-max). |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4895 @end group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4896 @end smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4897 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4898 @noindent |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4899 The function's one argument is the desired position. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4900 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4901 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4902 (The prompt for @code{describe-function} will offer you the symbol |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4903 under or preceding the cursor, so you can save typing by positioning |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4904 the cursor right over or after the function and then typing @kbd{C-h f |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4905 @key{RET}}.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4906 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4907 The @code{end-of-buffer} function definition is written in the same way as |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4908 the @code{beginning-of-buffer} definition except that the body of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4909 function contains the expression @code{(goto-char (point-max))} in place |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4910 of @code{(goto-char (point-min))}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4911 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4912 @node mark-whole-buffer, append-to-buffer, simplified-beginning-of-buffer, Buffer Walk Through |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4913 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4914 @section The Definition of @code{mark-whole-buffer} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4915 @findex mark-whole-buffer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4916 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4917 The @code{mark-whole-buffer} function is no harder to understand than the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4918 @code{simplified-beginning-of-buffer} function. In this case, however, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4919 we will look at the complete function, not a shortened version. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4920 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4921 The @code{mark-whole-buffer} function is not as commonly used as the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4922 @code{beginning-of-buffer} function, but is useful nonetheless: it |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4923 marks a whole buffer as a region by putting point at the beginning and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4924 a mark at the end of the buffer. It is generally bound to @kbd{C-x |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4925 h}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4926 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4927 @menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4928 * mark-whole-buffer overview:: |
73854
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
4929 * Body of mark-whole-buffer:: Only three lines of code. |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4930 @end menu |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4931 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4932 @node mark-whole-buffer overview, Body of mark-whole-buffer, mark-whole-buffer, mark-whole-buffer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4933 @ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4934 @unnumberedsubsec An overview of @code{mark-whole-buffer} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4935 @end ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4936 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4937 @need 1250 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4938 In GNU Emacs 22, the code for the complete function looks like this: |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4939 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4940 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4941 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4942 (defun mark-whole-buffer () |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4943 "Put point at beginning and mark at end of buffer. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4944 You probably should not use this function in Lisp programs; |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4945 it is usually a mistake for a Lisp function to use any subroutine |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4946 that uses or sets the mark." |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4947 (interactive) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4948 (push-mark (point)) |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4949 (push-mark (point-max) nil t) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4950 (goto-char (point-min))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4951 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4952 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4953 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4954 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4955 Like all other functions, the @code{mark-whole-buffer} function fits |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4956 into the template for a function definition. The template looks like |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4957 this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4958 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4959 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4960 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4961 (defun @var{name-of-function} (@var{argument-list}) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4962 "@var{documentation}@dots{}" |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4963 (@var{interactive-expression}@dots{}) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4964 @var{body}@dots{}) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4965 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4966 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4967 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4968 Here is how the function works: the name of the function is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4969 @code{mark-whole-buffer}; it is followed by an empty argument list, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4970 @samp{()}, which means that the function does not require arguments. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4971 The documentation comes next. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4972 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4973 The next line is an @code{(interactive)} expression that tells Emacs |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4974 that the function will be used interactively. These details are similar |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4975 to the @code{simplified-beginning-of-buffer} function described in the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4976 previous section. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4977 |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
4978 @need 1250 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4979 @node Body of mark-whole-buffer, , mark-whole-buffer overview, mark-whole-buffer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4980 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4981 @subsection Body of @code{mark-whole-buffer} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4982 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4983 The body of the @code{mark-whole-buffer} function consists of three |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4984 lines of code: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4985 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4986 @c GNU Emacs 22 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4987 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4988 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4989 (push-mark (point)) |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
4990 (push-mark (point-max) nil t) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4991 (goto-char (point-min)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4992 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4993 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4994 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4995 The first of these lines is the expression, @code{(push-mark (point))}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4996 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4997 This line does exactly the same job as the first line of the body of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4998 the @code{simplified-beginning-of-buffer} function, which is written |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4999 @code{(push-mark)}. In both cases, the Lisp interpreter sets a mark |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5000 at the current position of the cursor. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5001 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5002 I don't know why the expression in @code{mark-whole-buffer} is written |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5003 @code{(push-mark (point))} and the expression in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5004 @code{beginning-of-buffer} is written @code{(push-mark)}. Perhaps |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5005 whoever wrote the code did not know that the arguments for |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5006 @code{push-mark} are optional and that if @code{push-mark} is not |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5007 passed an argument, the function automatically sets mark at the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5008 location of point by default. Or perhaps the expression was written |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5009 so as to parallel the structure of the next line. In any case, the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5010 line causes Emacs to determine the position of point and set a mark |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5011 there. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5012 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5013 In earlier versions of GNU Emacs, the next line of |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5014 @code{mark-whole-buffer} was @code{(push-mark (point-max))}. This |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5015 expression sets a mark at the point in the buffer that has the highest |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5016 number. This will be the end of the buffer (or, if the buffer is |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5017 narrowed, the end of the accessible portion of the buffer. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5018 @xref{Narrowing & Widening, , Narrowing and Widening}, for more about |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5019 narrowing.) After this mark has been set, the previous mark, the one |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5020 set at point, is no longer set, but Emacs remembers its position, just |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5021 as all other recent marks are always remembered. This means that you |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5022 can, if you wish, go back to that position by typing @kbd{C-u |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5023 C-@key{SPC}} twice. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5024 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5025 @need 1250 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5026 In GNU Emacs 22, the @code{(point-max)} is slightly more complicated. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5027 The line reads |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5028 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5029 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5030 (push-mark (point-max) nil t) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5031 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5032 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5033 @noindent |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5034 The expression works nearly the same as before. It sets a mark at the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5035 highest numbered place in the buffer that it can. However, in this |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5036 version, @code{push-mark} has two additional arguments. The second |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5037 argument to @code{push-mark} is @code{nil}. This tells the function |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5038 it @emph{should} display a message that says `Mark set' when it pushes |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5039 the mark. The third argument is @code{t}. This tells |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5040 @code{push-mark} to activate the mark when Transient Mark mode is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5041 turned on. Transient Mark mode highlights the currently active |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5042 region. It is often turned off. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5043 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5044 Finally, the last line of the function is @code{(goto-char |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5045 (point-min)))}. This is written exactly the same way as it is written |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5046 in @code{beginning-of-buffer}. The expression moves the cursor to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5047 the minimum point in the buffer, that is, to the beginning of the buffer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5048 (or to the beginning of the accessible portion of the buffer). As a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5049 result of this, point is placed at the beginning of the buffer and mark |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5050 is set at the end of the buffer. The whole buffer is, therefore, the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5051 region. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5052 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5053 @node append-to-buffer, Buffer Related Review, mark-whole-buffer, Buffer Walk Through |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5054 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5055 @section The Definition of @code{append-to-buffer} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5056 @findex append-to-buffer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5057 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5058 The @code{append-to-buffer} command is more complex than the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5059 @code{mark-whole-buffer} command. What it does is copy the region |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5060 (that is, the part of the buffer between point and mark) from the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5061 current buffer to a specified buffer. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5062 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5063 @menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5064 * append-to-buffer overview:: |
73854
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
5065 * append interactive:: A two part interactive expression. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
5066 * append-to-buffer body:: Incorporates a @code{let} expression. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
5067 * append save-excursion:: How the @code{save-excursion} works. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5068 @end menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5069 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5070 @node append-to-buffer overview, append interactive, append-to-buffer, append-to-buffer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5071 @ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5072 @unnumberedsubsec An Overview of @code{append-to-buffer} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5073 @end ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5074 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5075 @findex insert-buffer-substring |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5076 The @code{append-to-buffer} command uses the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5077 @code{insert-buffer-substring} function to copy the region. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5078 @code{insert-buffer-substring} is described by its name: it takes a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5079 string of characters from part of a buffer, a ``substring'', and |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5080 inserts them into another buffer. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5081 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5082 Most of @code{append-to-buffer} is |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5083 concerned with setting up the conditions for |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5084 @code{insert-buffer-substring} to work: the code must specify both the |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5085 buffer to which the text will go, the window it comes from and goes |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5086 to, and the region that will be copied. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5087 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5088 @need 1250 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5089 Here is the complete text of the function: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5090 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5091 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5092 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5093 (defun append-to-buffer (buffer start end) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
5094 "Append to specified buffer the text of the region. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
5095 It is inserted into that buffer before its point. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5096 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5097 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5098 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
5099 When calling from a program, give three arguments: |
73554
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
5100 BUFFER (or buffer name), START and END. |
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|
5101 START and END specify the portion of the current buffer to be copied." |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
5102 (interactive |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
5103 (list (read-buffer "Append to buffer: " (other-buffer |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
5104 (current-buffer) t)) |
73683 | 5105 (region-beginning) (region-end))) |
73554
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|
5106 @end group |
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|
5107 @group |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5108 (let ((oldbuf (current-buffer))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
5109 (save-excursion |
73554
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|
5110 (let* ((append-to (get-buffer-create buffer)) |
73683 | 5111 (windows (get-buffer-window-list append-to t t)) |
5112 point) | |
5113 (set-buffer append-to) | |
5114 (setq point (point)) | |
5115 (barf-if-buffer-read-only) | |
5116 (insert-buffer-substring oldbuf start end) | |
5117 (dolist (window windows) | |
5118 (when (= (window-point window) point) | |
5119 (set-window-point window (point)))))))) | |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
5120 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
5121 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5122 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5123 The function can be understood by looking at it as a series of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5124 filled-in templates. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5125 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5126 The outermost template is for the function definition. In this |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5127 function, it looks like this (with several slots filled in): |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5128 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5129 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5130 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5131 (defun append-to-buffer (buffer start end) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
5132 "@var{documentation}@dots{}" |
73554
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|
5133 (interactive @dots{}) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
5134 @var{body}@dots{}) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
5135 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5136 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5137 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5138 The first line of the function includes its name and three arguments. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5139 The arguments are the @code{buffer} to which the text will be copied, and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5140 the @code{start} and @code{end} of the region in the current buffer that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5141 will be copied. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5142 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5143 The next part of the function is the documentation, which is clear and |
73554
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
5144 complete. As is conventional, the three arguments are written in |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
5145 upper case so you will notice them easily. Even better, they are |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
5146 described in the same order as in the argument list. |
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|
5147 |
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|
5148 Note that the documentation distinguishes between a buffer and its |
d092f1092ef0
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|
5149 name. (The function can handle either.) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5150 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5151 @node append interactive, append-to-buffer body, append-to-buffer overview, append-to-buffer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5152 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5153 @subsection The @code{append-to-buffer} Interactive Expression |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5154 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5155 Since the @code{append-to-buffer} function will be used interactively, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5156 the function must have an @code{interactive} expression. (For a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5157 review of @code{interactive}, see @ref{Interactive, , Making a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5158 Function Interactive}.) The expression reads as follows: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5159 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5160 @smallexample |
73683 | 5161 @group |
73554
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72479
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|
5162 (interactive |
73683 | 5163 (list (read-buffer |
5164 "Append to buffer: " | |
5165 (other-buffer (current-buffer) t)) | |
5166 (region-beginning) | |
5167 (region-end))) | |
5168 @end group | |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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diff
changeset
|
5169 @end smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
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|
5170 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
5171 @noindent |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
5172 This expression is not one with letters standing for parts, as |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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parents:
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|
5173 described earlier. Instead, it starts a list with thee parts. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
5174 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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diff
changeset
|
5175 The first part of the list is an expression to read the name of a |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
5176 buffer and return it as a string. That is @code{read-buffer}. The |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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72479
diff
changeset
|
5177 function requires a prompt as its first argument, @samp{"Append to |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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diff
changeset
|
5178 buffer: "}. Its second argument tells the command what value to |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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diff
changeset
|
5179 provide if you don't specify anything. |
d092f1092ef0
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changeset
|
5180 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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diff
changeset
|
5181 In this case that second argument is an expression containing the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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diff
changeset
|
5182 function @code{other-buffer}, an exception, and a @samp{t}, standing |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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diff
changeset
|
5183 for true. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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changeset
|
5184 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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diff
changeset
|
5185 The first argument to @code{other-buffer}, the exception, is yet |
d092f1092ef0
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|
5186 another function, @code{current-buffer}. That is not going to be |
d092f1092ef0
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|
5187 returned. The second argument is the symbol for true, @code{t}. that |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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changeset
|
5188 tells @code{other-buffer} that it may show visible buffers (except in |
d092f1092ef0
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|
5189 this case, it will not show the current buffer, which makes sense). |
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changeset
|
5190 |
d092f1092ef0
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changeset
|
5191 @need 1250 |
d092f1092ef0
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|
5192 The expression looks like this: |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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changeset
|
5193 |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
5194 @smallexample |
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|
5195 (other-buffer (current-buffer) t) |
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|
5196 @end smallexample |
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|
5197 |
d092f1092ef0
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changeset
|
5198 The second and third arguments to the @code{list} expression are |
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|
5199 @code{(region-beginning)} and @code{(region-end)}. These two |
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|
5200 functions specify the beginning and end of the text to be appended. |
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|
5201 |
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changeset
|
5202 @need 1250 |
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changeset
|
5203 Originally, the command used the letters @samp{B} and @samp{r}. |
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|
5204 The whole @code{interactive} expression looked like this: |
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|
5205 |
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|
5206 @smallexample |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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diff
changeset
|
5207 (interactive "BAppend to buffer:@: \nr") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5208 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
5209 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
5210 @noindent |
73554
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|
5211 But when that was done, the default value of the buffer switched to |
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|
5212 was invisible. That was not wanted. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5213 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5214 (The prompt was separated from the second argument with a newline, |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5215 @samp{\n}. It was followed by an @samp{r} that told Emacs to bind the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5216 two arguments that follow the symbol @code{buffer} in the function's |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5217 argument list (that is, @code{start} and @code{end}) to the values of |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5218 point and mark. That argument worked fine.) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5219 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5220 @node append-to-buffer body, append save-excursion, append interactive, append-to-buffer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5221 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5222 @subsection The Body of @code{append-to-buffer} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5223 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5224 @ignore |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5225 in GNU Emacs 22 in /usr/local/src/emacs/lisp/simple.el |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5226 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5227 (defun append-to-buffer (buffer start end) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5228 "Append to specified buffer the text of the region. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5229 It is inserted into that buffer before its point. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5230 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5231 When calling from a program, give three arguments: |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5232 BUFFER (or buffer name), START and END. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5233 START and END specify the portion of the current buffer to be copied." |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5234 (interactive |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5235 (list (read-buffer "Append to buffer: " (other-buffer (current-buffer) t)) |
73683 | 5236 (region-beginning) (region-end))) |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5237 (let ((oldbuf (current-buffer))) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5238 (save-excursion |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5239 (let* ((append-to (get-buffer-create buffer)) |
73683 | 5240 (windows (get-buffer-window-list append-to t t)) |
5241 point) | |
5242 (set-buffer append-to) | |
5243 (setq point (point)) | |
5244 (barf-if-buffer-read-only) | |
5245 (insert-buffer-substring oldbuf start end) | |
5246 (dolist (window windows) | |
5247 (when (= (window-point window) point) | |
5248 (set-window-point window (point)))))))) | |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
5249 @end ignore |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5250 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5251 The body of the @code{append-to-buffer} function begins with @code{let}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5252 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5253 As we have seen before (@pxref{let, , @code{let}}), the purpose of a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5254 @code{let} expression is to create and give initial values to one or |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5255 more variables that will only be used within the body of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5256 @code{let}. This means that such a variable will not be confused with |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5257 any variable of the same name outside the @code{let} expression. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5258 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5259 We can see how the @code{let} expression fits into the function as a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5260 whole by showing a template for @code{append-to-buffer} with the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5261 @code{let} expression in outline: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5262 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5263 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5264 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5265 (defun append-to-buffer (buffer start end) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5266 "@var{documentation}@dots{}" |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5267 (interactive @dots{}) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5268 (let ((@var{variable} @var{value})) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5269 @var{body}@dots{}) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5270 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5271 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5272 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5273 The @code{let} expression has three elements: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5274 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5275 @enumerate |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5276 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5277 The symbol @code{let}; |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5278 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5279 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5280 A varlist containing, in this case, a single two-element list, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5281 @code{(@var{variable} @var{value})}; |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5282 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5283 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5284 The body of the @code{let} expression. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5285 @end enumerate |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5286 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5287 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5288 In the @code{append-to-buffer} function, the varlist looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5289 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5290 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5291 (oldbuf (current-buffer)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5292 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5293 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5294 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5295 In this part of the @code{let} expression, the one variable, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5296 @code{oldbuf}, is bound to the value returned by the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5297 @code{(current-buffer)} expression. The variable, @code{oldbuf}, is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5298 used to keep track of the buffer in which you are working and from |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5299 which you will copy. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5300 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5301 The element or elements of a varlist are surrounded by a set of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5302 parentheses so the Lisp interpreter can distinguish the varlist from |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5303 the body of the @code{let}. As a consequence, the two-element list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5304 within the varlist is surrounded by a circumscribing set of parentheses. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5305 The line looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5306 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5307 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5308 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5309 (let ((oldbuf (current-buffer))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5310 @dots{} ) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5311 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5312 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5313 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5314 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5315 The two parentheses before @code{oldbuf} might surprise you if you did |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5316 not realize that the first parenthesis before @code{oldbuf} marks the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5317 boundary of the varlist and the second parenthesis marks the beginning |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5318 of the two-element list, @code{(oldbuf (current-buffer))}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5319 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5320 @node append save-excursion, , append-to-buffer body, append-to-buffer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5321 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5322 @subsection @code{save-excursion} in @code{append-to-buffer} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5323 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5324 The body of the @code{let} expression in @code{append-to-buffer} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5325 consists of a @code{save-excursion} expression. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5326 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5327 The @code{save-excursion} function saves the locations of point and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5328 mark, and restores them to those positions after the expressions in the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5329 body of the @code{save-excursion} complete execution. In addition, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5330 @code{save-excursion} keeps track of the original buffer, and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5331 restores it. This is how @code{save-excursion} is used in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5332 @code{append-to-buffer}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5333 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5334 @need 1500 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5335 @cindex Indentation for formatting |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5336 @cindex Formatting convention |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5337 Incidentally, it is worth noting here that a Lisp function is normally |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5338 formatted so that everything that is enclosed in a multi-line spread is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5339 indented more to the right than the first symbol. In this function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5340 definition, the @code{let} is indented more than the @code{defun}, and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5341 the @code{save-excursion} is indented more than the @code{let}, like |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5342 this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5343 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5344 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5345 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5346 (defun @dots{} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5347 @dots{} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5348 @dots{} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5349 (let@dots{} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5350 (save-excursion |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5351 @dots{} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5352 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5353 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5354 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5355 @need 1500 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5356 @noindent |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5357 This formatting convention makes it easy to see that the lines in |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5358 the body of the @code{save-excursion} are enclosed by the parentheses |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5359 associated with @code{save-excursion}, just as the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5360 @code{save-excursion} itself is enclosed by the parentheses associated |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5361 with the @code{let}: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5362 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5363 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5364 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5365 (let ((oldbuf (current-buffer))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5366 (save-excursion |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5367 @dots{} |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5368 (set-buffer @dots{}) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5369 (insert-buffer-substring oldbuf start end) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5370 @dots{})) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5371 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5372 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5373 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5374 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5375 The use of the @code{save-excursion} function can be viewed as a process |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5376 of filling in the slots of a template: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5377 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5378 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5379 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5380 (save-excursion |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5381 @var{first-expression-in-body} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5382 @var{second-expression-in-body} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5383 @dots{} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5384 @var{last-expression-in-body}) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5385 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5386 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5387 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5388 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5389 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5390 In this function, the body of the @code{save-excursion} contains only |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5391 one expression, the @code{let*} expression. You know about a |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5392 @code{let} function. The @code{let*} function is different. It has a |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5393 @samp{*} in its name. It enables Emacs to set each variable in its |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5394 varlist in sequence, one after another. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5395 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5396 Its critical feature is that variables later in the varlist can make |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5397 use of the values to which Emacs set variables earlier in the varlist. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5398 @xref{fwd-para let, , The @code{let*} expression}. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5399 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5400 We will skip functions like @code{let*} and focus on two: the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5401 @code{set-buffer} function and the @code{insert-buffer-substring} |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5402 function. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5403 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5404 @need 1250 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5405 In the old days, the @code{set-buffer} expression was simply |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5406 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5407 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5408 (set-buffer (get-buffer-create buffer)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5409 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5410 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5411 @need 1250 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5412 @noindent |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5413 but now it is |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5414 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5415 @smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5416 (set-buffer append-to) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5417 @end smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5418 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5419 @noindent |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5420 @code{append-to} is bound to @code{(get-buffer-create buffer)} earlier |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5421 on in the @code{let*} expression. That extra binding would not be |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5422 necessary except for that @code{append-to} is used later in the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5423 varlist as an argument to @code{get-buffer-window-list}. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
5424 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
5425 @ignore |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5426 in GNU Emacs 22 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
5427 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
5428 (let ((oldbuf (current-buffer))) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
5429 (save-excursion |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
5430 (let* ((append-to (get-buffer-create buffer)) |
73683 | 5431 (windows (get-buffer-window-list append-to t t)) |
5432 point) | |
5433 (set-buffer append-to) | |
5434 (setq point (point)) | |
5435 (barf-if-buffer-read-only) | |
5436 (insert-buffer-substring oldbuf start end) | |
5437 (dolist (window windows) | |
5438 (when (= (window-point window) point) | |
5439 (set-window-point window (point)))))))) | |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
5440 @end ignore |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
5441 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5442 The @code{append-to-buffer} function definition inserts text from the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
5443 buffer in which you are currently to a named buffer. It happens that |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
5444 @code{insert-buffer-substring} copies text from another buffer to the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5445 current buffer, just the reverse---that is why the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5446 @code{append-to-buffer} definition starts out with a @code{let} that |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
5447 binds the local symbol @code{oldbuf} to the value returned by |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
5448 @code{current-buffer}. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
5449 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
5450 @need 1250 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5451 The @code{insert-buffer-substring} expression looks like this: |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5452 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5453 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5454 (insert-buffer-substring oldbuf start end) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5455 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5456 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5457 @noindent |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5458 The @code{insert-buffer-substring} function copies a string |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5459 @emph{from} the buffer specified as its first argument and inserts the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5460 string into the present buffer. In this case, the argument to |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5461 @code{insert-buffer-substring} is the value of the variable created |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5462 and bound by the @code{let}, namely the value of @code{oldbuf}, which |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5463 was the current buffer when you gave the @code{append-to-buffer} |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5464 command. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5465 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5466 After @code{insert-buffer-substring} has done its work, |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5467 @code{save-excursion} will restore the action to the original buffer |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5468 and @code{append-to-buffer} will have done its job. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5469 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5470 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5471 Written in skeletal form, the workings of the body look like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5472 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5473 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5474 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5475 (let (@var{bind-}@code{oldbuf}@var{-to-value-of-}@code{current-buffer}) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5476 (save-excursion ; @r{Keep track of buffer.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5477 @var{change-buffer} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5478 @var{insert-substring-from-}@code{oldbuf}@var{-into-buffer}) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5479 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5480 @var{change-back-to-original-buffer-when-finished} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5481 @var{let-the-local-meaning-of-}@code{oldbuf}@var{-disappear-when-finished} |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5482 @end group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5483 @end smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5484 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5485 In summary, @code{append-to-buffer} works as follows: it saves the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5486 value of the current buffer in the variable called @code{oldbuf}. It |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5487 gets the new buffer (creating one if need be) and switches Emacs' |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5488 attention to it. Using the value of @code{oldbuf}, it inserts the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5489 region of text from the old buffer into the new buffer; and then using |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5490 @code{save-excursion}, it brings you back to your original buffer. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5491 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5492 In looking at @code{append-to-buffer}, you have explored a fairly |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5493 complex function. It shows how to use @code{let} and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5494 @code{save-excursion}, and how to change to and come back from another |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5495 buffer. Many function definitions use @code{let}, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5496 @code{save-excursion}, and @code{set-buffer} this way. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5497 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5498 @node Buffer Related Review, Buffer Exercises, append-to-buffer, Buffer Walk Through |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5499 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5500 @section Review |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5501 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5502 Here is a brief summary of the various functions discussed in this chapter. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5503 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5504 @table @code |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5505 @item describe-function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5506 @itemx describe-variable |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5507 Print the documentation for a function or variable. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5508 Conventionally bound to @kbd{C-h f} and @kbd{C-h v}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5509 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5510 @item find-tag |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5511 Find the file containing the source for a function or variable and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5512 switch buffers to it, positioning point at the beginning of the item. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5513 Conventionally bound to @kbd{M-.} (that's a period following the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5514 @key{META} key). |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5515 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5516 @item save-excursion |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5517 Save the location of point and mark and restore their values after the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5518 arguments to @code{save-excursion} have been evaluated. Also, remember |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5519 the current buffer and return to it. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5520 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5521 @item push-mark |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5522 Set mark at a location and record the value of the previous mark on the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5523 mark ring. The mark is a location in the buffer that will keep its |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5524 relative position even if text is added to or removed from the buffer. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5525 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5526 @item goto-char |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5527 Set point to the location specified by the value of the argument, which |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5528 can be a number, a marker, or an expression that returns the number of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5529 a position, such as @code{(point-min)}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5530 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5531 @item insert-buffer-substring |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5532 Copy a region of text from a buffer that is passed to the function as |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5533 an argument and insert the region into the current buffer. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5534 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5535 @item mark-whole-buffer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5536 Mark the whole buffer as a region. Normally bound to @kbd{C-x h}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5537 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5538 @item set-buffer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5539 Switch the attention of Emacs to another buffer, but do not change the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5540 window being displayed. Used when the program rather than a human is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5541 to work on a different buffer. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5542 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5543 @item get-buffer-create |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5544 @itemx get-buffer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5545 Find a named buffer or create one if a buffer of that name does not |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5546 exist. The @code{get-buffer} function returns @code{nil} if the named |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5547 buffer does not exist. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5548 @end table |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5549 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5550 @need 1500 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5551 @node Buffer Exercises, , Buffer Related Review, Buffer Walk Through |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5552 @section Exercises |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5553 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5554 @itemize @bullet |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5555 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5556 Write your own @code{simplified-end-of-buffer} function definition; |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5557 then test it to see whether it works. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5558 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5559 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5560 Use @code{if} and @code{get-buffer} to write a function that prints a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5561 message telling you whether a buffer exists. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5562 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5563 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5564 Using @code{find-tag}, find the source for the @code{copy-to-buffer} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5565 function. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5566 @end itemize |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5567 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5568 @node More Complex, Narrowing & Widening, Buffer Walk Through, Top |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5569 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5570 @chapter A Few More Complex Functions |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5571 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5572 In this chapter, we build on what we have learned in previous chapters |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5573 by looking at more complex functions. The @code{copy-to-buffer} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5574 function illustrates use of two @code{save-excursion} expressions in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5575 one definition, while the @code{insert-buffer} function illustrates |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5576 use of an asterisk in an @code{interactive} expression, use of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5577 @code{or}, and the important distinction between a name and the object |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5578 to which the name refers. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5579 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5580 @menu |
73854
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
5581 * copy-to-buffer:: With @code{set-buffer}, @code{get-buffer-create}. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
5582 * insert-buffer:: Read-only, and with @code{or}. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
5583 * beginning-of-buffer:: Shows @code{goto-char}, |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
5584 @code{point-min}, and @code{push-mark}. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5585 * Second Buffer Related Review:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5586 * optional Exercise:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5587 @end menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5588 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5589 @node copy-to-buffer, insert-buffer, More Complex, More Complex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5590 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5591 @section The Definition of @code{copy-to-buffer} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5592 @findex copy-to-buffer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5593 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5594 After understanding how @code{append-to-buffer} works, it is easy to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5595 understand @code{copy-to-buffer}. This function copies text into a |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5596 buffer, but instead of adding to the second buffer, it replaces all the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5597 previous text in the second buffer. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5598 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5599 @need 800 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5600 The body of @code{copy-to-buffer} looks like this, |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5601 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5602 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5603 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5604 @dots{} |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5605 (interactive "BCopy to buffer: \nr") |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5606 (let ((oldbuf (current-buffer))) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5607 (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create buffer) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5608 (barf-if-buffer-read-only) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5609 (erase-buffer) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5610 (save-excursion |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5611 (insert-buffer-substring oldbuf start end))))) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5612 @end group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5613 @end smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5614 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5615 The @code{copy-to-buffer} function has a simpler @code{interactive} |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5616 expression than @code{append-to-buffer}. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5617 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5618 @need 800 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5619 The definition then says |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5620 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5621 @smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5622 (with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create buffer) @dots{} |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5623 @end smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5624 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5625 First, look at the earliest inner expression; that is evaluated first. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5626 That expression starts with @code{get-buffer-create buffer}. The |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5627 function tells the computer to use the buffer with the name specified |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5628 as the one to which you are copying, or if such a buffer does not |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5629 exist, to create it. Then, the @code{with-current-buffer} function |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5630 evaluates its body with that buffer temporarily current. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5631 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5632 (This demonstrates another way to shift the computer's attention but |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5633 not the user's. The @code{append-to-buffer} function showed how to do |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5634 the same with @code{save-excursion} and @code{set-buffer}. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5635 @code{with-current-buffer} is a newer, and arguably easier, |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5636 mechanism.) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5637 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5638 The @code{barf-if-buffer-read-only} function sends you an error |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5639 message saying the buffer is read-only if you cannot modify it. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5640 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5641 The next line has the @code{erase-buffer} function as its sole |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5642 contents. That function erases the buffer. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5643 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5644 Finally, the last two lines contain the @code{save-excursion} |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5645 expression with @code{insert-buffer-substring} as its body. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5646 The @code{insert-buffer-substring} expression copies the text from |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5647 the buffer you are in (and you have not seen the computer shift its |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5648 attention, so you don't know that that buffer is now called |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5649 @code{oldbuf}). |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5650 |
73587
c84b73607df3
Removed INSTALL MANIFEST since those files are now irrelevant.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73554
diff
changeset
|
5651 Incidentally, this is what is meant by `replacement'. To replace text, |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5652 Emacs erases the previous text and then inserts new text. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5653 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5654 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5655 In outline, the body of @code{copy-to-buffer} looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5656 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5657 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5658 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5659 (let (@var{bind-}@code{oldbuf}@var{-to-value-of-}@code{current-buffer}) |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5660 (@var{with-the-buffer-you-are-copying-to} |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5661 (@var{but-do-not-erase-or-copy-to-a-read-only-buffer}) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5662 (erase-buffer) |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5663 (save-excursion |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5664 @var{insert-substring-from-}@code{oldbuf}@var{-into-buffer}))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5665 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5666 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5667 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5668 @node insert-buffer, beginning-of-buffer, copy-to-buffer, More Complex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5669 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5670 @section The Definition of @code{insert-buffer} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5671 @findex insert-buffer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5672 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5673 @code{insert-buffer} is yet another buffer-related function. This |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5674 command copies another buffer @emph{into} the current buffer. It is the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5675 reverse of @code{append-to-buffer} or @code{copy-to-buffer}, since they |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5676 copy a region of text @emph{from} the current buffer to another buffer. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5677 |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
5678 Here is a discussion based on the original code. The code was |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
5679 simplified in 2003 and is harder to understand. |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
5680 |
73683 | 5681 (@xref{New insert-buffer, , New Body for @code{insert-buffer}}, to see |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5682 a discussion of the new body.) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5683 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5684 In addition, this code illustrates the use of @code{interactive} with a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5685 buffer that might be @dfn{read-only} and the important distinction |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5686 between the name of an object and the object actually referred to. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5687 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5688 @menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5689 * insert-buffer code:: |
73854
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
5690 * insert-buffer interactive:: When you can read, but not write. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
5691 * insert-buffer body:: The body has an @code{or} and a @code{let}. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
5692 * if & or:: Using an @code{if} instead of an @code{or}. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
5693 * Insert or:: How the @code{or} expression works. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
5694 * Insert let:: Two @code{save-excursion} expressions. |
73852
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
5695 * New insert-buffer:: |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5696 @end menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5697 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5698 @node insert-buffer code, insert-buffer interactive, insert-buffer, insert-buffer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5699 @ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5700 @unnumberedsubsec The Code for @code{insert-buffer} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5701 @end ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5702 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5703 @need 800 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5704 Here is the earlier code: |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5705 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5706 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5707 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5708 (defun insert-buffer (buffer) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5709 "Insert after point the contents of BUFFER. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5710 Puts mark after the inserted text. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5711 BUFFER may be a buffer or a buffer name." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5712 (interactive "*bInsert buffer:@: ") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5713 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5714 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5715 (or (bufferp buffer) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5716 (setq buffer (get-buffer buffer))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5717 (let (start end newmark) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5718 (save-excursion |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5719 (save-excursion |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5720 (set-buffer buffer) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5721 (setq start (point-min) end (point-max))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5722 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5723 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5724 (insert-buffer-substring buffer start end) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5725 (setq newmark (point))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5726 (push-mark newmark))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5727 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5728 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5729 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5730 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5731 As with other function definitions, you can use a template to see an |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5732 outline of the function: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5733 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5734 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5735 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5736 (defun insert-buffer (buffer) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5737 "@var{documentation}@dots{}" |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5738 (interactive "*bInsert buffer:@: ") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5739 @var{body}@dots{}) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5740 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5741 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5742 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5743 @node insert-buffer interactive, insert-buffer body, insert-buffer code, insert-buffer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5744 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5745 @subsection The Interactive Expression in @code{insert-buffer} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5746 @findex interactive, @r{example use of} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5747 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5748 In @code{insert-buffer}, the argument to the @code{interactive} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5749 declaration has two parts, an asterisk, @samp{*}, and @samp{bInsert |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5750 buffer:@: }. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5751 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5752 @menu |
73854
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
5753 * Read-only buffer:: When a buffer cannot be modified. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
5754 * b for interactive:: An existing buffer or else its name. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5755 @end menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5756 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5757 @node Read-only buffer, b for interactive, insert-buffer interactive, insert-buffer interactive |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5758 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5759 @unnumberedsubsubsec A Read-only Buffer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5760 @cindex Read-only buffer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5761 @cindex Asterisk for read-only buffer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5762 @findex * @r{for read-only buffer} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5763 |
44899
ebddb2618c17
Fixed typographic errors.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
43431
diff
changeset
|
5764 The asterisk is for the situation when the current buffer is a |
ebddb2618c17
Fixed typographic errors.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
43431
diff
changeset
|
5765 read-only buffer---a buffer that cannot be modified. If |
ebddb2618c17
Fixed typographic errors.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
43431
diff
changeset
|
5766 @code{insert-buffer} is called when the current buffer is read-only, a |
ebddb2618c17
Fixed typographic errors.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
43431
diff
changeset
|
5767 message to this effect is printed in the echo area and the terminal |
ebddb2618c17
Fixed typographic errors.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
43431
diff
changeset
|
5768 may beep or blink at you; you will not be permitted to insert anything |
ebddb2618c17
Fixed typographic errors.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
43431
diff
changeset
|
5769 into current buffer. The asterisk does not need to be followed by a |
ebddb2618c17
Fixed typographic errors.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
43431
diff
changeset
|
5770 newline to separate it from the next argument. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5771 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5772 @node b for interactive, , Read-only buffer, insert-buffer interactive |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5773 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5774 @unnumberedsubsubsec @samp{b} in an Interactive Expression |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5775 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5776 The next argument in the interactive expression starts with a lower |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5777 case @samp{b}. (This is different from the code for |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5778 @code{append-to-buffer}, which uses an upper-case @samp{B}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5779 @xref{append-to-buffer, , The Definition of @code{append-to-buffer}}.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5780 The lower-case @samp{b} tells the Lisp interpreter that the argument |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5781 for @code{insert-buffer} should be an existing buffer or else its |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5782 name. (The upper-case @samp{B} option provides for the possibility |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5783 that the buffer does not exist.) Emacs will prompt you for the name |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5784 of the buffer, offering you a default buffer, with name completion |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5785 enabled. If the buffer does not exist, you receive a message that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5786 says ``No match''; your terminal may beep at you as well. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5787 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5788 The new and simplified code generates a list for @code{interactive}. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5789 It uses the @code{barf-if-buffer-read-only} and @code{read-buffer} |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5790 functions with which we are already familiar and the @code{progn} |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5791 special form with which we are not. (It will be described later.) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
5792 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5793 @node insert-buffer body, if & or, insert-buffer interactive, insert-buffer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5794 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5795 @subsection The Body of the @code{insert-buffer} Function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5796 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5797 The body of the @code{insert-buffer} function has two major parts: an |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5798 @code{or} expression and a @code{let} expression. The purpose of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5799 @code{or} expression is to ensure that the argument @code{buffer} is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5800 bound to a buffer and not just the name of a buffer. The body of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5801 @code{let} expression contains the code which copies the other buffer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5802 into the current buffer. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5803 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5804 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5805 In outline, the two expressions fit into the @code{insert-buffer} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5806 function like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5807 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5808 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5809 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5810 (defun insert-buffer (buffer) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5811 "@var{documentation}@dots{}" |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5812 (interactive "*bInsert buffer:@: ") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5813 (or @dots{} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5814 @dots{} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5815 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5816 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5817 (let (@var{varlist}) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5818 @var{body-of-}@code{let}@dots{} ) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5819 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5820 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5821 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5822 To understand how the @code{or} expression ensures that the argument |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5823 @code{buffer} is bound to a buffer and not to the name of a buffer, it |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5824 is first necessary to understand the @code{or} function. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5825 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5826 Before doing this, let me rewrite this part of the function using |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5827 @code{if} so that you can see what is done in a manner that will be familiar. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5828 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5829 @node if & or, Insert or, insert-buffer body, insert-buffer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5830 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5831 @subsection @code{insert-buffer} With an @code{if} Instead of an @code{or} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5832 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5833 The job to be done is to make sure the value of @code{buffer} is a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5834 buffer itself and not the name of a buffer. If the value is the name, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5835 then the buffer itself must be got. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5836 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5837 You can imagine yourself at a conference where an usher is wandering |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5838 around holding a list with your name on it and looking for you: the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5839 usher is ``bound'' to your name, not to you; but when the usher finds |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5840 you and takes your arm, the usher becomes ``bound'' to you. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5841 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5842 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5843 In Lisp, you might describe this situation like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5844 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5845 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5846 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5847 (if (not (holding-on-to-guest)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5848 (find-and-take-arm-of-guest)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5849 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5850 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5851 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5852 We want to do the same thing with a buffer---if we do not have the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5853 buffer itself, we want to get it. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5854 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5855 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5856 Using a predicate called @code{bufferp} that tells us whether we have a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5857 buffer (rather than its name), we can write the code like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5858 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5859 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5860 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5861 (if (not (bufferp buffer)) ; @r{if-part} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5862 (setq buffer (get-buffer buffer))) ; @r{then-part} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5863 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5864 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5865 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5866 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5867 Here, the true-or-false-test of the @code{if} expression is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5868 @w{@code{(not (bufferp buffer))}}; and the then-part is the expression |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5869 @w{@code{(setq buffer (get-buffer buffer))}}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5870 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5871 In the test, the function @code{bufferp} returns true if its argument is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5872 a buffer---but false if its argument is the name of the buffer. (The |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5873 last character of the function name @code{bufferp} is the character |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5874 @samp{p}; as we saw earlier, such use of @samp{p} is a convention that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5875 indicates that the function is a predicate, which is a term that means |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5876 that the function will determine whether some property is true or false. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5877 @xref{Wrong Type of Argument, , Using the Wrong Type Object as an |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5878 Argument}.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5879 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5880 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5881 The function @code{not} precedes the expression @code{(bufferp buffer)}, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5882 so the true-or-false-test looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5883 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5884 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5885 (not (bufferp buffer)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5886 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5887 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5888 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5889 @code{not} is a function that returns true if its argument is false |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5890 and false if its argument is true. So if @code{(bufferp buffer)} |
73587
c84b73607df3
Removed INSTALL MANIFEST since those files are now irrelevant.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73554
diff
changeset
|
5891 returns true, the @code{not} expression returns false and vice-verse: |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5892 what is ``not true'' is false and what is ``not false'' is true. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5893 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5894 Using this test, the @code{if} expression works as follows: when the |
50621
0e3a9e34f995
Thanks to Hugo Gayosso, fix minor typos.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
47559
diff
changeset
|
5895 value of the variable @code{buffer} is actually a buffer rather than |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5896 its name, the true-or-false-test returns false and the @code{if} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5897 expression does not evaluate the then-part. This is fine, since we do |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5898 not need to do anything to the variable @code{buffer} if it really is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5899 a buffer. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5900 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5901 On the other hand, when the value of @code{buffer} is not a buffer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5902 itself, but the name of a buffer, the true-or-false-test returns true |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5903 and the then-part of the expression is evaluated. In this case, the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5904 then-part is @code{(setq buffer (get-buffer buffer))}. This |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5905 expression uses the @code{get-buffer} function to return an actual |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5906 buffer itself, given its name. The @code{setq} then sets the variable |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5907 @code{buffer} to the value of the buffer itself, replacing its previous |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5908 value (which was the name of the buffer). |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5909 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5910 @node Insert or, Insert let, if & or, insert-buffer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5911 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5912 @subsection The @code{or} in the Body |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5913 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5914 The purpose of the @code{or} expression in the @code{insert-buffer} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5915 function is to ensure that the argument @code{buffer} is bound to a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5916 buffer and not just to the name of a buffer. The previous section shows |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5917 how the job could have been done using an @code{if} expression. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5918 However, the @code{insert-buffer} function actually uses @code{or}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5919 To understand this, it is necessary to understand how @code{or} works. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5920 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5921 @findex or |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5922 An @code{or} function can have any number of arguments. It evaluates |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5923 each argument in turn and returns the value of the first of its |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5924 arguments that is not @code{nil}. Also, and this is a crucial feature |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5925 of @code{or}, it does not evaluate any subsequent arguments after |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5926 returning the first non-@code{nil} value. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5927 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5928 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5929 The @code{or} expression looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5930 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5931 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5932 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5933 (or (bufferp buffer) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5934 (setq buffer (get-buffer buffer))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5935 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5936 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5937 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5938 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5939 The first argument to @code{or} is the expression @code{(bufferp buffer)}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5940 This expression returns true (a non-@code{nil} value) if the buffer is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5941 actually a buffer, and not just the name of a buffer. In the @code{or} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5942 expression, if this is the case, the @code{or} expression returns this |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5943 true value and does not evaluate the next expression---and this is fine |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5944 with us, since we do not want to do anything to the value of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5945 @code{buffer} if it really is a buffer. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5946 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5947 On the other hand, if the value of @code{(bufferp buffer)} is @code{nil}, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5948 which it will be if the value of @code{buffer} is the name of a buffer, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5949 the Lisp interpreter evaluates the next element of the @code{or} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5950 expression. This is the expression @code{(setq buffer (get-buffer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5951 buffer))}. This expression returns a non-@code{nil} value, which |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5952 is the value to which it sets the variable @code{buffer}---and this |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5953 value is a buffer itself, not the name of a buffer. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5954 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5955 The result of all this is that the symbol @code{buffer} is always |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5956 bound to a buffer itself rather than to the name of a buffer. All |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5957 this is necessary because the @code{set-buffer} function in a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5958 following line only works with a buffer itself, not with the name to a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5959 buffer. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5960 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5961 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5962 Incidentally, using @code{or}, the situation with the usher would be |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5963 written like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5964 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5965 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5966 (or (holding-on-to-guest) (find-and-take-arm-of-guest)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5967 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5968 |
73852
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
5969 @node Insert let, New insert-buffer, Insert or, insert-buffer |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5970 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5971 @subsection The @code{let} Expression in @code{insert-buffer} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5972 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5973 After ensuring that the variable @code{buffer} refers to a buffer itself |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5974 and not just to the name of a buffer, the @code{insert-buffer function} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5975 continues with a @code{let} expression. This specifies three local |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5976 variables, @code{start}, @code{end}, and @code{newmark} and binds them |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5977 to the initial value @code{nil}. These variables are used inside the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5978 remainder of the @code{let} and temporarily hide any other occurrence of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5979 variables of the same name in Emacs until the end of the @code{let}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5980 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5981 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5982 The body of the @code{let} contains two @code{save-excursion} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5983 expressions. First, we will look at the inner @code{save-excursion} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5984 expression in detail. The expression looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5985 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5986 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5987 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5988 (save-excursion |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5989 (set-buffer buffer) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5990 (setq start (point-min) end (point-max))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5991 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5992 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5993 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5994 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5995 The expression @code{(set-buffer buffer)} changes Emacs' attention |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5996 from the current buffer to the one from which the text will copied. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5997 In that buffer, the variables @code{start} and @code{end} are set to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5998 the beginning and end of the buffer, using the commands |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5999 @code{point-min} and @code{point-max}. Note that we have here an |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6000 illustration of how @code{setq} is able to set two variables in the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6001 same expression. The first argument of @code{setq} is set to the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6002 value of its second, and its third argument is set to the value of its |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6003 fourth. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6004 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6005 After the body of the inner @code{save-excursion} is evaluated, the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6006 @code{save-excursion} restores the original buffer, but @code{start} and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6007 @code{end} remain set to the values of the beginning and end of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6008 buffer from which the text will be copied. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6009 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6010 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6011 The outer @code{save-excursion} expression looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6012 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6013 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6014 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6015 (save-excursion |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6016 (@var{inner-}@code{save-excursion}@var{-expression} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6017 (@var{go-to-new-buffer-and-set-}@code{start}@var{-and-}@code{end}) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6018 (insert-buffer-substring buffer start end) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6019 (setq newmark (point))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6020 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6021 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6022 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6023 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6024 The @code{insert-buffer-substring} function copies the text |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6025 @emph{into} the current buffer @emph{from} the region indicated by |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6026 @code{start} and @code{end} in @code{buffer}. Since the whole of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6027 second buffer lies between @code{start} and @code{end}, the whole of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6028 the second buffer is copied into the buffer you are editing. Next, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6029 the value of point, which will be at the end of the inserted text, is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6030 recorded in the variable @code{newmark}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6031 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6032 After the body of the outer @code{save-excursion} is evaluated, point |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6033 and mark are relocated to their original places. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6034 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6035 However, it is convenient to locate a mark at the end of the newly |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6036 inserted text and locate point at its beginning. The @code{newmark} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6037 variable records the end of the inserted text. In the last line of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6038 the @code{let} expression, the @code{(push-mark newmark)} expression |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6039 function sets a mark to this location. (The previous location of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6040 mark is still accessible; it is recorded on the mark ring and you can |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6041 go back to it with @kbd{C-u C-@key{SPC}}.) Meanwhile, point is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6042 located at the beginning of the inserted text, which is where it was |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
6043 before you called the insert function, the position of which was saved |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
6044 by the first @code{save-excursion}. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6045 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6046 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6047 The whole @code{let} expression looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6048 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6049 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6050 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6051 (let (start end newmark) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6052 (save-excursion |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6053 (save-excursion |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6054 (set-buffer buffer) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6055 (setq start (point-min) end (point-max))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6056 (insert-buffer-substring buffer start end) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6057 (setq newmark (point))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6058 (push-mark newmark)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6059 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6060 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6061 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6062 Like the @code{append-to-buffer} function, the @code{insert-buffer} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6063 function uses @code{let}, @code{save-excursion}, and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6064 @code{set-buffer}. In addition, the function illustrates one way to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6065 use @code{or}. All these functions are building blocks that we will |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6066 find and use again and again. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6067 |
73852
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
6068 @node New insert-buffer, , Insert let, insert-buffer |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6069 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6070 @subsection New Body for @code{insert-buffer} |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6071 @findex insert-buffer, new version body |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6072 @findex new version body for insert-buffer |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6073 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6074 The body in the GNU Emacs 22 version is more confusing than the original. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6075 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6076 @need 1250 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6077 It consists of two expressions, |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6078 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6079 @smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6080 @group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6081 (push-mark |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6082 (save-excursion |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6083 (insert-buffer-substring (get-buffer buffer)) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6084 (point))) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6085 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6086 nil |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6087 @end group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6088 @end smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6089 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6090 @noindent |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6091 except, and this is what confuses novices, very important work is done |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6092 inside the @code{push-mark} expression. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6093 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6094 The @code{get-buffer} function returns a buffer with the name |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6095 provided. You will note that the function is @emph{not} called |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6096 @code{get-buffer-create}; it does not create a buffer if one does not |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6097 already exist. The buffer returned by @code{get-buffer}, an existing |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6098 buffer, is passed to @code{insert-buffer-substring}, which inserts the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6099 whole of the buffer (since you did not specify anything else). |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6100 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6101 The location into which the buffer is inserted is recorded by |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6102 @code{push-mark}. Then the function returns @code{nil}, the value of |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6103 its last command. Put another way, the @code{insert-buffer} function |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6104 exists only to produce a side effect, inserting another buffer, not to |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6105 return any value. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6106 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6107 @node beginning-of-buffer, Second Buffer Related Review, insert-buffer, More Complex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6108 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6109 @section Complete Definition of @code{beginning-of-buffer} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6110 @findex beginning-of-buffer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6111 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6112 The basic structure of the @code{beginning-of-buffer} function has |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6113 already been discussed. (@xref{simplified-beginning-of-buffer, , A |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6114 Simplified @code{beginning-of-buffer} Definition}.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6115 This section describes the complex part of the definition. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6116 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6117 As previously described, when invoked without an argument, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6118 @code{beginning-of-buffer} moves the cursor to the beginning of the |
73683 | 6119 buffer (in truth, the beginning of the accessible portion of the |
6120 buffer), leaving the mark at the previous position. However, when the | |
6121 command is invoked with a number between one and ten, the function | |
6122 considers that number to be a fraction of the length of the buffer, | |
6123 measured in tenths, and Emacs moves the cursor that fraction of the | |
6124 way from the beginning of the buffer. Thus, you can either call this | |
6125 function with the key command @kbd{M-<}, which will move the cursor to | |
6126 the beginning of the buffer, or with a key command such as @kbd{C-u 7 | |
6127 M-<} which will move the cursor to a point 70% of the way through the | |
6128 buffer. If a number bigger than ten is used for the argument, it | |
6129 moves to the end of the buffer. | |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6130 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6131 The @code{beginning-of-buffer} function can be called with or without an |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6132 argument. The use of the argument is optional. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6133 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6134 @menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6135 * Optional Arguments:: |
73854
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
6136 * beginning-of-buffer opt arg:: Example with optional argument. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6137 * beginning-of-buffer complete:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6138 @end menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6139 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6140 @node Optional Arguments, beginning-of-buffer opt arg, beginning-of-buffer, beginning-of-buffer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6141 @subsection Optional Arguments |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6142 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6143 Unless told otherwise, Lisp expects that a function with an argument in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6144 its function definition will be called with a value for that argument. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6145 If that does not happen, you get an error and a message that says |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6146 @samp{Wrong number of arguments}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6147 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6148 @cindex Optional arguments |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6149 @cindex Keyword |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6150 @findex optional |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6151 However, optional arguments are a feature of Lisp: a particular |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6152 @dfn{keyword} is used to tell the Lisp interpreter that an argument is |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6153 optional. The keyword is @code{&optional}. (The @samp{&} in front of |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6154 @samp{optional} is part of the keyword.) In a function definition, if |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6155 an argument follows the keyword @code{&optional}, no value need be |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6156 passed to that argument when the function is called. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6157 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6158 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6159 The first line of the function definition of @code{beginning-of-buffer} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6160 therefore looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6161 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6162 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6163 (defun beginning-of-buffer (&optional arg) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6164 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6165 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6166 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6167 In outline, the whole function looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6168 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6169 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6170 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6171 (defun beginning-of-buffer (&optional arg) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6172 "@var{documentation}@dots{}" |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6173 (interactive "P") |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6174 (or (@var{is-the-argument-a-cons-cell} arg) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6175 (and @var{are-both-transient-mark-mode-and-mark-active-true}) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6176 (push-mark)) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6177 (let (@var{determine-size-and-set-it}) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6178 (goto-char |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6179 (@var{if-there-is-an-argument} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6180 @var{figure-out-where-to-go} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6181 @var{else-go-to} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6182 (point-min)))) |
73554
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
6183 @var{do-nicety} |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6184 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6185 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6186 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6187 The function is similar to the @code{simplified-beginning-of-buffer} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6188 function except that the @code{interactive} expression has @code{"P"} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6189 as an argument and the @code{goto-char} function is followed by an |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6190 if-then-else expression that figures out where to put the cursor if |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6191 there is an argument that is not a cons cell. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6192 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6193 (Since I do not explain a cons cell for many more chapters, please |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6194 consider ignoring the function @code{consp}. @xref{List |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6195 Implementation, , How Lists are Implemented}, and @ref{Cons Cell Type, |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6196 , Cons Cell and List Types, elisp, The GNU Emacs Lisp Reference |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6197 Manual}.) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6198 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6199 The @code{"P"} in the @code{interactive} expression tells Emacs to |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6200 pass a prefix argument, if there is one, to the function in raw form. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6201 A prefix argument is made by typing the @key{META} key followed by a |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6202 number, or by typing @kbd{C-u} and then a number. (If you don't type |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6203 a number, @kbd{C-u} defaults to a cons cell with a 4. A lowercase |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6204 @code{"p"} in the @code{interactive} expression causes the function to |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6205 convert a prefix arg to a number.) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6206 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6207 The true-or-false-test of the @code{if} expression looks complex, but |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6208 it is not: it checks whether @code{arg} has a value that is not |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6209 @code{nil} and whether it is a cons cell. (That is what @code{consp} |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6210 does; it checks whether its argument is a cons cell.) If @code{arg} |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6211 has a value that is not @code{nil} (and is not a cons cell), which |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6212 will be the case if @code{beginning-of-buffer} is called with a |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6213 numeric argument, then this true-or-false-test will return true and |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6214 the then-part of the @code{if} expression will be evaluated. On the |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6215 other hand, if @code{beginning-of-buffer} is not called with an |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6216 argument, the value of @code{arg} will be @code{nil} and the else-part |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6217 of the @code{if} expression will be evaluated. The else-part is |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6218 simply @code{point-min}, and when this is the outcome, the whole |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6219 @code{goto-char} expression is @code{(goto-char (point-min))}, which |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6220 is how we saw the @code{beginning-of-buffer} function in its |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6221 simplified form. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6222 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6223 @node beginning-of-buffer opt arg, beginning-of-buffer complete, Optional Arguments, beginning-of-buffer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6224 @subsection @code{beginning-of-buffer} with an Argument |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6225 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6226 When @code{beginning-of-buffer} is called with an argument, an |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6227 expression is evaluated which calculates what value to pass to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6228 @code{goto-char}. This expression is rather complicated at first sight. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6229 It includes an inner @code{if} expression and much arithmetic. It looks |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6230 like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6231 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6232 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6233 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6234 (if (> (buffer-size) 10000) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6235 ;; @r{Avoid overflow for large buffer sizes!} |
73683 | 6236 (* (prefix-numeric-value arg) |
6237 (/ size 10)) | |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6238 (/ |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6239 (+ 10 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6240 (* |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6241 size (prefix-numeric-value arg))) 10))) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6242 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6243 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6244 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6245 @menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6246 * Disentangle beginning-of-buffer:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6247 * Large buffer case:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6248 * Small buffer case:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6249 @end menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6251 @node Disentangle beginning-of-buffer, Large buffer case, beginning-of-buffer opt arg, beginning-of-buffer opt arg |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6252 @ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6253 @unnumberedsubsubsec Disentangle @code{beginning-of-buffer} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6254 @end ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6255 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6256 Like other complex-looking expressions, the conditional expression |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6257 within @code{beginning-of-buffer} can be disentangled by looking at it |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6258 as parts of a template, in this case, the template for an if-then-else |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6259 expression. In skeletal form, the expression looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6260 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6261 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6262 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6263 (if (@var{buffer-is-large} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6264 @var{divide-buffer-size-by-10-and-multiply-by-arg} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6265 @var{else-use-alternate-calculation} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6266 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6267 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6268 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6269 The true-or-false-test of this inner @code{if} expression checks the |
73852
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
6270 size of the buffer. The reason for this is that the old version 18 |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
6271 Emacs used numbers that are no bigger than eight million or so and in |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
6272 the computation that followed, the programmer feared that Emacs might |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
6273 try to use over-large numbers if the buffer were large. The term |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
6274 `overflow', mentioned in the comment, means numbers that are over |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
6275 large. More recent versions of Emacs use larger numbers, but this |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
6276 code has not been touched, if only because people now look at buffers |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
6277 that are far, far larger than ever before. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6278 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6279 There are two cases: if the buffer is large and if it is not. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6280 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6281 @node Large buffer case, Small buffer case, Disentangle beginning-of-buffer, beginning-of-buffer opt arg |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6282 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6283 @unnumberedsubsubsec What happens in a large buffer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6284 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6285 In @code{beginning-of-buffer}, the inner @code{if} expression tests |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6286 whether the size of the buffer is greater than 10,000 characters. To do |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6287 this, it uses the @code{>} function and the computation of @code{size} |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6288 that comes from the let expression. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6289 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6290 In the old days, the function @code{buffer-size} was used. Not only |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6291 was that function called several times, it gave the size of the whole |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6292 buffer, not the accessible part. The computation makes much more |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6293 sense when it handles just the accessible part. (@xref{Narrowing & |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6294 Widening, , Narrowing and Widening}, for more information on focusing |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6295 attention to an `accessible' part.) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6296 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6297 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6298 The line looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6299 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6300 @smallexample |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6301 (if (> size 10000) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6302 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6303 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6304 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6305 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6306 When the buffer is large, the then-part of the @code{if} expression is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6307 evaluated. It reads like this (after formatting for easy reading): |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6308 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6309 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6310 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6311 (* |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6312 (prefix-numeric-value arg) |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6313 (/ size 10)) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6314 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6315 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6316 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6317 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6318 This expression is a multiplication, with two arguments to the function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6319 @code{*}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6320 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6321 The first argument is @code{(prefix-numeric-value arg)}. When |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6322 @code{"P"} is used as the argument for @code{interactive}, the value |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6323 passed to the function as its argument is passed a ``raw prefix |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6324 argument'', and not a number. (It is a number in a list.) To perform |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6325 the arithmetic, a conversion is necessary, and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6326 @code{prefix-numeric-value} does the job. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6327 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6328 @findex / @r{(division)} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6329 @cindex Division |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6330 The second argument is @code{(/ size 10)}. This expression divides |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6331 the numeric value by ten --- the numeric value of the size of the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6332 accessible portion of the buffer. This produces a number that tells |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6333 how many characters make up one tenth of the buffer size. (In Lisp, |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6334 @code{/} is used for division, just as @code{*} is used for |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6335 multiplication.) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6336 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6337 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6338 In the multiplication expression as a whole, this amount is multiplied |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6339 by the value of the prefix argument---the multiplication looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6340 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6341 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6342 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6343 (* @var{numeric-value-of-prefix-arg} |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6344 @var{number-of-characters-in-one-tenth-of-the-accessible-buffer}) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6345 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6346 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6347 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6348 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6349 If, for example, the prefix argument is @samp{7}, the one-tenth value |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6350 will be multiplied by 7 to give a position 70% of the way through. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6351 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6352 @need 1200 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6353 The result of all this is that if the accessible portion of the buffer |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6354 is large, the @code{goto-char} expression reads like this: |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6355 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6356 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6357 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6358 (goto-char (* (prefix-numeric-value arg) |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
6359 (/ size 10))) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6360 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6361 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6362 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6363 This puts the cursor where we want it. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6364 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6365 @node Small buffer case, , Large buffer case, beginning-of-buffer opt arg |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6366 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6367 @unnumberedsubsubsec What happens in a small buffer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6368 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6369 If the buffer contains fewer than 10,000 characters, a slightly |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6370 different computation is performed. You might think this is not |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6371 necessary, since the first computation could do the job. However, in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6372 a small buffer, the first method may not put the cursor on exactly the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6373 desired line; the second method does a better job. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6374 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6375 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6376 The code looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6377 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6378 @c Keep this on one line. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6379 @smallexample |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6380 (/ (+ 10 (* size (prefix-numeric-value arg))) 10)) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6381 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6382 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6383 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6384 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6385 This is code in which you figure out what happens by discovering how the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6386 functions are embedded in parentheses. It is easier to read if you |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6387 reformat it with each expression indented more deeply than its |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6388 enclosing expression: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6389 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6390 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6391 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6392 (/ |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6393 (+ 10 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6394 (* |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6395 size |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6396 (prefix-numeric-value arg))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6397 10)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6398 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6399 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6400 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6401 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6402 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6403 Looking at parentheses, we see that the innermost operation is |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6404 @code{(prefix-numeric-value arg)}, which converts the raw argument to |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6405 a number. In the following expression, this number is multiplied by |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6406 the size of the accessible portion of the buffer: |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6407 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6408 @smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6409 (* size (prefix-numeric-value arg)) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6410 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6411 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6412 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6413 This multiplication creates a number that may be larger than the size of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6414 the buffer---seven times larger if the argument is 7, for example. Ten |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6415 is then added to this number and finally the large number is divided by |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6416 ten to provide a value that is one character larger than the percentage |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6417 position in the buffer. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6418 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6419 The number that results from all this is passed to @code{goto-char} and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6420 the cursor is moved to that point. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6421 |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
6422 @need 1500 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6423 @node beginning-of-buffer complete, , beginning-of-buffer opt arg, beginning-of-buffer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6424 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6425 @subsection The Complete @code{beginning-of-buffer} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6426 |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
6427 @need 1000 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6428 Here is the complete text of the @code{beginning-of-buffer} function: |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
6429 @sp 1 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6430 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6431 @c In GNU Emacs 22 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6432 @smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6433 @group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6434 (defun beginning-of-buffer (&optional arg) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6435 "Move point to the beginning of the buffer; |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6436 leave mark at previous position. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6437 With \\[universal-argument] prefix, |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6438 do not set mark at previous position. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6439 With numeric arg N, |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6440 put point N/10 of the way from the beginning. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6441 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6442 If the buffer is narrowed, |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6443 this command uses the beginning and size |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6444 of the accessible part of the buffer. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6445 @end group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6446 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6447 @group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6448 Don't use this command in Lisp programs! |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6449 \(goto-char (point-min)) is faster |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6450 and avoids clobbering the mark." |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6451 (interactive "P") |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6452 (or (consp arg) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6453 (and transient-mark-mode mark-active) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6454 (push-mark)) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6455 @end group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6456 @group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6457 (let ((size (- (point-max) (point-min)))) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6458 (goto-char (if (and arg (not (consp arg))) |
73683 | 6459 (+ (point-min) |
6460 (if (> size 10000) | |
6461 ;; Avoid overflow for large buffer sizes! | |
6462 (* (prefix-numeric-value arg) | |
6463 (/ size 10)) | |
6464 (/ (+ 10 (* size (prefix-numeric-value arg))) 10))) | |
6465 (point-min)))) | |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6466 (if arg (forward-line 1))) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6467 @end group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6468 @end smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6469 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6470 @ignore |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6471 From before GNU Emacs 22 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6472 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6473 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6474 (defun beginning-of-buffer (&optional arg) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6475 "Move point to the beginning of the buffer; |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6476 leave mark at previous position. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6477 With arg N, put point N/10 of the way |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6478 from the true beginning. |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
6479 @end group |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
6480 @group |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6481 Don't use this in Lisp programs! |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6482 \(goto-char (point-min)) is faster |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6483 and does not set the mark." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6484 (interactive "P") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6485 (push-mark) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6486 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6487 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6488 (goto-char |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6489 (if arg |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6490 (if (> (buffer-size) 10000) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6491 ;; @r{Avoid overflow for large buffer sizes!} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6492 (* (prefix-numeric-value arg) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6493 (/ (buffer-size) 10)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6494 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6495 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6496 (/ (+ 10 (* (buffer-size) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6497 (prefix-numeric-value arg))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6498 10)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6499 (point-min))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6500 (if arg (forward-line 1))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6501 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6502 @end smallexample |
73554
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6503 @end ignore |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6504 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6505 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6506 Except for two small points, the previous discussion shows how this |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6507 function works. The first point deals with a detail in the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6508 documentation string, and the second point concerns the last line of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6509 the function. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6510 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6511 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6512 In the documentation string, there is reference to an expression: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6513 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6514 @smallexample |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6515 \\[universal-argument] |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6516 @end smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6517 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6518 @noindent |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6519 A @samp{\\} is used before the first square bracket of this |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6520 expression. This @samp{\\} tells the Lisp interpreter to substitute |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6521 whatever key is currently bound to the @samp{[@dots{}]}. In the case |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6522 of @code{universal-argument}, that is usually @kbd{C-u}, but it might |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6523 be different. (@xref{Documentation Tips, , Tips for Documentation |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6524 Strings, elisp, The GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}, for more |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6525 information.) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6526 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6527 @need 1200 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6528 Finally, the last line of the @code{beginning-of-buffer} command says |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6529 to move point to the beginning of the next line if the command is |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6530 invoked with an argument: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6531 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6532 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6533 (if arg (forward-line 1))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6534 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6535 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6536 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6537 This puts the cursor at the beginning of the first line after the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6538 appropriate tenths position in the buffer. This is a flourish that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6539 means that the cursor is always located @emph{at least} the requested |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6540 tenths of the way through the buffer, which is a nicety that is, |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6541 perhaps, not necessary, but which, if it did not occur, would be sure |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6542 to draw complaints. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6543 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6544 On the other hand, it also means that if you specify the command with |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6545 a @kbd{C-u}, but without a number, that is to say, if the `raw prefix |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6546 argument' is simply a cons cell, then the command puts you at the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6547 beginning of the second line @dots{} I don't know whether this is |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6548 intended or whether no one has dealt with the code to avoid this |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6549 happening. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6550 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6551 @node Second Buffer Related Review, optional Exercise, beginning-of-buffer, More Complex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6552 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6553 @section Review |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6554 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6555 Here is a brief summary of some of the topics covered in this chapter. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6556 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6557 @table @code |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6558 @item or |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6559 Evaluate each argument in sequence, and return the value of the first |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6560 argument that is not @code{nil}; if none return a value that is not |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6561 @code{nil}, return @code{nil}. In brief, return the first true value |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6562 of the arguments; return a true value if one @emph{or} any of the |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6563 others are true. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6564 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6565 @item and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6566 Evaluate each argument in sequence, and if any are @code{nil}, return |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6567 @code{nil}; if none are @code{nil}, return the value of the last |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6568 argument. In brief, return a true value only if all the arguments are |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6569 true; return a true value if one @emph{and} each of the others is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6570 true. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6571 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6572 @item &optional |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6573 A keyword used to indicate that an argument to a function definition |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6574 is optional; this means that the function can be evaluated without the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6575 argument, if desired. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6576 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6577 @item prefix-numeric-value |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6578 Convert the `raw prefix argument' produced by @code{(interactive |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6579 "P")} to a numeric value. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6580 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6581 @item forward-line |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6582 Move point forward to the beginning of the next line, or if the argument |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6583 is greater than one, forward that many lines. If it can't move as far |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6584 forward as it is supposed to, @code{forward-line} goes forward as far as |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6585 it can and then returns a count of the number of additional lines it was |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6586 supposed to move but couldn't. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6587 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6588 @item erase-buffer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6589 Delete the entire contents of the current buffer. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6590 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6591 @item bufferp |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6592 Return @code{t} if its argument is a buffer; otherwise return @code{nil}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6593 @end table |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6594 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6595 @node optional Exercise, , Second Buffer Related Review, More Complex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6596 @section @code{optional} Argument Exercise |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6597 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6598 Write an interactive function with an optional argument that tests |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
6599 whether its argument, a number, is greater than or equal to, or else, |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
6600 less than the value of @code{fill-column}, and tells you which, in a |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
6601 message. However, if you do not pass an argument to the function, use |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
6602 56 as a default value. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6603 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6604 @node Narrowing & Widening, car cdr & cons, More Complex, Top |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6605 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6606 @chapter Narrowing and Widening |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6607 @cindex Focusing attention (narrowing) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6608 @cindex Narrowing |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6609 @cindex Widening |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6610 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6611 Narrowing is a feature of Emacs that makes it possible for you to focus |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6612 on a specific part of a buffer, and work without accidentally changing |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6613 other parts. Narrowing is normally disabled since it can confuse |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6614 novices. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6615 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6616 @menu |
73854
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
6617 * Narrowing advantages:: The advantages of narrowing |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
6618 * save-restriction:: The @code{save-restriction} special form. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
6619 * what-line:: The number of the line that point is on. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6620 * narrow Exercise:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6621 @end menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6622 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6623 @node Narrowing advantages, save-restriction, Narrowing & Widening, Narrowing & Widening |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6624 @ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6625 @unnumberedsec The Advantages of Narrowing |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6626 @end ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6627 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6628 With narrowing, the rest of a buffer is made invisible, as if it weren't |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6629 there. This is an advantage if, for example, you want to replace a word |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6630 in one part of a buffer but not in another: you narrow to the part you want |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6631 and the replacement is carried out only in that section, not in the rest |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6632 of the buffer. Searches will only work within a narrowed region, not |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6633 outside of one, so if you are fixing a part of a document, you can keep |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6634 yourself from accidentally finding parts you do not need to fix by |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6635 narrowing just to the region you want. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6636 (The key binding for @code{narrow-to-region} is @kbd{C-x n n}.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6637 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6638 However, narrowing does make the rest of the buffer invisible, which |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6639 can scare people who inadvertently invoke narrowing and think they |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6640 have deleted a part of their file. Moreover, the @code{undo} command |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6641 (which is usually bound to @kbd{C-x u}) does not turn off narrowing |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6642 (nor should it), so people can become quite desperate if they do not |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6643 know that they can return the rest of a buffer to visibility with the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6644 @code{widen} command. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6645 (The key binding for @code{widen} is @kbd{C-x n w}.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6646 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6647 Narrowing is just as useful to the Lisp interpreter as to a human. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6648 Often, an Emacs Lisp function is designed to work on just part of a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6649 buffer; or conversely, an Emacs Lisp function needs to work on all of a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6650 buffer that has been narrowed. The @code{what-line} function, for |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6651 example, removes the narrowing from a buffer, if it has any narrowing |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6652 and when it has finished its job, restores the narrowing to what it was. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6653 On the other hand, the @code{count-lines} function, which is called by |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6654 @code{what-line}, uses narrowing to restrict itself to just that portion |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6655 of the buffer in which it is interested and then restores the previous |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6656 situation. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6657 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6658 @node save-restriction, what-line, Narrowing advantages, Narrowing & Widening |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6659 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6660 @section The @code{save-restriction} Special Form |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6661 @findex save-restriction |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6662 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6663 In Emacs Lisp, you can use the @code{save-restriction} special form to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6664 keep track of whatever narrowing is in effect, if any. When the Lisp |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6665 interpreter meets with @code{save-restriction}, it executes the code |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6666 in the body of the @code{save-restriction} expression, and then undoes |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6667 any changes to narrowing that the code caused. If, for example, the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6668 buffer is narrowed and the code that follows @code{save-restriction} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6669 gets rid of the narrowing, @code{save-restriction} returns the buffer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6670 to its narrowed region afterwards. In the @code{what-line} command, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6671 any narrowing the buffer may have is undone by the @code{widen} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6672 command that immediately follows the @code{save-restriction} command. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6673 Any original narrowing is restored just before the completion of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6674 function. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6675 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6676 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6677 The template for a @code{save-restriction} expression is simple: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6678 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6679 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6680 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6681 (save-restriction |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6682 @var{body}@dots{} ) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6683 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6684 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6685 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6686 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6687 The body of the @code{save-restriction} is one or more expressions that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6688 will be evaluated in sequence by the Lisp interpreter. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6689 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6690 Finally, a point to note: when you use both @code{save-excursion} and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6691 @code{save-restriction}, one right after the other, you should use |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6692 @code{save-excursion} outermost. If you write them in reverse order, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6693 you may fail to record narrowing in the buffer to which Emacs switches |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6694 after calling @code{save-excursion}. Thus, when written together, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6695 @code{save-excursion} and @code{save-restriction} should be written |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6696 like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6697 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6698 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6699 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6700 (save-excursion |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6701 (save-restriction |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6702 @var{body}@dots{})) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6703 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6704 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6705 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6706 In other circumstances, when not written together, the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6707 @code{save-excursion} and @code{save-restriction} special forms must |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6708 be written in the order appropriate to the function. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6709 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6710 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6711 For example, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6712 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6713 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6714 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6715 (save-restriction |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6716 (widen) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6717 (save-excursion |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6718 @var{body}@dots{})) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6719 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6720 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6721 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6722 @ignore |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6723 Emacs 22 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6724 /usr/local/src/emacs/lisp/simple.el |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6725 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6726 (defun what-line () |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6727 "Print the current buffer line number and narrowed line number of point." |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6728 (interactive) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6729 (let ((start (point-min)) |
73683 | 6730 (n (line-number-at-pos))) |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6731 (if (= start 1) |
73683 | 6732 (message "Line %d" n) |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6733 (save-excursion |
73683 | 6734 (save-restriction |
6735 (widen) | |
6736 (message "line %d (narrowed line %d)" | |
6737 (+ n (line-number-at-pos start) -1) n)))))) | |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6738 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6739 (defun line-number-at-pos (&optional pos) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6740 "Return (narrowed) buffer line number at position POS. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6741 If POS is nil, use current buffer location. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6742 Counting starts at (point-min), so the value refers |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6743 to the contents of the accessible portion of the buffer." |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6744 (let ((opoint (or pos (point))) start) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6745 (save-excursion |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6746 (goto-char (point-min)) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6747 (setq start (point)) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6748 (goto-char opoint) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6749 (forward-line 0) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6750 (1+ (count-lines start (point)))))) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6751 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6752 (defun count-lines (start end) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6753 "Return number of lines between START and END. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6754 This is usually the number of newlines between them, |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6755 but can be one more if START is not equal to END |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6756 and the greater of them is not at the start of a line." |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6757 (save-excursion |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6758 (save-restriction |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6759 (narrow-to-region start end) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6760 (goto-char (point-min)) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6761 (if (eq selective-display t) |
73683 | 6762 (save-match-data |
6763 (let ((done 0)) | |
6764 (while (re-search-forward "[\n\C-m]" nil t 40) | |
6765 (setq done (+ 40 done))) | |
6766 (while (re-search-forward "[\n\C-m]" nil t 1) | |
6767 (setq done (+ 1 done))) | |
6768 (goto-char (point-max)) | |
6769 (if (and (/= start end) | |
6770 (not (bolp))) | |
6771 (1+ done) | |
6772 done))) | |
6773 (- (buffer-size) (forward-line (buffer-size))))))) | |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6774 @end ignore |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6775 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6776 @node what-line, narrow Exercise, save-restriction, Narrowing & Widening |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6777 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6778 @section @code{what-line} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6779 @findex what-line |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6780 @cindex Widening, example of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6781 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6782 The @code{what-line} command tells you the number of the line in which |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6783 the cursor is located. The function illustrates the use of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6784 @code{save-restriction} and @code{save-excursion} commands. Here is the |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
6785 original text of the function: |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6786 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6787 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6788 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6789 (defun what-line () |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6790 "Print the current line number (in the buffer) of point." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6791 (interactive) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6792 (save-restriction |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6793 (widen) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6794 (save-excursion |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6795 (beginning-of-line) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6796 (message "Line %d" |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6797 (1+ (count-lines 1 (point))))))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6798 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6799 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6800 |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
6801 (In recent versions of GNU Emacs, the @code{what-line} function has |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
6802 been expanded to tell you your line number in a narrowed buffer as |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
6803 well as your line number in a widened buffer. The recent version is |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
6804 more complex than the version shown here. If you feel adventurous, |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
6805 you might want to look at it after figuring out how this version |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6806 works. You will probably need to use @kbd{C-h f} |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6807 (@code{describe-function}). The newer version uses a conditional to |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6808 determine whether the buffer has been narrowed. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6809 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6810 (Also, it uses @code{line-number-at-pos}, which among other simple |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6811 expressions, such as @code{(goto-char (point-min))}, moves point to |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6812 the beginning of the current line with @code{(forward-line 0)} rather |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6813 than @code{beginning-of-line}.) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6814 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6815 The @code{what-line} function as shown here has a documentation line |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6816 and is interactive, as you would expect. The next two lines use the |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
6817 functions @code{save-restriction} and @code{widen}. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6818 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6819 The @code{save-restriction} special form notes whatever narrowing is in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6820 effect, if any, in the current buffer and restores that narrowing after |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6821 the code in the body of the @code{save-restriction} has been evaluated. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6822 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6823 The @code{save-restriction} special form is followed by @code{widen}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6824 This function undoes any narrowing the current buffer may have had |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6825 when @code{what-line} was called. (The narrowing that was there is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6826 the narrowing that @code{save-restriction} remembers.) This widening |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6827 makes it possible for the line counting commands to count from the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6828 beginning of the buffer. Otherwise, they would have been limited to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6829 counting within the accessible region. Any original narrowing is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6830 restored just before the completion of the function by the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6831 @code{save-restriction} special form. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6832 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6833 The call to @code{widen} is followed by @code{save-excursion}, which |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6834 saves the location of the cursor (i.e., of point) and of the mark, and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6835 restores them after the code in the body of the @code{save-excursion} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6836 uses the @code{beginning-of-line} function to move point. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6837 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6838 (Note that the @code{(widen)} expression comes between the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6839 @code{save-restriction} and @code{save-excursion} special forms. When |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6840 you write the two @code{save- @dots{}} expressions in sequence, write |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6841 @code{save-excursion} outermost.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6842 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6843 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6844 The last two lines of the @code{what-line} function are functions to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6845 count the number of lines in the buffer and then print the number in the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6846 echo area. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6847 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6848 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6849 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6850 (message "Line %d" |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6851 (1+ (count-lines 1 (point))))))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6852 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6853 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6854 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6855 The @code{message} function prints a one-line message at the bottom of |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6856 the Emacs screen. The first argument is inside of quotation marks and |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6857 is printed as a string of characters. However, it may contain a |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6858 @samp{%d} expression to print a following argument. @samp{%d} prints |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6859 the argument as a decimal, so the message will say something such as |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6860 @samp{Line 243}. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6861 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6862 @need 1200 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6863 The number that is printed in place of the @samp{%d} is computed by the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6864 last line of the function: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6865 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6866 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6867 (1+ (count-lines 1 (point))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6868 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6869 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6870 @ignore |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6871 GNU Emacs 22 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6872 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6873 (defun count-lines (start end) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6874 "Return number of lines between START and END. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6875 This is usually the number of newlines between them, |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6876 but can be one more if START is not equal to END |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6877 and the greater of them is not at the start of a line." |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6878 (save-excursion |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6879 (save-restriction |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6880 (narrow-to-region start end) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6881 (goto-char (point-min)) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6882 (if (eq selective-display t) |
73683 | 6883 (save-match-data |
6884 (let ((done 0)) | |
6885 (while (re-search-forward "[\n\C-m]" nil t 40) | |
6886 (setq done (+ 40 done))) | |
6887 (while (re-search-forward "[\n\C-m]" nil t 1) | |
6888 (setq done (+ 1 done))) | |
6889 (goto-char (point-max)) | |
6890 (if (and (/= start end) | |
6891 (not (bolp))) | |
6892 (1+ done) | |
6893 done))) | |
6894 (- (buffer-size) (forward-line (buffer-size))))))) | |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6895 @end ignore |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6896 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6897 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6898 What this does is count the lines from the first position of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6899 buffer, indicated by the @code{1}, up to @code{(point)}, and then add |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6900 one to that number. (The @code{1+} function adds one to its |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6901 argument.) We add one to it because line 2 has only one line before |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6902 it, and @code{count-lines} counts only the lines @emph{before} the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6903 current line. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6904 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6905 After @code{count-lines} has done its job, and the message has been |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6906 printed in the echo area, the @code{save-excursion} restores point and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6907 mark to their original positions; and @code{save-restriction} restores |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6908 the original narrowing, if any. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6909 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6910 @node narrow Exercise, , what-line, Narrowing & Widening |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6911 @section Exercise with Narrowing |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6912 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6913 Write a function that will display the first 60 characters of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6914 current buffer, even if you have narrowed the buffer to its latter |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
6915 half so that the first line is inaccessible. Restore point, mark, and |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
6916 narrowing. For this exercise, you need to use a whole potpourri of |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
6917 functions, including @code{save-restriction}, @code{widen}, |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
6918 @code{goto-char}, @code{point-min}, @code{message}, and |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
6919 @code{buffer-substring}. |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
6920 |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
6921 @cindex Properties, mention of @code{buffer-substring-no-properties} |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
6922 (@code{buffer-substring} is a previously unmentioned function you will |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
6923 have to investigate yourself; or perhaps you will have to use |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6924 @code{buffer-substring-no-properties} or |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6925 @code{filter-buffer-substring} @dots{}, yet other functions. Text |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6926 properties are a feature otherwise not discussed here. @xref{Text |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6927 Properties, , Text Properties, elisp, The GNU Emacs Lisp Reference |
73683 | 6928 Manual}.) |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6929 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
6930 Additionally, do you really need @code{goto-char} or @code{point-min}? |
73683 | 6931 Or can you write the function without them? |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6932 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6933 @node car cdr & cons, Cutting & Storing Text, Narrowing & Widening, Top |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6934 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6935 @chapter @code{car}, @code{cdr}, @code{cons}: Fundamental Functions |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6936 @findex car, @r{introduced} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6937 @findex cdr, @r{introduced} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6938 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6939 In Lisp, @code{car}, @code{cdr}, and @code{cons} are fundamental |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6940 functions. The @code{cons} function is used to construct lists, and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6941 the @code{car} and @code{cdr} functions are used to take them apart. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6942 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6943 In the walk through of the @code{copy-region-as-kill} function, we |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6944 will see @code{cons} as well as two variants on @code{cdr}, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6945 namely, @code{setcdr} and @code{nthcdr}. (@xref{copy-region-as-kill}.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6946 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6947 @menu |
73854
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
6948 * Strange Names:: An historical aside: why the strange names? |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
6949 * car & cdr:: Functions for extracting part of a list. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
6950 * cons:: Constructing a list. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
6951 * nthcdr:: Calling @code{cdr} repeatedly. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6952 * nth:: |
73854
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
6953 * setcar:: Changing the first element of a list. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
6954 * setcdr:: Changing the rest of a list. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6955 * cons Exercise:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6956 @end menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6957 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6958 @node Strange Names, car & cdr, car cdr & cons, car cdr & cons |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6959 @ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6960 @unnumberedsec Strange Names |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6961 @end ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6962 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6963 The name of the @code{cons} function is not unreasonable: it is an |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6964 abbreviation of the word `construct'. The origins of the names for |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6965 @code{car} and @code{cdr}, on the other hand, are esoteric: @code{car} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6966 is an acronym from the phrase `Contents of the Address part of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6967 Register'; and @code{cdr} (pronounced `could-er') is an acronym from |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6968 the phrase `Contents of the Decrement part of the Register'. These |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6969 phrases refer to specific pieces of hardware on the very early |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6970 computer on which the original Lisp was developed. Besides being |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6971 obsolete, the phrases have been completely irrelevant for more than 25 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6972 years to anyone thinking about Lisp. Nonetheless, although a few |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6973 brave scholars have begun to use more reasonable names for these |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6974 functions, the old terms are still in use. In particular, since the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6975 terms are used in the Emacs Lisp source code, we will use them in this |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6976 introduction. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6977 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6978 @node car & cdr, cons, Strange Names, car cdr & cons |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6979 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6980 @section @code{car} and @code{cdr} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6981 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6982 The @sc{car} of a list is, quite simply, the first item in the list. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6983 Thus the @sc{car} of the list @code{(rose violet daisy buttercup)} is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6984 @code{rose}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6985 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6986 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6987 If you are reading this in Info in GNU Emacs, you can see this by |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6988 evaluating the following: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6989 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6990 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6991 (car '(rose violet daisy buttercup)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6992 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6993 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6994 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6995 After evaluating the expression, @code{rose} will appear in the echo |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6996 area. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6997 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6998 Clearly, a more reasonable name for the @code{car} function would be |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6999 @code{first} and this is often suggested. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7000 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7001 @code{car} does not remove the first item from the list; it only reports |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7002 what it is. After @code{car} has been applied to a list, the list is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7003 still the same as it was. In the jargon, @code{car} is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7004 `non-destructive'. This feature turns out to be important. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7005 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7006 The @sc{cdr} of a list is the rest of the list, that is, the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7007 @code{cdr} function returns the part of the list that follows the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7008 first item. Thus, while the @sc{car} of the list @code{'(rose violet |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7009 daisy buttercup)} is @code{rose}, the rest of the list, the value |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7010 returned by the @code{cdr} function, is @code{(violet daisy |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7011 buttercup)}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7012 |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
7013 @need 800 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7014 You can see this by evaluating the following in the usual way: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7015 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7016 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7017 (cdr '(rose violet daisy buttercup)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7018 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7019 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7020 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7021 When you evaluate this, @code{(violet daisy buttercup)} will appear in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7022 the echo area. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7023 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7024 Like @code{car}, @code{cdr} does not remove any elements from the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7025 list---it just returns a report of what the second and subsequent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7026 elements are. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7027 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7028 Incidentally, in the example, the list of flowers is quoted. If it were |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7029 not, the Lisp interpreter would try to evaluate the list by calling |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7030 @code{rose} as a function. In this example, we do not want to do that. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7031 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7032 Clearly, a more reasonable name for @code{cdr} would be @code{rest}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7033 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7034 (There is a lesson here: when you name new functions, consider very |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7035 carefully what you are doing, since you may be stuck with the names |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7036 for far longer than you expect. The reason this document perpetuates |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7037 these names is that the Emacs Lisp source code uses them, and if I did |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7038 not use them, you would have a hard time reading the code; but do, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7039 please, try to avoid using these terms yourself. The people who come |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7040 after you will be grateful to you.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7041 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7042 When @code{car} and @code{cdr} are applied to a list made up of symbols, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7043 such as the list @code{(pine fir oak maple)}, the element of the list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7044 returned by the function @code{car} is the symbol @code{pine} without |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7045 any parentheses around it. @code{pine} is the first element in the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7046 list. However, the @sc{cdr} of the list is a list itself, @code{(fir |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7047 oak maple)}, as you can see by evaluating the following expressions in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7048 the usual way: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7049 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7050 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7051 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7052 (car '(pine fir oak maple)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7053 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7054 (cdr '(pine fir oak maple)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7055 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7056 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7057 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7058 On the other hand, in a list of lists, the first element is itself a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7059 list. @code{car} returns this first element as a list. For example, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7060 the following list contains three sub-lists, a list of carnivores, a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7061 list of herbivores and a list of sea mammals: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7062 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7063 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7064 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7065 (car '((lion tiger cheetah) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7066 (gazelle antelope zebra) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7067 (whale dolphin seal))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7068 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7069 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7070 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7071 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7072 In this example, the first element or @sc{car} of the list is the list of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7073 carnivores, @code{(lion tiger cheetah)}, and the rest of the list is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7074 @code{((gazelle antelope zebra) (whale dolphin seal))}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7075 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7076 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7077 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7078 (cdr '((lion tiger cheetah) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7079 (gazelle antelope zebra) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7080 (whale dolphin seal))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7081 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7082 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7083 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7084 It is worth saying again that @code{car} and @code{cdr} are |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7085 non-destructive---that is, they do not modify or change lists to which |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7086 they are applied. This is very important for how they are used. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7087 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7088 Also, in the first chapter, in the discussion about atoms, I said that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7089 in Lisp, ``certain kinds of atom, such as an array, can be separated |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7090 into parts; but the mechanism for doing this is different from the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7091 mechanism for splitting a list. As far as Lisp is concerned, the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7092 atoms of a list are unsplittable.'' (@xref{Lisp Atoms}.) The |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7093 @code{car} and @code{cdr} functions are used for splitting lists and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7094 are considered fundamental to Lisp. Since they cannot split or gain |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7095 access to the parts of an array, an array is considered an atom. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7096 Conversely, the other fundamental function, @code{cons}, can put |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7097 together or construct a list, but not an array. (Arrays are handled |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7098 by array-specific functions. @xref{Arrays, , Arrays, elisp, The GNU |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7099 Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7100 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7101 @node cons, nthcdr, car & cdr, car cdr & cons |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7102 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7103 @section @code{cons} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7104 @findex cons, @r{introduced} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7105 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7106 The @code{cons} function constructs lists; it is the inverse of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7107 @code{car} and @code{cdr}. For example, @code{cons} can be used to make |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7108 a four element list from the three element list, @code{(fir oak maple)}: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7109 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7110 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7111 (cons 'pine '(fir oak maple)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7112 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7113 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7114 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7115 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7116 After evaluating this list, you will see |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7117 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7118 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7119 (pine fir oak maple) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7120 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7121 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7122 @noindent |
45663
046819540e6d
Fix typos, clarify language.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
44899
diff
changeset
|
7123 appear in the echo area. @code{cons} causes the creation of a new |
046819540e6d
Fix typos, clarify language.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
44899
diff
changeset
|
7124 list in which the element is followed by the elements of the original |
046819540e6d
Fix typos, clarify language.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
44899
diff
changeset
|
7125 list. |
046819540e6d
Fix typos, clarify language.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
44899
diff
changeset
|
7126 |
046819540e6d
Fix typos, clarify language.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
44899
diff
changeset
|
7127 We often say that `@code{cons} puts a new element at the beginning of |
046819540e6d
Fix typos, clarify language.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
44899
diff
changeset
|
7128 a list; it attaches or pushes elements onto the list', but this |
046819540e6d
Fix typos, clarify language.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
44899
diff
changeset
|
7129 phrasing can be misleading, since @code{cons} does not change an |
046819540e6d
Fix typos, clarify language.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
44899
diff
changeset
|
7130 existing list, but creates a new one. |
046819540e6d
Fix typos, clarify language.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
44899
diff
changeset
|
7131 |
046819540e6d
Fix typos, clarify language.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
44899
diff
changeset
|
7132 Like @code{car} and @code{cdr}, @code{cons} is non-destructive. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7133 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7134 @menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7135 * Build a list:: |
73854
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
7136 * length:: How to find the length of a list. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7137 @end menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7138 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7139 @node Build a list, length, cons, cons |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7140 @ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7141 @unnumberedsubsec Build a list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7142 @end ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7143 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7144 @code{cons} must have a list to attach to.@footnote{Actually, you can |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7145 @code{cons} an element to an atom to produce a dotted pair. Dotted |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7146 pairs are not discussed here; see @ref{Dotted Pair Notation, , Dotted |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7147 Pair Notation, elisp, The GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}.} You |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7148 cannot start from absolutely nothing. If you are building a list, you |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7149 need to provide at least an empty list at the beginning. Here is a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7150 series of @code{cons} expressions that build up a list of flowers. If |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7151 you are reading this in Info in GNU Emacs, you can evaluate each of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7152 the expressions in the usual way; the value is printed in this text |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7153 after @samp{@result{}}, which you may read as `evaluates to'. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7154 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7155 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7156 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7157 (cons 'buttercup ()) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7158 @result{} (buttercup) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7159 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7160 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7161 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7162 (cons 'daisy '(buttercup)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7163 @result{} (daisy buttercup) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7164 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7165 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7166 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7167 (cons 'violet '(daisy buttercup)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7168 @result{} (violet daisy buttercup) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7169 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7170 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7171 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7172 (cons 'rose '(violet daisy buttercup)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7173 @result{} (rose violet daisy buttercup) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7174 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7175 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7176 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7177 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7178 In the first example, the empty list is shown as @code{()} and a list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7179 made up of @code{buttercup} followed by the empty list is constructed. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7180 As you can see, the empty list is not shown in the list that was |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7181 constructed. All that you see is @code{(buttercup)}. The empty list is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7182 not counted as an element of a list because there is nothing in an empty |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7183 list. Generally speaking, an empty list is invisible. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7184 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7185 The second example, @code{(cons 'daisy '(buttercup))} constructs a new, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7186 two element list by putting @code{daisy} in front of @code{buttercup}; |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7187 and the third example constructs a three element list by putting |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7188 @code{violet} in front of @code{daisy} and @code{buttercup}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7189 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7190 @node length, , Build a list, cons |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7191 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7192 @subsection Find the Length of a List: @code{length} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7193 @findex length |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7194 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7195 You can find out how many elements there are in a list by using the Lisp |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7196 function @code{length}, as in the following examples: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7197 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7198 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7199 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7200 (length '(buttercup)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7201 @result{} 1 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7202 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7203 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7204 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7205 (length '(daisy buttercup)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7206 @result{} 2 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7207 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7208 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7209 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7210 (length (cons 'violet '(daisy buttercup))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7211 @result{} 3 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7212 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7213 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7214 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7215 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7216 In the third example, the @code{cons} function is used to construct a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7217 three element list which is then passed to the @code{length} function as |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7218 its argument. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7219 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7220 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7221 We can also use @code{length} to count the number of elements in an |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7222 empty list: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7223 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7224 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7225 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7226 (length ()) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7227 @result{} 0 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7228 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7229 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7230 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7231 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7232 As you would expect, the number of elements in an empty list is zero. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7233 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7234 An interesting experiment is to find out what happens if you try to find |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7235 the length of no list at all; that is, if you try to call @code{length} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7236 without giving it an argument, not even an empty list: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7237 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7238 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7239 (length ) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7240 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7241 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7242 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7243 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7244 What you see, if you evaluate this, is the error message |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7245 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7246 @smallexample |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7247 Lisp error: (wrong-number-of-arguments length 0) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7248 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7249 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7250 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7251 This means that the function receives the wrong number of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7252 arguments, zero, when it expects some other number of arguments. In |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7253 this case, one argument is expected, the argument being a list whose |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7254 length the function is measuring. (Note that @emph{one} list is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7255 @emph{one} argument, even if the list has many elements inside it.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7256 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7257 The part of the error message that says @samp{length} is the name of |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7258 the function. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7259 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7260 @ignore |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7261 @code{length} is still a subroutine, but you need C-h f to discover that. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7262 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7263 In an earlier version: |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7264 This is written with a special notation, @samp{#<subr}, |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7265 that indicates that the function @code{length} is one of the primitive |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7266 functions written in C rather than in Emacs Lisp. (@samp{subr} is an |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7267 abbreviation for `subroutine'.) @xref{What Is a Function, , What Is a |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7268 Function?, elisp , The GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}, for more |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7269 about subroutines. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7270 @end ignore |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7271 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7272 @node nthcdr, nth, cons, car cdr & cons |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7273 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7274 @section @code{nthcdr} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7275 @findex nthcdr |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7276 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7277 The @code{nthcdr} function is associated with the @code{cdr} function. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7278 What it does is take the @sc{cdr} of a list repeatedly. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7279 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7280 If you take the @sc{cdr} of the list @code{(pine fir |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7281 oak maple)}, you will be returned the list @code{(fir oak maple)}. If you |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7282 repeat this on what was returned, you will be returned the list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7283 @code{(oak maple)}. (Of course, repeated @sc{cdr}ing on the original |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7284 list will just give you the original @sc{cdr} since the function does |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7285 not change the list. You need to evaluate the @sc{cdr} of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7286 @sc{cdr} and so on.) If you continue this, eventually you will be |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7287 returned an empty list, which in this case, instead of being shown as |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7288 @code{()} is shown as @code{nil}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7289 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7290 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7291 For review, here is a series of repeated @sc{cdr}s, the text following |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7292 the @samp{@result{}} shows what is returned. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7293 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7294 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7295 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7296 (cdr '(pine fir oak maple)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7297 @result{}(fir oak maple) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7298 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7299 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7300 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7301 (cdr '(fir oak maple)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7302 @result{} (oak maple) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7303 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7304 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7305 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7306 (cdr '(oak maple)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7307 @result{}(maple) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7308 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7309 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7310 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7311 (cdr '(maple)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7312 @result{} nil |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7313 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7314 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7315 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7316 (cdr 'nil) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7317 @result{} nil |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7318 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7319 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7320 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7321 (cdr ()) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7322 @result{} nil |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7323 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7324 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7325 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7326 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7327 You can also do several @sc{cdr}s without printing the values in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7328 between, like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7329 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7330 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7331 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7332 (cdr (cdr '(pine fir oak maple))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7333 @result{} (oak maple) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7334 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7335 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7336 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7337 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7338 In this example, the Lisp interpreter evaluates the innermost list first. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7339 The innermost list is quoted, so it just passes the list as it is to the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7340 innermost @code{cdr}. This @code{cdr} passes a list made up of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7341 second and subsequent elements of the list to the outermost @code{cdr}, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7342 which produces a list composed of the third and subsequent elements of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7343 the original list. In this example, the @code{cdr} function is repeated |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7344 and returns a list that consists of the original list without its |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7345 first two elements. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7346 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7347 The @code{nthcdr} function does the same as repeating the call to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7348 @code{cdr}. In the following example, the argument 2 is passed to the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7349 function @code{nthcdr}, along with the list, and the value returned is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7350 the list without its first two items, which is exactly the same |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7351 as repeating @code{cdr} twice on the list: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7352 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7353 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7354 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7355 (nthcdr 2 '(pine fir oak maple)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7356 @result{} (oak maple) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7357 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7358 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7359 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7360 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7361 Using the original four element list, we can see what happens when |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7362 various numeric arguments are passed to @code{nthcdr}, including 0, 1, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7363 and 5: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7364 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7365 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7366 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7367 ;; @r{Leave the list as it was.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7368 (nthcdr 0 '(pine fir oak maple)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7369 @result{} (pine fir oak maple) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7370 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7371 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7372 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7373 ;; @r{Return a copy without the first element.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7374 (nthcdr 1 '(pine fir oak maple)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7375 @result{} (fir oak maple) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7376 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7377 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7378 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7379 ;; @r{Return a copy of the list without three elements.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7380 (nthcdr 3 '(pine fir oak maple)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7381 @result{} (maple) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7382 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7383 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7384 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7385 ;; @r{Return a copy lacking all four elements.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7386 (nthcdr 4 '(pine fir oak maple)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7387 @result{} nil |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7388 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7389 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7390 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7391 ;; @r{Return a copy lacking all elements.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7392 (nthcdr 5 '(pine fir oak maple)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7393 @result{} nil |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7394 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7395 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7396 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7397 @node nth, setcar, nthcdr, car cdr & cons |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7398 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7399 @section @code{nth} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7400 @findex nth |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7401 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7402 The @code{nthcdr} function takes the @sc{cdr} of a list repeatedly. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7403 The @code{nth} function takes the @sc{car} of the result returned by |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7404 @code{nthcdr}. It returns the Nth element of the list. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7405 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7406 @need 1500 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7407 Thus, if it were not defined in C for speed, the definition of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7408 @code{nth} would be: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7409 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7410 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7411 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7412 (defun nth (n list) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7413 "Returns the Nth element of LIST. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7414 N counts from zero. If LIST is not that long, nil is returned." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7415 (car (nthcdr n list))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7416 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7417 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7418 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7419 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7420 (Originally, @code{nth} was defined in Emacs Lisp in @file{subr.el}, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7421 but its definition was redone in C in the 1980s.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7422 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7423 The @code{nth} function returns a single element of a list. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7424 This can be very convenient. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7425 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7426 Note that the elements are numbered from zero, not one. That is to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7427 say, the first element of a list, its @sc{car} is the zeroth element. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7428 This is called `zero-based' counting and often bothers people who |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7429 are accustomed to the first element in a list being number one, which |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7430 is `one-based'. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7431 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7432 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7433 For example: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7434 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7435 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7436 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7437 (nth 0 '("one" "two" "three")) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7438 @result{} "one" |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7439 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7440 (nth 1 '("one" "two" "three")) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7441 @result{} "two" |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7442 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7443 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7444 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7445 It is worth mentioning that @code{nth}, like @code{nthcdr} and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7446 @code{cdr}, does not change the original list---the function is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7447 non-destructive. This is in sharp contrast to the @code{setcar} and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7448 @code{setcdr} functions. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7449 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7450 @node setcar, setcdr, nth, car cdr & cons |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7451 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7452 @section @code{setcar} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7453 @findex setcar |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7454 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7455 As you might guess from their names, the @code{setcar} and @code{setcdr} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7456 functions set the @sc{car} or the @sc{cdr} of a list to a new value. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7457 They actually change the original list, unlike @code{car} and @code{cdr} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7458 which leave the original list as it was. One way to find out how this |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7459 works is to experiment. We will start with the @code{setcar} function. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7460 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7461 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7462 First, we can make a list and then set the value of a variable to the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7463 list, using the @code{setq} function. Here is a list of animals: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7464 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7465 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7466 (setq animals '(antelope giraffe lion tiger)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7467 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7468 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7469 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7470 If you are reading this in Info inside of GNU Emacs, you can evaluate |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7471 this expression in the usual fashion, by positioning the cursor after |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7472 the expression and typing @kbd{C-x C-e}. (I'm doing this right here |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7473 as I write this. This is one of the advantages of having the |
73587
c84b73607df3
Removed INSTALL MANIFEST since those files are now irrelevant.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73554
diff
changeset
|
7474 interpreter built into the computing environment. Incidentally, when |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7475 there is nothing on the line after the final parentheses, such as a |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7476 comment, point can be on the next line. Thus, if your cursor is in |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7477 the first column of the next line, you do not need to move it. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7478 Indeed, Emacs permits any amount of white space after the final |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7479 parenthesis.) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7480 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7481 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7482 When we evaluate the variable @code{animals}, we see that it is bound to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7483 the list @code{(antelope giraffe lion tiger)}: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7484 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7485 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7486 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7487 animals |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7488 @result{} (antelope giraffe lion tiger) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7489 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7490 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7491 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7492 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7493 Put another way, the variable @code{animals} points to the list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7494 @code{(antelope giraffe lion tiger)}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7495 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7496 Next, evaluate the function @code{setcar} while passing it two |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7497 arguments, the variable @code{animals} and the quoted symbol |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7498 @code{hippopotamus}; this is done by writing the three element list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7499 @code{(setcar animals 'hippopotamus)} and then evaluating it in the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7500 usual fashion: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7501 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7502 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7503 (setcar animals 'hippopotamus) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7504 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7505 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7506 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7507 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7508 After evaluating this expression, evaluate the variable @code{animals} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7509 again. You will see that the list of animals has changed: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7510 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7511 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7512 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7513 animals |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7514 @result{} (hippopotamus giraffe lion tiger) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7515 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7516 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7517 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7518 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7519 The first element on the list, @code{antelope} is replaced by |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7520 @code{hippopotamus}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7521 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7522 So we can see that @code{setcar} did not add a new element to the list |
70909
02b9c43722d2
(setcar): replace an antelope rather than
David Kastrup <dak@gnu.org>
parents:
70725
diff
changeset
|
7523 as @code{cons} would have; it replaced @code{antelope} with |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7524 @code{hippopotamus}; it @emph{changed} the list. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7525 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7526 @node setcdr, cons Exercise, setcar, car cdr & cons |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7527 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7528 @section @code{setcdr} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7529 @findex setcdr |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7530 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7531 The @code{setcdr} function is similar to the @code{setcar} function, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7532 except that the function replaces the second and subsequent elements of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7533 a list rather than the first element. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7534 |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
7535 (To see how to change the last element of a list, look ahead to |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
7536 @ref{kill-new function, , The @code{kill-new} function}, which uses |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
7537 the @code{nthcdr} and @code{setcdr} functions.) |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
7538 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7539 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7540 To see how this works, set the value of the variable to a list of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7541 domesticated animals by evaluating the following expression: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7542 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7543 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7544 (setq domesticated-animals '(horse cow sheep goat)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7545 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7546 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7547 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7548 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7549 If you now evaluate the list, you will be returned the list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7550 @code{(horse cow sheep goat)}: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7551 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7552 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7553 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7554 domesticated-animals |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7555 @result{} (horse cow sheep goat) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7556 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7557 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7558 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7559 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7560 Next, evaluate @code{setcdr} with two arguments, the name of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7561 variable which has a list as its value, and the list to which the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7562 @sc{cdr} of the first list will be set; |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7563 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7564 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7565 (setcdr domesticated-animals '(cat dog)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7566 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7567 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7568 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7569 If you evaluate this expression, the list @code{(cat dog)} will appear |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7570 in the echo area. This is the value returned by the function. The |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7571 result we are interested in is the ``side effect'', which we can see by |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7572 evaluating the variable @code{domesticated-animals}: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7573 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7574 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7575 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7576 domesticated-animals |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7577 @result{} (horse cat dog) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7578 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7579 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7580 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7581 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7582 Indeed, the list is changed from @code{(horse cow sheep goat)} to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7583 @code{(horse cat dog)}. The @sc{cdr} of the list is changed from |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7584 @code{(cow sheep goat)} to @code{(cat dog)}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7585 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7586 @node cons Exercise, , setcdr, car cdr & cons |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7587 @section Exercise |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7588 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7589 Construct a list of four birds by evaluating several expressions with |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7590 @code{cons}. Find out what happens when you @code{cons} a list onto |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7591 itself. Replace the first element of the list of four birds with a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7592 fish. Replace the rest of that list with a list of other fish. |
44899
ebddb2618c17
Fixed typographic errors.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
43431
diff
changeset
|
7593 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7594 @node Cutting & Storing Text, List Implementation, car cdr & cons, Top |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7595 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7596 @chapter Cutting and Storing Text |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7597 @cindex Cutting and storing text |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7598 @cindex Storing and cutting text |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7599 @cindex Killing text |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7600 @cindex Clipping text |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7601 @cindex Erasing text |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7602 @cindex Deleting text |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7603 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7604 Whenever you cut or clip text out of a buffer with a `kill' command in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7605 GNU Emacs, it is stored in a list and you can bring it back with a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7606 `yank' command. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7607 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7608 (The use of the word `kill' in Emacs for processes which specifically |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7609 @emph{do not} destroy the values of the entities is an unfortunate |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7610 historical accident. A much more appropriate word would be `clip' since |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7611 that is what the kill commands do; they clip text out of a buffer and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7612 put it into storage from which it can be brought back. I have often |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7613 been tempted to replace globally all occurrences of `kill' in the Emacs |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7614 sources with `clip' and all occurrences of `killed' with `clipped'.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7615 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7616 @menu |
73854
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
7617 * Storing Text:: Text is stored in a list. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
7618 * zap-to-char:: Cutting out text up to a character. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
7619 * kill-region:: Cutting text out of a region. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
7620 * copy-region-as-kill:: A definition for copying text. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
7621 * Digression into C:: Minor note on C programming language macros. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
7622 * defvar:: How to give a variable an initial value. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7623 * cons & search-fwd Review:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7624 * search Exercises:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7625 @end menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7626 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7627 @node Storing Text, zap-to-char, Cutting & Storing Text, Cutting & Storing Text |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7628 @ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7629 @unnumberedsec Storing Text in a List |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7630 @end ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7631 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7632 When text is cut out of a buffer, it is stored on a list. Successive |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7633 pieces of text are stored on the list successively, so the list might |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7634 look like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7635 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7636 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7637 ("a piece of text" "previous piece") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7638 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7639 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7640 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7641 @noindent |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7642 The function @code{cons} can be used to create a new list from a piece |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7643 of text (an `atom', to use the jargon) and an existing list, like |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7644 this: |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7645 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7646 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7647 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7648 (cons "another piece" |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7649 '("a piece of text" "previous piece")) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7650 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7651 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7652 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7653 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7654 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7655 If you evaluate this expression, a list of three elements will appear in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7656 the echo area: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7657 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7658 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7659 ("another piece" "a piece of text" "previous piece") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7660 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7661 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7662 With the @code{car} and @code{nthcdr} functions, you can retrieve |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7663 whichever piece of text you want. For example, in the following code, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7664 @code{nthcdr 1 @dots{}} returns the list with the first item removed; |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7665 and the @code{car} returns the first element of that remainder---the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7666 second element of the original list: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7667 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7668 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7669 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7670 (car (nthcdr 1 '("another piece" |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7671 "a piece of text" |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7672 "previous piece"))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7673 @result{} "a piece of text" |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7674 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7675 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7676 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7677 The actual functions in Emacs are more complex than this, of course. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7678 The code for cutting and retrieving text has to be written so that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7679 Emacs can figure out which element in the list you want---the first, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7680 second, third, or whatever. In addition, when you get to the end of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7681 the list, Emacs should give you the first element of the list, rather |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7682 than nothing at all. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7683 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7684 The list that holds the pieces of text is called the @dfn{kill ring}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7685 This chapter leads up to a description of the kill ring and how it is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7686 used by first tracing how the @code{zap-to-char} function works. This |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7687 function uses (or `calls') a function that invokes a function that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7688 manipulates the kill ring. Thus, before reaching the mountains, we |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7689 climb the foothills. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7690 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7691 A subsequent chapter describes how text that is cut from the buffer is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7692 retrieved. @xref{Yanking, , Yanking Text Back}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7693 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7694 @node zap-to-char, kill-region, Storing Text, Cutting & Storing Text |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7695 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7696 @section @code{zap-to-char} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7697 @findex zap-to-char |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7698 |
73683 | 7699 The @code{zap-to-char} function changed little between GNU Emacs |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7700 version 19 and GNU Emacs version 22. However, @code{zap-to-char} |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7701 calls another function, @code{kill-region}, which enjoyed a major |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7702 rewrite. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7703 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7704 The @code{kill-region} function in Emacs 19 is complex, but does not |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7705 use code that is important at this time. We will skip it. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7706 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7707 The @code{kill-region} function in Emacs 22 is easier to read than the |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7708 same function in Emacs 19 and introduces a very important concept, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7709 that of error handling. We will walk through the function. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7710 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7711 But first, let us look at the interactive @code{zap-to-char} function. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7712 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7713 @menu |
73854
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
7714 * Complete zap-to-char:: The complete implementation. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
7715 * zap-to-char interactive:: A three part interactive expression. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
7716 * zap-to-char body:: A short overview. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
7717 * search-forward:: How to search for a string. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
7718 * progn:: The @code{progn} special form. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
7719 * Summing up zap-to-char:: Using @code{point} and @code{search-forward}. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7720 @end menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7721 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7722 @node Complete zap-to-char, zap-to-char interactive, zap-to-char, zap-to-char |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7723 @ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7724 @unnumberedsubsec The Complete @code{zap-to-char} Implementation |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7725 @end ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7726 |
73683 | 7727 The @code{zap-to-char} function removes the text in the region between |
7728 the location of the cursor (i.e., of point) up to and including the | |
7729 next occurrence of a specified character. The text that | |
7730 @code{zap-to-char} removes is put in the kill ring; and it can be | |
7731 retrieved from the kill ring by typing @kbd{C-y} (@code{yank}). If | |
7732 the command is given an argument, it removes text through that number | |
7733 of occurrences. Thus, if the cursor were at the beginning of this | |
7734 sentence and the character were @samp{s}, @samp{Thus} would be | |
7735 removed. If the argument were two, @samp{Thus, if the curs} would be | |
7736 removed, up to and including the @samp{s} in @samp{cursor}. | |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7737 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7738 If the specified character is not found, @code{zap-to-char} will say |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7739 ``Search failed'', tell you the character you typed, and not remove |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7740 any text. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7741 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7742 In order to determine how much text to remove, @code{zap-to-char} uses |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7743 a search function. Searches are used extensively in code that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7744 manipulates text, and we will focus attention on them as well as on the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7745 deletion command. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7746 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7747 @ignore |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7748 @c GNU Emacs version 19 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7749 (defun zap-to-char (arg char) ; version 19 implementation |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7750 "Kill up to and including ARG'th occurrence of CHAR. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7751 Goes backward if ARG is negative; error if CHAR not found." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7752 (interactive "*p\ncZap to char: ") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7753 (kill-region (point) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7754 (progn |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7755 (search-forward |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7756 (char-to-string char) nil nil arg) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7757 (point)))) |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7758 @end ignore |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7759 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7760 @need 1250 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7761 Here is the complete text of the version 22 implementation of the function: |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7762 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7763 @c GNU Emacs 22 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7764 @smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7765 @group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7766 (defun zap-to-char (arg char) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7767 "Kill up to and including ARG'th occurrence of CHAR. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7768 Case is ignored if `case-fold-search' is non-nil in the current buffer. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7769 Goes backward if ARG is negative; error if CHAR not found." |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7770 (interactive "p\ncZap to char: ") |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7771 (if (char-table-p translation-table-for-input) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7772 (setq char (or (aref translation-table-for-input char) char))) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7773 (kill-region (point) (progn |
73683 | 7774 (search-forward (char-to-string char) nil nil arg) |
7775 (point)))) | |
7776 @end group | |
7777 @end smallexample | |
7778 | |
7779 The documentation is thorough. You do need to know the jargon meaning | |
7780 of the word `kill'. | |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7781 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7782 @node zap-to-char interactive, zap-to-char body, Complete zap-to-char, zap-to-char |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7783 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7784 @subsection The @code{interactive} Expression |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7785 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7786 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7787 The interactive expression in the @code{zap-to-char} command looks like |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7788 this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7789 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7790 @smallexample |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7791 (interactive "p\ncZap to char: ") |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7792 @end smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7793 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7794 The part within quotation marks, @code{"p\ncZap to char:@: "}, specifies |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7795 two different things. First, and most simply, is the @samp{p}. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7796 This part is separated from the next part by a newline, @samp{\n}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7797 The @samp{p} means that the first argument to the function will be |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7798 passed the value of a `processed prefix'. The prefix argument is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7799 passed by typing @kbd{C-u} and a number, or @kbd{M-} and a number. If |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7800 the function is called interactively without a prefix, 1 is passed to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7801 this argument. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7802 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7803 The second part of @code{"p\ncZap to char:@: "} is |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7804 @samp{cZap to char:@: }. In this part, the lower case @samp{c} |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7805 indicates that @code{interactive} expects a prompt and that the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7806 argument will be a character. The prompt follows the @samp{c} and is |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7807 the string @samp{Zap to char:@: } (with a space after the colon to |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7808 make it look good). |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7809 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7810 What all this does is prepare the arguments to @code{zap-to-char} so they |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7811 are of the right type, and give the user a prompt. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7812 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7813 In a read-only buffer, the @code{zap-to-char} function copies the text |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7814 to the kill ring, but does not remove it. The echo area displays a |
73587
c84b73607df3
Removed INSTALL MANIFEST since those files are now irrelevant.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73554
diff
changeset
|
7815 message saying that the buffer is read-only. Also, the terminal may |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7816 beep or blink at you. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7817 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7818 @node zap-to-char body, search-forward, zap-to-char interactive, zap-to-char |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7819 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7820 @subsection The Body of @code{zap-to-char} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7821 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7822 The body of the @code{zap-to-char} function contains the code that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7823 kills (that is, removes) the text in the region from the current |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7824 position of the cursor up to and including the specified character. |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7825 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7826 The first part of the code looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7827 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7828 @smallexample |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7829 (if (char-table-p translation-table-for-input) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7830 (setq char (or (aref translation-table-for-input char) char))) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7831 (kill-region (point) (progn |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7832 (search-forward (char-to-string char) nil nil arg) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7833 (point))) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7834 @end smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7835 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7836 @noindent |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7837 @code{char-table-p} is an hitherto unseen function. It determines |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7838 whether its argument is a character table. When it is, it sets the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7839 character passed to @code{zap-to-char} to one of them, if that |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7840 character exists, or to the character itself. (This becomes important |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7841 for certain characters in non-European languages. The @code{aref} |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7842 function extracts an element from an array. It is an array-specific |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7843 function that is not described in this document. @xref{Arrays, , |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7844 Arrays, elisp, The GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}.) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7845 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7846 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7847 @code{(point)} is the current position of the cursor. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7848 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7849 The next part of the code is an expression using @code{progn}. The body |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7850 of the @code{progn} consists of calls to @code{search-forward} and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7851 @code{point}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7852 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7853 It is easier to understand how @code{progn} works after learning about |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7854 @code{search-forward}, so we will look at @code{search-forward} and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7855 then at @code{progn}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7856 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7857 @node search-forward, progn, zap-to-char body, zap-to-char |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7858 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7859 @subsection The @code{search-forward} Function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7860 @findex search-forward |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7861 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7862 The @code{search-forward} function is used to locate the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7863 zapped-for-character in @code{zap-to-char}. If the search is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7864 successful, @code{search-forward} leaves point immediately after the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7865 last character in the target string. (In @code{zap-to-char}, the |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7866 target string is just one character long. @code{zap-to-char} uses the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7867 function @code{char-to-string} to ensure that the computer treats that |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7868 character as a string.) If the search is backwards, |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7869 @code{search-forward} leaves point just before the first character in |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7870 the target. Also, @code{search-forward} returns @code{t} for true. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7871 (Moving point is therefore a `side effect'.) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7872 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7873 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7874 In @code{zap-to-char}, the @code{search-forward} function looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7875 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7876 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7877 (search-forward (char-to-string char) nil nil arg) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7878 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7879 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7880 The @code{search-forward} function takes four arguments: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7881 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7882 @enumerate |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7883 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7884 The first argument is the target, what is searched for. This must be a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7885 string, such as @samp{"z"}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7886 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7887 As it happens, the argument passed to @code{zap-to-char} is a single |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7888 character. Because of the way computers are built, the Lisp |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7889 interpreter may treat a single character as being different from a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7890 string of characters. Inside the computer, a single character has a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7891 different electronic format than a string of one character. (A single |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7892 character can often be recorded in the computer using exactly one |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7893 byte; but a string may be longer, and the computer needs to be ready |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7894 for this.) Since the @code{search-forward} function searches for a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7895 string, the character that the @code{zap-to-char} function receives as |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7896 its argument must be converted inside the computer from one format to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7897 the other; otherwise the @code{search-forward} function will fail. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7898 The @code{char-to-string} function is used to make this conversion. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7899 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7900 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7901 The second argument bounds the search; it is specified as a position in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7902 the buffer. In this case, the search can go to the end of the buffer, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7903 so no bound is set and the second argument is @code{nil}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7904 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7905 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7906 The third argument tells the function what it should do if the search |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7907 fails---it can signal an error (and print a message) or it can return |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7908 @code{nil}. A @code{nil} as the third argument causes the function to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7909 signal an error when the search fails. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7910 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7911 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7912 The fourth argument to @code{search-forward} is the repeat count---how |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7913 many occurrences of the string to look for. This argument is optional |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7914 and if the function is called without a repeat count, this argument is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7915 passed the value 1. If this argument is negative, the search goes |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7916 backwards. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7917 @end enumerate |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7918 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7919 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7920 In template form, a @code{search-forward} expression looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7921 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7922 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7923 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7924 (search-forward "@var{target-string}" |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7925 @var{limit-of-search} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7926 @var{what-to-do-if-search-fails} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7927 @var{repeat-count}) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7928 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7929 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7930 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7931 We will look at @code{progn} next. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7932 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7933 @node progn, Summing up zap-to-char, search-forward, zap-to-char |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7934 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7935 @subsection The @code{progn} Special Form |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7936 @findex progn |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7937 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7938 @code{progn} is a special form that causes each of its arguments to be |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7939 evaluated in sequence and then returns the value of the last one. The |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7940 preceding expressions are evaluated only for the side effects they |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7941 perform. The values produced by them are discarded. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7942 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7943 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7944 The template for a @code{progn} expression is very simple: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7945 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7946 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7947 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7948 (progn |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7949 @var{body}@dots{}) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7950 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7951 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7952 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7953 In @code{zap-to-char}, the @code{progn} expression has to do two things: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7954 put point in exactly the right position; and return the location of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7955 point so that @code{kill-region} will know how far to kill to. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7956 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7957 The first argument to the @code{progn} is @code{search-forward}. When |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7958 @code{search-forward} finds the string, the function leaves point |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7959 immediately after the last character in the target string. (In this |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7960 case the target string is just one character long.) If the search is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7961 backwards, @code{search-forward} leaves point just before the first |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7962 character in the target. The movement of point is a side effect. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7963 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7964 The second and last argument to @code{progn} is the expression |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7965 @code{(point)}. This expression returns the value of point, which in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7966 this case will be the location to which it has been moved by |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7967 @code{search-forward}. (In the source, a line that tells the function |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7968 to go to the previous character, if it is going forward, was commented |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7969 out in 1999; I don't remember whether that feature or mis-feature was |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7970 ever a part of the distributed source.) The value of @code{point} is |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7971 returned by the @code{progn} expression and is passed to |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7972 @code{kill-region} as @code{kill-region}'s second argument. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7973 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7974 @node Summing up zap-to-char, , progn, zap-to-char |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7975 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7976 @subsection Summing up @code{zap-to-char} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7977 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7978 Now that we have seen how @code{search-forward} and @code{progn} work, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7979 we can see how the @code{zap-to-char} function works as a whole. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7980 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7981 The first argument to @code{kill-region} is the position of the cursor |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7982 when the @code{zap-to-char} command is given---the value of point at |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7983 that time. Within the @code{progn}, the search function then moves |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7984 point to just after the zapped-to-character and @code{point} returns the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7985 value of this location. The @code{kill-region} function puts together |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7986 these two values of point, the first one as the beginning of the region |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7987 and the second one as the end of the region, and removes the region. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7988 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7989 The @code{progn} special form is necessary because the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7990 @code{kill-region} command takes two arguments; and it would fail if |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7991 @code{search-forward} and @code{point} expressions were written in |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7992 sequence as two additional arguments. The @code{progn} expression is |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7993 a single argument to @code{kill-region} and returns the one value that |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7994 @code{kill-region} needs for its second argument. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7995 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
7996 @node kill-region, copy-region-as-kill, zap-to-char, Cutting & Storing Text |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7997 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7998 @section @code{kill-region} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7999 @findex kill-region |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8000 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8001 The @code{zap-to-char} function uses the @code{kill-region} function. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8002 This function clips text from a region and copies that text to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8003 the kill ring, from which it may be retrieved. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8004 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8005 @ignore |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8006 GNU Emacs 22: |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8007 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8008 (defun kill-region (beg end &optional yank-handler) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8009 "Kill (\"cut\") text between point and mark. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8010 This deletes the text from the buffer and saves it in the kill ring. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8011 The command \\[yank] can retrieve it from there. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8012 \(If you want to kill and then yank immediately, use \\[kill-ring-save].) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8013 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8014 If you want to append the killed region to the last killed text, |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8015 use \\[append-next-kill] before \\[kill-region]. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8016 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8017 If the buffer is read-only, Emacs will beep and refrain from deleting |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8018 the text, but put the text in the kill ring anyway. This means that |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8019 you can use the killing commands to copy text from a read-only buffer. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8020 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8021 This is the primitive for programs to kill text (as opposed to deleting it). |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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diff
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|
8022 Supply two arguments, character positions indicating the stretch of text |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
8023 to be killed. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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diff
changeset
|
8024 Any command that calls this function is a \"kill command\". |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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diff
changeset
|
8025 If the previous command was also a kill command, |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8026 the text killed this time appends to the text killed last time |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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diff
changeset
|
8027 to make one entry in the kill ring. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
8028 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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diff
changeset
|
8029 In Lisp code, optional third arg YANK-HANDLER, if non-nil, |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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diff
changeset
|
8030 specifies the yank-handler text property to be set on the killed |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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diff
changeset
|
8031 text. See `insert-for-yank'." |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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changeset
|
8032 ;; Pass point first, then mark, because the order matters |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8033 ;; when calling kill-append. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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changeset
|
8034 (interactive (list (point) (mark))) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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changeset
|
8035 (unless (and beg end) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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changeset
|
8036 (error "The mark is not set now, so there is no region")) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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changeset
|
8037 (condition-case nil |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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changeset
|
8038 (let ((string (filter-buffer-substring beg end t))) |
73683 | 8039 (when string ;STRING is nil if BEG = END |
8040 ;; Add that string to the kill ring, one way or another. | |
8041 (if (eq last-command 'kill-region) | |
8042 (kill-append string (< end beg) yank-handler) | |
8043 (kill-new string nil yank-handler))) | |
8044 (when (or string (eq last-command 'kill-region)) | |
8045 (setq this-command 'kill-region)) | |
8046 nil) | |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8047 ((buffer-read-only text-read-only) |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8048 ;; The code above failed because the buffer, or some of the characters |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8049 ;; in the region, are read-only. |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8050 ;; We should beep, in case the user just isn't aware of this. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8051 ;; However, there's no harm in putting |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8052 ;; the region's text in the kill ring, anyway. |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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changeset
|
8053 (copy-region-as-kill beg end) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8054 ;; Set this-command now, so it will be set even if we get an error. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
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|
8055 (setq this-command 'kill-region) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8056 ;; This should barf, if appropriate, and give us the correct error. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8057 (if kill-read-only-ok |
73683 | 8058 (progn (message "Read only text copied to kill ring") nil) |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
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|
8059 ;; Signal an error if the buffer is read-only. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
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|
8060 (barf-if-buffer-read-only) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
8061 ;; If the buffer isn't read-only, the text is. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
8062 (signal 'text-read-only (list (current-buffer))))))) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8063 @end ignore |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8064 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8065 The Emacs 22 version of that function uses @code{condition-case} and |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8066 @code{copy-region-as-kill}, both of which we will explain. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8067 @code{condition-case} is an important special form. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8068 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8069 In essence, the @code{kill-region} function calls |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8070 @code{condition-case}, which takes three arguments. In this function, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8071 the first argument does nothing. The second argument contains the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8072 code that does the work when all goes well. The third argument |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8073 contains the code that is called in the event of an error. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8074 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8075 @menu |
73854
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
8076 * Complete kill-region:: The function definition. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
8077 * condition-case:: Dealing with a problem. |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8078 * Lisp macro:: |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8079 @end menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8080 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8081 @node Complete kill-region, condition-case, kill-region, kill-region |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8082 @ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8083 @unnumberedsubsec The Complete @code{kill-region} Definition |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8084 @end ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8085 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8086 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8087 We will go through the @code{condition-case} code in a moment. First, |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8088 let us look at the definition of @code{kill-region}, with comments |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8089 added: |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8090 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8091 @c GNU Emacs 22: |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8092 @smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8093 @group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8094 (defun kill-region (beg end) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8095 "Kill (\"cut\") text between point and mark. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8096 This deletes the text from the buffer and saves it in the kill ring. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8097 The command \\[yank] can retrieve it from there. @dots{} " |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8098 @end group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8099 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8100 @group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8101 ;; @bullet{} Since order matters, pass point first. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8102 (interactive (list (point) (mark))) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8103 ;; @bullet{} And tell us if we cannot cut the text. |
73683 | 8104 ;; `unless' is an `if' without a then-part. |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8105 (unless (and beg end) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8106 (error "The mark is not set now, so there is no region")) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8107 @end group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8108 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8109 @group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8110 ;; @bullet{} `condition-case' takes three arguments. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8111 ;; If the first argument is nil, as it is here, |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8112 ;; information about the error signal is not |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8113 ;; stored for use by another function. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8114 (condition-case nil |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8115 @end group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8116 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8117 @group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8118 ;; @bullet{} The second argument to `condition-case' tells the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8119 ;; Lisp interpreter what to do when all goes well. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8120 @end group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8121 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8122 @group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8123 ;; It starts with a `let' function that extracts the string |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8124 ;; and tests whether it exists. If so (that is what the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8125 ;; `when' checks), it calls an `if' function that determines |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8126 ;; whether the previous command was another call to |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8127 ;; `kill-region'; if it was, then the new text is appended to |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8128 ;; the previous text; if not, then a different function, |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8129 ;; `kill-new', is called. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8130 @end group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8131 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8132 @group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8133 ;; The `kill-append' function concatenates the new string and |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8134 ;; the old. The `kill-new' function inserts text into a new |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8135 ;; item in the kill ring. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8136 @end group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8137 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8138 @group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8139 ;; `when' is an `if' without an else-part. The second `when' |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8140 ;; again checks whether the current string exists; in |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8141 ;; addition, it checks whether the previous command was |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8142 ;; another call to `kill-region'. If one or the other |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8143 ;; condition is true, then it sets the current command to |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8144 ;; be `kill-region'. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8145 @end group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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diff
changeset
|
8146 @group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8147 (let ((string (filter-buffer-substring beg end t))) |
73683 | 8148 (when string ;STRING is nil if BEG = END |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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diff
changeset
|
8149 ;; Add that string to the kill ring, one way or another. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8150 (if (eq last-command 'kill-region) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8151 @end group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8152 @group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8153 ;; @minus{} `yank-handler' is an optional argument to |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
8154 ;; `kill-region' that tells the `kill-append' and |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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parents:
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changeset
|
8155 ;; `kill-new' functions how deal with properties |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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changeset
|
8156 ;; added to the text, such as `bold' or `italics'. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8157 (kill-append string (< end beg) yank-handler) |
73683 | 8158 (kill-new string nil yank-handler))) |
8159 (when (or string (eq last-command 'kill-region)) | |
8160 (setq this-command 'kill-region)) | |
8161 nil) | |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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changeset
|
8162 @end group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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parents:
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|
8163 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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parents:
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diff
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|
8164 @group |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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parents:
72479
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|
8165 ;; @bullet{} The third argument to `condition-case' tells the interpreter |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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parents:
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|
8166 ;; what to do with an error. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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parents:
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|
8167 @end group |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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parents:
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|
8168 @group |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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parents:
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|
8169 ;; The third argument has a conditions part and a body part. |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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parents:
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|
8170 ;; If the conditions are met (in this case, |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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parents:
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|
8171 ;; if text or buffer are read-only) |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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parents:
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|
8172 ;; then the body is executed. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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parents:
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|
8173 @end group |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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parents:
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|
8174 @group |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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parents:
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|
8175 ;; The first part of the third argument is the following: |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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parents:
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|
8176 ((buffer-read-only text-read-only) ;; the if-part |
73587
c84b73607df3
Removed INSTALL MANIFEST since those files are now irrelevant.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73554
diff
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|
8177 ;; @dots{} the then-part |
73554
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|
8178 (copy-region-as-kill beg end) |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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parents:
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|
8179 @end group |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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parents:
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|
8180 @group |
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|
8181 ;; Next, also as part of the then-part, set this-command, so |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8182 ;; it will be set in an error |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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parents:
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|
8183 (setq this-command 'kill-region) |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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parents:
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|
8184 ;; Finally, in the then-part, send a message if you may copy |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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parents:
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|
8185 ;; the text to the kill ring without signally an error, but |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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parents:
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|
8186 ;; don't if you may not. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8187 @end group |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8188 @group |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8189 (if kill-read-only-ok |
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|
8190 (progn (message "Read only text copied to kill ring") nil) |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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parents:
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|
8191 (barf-if-buffer-read-only) |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8192 ;; If the buffer isn't read-only, the text is. |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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parents:
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|
8193 (signal 'text-read-only (list (current-buffer))))) |
d092f1092ef0
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|
8194 @end group |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8195 @end smallexample |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8196 |
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|
8197 @ignore |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
8198 @c v 21 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8199 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
8200 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
8201 (defun kill-region (beg end) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8202 "Kill between point and mark. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
8203 The text is deleted but saved in the kill ring." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8204 (interactive "r") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8205 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8206 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8207 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8208 ;; 1. `condition-case' takes three arguments. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8209 ;; If the first argument is nil, as it is here, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
8210 ;; information about the error signal is not |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8211 ;; stored for use by another function. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8212 (condition-case nil |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8213 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8214 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8215 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8216 ;; 2. The second argument to `condition-case' |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
8217 ;; tells the Lisp interpreter what to do when all goes well. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8218 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8219 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8220 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8221 ;; The `delete-and-extract-region' function usually does the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8222 ;; work. If the beginning and ending of the region are both |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8223 ;; the same, then the variable `string' will be empty, or nil |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8224 (let ((string (delete-and-extract-region beg end))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8225 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8226 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8227 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8228 ;; `when' is an `if' clause that cannot take an `else-part'. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8229 ;; Emacs normally sets the value of `last-command' to the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8230 ;; previous command. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8231 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8232 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8233 ;; `kill-append' concatenates the new string and the old. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8234 ;; `kill-new' inserts text into a new item in the kill ring. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8235 (when string |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8236 (if (eq last-command 'kill-region) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8237 ;; if true, prepend string |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8238 (kill-append string (< end beg)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8239 (kill-new string))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8240 (setq this-command 'kill-region)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8241 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8242 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8243 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8244 ;; 3. The third argument to `condition-case' tells the interpreter |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
8245 ;; what to do with an error. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8246 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8247 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8248 ;; The third argument has a conditions part and a body part. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8249 ;; If the conditions are met (in this case, |
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|
8250 ;; if text or buffer are read-only) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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diff
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|
8251 ;; then the body is executed. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8252 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
8253 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8254 ((buffer-read-only text-read-only) ;; this is the if-part |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8255 ;; then... |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8256 (copy-region-as-kill beg end) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8257 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8258 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8259 (if kill-read-only-ok ;; usually this variable is nil |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8260 (message "Read only text copied to kill ring") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8261 ;; or else, signal an error if the buffer is read-only; |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8262 (barf-if-buffer-read-only) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8263 ;; and, in any case, signal that the text is read-only. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8264 (signal 'text-read-only (list (current-buffer))))))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8265 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8266 @end smallexample |
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|
8267 @end ignore |
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|
8268 |
d092f1092ef0
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|
8269 @node condition-case, Lisp macro, Complete kill-region, kill-region |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8270 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8271 @subsection @code{condition-case} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8272 @findex condition-case |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8273 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8274 As we have seen earlier (@pxref{Making Errors, , Generate an Error |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8275 Message}), when the Emacs Lisp interpreter has trouble evaluating an |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8276 expression, it provides you with help; in the jargon, this is called |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8277 ``signaling an error''. Usually, the computer stops the program and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8278 shows you a message. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8279 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8280 However, some programs undertake complicated actions. They should not |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8281 simply stop on an error. In the @code{kill-region} function, the most |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8282 likely error is that you will try to kill text that is read-only and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8283 cannot be removed. So the @code{kill-region} function contains code |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8284 to handle this circumstance. This code, which makes up the body of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8285 the @code{kill-region} function, is inside of a @code{condition-case} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8286 special form. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8287 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8288 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8289 The template for @code{condition-case} looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8290 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8291 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8292 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8293 (condition-case |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8294 @var{var} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8295 @var{bodyform} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8296 @var{error-handler}@dots{}) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8297 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8298 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8299 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8300 The second argument, @var{bodyform}, is straightforward. The |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8301 @code{condition-case} special form causes the Lisp interpreter to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8302 evaluate the code in @var{bodyform}. If no error occurs, the special |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8303 form returns the code's value and produces the side-effects, if any. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8304 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8305 In short, the @var{bodyform} part of a @code{condition-case} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
8306 expression determines what should happen when everything works |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
8307 correctly. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8308 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8309 However, if an error occurs, among its other actions, the function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8310 generating the error signal will define one or more error condition |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8311 names. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8312 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8313 An error handler is the third argument to @code{condition case}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8314 An error handler has two parts, a @var{condition-name} and a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8315 @var{body}. If the @var{condition-name} part of an error handler |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8316 matches a condition name generated by an error, then the @var{body} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8317 part of the error handler is run. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8318 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8319 As you will expect, the @var{condition-name} part of an error handler |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8320 may be either a single condition name or a list of condition names. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8321 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8322 Also, a complete @code{condition-case} expression may contain more |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8323 than one error handler. When an error occurs, the first applicable |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8324 handler is run. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8325 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8326 Lastly, the first argument to the @code{condition-case} expression, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8327 the @var{var} argument, is sometimes bound to a variable that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8328 contains information about the error. However, if that argument is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8329 nil, as is the case in @code{kill-region}, that information is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8330 discarded. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8331 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8332 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8333 In brief, in the @code{kill-region} function, the code |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8334 @code{condition-case} works like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8335 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8336 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8337 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8338 @var{If no errors}, @var{run only this code} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8339 @var{but}, @var{if errors}, @var{run this other code}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8340 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8341 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8342 |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8343 @ignore |
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|
8344 2006 Oct 24 |
d092f1092ef0
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parents:
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diff
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|
8345 In Emacs 22, |
d092f1092ef0
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parents:
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changeset
|
8346 copy-region-as-kill is short, 12 lines, and uses |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8347 filter-buffer-substring, which is longer, 39 lines |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8348 and has delete-and-extract-region in it. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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parents:
72479
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|
8349 delete-and-extract-region is written in C. |
d092f1092ef0
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parents:
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changeset
|
8350 |
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|
8351 see Initializing a Variable with @code{defvar} |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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diff
changeset
|
8352 this is line 8054 |
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|
8353 Initializing a Variable with @code{defvar} includes line 8350 |
d092f1092ef0
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|
8354 @end ignore |
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|
8355 |
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changeset
|
8356 @node Lisp macro, , condition-case, kill-region |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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diff
changeset
|
8357 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8358 @subsection Lisp macro |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8359 @cindex Macro, lisp |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8360 @cindex Lisp macro |
73554
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|
8361 |
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8362 The part of the @code{condition-case} expression that is evaluated in |
d092f1092ef0
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diff
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|
8363 the expectation that all goes well has a @code{when}. The code uses |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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diff
changeset
|
8364 @code{when} to determine whether the @code{string} variable points to |
d092f1092ef0
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changeset
|
8365 text that exists. |
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|
8366 |
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|
8367 A @code{when} expression is simply a programmers' convenience. It is |
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|
8368 an @code{if} without the possibility of an else clause. In your mind, |
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|
8369 you can replace @code{when} with @code{if} and understand what goes |
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|
8370 on. That is what the Lisp interpreter does. |
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|
8371 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8372 Technically speaking, @code{when} is a Lisp macro. A Lisp @dfn{macro} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8373 enables you to define new control constructs and other language |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8374 features. It tells the interpreter how to compute another Lisp |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8375 expression which will in turn compute the value. In this case, the |
73683 | 8376 `other expression' is an @code{if} expression. |
8377 | |
8378 The @code{kill-region} function definition also has an @code{unless} | |
8379 macro; it is the converse of @code{when}. The @code{unless} macro is | |
8380 an @code{if} without a then clause | |
8381 | |
8382 For more about Lisp macros, see @ref{Macros, , Macros, elisp, The GNU | |
8383 Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. The C programming language also | |
8384 provides macros. These are different, but also useful. | |
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|
8385 |
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|
8386 @ignore |
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|
8387 We will briefly look at C macros in |
45663
046819540e6d
Fix typos, clarify language.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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44899
diff
changeset
|
8388 @ref{Digression into C}. |
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|
8389 @end ignore |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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changeset
|
8390 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8391 @need 1200 |
73683 | 8392 Regarding the @code{when} macro, in the @code{condition-case} |
8393 expression, when the string has content, then another conditional | |
8394 expression is executed. This is an @code{if} with both a then-part | |
8395 and an else-part. | |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8396 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8397 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8398 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8399 (if (eq last-command 'kill-region) |
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|
8400 (kill-append string (< end beg) yank-handler) |
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changeset
|
8401 (kill-new string nil yank-handler)) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8402 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8403 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8404 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8405 The then-part is evaluated if the previous command was another call to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8406 @code{kill-region}; if not, the else-part is evaluated. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8407 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8408 @code{yank-handler} is an optional argument to @code{kill-region} that |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8409 tells the @code{kill-append} and @code{kill-new} functions how deal |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8410 with properties added to the text, such as `bold' or `italics'. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8411 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8412 @code{last-command} is a variable that comes with Emacs that we have |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8413 not seen before. Normally, whenever a function is executed, Emacs |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8414 sets the value of @code{last-command} to the previous command. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8415 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8416 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8417 In this segment of the definition, the @code{if} expression checks |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8418 whether the previous command was @code{kill-region}. If it was, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8419 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8420 @smallexample |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8421 (kill-append string (< end beg) yank-handler) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8422 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8423 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8424 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8425 concatenates a copy of the newly clipped text to the just previously |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8426 clipped text in the kill ring. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8427 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8428 @node copy-region-as-kill, Digression into C, kill-region, Cutting & Storing Text |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8429 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8430 @section @code{copy-region-as-kill} |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8431 @findex copy-region-as-kill |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8432 @findex nthcdr |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8433 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8434 The @code{copy-region-as-kill} function copies a region of text from a |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8435 buffer and (via either @code{kill-append} or @code{kill-new}) saves it |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8436 in the @code{kill-ring}. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8437 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8438 If you call @code{copy-region-as-kill} immediately after a |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8439 @code{kill-region} command, Emacs appends the newly copied text to the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8440 previously copied text. This means that if you yank back the text, you |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8441 get it all, from both this and the previous operation. On the other |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8442 hand, if some other command precedes the @code{copy-region-as-kill}, |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8443 the function copies the text into a separate entry in the kill ring. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8444 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8445 @menu |
73854
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
8446 * Complete copy-region-as-kill:: The complete function definition. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
8447 * copy-region-as-kill body:: The body of @code{copy-region-as-kill}. |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8448 @end menu |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8449 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8450 @node Complete copy-region-as-kill, copy-region-as-kill body, copy-region-as-kill, copy-region-as-kill |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8451 @ifnottex |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8452 @unnumberedsubsec The complete @code{copy-region-as-kill} function definition |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8453 @end ifnottex |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8454 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8455 @need 1200 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8456 Here is the complete text of the version 22 @code{copy-region-as-kill} |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8457 function: |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8458 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8459 @smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8460 @group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8461 (defun copy-region-as-kill (beg end) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8462 "Save the region as if killed, but don't kill it. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8463 In Transient Mark mode, deactivate the mark. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8464 If `interprogram-cut-function' is non-nil, also save the text for a window |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8465 system cut and paste." |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8466 (interactive "r") |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8467 @end group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8468 @group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8469 (if (eq last-command 'kill-region) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8470 (kill-append (filter-buffer-substring beg end) (< end beg)) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8471 (kill-new (filter-buffer-substring beg end))) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8472 @end group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8473 @group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8474 (if transient-mark-mode |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8475 (setq deactivate-mark t)) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8476 nil) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8477 @end group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8478 @end smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8479 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8480 @need 800 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8481 As usual, this function can be divided into its component parts: |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8482 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8483 @smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8484 @group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8485 (defun copy-region-as-kill (@var{argument-list}) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8486 "@var{documentation}@dots{}" |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8487 (interactive "r") |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8488 @var{body}@dots{}) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8489 @end group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8490 @end smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8491 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8492 The arguments are @code{beg} and @code{end} and the function is |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8493 interactive with @code{"r"}, so the two arguments must refer to the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8494 beginning and end of the region. If you have been reading though this |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8495 document from the beginning, understanding these parts of a function is |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8496 almost becoming routine. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8497 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8498 The documentation is somewhat confusing unless you remember that the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8499 word `kill' has a meaning different from usual. The `Transient Mark' |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8500 and @code{interprogram-cut-function} comments explain certain |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8501 side-effects. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8502 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8503 After you once set a mark, a buffer always contains a region. If you |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
8504 wish, you can use Transient Mark mode to highlight the region |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8505 temporarily. (No one wants to highlight the region all the time, so |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8506 Transient Mark mode highlights it only at appropriate times. Many |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8507 people turn off Transient Mark mode, so the region is never |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8508 highlighted.) |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
8509 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
8510 Also, a windowing system allows you to copy, cut, and paste among |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
8511 different programs. In the X windowing system, for example, the |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8512 @code{interprogram-cut-function} function is @code{x-select-text}, |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
8513 which works with the windowing system's equivalent of the Emacs kill |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
8514 ring. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
8515 |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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changeset
|
8516 The body of the @code{copy-region-as-kill} function starts with an |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
8517 @code{if} clause. What this clause does is distinguish between two |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
8518 different situations: whether or not this command is executed |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8519 immediately after a previous @code{kill-region} command. In the first |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8520 case, the new region is appended to the previously copied text. |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8521 Otherwise, it is inserted into the beginning of the kill ring as a |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
8522 separate piece of text from the previous piece. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8523 |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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changeset
|
8524 The last two lines of the function prevent the region from lighting up |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8525 if Transient Mark mode is turned on. |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8526 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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changeset
|
8527 The body of @code{copy-region-as-kill} merits discussion in detail. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
8528 |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8529 @node copy-region-as-kill body, , Complete copy-region-as-kill, copy-region-as-kill |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
8530 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
8531 @subsection The Body of @code{copy-region-as-kill} |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8532 |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8533 The @code{copy-region-as-kill} function works in much the same way as |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8534 the @code{kill-region} function. Both are written so that two or more |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8535 kills in a row combine their text into a single entry. If you yank |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8536 back the text from the kill ring, you get it all in one piece. |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8537 Moreover, kills that kill forward from the current position of the |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8538 cursor are added to the end of the previously copied text and commands |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8539 that copy text backwards add it to the beginning of the previously |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8540 copied text. This way, the words in the text stay in the proper |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
8541 order. |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8542 |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8543 Like @code{kill-region}, the @code{copy-region-as-kill} function makes |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
8544 use of the @code{last-command} variable that keeps track of the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
8545 previous Emacs command. |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8546 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8547 @menu |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8548 * last-command & this-command:: |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8549 * kill-append function:: |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8550 * kill-new function:: |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8551 @end menu |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8552 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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changeset
|
8553 @node last-command & this-command, kill-append function, copy-region-as-kill body, copy-region-as-kill body |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8554 @ifnottex |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8555 @unnumberedsubsubsec @code{last-command} and @code{this-command} |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
8556 @end ifnottex |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8557 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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changeset
|
8558 Normally, whenever a function is executed, Emacs sets the value of |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8559 @code{this-command} to the function being executed (which in this case |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8560 would be @code{copy-region-as-kill}). At the same time, Emacs sets |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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diff
changeset
|
8561 the value of @code{last-command} to the previous value of |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
8562 @code{this-command}. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
8563 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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changeset
|
8564 In the first part of the body of the @code{copy-region-as-kill} |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
8565 function, an @code{if} expression determines whether the value of |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8566 @code{last-command} is @code{kill-region}. If so, the then-part of |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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changeset
|
8567 the @code{if} expression is evaluated; it uses the @code{kill-append} |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
8568 function to concatenate the text copied at this call to the function |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
8569 with the text already in the first element (the @sc{car}) of the kill |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
8570 ring. On the other hand, if the value of @code{last-command} is not |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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changeset
|
8571 @code{kill-region}, then the @code{copy-region-as-kill} function |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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changeset
|
8572 attaches a new element to the kill ring using the @code{kill-new} |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8573 function. |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8574 |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8575 @need 1250 |
73683 | 8576 The @code{if} expression reads as follows; it uses @code{eq}: |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8577 |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8578 @smallexample |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8579 @group |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8580 (if (eq last-command 'kill-region) |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8581 ;; @r{then-part} |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8582 (kill-append (filter-buffer-substring beg end) (< end beg)) |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8583 ;; @r{else-part} |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8584 (kill-new (filter-buffer-substring beg end))) |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8585 @end group |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8586 @end smallexample |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8587 |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8588 @findex filter-buffer-substring |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8589 (The @code{filter-buffer-substring} function returns a filtered |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8590 substring of the buffer, if any. Optionally---the arguments are not |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8591 here, so neither is done---the function may delete the initial text or |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8592 return the text without its properties; this function is a replacement |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8593 for the older @code{buffer-substring} function, which came before text |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8594 properties were implemented.) |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8595 |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8596 @findex eq @r{(example of use)} |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8597 @noindent |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8598 The @code{eq} function tests whether its first argument is the same Lisp |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8599 object as its second argument. The @code{eq} function is similar to the |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8600 @code{equal} function in that it is used to test for equality, but |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8601 differs in that it determines whether two representations are actually |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8602 the same object inside the computer, but with different names. |
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8603 @code{equal} determines whether the structure and contents of two |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8604 expressions are the same. |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8605 |
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|
8606 If the previous command was @code{kill-region}, then the Emacs Lisp |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8607 interpreter calls the @code{kill-append} function |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8608 |
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|
8609 @node kill-append function, kill-new function, last-command & this-command, copy-region-as-kill body |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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8610 @unnumberedsubsubsec The @code{kill-append} function |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8611 @findex kill-append |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8612 |
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|
8613 @need 800 |
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|
8614 The @code{kill-append} function looks like this: |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8615 |
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|
8616 @c in GNU Emacs 22 |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8617 @smallexample |
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|
8618 @group |
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|
8619 (defun kill-append (string before-p &optional yank-handler) |
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|
8620 "Append STRING to the end of the latest kill in the kill ring. |
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|
8621 If BEFORE-P is non-nil, prepend STRING to the kill. |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8622 @dots{} " |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8623 (let* ((cur (car kill-ring))) |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8624 (kill-new (if before-p (concat string cur) (concat cur string)) |
73683 | 8625 (or (= (length cur) 0) |
8626 (equal yank-handler | |
8627 (get-text-property 0 'yank-handler cur))) | |
8628 yank-handler))) | |
73554
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8629 @end group |
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8630 @end smallexample |
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|
8631 |
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|
8632 @ignore |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8633 was: |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8634 (defun kill-append (string before-p) |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8635 "Append STRING to the end of the latest kill in the kill ring. |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8636 If BEFORE-P is non-nil, prepend STRING to the kill. |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8637 If `interprogram-cut-function' is set, pass the resulting kill to |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8638 it." |
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|
8639 (kill-new (if before-p |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8640 (concat string (car kill-ring)) |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8641 (concat (car kill-ring) string)) |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8642 t)) |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8643 @end ignore |
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|
8644 |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8645 @noindent |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8646 The @code{kill-append} function is fairly straightforward. It uses |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8647 the @code{kill-new} function, which we will discuss in more detail in |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8648 a moment. |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8649 |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8650 (Also, the function provides an optional argument called |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8651 @code{yank-handler}; when invoked, this argument tells the function |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8652 how to deal with properties added to the text, such as `bold' or |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8653 `italics'.) |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8654 |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8655 @c !!! bug in GNU Emacs 22 version of kill-append ? |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8656 It has a @code{let*} function to set the value of the first element of |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8657 the kill ring to @code{cur}. (I do not know why the function does not |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8658 use @code{let} instead; only one value is set in the expression. |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8659 Perhaps this is a bug that produces no problems?) |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8660 |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8661 Consider the conditional that is one of the two arguments to |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8662 @code{kill-new}. It uses @code{concat} to concatenate the new text to |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8663 the @sc{car} of the kill ring. Whether it prepends or appends the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8664 text depends on the results of an @code{if} expression: |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8665 |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8666 @smallexample |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8667 @group |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8668 (if before-p ; @r{if-part} |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8669 (concat string cur) ; @r{then-part} |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8670 (concat cur string)) ; @r{else-part} |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8671 @end group |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8672 @end smallexample |
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|
8673 |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8674 @noindent |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8675 If the region being killed is before the region that was killed in the |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8676 last command, then it should be prepended before the material that was |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8677 saved in the previous kill; and conversely, if the killed text follows |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8678 what was just killed, it should be appended after the previous text. |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8679 The @code{if} expression depends on the predicate @code{before-p} to |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8680 decide whether the newly saved text should be put before or after the |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8681 previously saved text. |
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|
8682 |
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|
8683 The symbol @code{before-p} is the name of one of the arguments to |
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|
8684 @code{kill-append}. When the @code{kill-append} function is |
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|
8685 evaluated, it is bound to the value returned by evaluating the actual |
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|
8686 argument. In this case, this is the expression @code{(< end beg)}. |
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|
8687 This expression does not directly determine whether the killed text in |
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|
8688 this command is located before or after the kill text of the last |
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|
8689 command; what it does is determine whether the value of the variable |
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|
8690 @code{end} is less than the value of the variable @code{beg}. If it |
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|
8691 is, it means that the user is most likely heading towards the |
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|
8692 beginning of the buffer. Also, the result of evaluating the predicate |
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|
8693 expression, @code{(< end beg)}, will be true and the text will be |
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|
8694 prepended before the previous text. On the other hand, if the value of |
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|
8695 the variable @code{end} is greater than the value of the variable |
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|
8696 @code{beg}, the text will be appended after the previous text. |
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|
8697 |
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8698 @need 800 |
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8699 When the newly saved text will be prepended, then the string with the new |
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8700 text will be concatenated before the old text: |
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|
8701 |
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|
8702 @smallexample |
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|
8703 (concat string cur) |
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|
8704 @end smallexample |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8705 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8706 @need 1200 |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8707 @noindent |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8708 But if the text will be appended, it will be concatenated |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
8709 after the old text: |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
8710 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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diff
changeset
|
8711 @smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
8712 (concat cur string)) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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changeset
|
8713 @end smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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changeset
|
8714 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8715 To understand how this works, we first need to review the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8716 @code{concat} function. The @code{concat} function links together or |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8717 unites two strings of text. The result is a string. For example: |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8718 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8719 @smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
8720 @group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8721 (concat "abc" "def") |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
8722 @result{} "abcdef" |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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changeset
|
8723 @end group |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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changeset
|
8724 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8725 @group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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changeset
|
8726 (concat "new " |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
8727 (car '("first element" "second element"))) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
8728 @result{} "new first element" |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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changeset
|
8729 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8730 (concat (car |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
8731 '("first element" "second element")) " modified") |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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diff
changeset
|
8732 @result{} "first element modified" |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
8733 @end group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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changeset
|
8734 @end smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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changeset
|
8735 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8736 We can now make sense of @code{kill-append}: it modifies the contents |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
8737 of the kill ring. The kill ring is a list, each element of which is |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
8738 saved text. The @code{kill-append} function uses the @code{kill-new} |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8739 function which in turn uses the @code{setcar} function. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
8740 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8741 @node kill-new function, , kill-append function, copy-region-as-kill body |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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changeset
|
8742 @unnumberedsubsubsec The @code{kill-new} function |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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diff
changeset
|
8743 @findex kill-new |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
8744 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8745 @c in GNU Emacs 22, additional documentation to kill-new: |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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changeset
|
8746 @ignore |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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diff
changeset
|
8747 Optional third arguments YANK-HANDLER controls how the STRING is later |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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changeset
|
8748 inserted into a buffer; see `insert-for-yank' for details. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
8749 When a yank handler is specified, STRING must be non-empty (the yank |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8750 handler, if non-nil, is stored as a `yank-handler' text property on STRING). |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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changeset
|
8751 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8752 When the yank handler has a non-nil PARAM element, the original STRING |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8753 argument is not used by `insert-for-yank'. However, since Lisp code |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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diff
changeset
|
8754 may access and use elements from the kill ring directly, the STRING |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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diff
changeset
|
8755 argument should still be a \"useful\" string for such uses." |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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diff
changeset
|
8756 @end ignore |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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changeset
|
8757 @need 1200 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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changeset
|
8758 The @code{kill-new} function looks like this: |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8759 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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diff
changeset
|
8760 @smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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changeset
|
8761 @group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8762 (defun kill-new (string &optional replace yank-handler) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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diff
changeset
|
8763 "Make STRING the latest kill in the kill ring. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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diff
changeset
|
8764 Set `kill-ring-yank-pointer' to point to it. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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diff
changeset
|
8765 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8766 If `interprogram-cut-function' is non-nil, apply it to STRING. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
8767 Optional second argument REPLACE non-nil means that STRING will replace |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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diff
changeset
|
8768 the front of the kill ring, rather than being added to the list. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8769 @dots{}" |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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diff
changeset
|
8770 @end group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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changeset
|
8771 @group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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diff
changeset
|
8772 (if (> (length string) 0) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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diff
changeset
|
8773 (if yank-handler |
73683 | 8774 (put-text-property 0 (length string) |
8775 'yank-handler yank-handler string)) | |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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diff
changeset
|
8776 (if yank-handler |
73683 | 8777 (signal 'args-out-of-range |
8778 (list string "yank-handler specified for empty string")))) | |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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diff
changeset
|
8779 @end group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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diff
changeset
|
8780 @group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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diff
changeset
|
8781 (if (fboundp 'menu-bar-update-yank-menu) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8782 (menu-bar-update-yank-menu string (and replace (car kill-ring)))) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8783 @end group |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8784 @group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8785 (if (and replace kill-ring) |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8786 (setcar kill-ring string) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8787 (push string kill-ring) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8788 (if (> (length kill-ring) kill-ring-max) |
73683 | 8789 (setcdr (nthcdr (1- kill-ring-max) kill-ring) nil))) |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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changeset
|
8790 @end group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8791 @group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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changeset
|
8792 (setq kill-ring-yank-pointer kill-ring) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8793 (if interprogram-cut-function |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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changeset
|
8794 (funcall interprogram-cut-function string (not replace)))) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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changeset
|
8795 @end group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8796 @end smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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changeset
|
8797 @ignore |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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changeset
|
8798 was: |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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changeset
|
8799 (defun kill-new (string &optional replace) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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changeset
|
8800 "Make STRING the latest kill in the kill ring. |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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changeset
|
8801 Set the kill-ring-yank pointer to point to it. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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changeset
|
8802 If `interprogram-cut-function' is non-nil, apply it to STRING. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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changeset
|
8803 Optional second argument REPLACE non-nil means that STRING will replace |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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changeset
|
8804 the front of the kill ring, rather than being added to the list." |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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changeset
|
8805 (and (fboundp 'menu-bar-update-yank-menu) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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changeset
|
8806 (menu-bar-update-yank-menu string (and replace (car kill-ring)))) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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changeset
|
8807 (if (and replace kill-ring) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8808 (setcar kill-ring string) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8809 (setq kill-ring (cons string kill-ring)) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8810 (if (> (length kill-ring) kill-ring-max) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8811 (setcdr (nthcdr (1- kill-ring-max) kill-ring) nil))) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8812 (setq kill-ring-yank-pointer kill-ring) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8813 (if interprogram-cut-function |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8814 (funcall interprogram-cut-function string (not replace)))) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8815 @end ignore |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8816 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8817 (Notice that the function is not interactive.) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8818 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8819 As usual, we can look at this function in parts. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8820 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8821 The function definition has an optional @code{yank-handler} argument, |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8822 which when invoked tells the function how to deal with properties |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8823 added to the text, such as `bold' or `italics'. We will skip that. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8824 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8825 @need 1200 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8826 The first line of the documentation makes sense: |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8827 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8828 @smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8829 Make STRING the latest kill in the kill ring. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8830 @end smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8831 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8832 @noindent |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8833 Let's skip over the rest of the documentation for the moment. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8834 |
73706
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
8835 @noindent |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8836 Also, let's skip over the initial @code{if} expression and those lines |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8837 of code involving @code{menu-bar-update-yank-menu}. We will explain |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8838 them below. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8839 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8840 @need 1200 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8841 The critical lines are these: |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8842 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8843 @smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8844 @group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8845 (if (and replace kill-ring) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8846 ;; @r{then} |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8847 (setcar kill-ring string) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8848 @end group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8849 @group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8850 ;; @r{else} |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8851 (push string kill-ring) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8852 @end group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8853 @group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8854 (setq kill-ring (cons string kill-ring)) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8855 (if (> (length kill-ring) kill-ring-max) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8856 ;; @r{avoid overly long kill ring} |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8857 (setcdr (nthcdr (1- kill-ring-max) kill-ring) nil))) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8858 @end group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8859 @group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8860 (setq kill-ring-yank-pointer kill-ring) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8861 (if interprogram-cut-function |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8862 (funcall interprogram-cut-function string (not replace)))) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8863 @end group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8864 @end smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8865 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8866 The conditional test is @w{@code{(and replace kill-ring)}}. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8867 This will be true when two conditions are met: the kill ring has |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8868 something in it, and the @code{replace} variable is true. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8869 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8870 @need 1250 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8871 When the @code{kill-append} function sets @code{replace} to be true |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8872 and when the kill ring has at least one item in it, the @code{setcar} |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8873 expression is executed: |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8874 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8875 @smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8876 (setcar kill-ring string) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8877 @end smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8878 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8879 The @code{setcar} function actually changes the first element of the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8880 @code{kill-ring} list to the value of @code{string}. It replaces the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8881 first element. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8882 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8883 @need 1250 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8884 On the other hand, if the kill ring is empty, or replace is false, the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8885 else-part of the condition is executed: |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8886 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8887 @smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8888 (push string kill-ring) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8889 @end smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8890 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8891 @noindent |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8892 @need 1250 |
73683 | 8893 @code{push} puts its first argument onto the second. It is similar to |
8894 the older | |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8895 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8896 @smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8897 (setq kill-ring (cons string kill-ring)) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8898 @end smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8899 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8900 @noindent |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8901 @need 1250 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
8902 or the newer |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8903 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8904 @smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8905 (add-to-list kill-ring string) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8906 @end smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8907 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8908 @noindent |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8909 When it is false, the expression first constructs a new version of the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
8910 kill ring by prepending @code{string} to the existing kill ring as a |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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parents:
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|
8911 new element (that is what the @code{push} does). Then it executes a |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
8912 second @code{if} clause. This second @code{if} clause keeps the kill |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8913 ring from growing too long. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
8914 |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8915 Let's look at these two expressions in order. |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8916 |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8917 The @code{push} line of the else-part sets the new value of the kill |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8918 ring to what results from adding the string being killed to the old |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8919 kill ring. |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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parents:
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|
8920 |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8921 We can see how this works with an example. |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8922 |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8923 @need 800 |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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changeset
|
8924 First, |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8925 |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8926 @smallexample |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8927 (setq example-list '("here is a clause" "another clause")) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
8928 @end smallexample |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8929 |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
8930 @need 1200 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8931 @noindent |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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changeset
|
8932 After evaluating this expression with @kbd{C-x C-e}, you can evaluate |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
8933 @code{example-list} and see what it returns: |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
8934 |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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changeset
|
8935 @smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8936 @group |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8937 example-list |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8938 @result{} ("here is a clause" "another clause") |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
8939 @end group |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8940 @end smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8941 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
8942 @need 1200 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8943 @noindent |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8944 Now, we can add a new element on to this list by evaluating the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
8945 following expression: |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8946 @findex push, @r{example} |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8947 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
8948 @smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8949 (push "a third clause" example-list) |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8950 @end smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8951 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
8952 @need 800 |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8953 @noindent |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8954 When we evaluate @code{example-list}, we find its value is: |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8955 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8956 @smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8957 @group |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8958 example-list |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8959 @result{} ("a third clause" "here is a clause" "another clause") |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
8960 @end group |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8961 @end smallexample |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
8962 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
8963 @noindent |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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parents:
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|
8964 Thus, the third clause is added to the list by @code{push}. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
8965 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
8966 @need 1200 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8967 Now for the second part of the @code{if} clause. This expression |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
8968 keeps the kill ring from growing too long. It looks like this: |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
8969 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
8970 @smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8971 @group |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8972 (if (> (length kill-ring) kill-ring-max) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8973 (setcdr (nthcdr (1- kill-ring-max) kill-ring) nil)) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
8974 @end group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8975 @end smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
8976 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
8977 The code checks whether the length of the kill ring is greater than |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
8978 the maximum permitted length. This is the value of |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
8979 @code{kill-ring-max} (which is 60, by default). If the length of the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
8980 kill ring is too long, then this code sets the last element of the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
8981 kill ring to @code{nil}. It does this by using two functions, |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8982 @code{nthcdr} and @code{setcdr}. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
8983 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8984 We looked at @code{setcdr} earlier (@pxref{setcdr, , @code{setcdr}}). |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
8985 It sets the @sc{cdr} of a list, just as @code{setcar} sets the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8986 @sc{car} of a list. In this case, however, @code{setcdr} will not be |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8987 setting the @sc{cdr} of the whole kill ring; the @code{nthcdr} |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8988 function is used to cause it to set the @sc{cdr} of the next to last |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8989 element of the kill ring---this means that since the @sc{cdr} of the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8990 next to last element is the last element of the kill ring, it will set |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8991 the last element of the kill ring. |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8992 |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8993 @findex nthcdr, @r{example} |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8994 The @code{nthcdr} function works by repeatedly taking the @sc{cdr} of a |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8995 list---it takes the @sc{cdr} of the @sc{cdr} of the @sc{cdr} |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8996 @dots{} It does this @var{N} times and returns the results. |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8997 (@xref{nthcdr, , @code{nthcdr}}.) |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
8998 |
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|
8999 @findex setcdr, @r{example} |
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|
9000 Thus, if we had a four element list that was supposed to be three |
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|
9001 elements long, we could set the @sc{cdr} of the next to last element |
73683 | 9002 to @code{nil}, and thereby shorten the list. (If you set the last |
73554
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
9003 element to some other value than @code{nil}, which you could do, then |
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|
9004 you would not have shortened the list. @xref{setcdr, , |
d092f1092ef0
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|
9005 @code{setcdr}}.) |
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|
9006 |
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|
9007 You can see shortening by evaluating the following three expressions |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
9008 in turn. First set the value of @code{trees} to @code{(maple oak pine |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
9009 birch)}, then set the @sc{cdr} of its second @sc{cdr} to @code{nil} |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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changeset
|
9010 and then find the value of @code{trees}: |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
9011 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
9012 @smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
9013 @group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
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|
9014 (setq trees '(maple oak pine birch)) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
9015 @result{} (maple oak pine birch) |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
9016 @end group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
9017 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
9018 @group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
9019 (setcdr (nthcdr 2 trees) nil) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
9020 @result{} nil |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
9021 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
9022 trees |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
9023 @result{} (maple oak pine) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
9024 @end group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
9025 @end smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
9026 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
9027 @noindent |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
9028 (The value returned by the @code{setcdr} expression is @code{nil} since |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
9029 that is what the @sc{cdr} is set to.) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
9030 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
9031 To repeat, in @code{kill-new}, the @code{nthcdr} function takes the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
9032 @sc{cdr} a number of times that is one less than the maximum permitted |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
9033 size of the kill ring and @code{setcdr} sets the @sc{cdr} of that |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
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|
9034 element (which will be the rest of the elements in the kill ring) to |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
9035 @code{nil}. This prevents the kill ring from growing too long. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
9036 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
9037 @need 800 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
9038 The next to last expression in the @code{kill-new} function is |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
9039 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
9040 @smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
9041 (setq kill-ring-yank-pointer kill-ring) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
9042 @end smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
9043 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
9044 The @code{kill-ring-yank-pointer} is a global variable that is set to be |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
9045 the @code{kill-ring}. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
9046 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
9047 Even though the @code{kill-ring-yank-pointer} is called a |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
9048 @samp{pointer}, it is a variable just like the kill ring. However, the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
9049 name has been chosen to help humans understand how the variable is used. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
9050 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
9051 @need 1200 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
9052 Now, to return to an early expression in the body of the function: |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
9053 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
9054 @smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
9055 @group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
9056 (if (fboundp 'menu-bar-update-yank-menu) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
9057 (menu-bar-update-yank-menu string (and replace (car kill-ring)))) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
9058 @end group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
9059 @end smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
9060 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
9061 @noindent |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
9062 It starts with an @code{if} expression |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
9063 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
9064 In this case, the expression tests first to see whether |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
9065 @code{menu-bar-update-yank-menu} exists as a function, and if so, |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
9066 calls it. The @code{fboundp} function returns true if the symbol it |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
9067 is testing has a function definition that `is not void'. If the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
9068 symbol's function definition were void, we would receive an error |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
9069 message, as we did when we created errors intentionally (@pxref{Making |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
9070 Errors, , Generate an Error Message}). |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
9071 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
9072 @noindent |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
9073 The then-part contains an expression whose first element is the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
9074 function @code{and}. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
9075 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
9076 @findex and |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
9077 The @code{and} special form evaluates each of its arguments until one |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
9078 of the arguments returns a value of @code{nil}, in which case the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
9079 @code{and} expression returns @code{nil}; however, if none of the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
9080 arguments returns a value of @code{nil}, the value resulting from |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
9081 evaluating the last argument is returned. (Since such a value is not |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
9082 @code{nil}, it is considered true in Emacs Lisp.) In other words, an |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
9083 @code{and} expression returns a true value only if all its arguments |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
9084 are true. (@xref{Second Buffer Related Review}.) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
9085 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
9086 The expression determines whether the second argument to |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
9087 @code{menu-bar-update-yank-menu} is true or not. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
9088 @ignore |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
9089 ;; If we're supposed to be extending an existing string, and that |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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changeset
|
9090 ;; string really is at the front of the menu, then update it in place. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
9091 @end ignore |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
9092 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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changeset
|
9093 @code{menu-bar-update-yank-menu} is one of the functions that make it |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
9094 possible to use the `Select and Paste' menu in the Edit item of a menu |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
9095 bar; using a mouse, you can look at the various pieces of text you |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
9096 have saved and select one piece to paste. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
9097 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
9098 The last expression in the @code{kill-new} function adds the newly |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
9099 copied string to whatever facility exists for copying and pasting |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
9100 among different programs running in a windowing system. In the X |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
9101 Windowing system, for example, the @code{x-select-text} function takes |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
9102 the string and stores it in memory operated by X. You can paste the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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changeset
|
9103 string in another program, such as an Xterm. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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changeset
|
9104 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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changeset
|
9105 @need 1200 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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changeset
|
9106 The expression looks like this: |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
9107 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
9108 @smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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changeset
|
9109 @group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
9110 (if interprogram-cut-function |
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|
9111 (funcall interprogram-cut-function string (not replace)))) |
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|
9112 @end group |
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|
9113 @end smallexample |
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|
9114 |
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|
9115 If an @code{interprogram-cut-function} exists, then Emacs executes |
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|
9116 @code{funcall}, which in turn calls its first argument as a function |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
9117 and passes the remaining arguments to it. (Incidentally, as far as I |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
9118 can see, this @code{if} expression could be replaced by an @code{and} |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
9119 expression similar to the one in the first part of the function.) |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
9120 |
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|
9121 We are not going to discuss windowing systems and other programs |
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|
9122 further, but merely note that this is a mechanism that enables GNU |
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|
9123 Emacs to work easily and well with other programs. |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
9124 |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
9125 This code for placing text in the kill ring, either concatenated with |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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parents:
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|
9126 an existing element or as a new element, leads us to the code for |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
9127 bringing back text that has been cut out of the buffer---the yank |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
9128 commands. However, before discussing the yank commands, it is better |
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|
9129 to learn how lists are implemented in a computer. This will make |
73683 | 9130 clear such mysteries as the use of the term `pointer'. But before |
9131 that, we will digress into C. | |
73554
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|
9132 |
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|
9133 @ignore |
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|
9134 @c is this true in Emacs 22? Does not seems to be |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
9135 |
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|
9136 (If the @w{@code{(< end beg))}} |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
9137 expression is true, @code{kill-append} prepends the string to the just |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
9138 previously clipped text. For a detailed discussion, see |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
9139 @ref{kill-append function, , The @code{kill-append} function}.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
9140 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
9141 If you then yank back the text, i.e., `paste' it, you get both |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
9142 pieces of text at once. That way, if you delete two words in a row, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
9143 and then yank them back, you get both words, in their proper order, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
9144 with one yank. (The @w{@code{(< end beg))}} expression makes sure the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
9145 order is correct.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
9146 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
9147 On the other hand, if the previous command is not @code{kill-region}, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
9148 then the @code{kill-new} function is called, which adds the text to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
9149 the kill ring as the latest item, and sets the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
9150 @code{kill-ring-yank-pointer} variable to point to it. |
73554
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|
9151 @end ignore |
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|
9152 @ignore |
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|
9153 |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
9154 @c Evidently, changed for Emacs 22. The zap-to-char command does not |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
9155 @c use the delete-and-extract-region function |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
9156 |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
9157 2006 Oct 26, the Digression into C is now OK but should come after |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
9158 copy-region-as-kill and filter-buffer-substring |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
9159 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
9160 2006 Oct 24 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
9161 In Emacs 22, |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
9162 copy-region-as-kill is short, 12 lines, and uses |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
9163 filter-buffer-substring, which is longer, 39 lines |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
9164 and has delete-and-extract-region in it. |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
9165 delete-and-extract-region is written in C. |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
9166 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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parents:
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|
9167 see Initializing a Variable with @code{defvar} |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
9168 @end ignore |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
9169 |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
9170 @node Digression into C, defvar, copy-region-as-kill, Cutting & Storing Text |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
9171 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
45663
046819540e6d
Fix typos, clarify language.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
44899
diff
changeset
|
9172 @section Digression into C |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
9173 @findex delete-and-extract-region |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
9174 @cindex C, a digression into |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
9175 @cindex Digression into C |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
9176 |
73554
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
9177 The @code{copy-region-as-kill} function (@pxref{copy-region-as-kill, , |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
9178 @code{copy-region-as-kill}}) uses the @code{filter-buffer-substring} |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
9179 function, which in turn uses the @code{delete-and-extract-region} |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
9180 function. It removes the contents of a region and you cannot get them |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
9181 back. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
9182 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
9183 Unlike the other code discussed here, the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
9184 @code{delete-and-extract-region} function is not written in Emacs |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
9185 Lisp; it is written in C and is one of the primitives of the GNU Emacs |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
9186 system. Since it is very simple, I will digress briefly from Lisp and |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
9187 describe it here. |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
9188 |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
9189 @c GNU Emacs 22 in /usr/local/src/emacs/src/editfns.c |
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|
9190 @c the DEFUN for buffer-substring-no-properties |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
9191 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9192 @need 1500 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9193 Like many of the other Emacs primitives, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9194 @code{delete-and-extract-region} is written as an instance of a C |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9195 macro, a macro being a template for code. The complete macro looks |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9196 like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
9197 |
73554
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|
9198 @smallexample |
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|
9199 @group |
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|
9200 DEFUN ("buffer-substring-no-properties", Fbuffer_substring_no_properties, |
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|
9201 Sbuffer_substring_no_properties, 2, 2, 0, |
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|
9202 doc: /* Return the characters of part of the buffer, |
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|
9203 without the text properties. |
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|
9204 The two arguments START and END are character positions; |
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|
9205 they can be in either order. */) |
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|
9206 (start, end) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
9207 Lisp_Object start, end; |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
9208 @{ |
73554
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|
9209 register int b, e; |
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|
9210 |
41421
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Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
9211 validate_region (&start, &end); |
73554
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|
9212 b = XINT (start); |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
9213 e = XINT (end); |
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|
9214 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
9215 return make_buffer_string (b, e, 0); |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9216 @} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9217 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9218 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9219 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9220 Without going into the details of the macro writing process, let me |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9221 point out that this macro starts with the word @code{DEFUN}. The word |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9222 @code{DEFUN} was chosen since the code serves the same purpose as |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
9223 @code{defun} does in Lisp. (The @code{DEFUN} C macro is defined in |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
9224 @file{emacs/src/lisp.h}.) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
9225 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
9226 The word @code{DEFUN} is followed by seven parts inside of |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
9227 parentheses: |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9228 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9229 @itemize @bullet |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9230 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9231 The first part is the name given to the function in Lisp, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9232 @code{delete-and-extract-region}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9233 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9234 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9235 The second part is the name of the function in C, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9236 @code{Fdelete_and_extract_region}. By convention, it starts with |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9237 @samp{F}. Since C does not use hyphens in names, underscores are used |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9238 instead. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9239 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9240 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9241 The third part is the name for the C constant structure that records |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9242 information on this function for internal use. It is the name of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9243 function in C but begins with an @samp{S} instead of an @samp{F}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9244 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9245 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9246 The fourth and fifth parts specify the minimum and maximum number of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9247 arguments the function can have. This function demands exactly 2 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9248 arguments. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9249 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9250 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9251 The sixth part is nearly like the argument that follows the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9252 @code{interactive} declaration in a function written in Lisp: a letter |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9253 followed, perhaps, by a prompt. The only difference from the Lisp is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9254 when the macro is called with no arguments. Then you write a @code{0} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9255 (which is a `null string'), as in this macro. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9256 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9257 If you were to specify arguments, you would place them between |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9258 quotation marks. The C macro for @code{goto-char} includes |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9259 @code{"NGoto char: "} in this position to indicate that the function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9260 expects a raw prefix, in this case, a numerical location in a buffer, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9261 and provides a prompt. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9262 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9263 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9264 The seventh part is a documentation string, just like the one for a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9265 function written in Emacs Lisp, except that every newline must be |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9266 written explicitly as @samp{\n} followed by a backslash and carriage |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9267 return. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9268 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9269 @need 1000 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9270 Thus, the first two lines of documentation for @code{goto-char} are |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9271 written like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9272 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9273 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9274 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9275 "Set point to POSITION, a number or marker.\n\ |
73607 | 9276 Beginning of buffer is position (point-min), end is (point-max)." |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9277 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9278 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9279 @end itemize |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9280 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9281 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9282 In a C macro, the formal parameters come next, with a statement of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9283 what kind of object they are, followed by what might be called the `body' |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9284 of the macro. For @code{delete-and-extract-region} the `body' |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
9285 consists of the following four lines: |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9286 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9287 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9288 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9289 validate_region (&start, &end); |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
9290 if (XINT (start) == XINT (end)) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
9291 return build_string (""); |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9292 return del_range_1 (XINT (start), XINT (end), 1, 1); |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9293 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9294 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9295 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
9296 The @code{validate_region} function checks whether the values |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9297 passed as the beginning and end of the region are the proper type and |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
9298 are within range. If the beginning and end positions are the same, |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
9299 then return and empty string. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
9300 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
9301 The @code{del_range_1} function actually deletes the text. It is a |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
9302 complex function we will not look into. It updates the buffer and |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
9303 does other things. However, it is worth looking at the two arguments |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
9304 passed to @code{del_range}. These are @w{@code{XINT (start)}} and |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
9305 @w{@code{XINT (end)}}. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9306 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9307 As far as the C language is concerned, @code{start} and @code{end} are |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9308 two integers that mark the beginning and end of the region to be |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9309 deleted@footnote{More precisely, and requiring more expert knowledge |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9310 to understand, the two integers are of type `Lisp_Object', which can |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9311 also be a C union instead of an integer type.}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9312 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9313 In early versions of Emacs, these two numbers were thirty-two bits |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9314 long, but the code is slowly being generalized to handle other |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9315 lengths. Three of the available bits are used to specify the type of |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
9316 information; the remaining bits are used as `content'. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9317 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9318 @samp{XINT} is a C macro that extracts the relevant number from the |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
9319 longer collection of bits; the three other bits are discarded. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9320 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9321 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9322 The command in @code{delete-and-extract-region} looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9323 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9324 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9325 del_range_1 (XINT (start), XINT (end), 1, 1); |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9326 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9327 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9328 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9329 It deletes the region between the beginning position, @code{start}, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9330 and the ending position, @code{end}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9331 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9332 From the point of view of the person writing Lisp, Emacs is all very |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9333 simple; but hidden underneath is a great deal of complexity to make it |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9334 all work. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9335 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
9336 @node defvar, cons & search-fwd Review, Digression into C, Cutting & Storing Text |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9337 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9338 @section Initializing a Variable with @code{defvar} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9339 @findex defvar |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9340 @cindex Initializing a variable |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9341 @cindex Variable initialization |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9342 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
9343 @ignore |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
9344 2006 Oct 24 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
9345 In Emacs 22, |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
9346 copy-region-as-kill is short, 12 lines, and uses |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
9347 filter-buffer-substring, which is longer, 39 lines |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
9348 and has delete-and-extract-region in it. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
9349 delete-and-extract-region is written in C. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
9350 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
9351 see Initializing a Variable with @code{defvar} |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
9352 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
9353 @end ignore |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
9354 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
9355 The @code{copy-region-as-kill} function is written in Emacs Lisp. Two |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9356 functions within it, @code{kill-append} and @code{kill-new}, copy a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9357 region in a buffer and save it in a variable called the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9358 @code{kill-ring}. This section describes how the @code{kill-ring} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9359 variable is created and initialized using the @code{defvar} special |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9360 form. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9361 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9362 (Again we note that the term @code{kill-ring} is a misnomer. The text |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9363 that is clipped out of the buffer can be brought back; it is not a ring |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9364 of corpses, but a ring of resurrectable text.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9365 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9366 In Emacs Lisp, a variable such as the @code{kill-ring} is created and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9367 given an initial value by using the @code{defvar} special form. The |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9368 name comes from ``define variable''. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9369 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9370 The @code{defvar} special form is similar to @code{setq} in that it sets |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9371 the value of a variable. It is unlike @code{setq} in two ways: first, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9372 it only sets the value of the variable if the variable does not already |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9373 have a value. If the variable already has a value, @code{defvar} does |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9374 not override the existing value. Second, @code{defvar} has a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9375 documentation string. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9376 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9377 (Another special form, @code{defcustom}, is designed for variables |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9378 that people customize. It has more features than @code{defvar}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9379 (@xref{defcustom, , Setting Variables with @code{defcustom}}.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9380 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9381 @menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9382 * See variable current value:: |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
9383 * defvar and asterisk:: |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9384 @end menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9385 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9386 @node See variable current value, defvar and asterisk, defvar, defvar |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9387 @ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9388 @unnumberedsubsec Seeing the Current Value of a Variable |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9389 @end ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9390 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9391 You can see the current value of a variable, any variable, by using |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9392 the @code{describe-variable} function, which is usually invoked by |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9393 typing @kbd{C-h v}. If you type @kbd{C-h v} and then @code{kill-ring} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9394 (followed by @key{RET}) when prompted, you will see what is in your |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9395 current kill ring---this may be quite a lot! Conversely, if you have |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9396 been doing nothing this Emacs session except read this document, you |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9397 may have nothing in it. Also, you will see the documentation for |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9398 @code{kill-ring}: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9399 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9400 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9401 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9402 Documentation: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9403 List of killed text sequences. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9404 Since the kill ring is supposed to interact nicely with cut-and-paste |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9405 facilities offered by window systems, use of this variable should |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9406 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9407 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9408 interact nicely with `interprogram-cut-function' and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9409 `interprogram-paste-function'. The functions `kill-new', |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9410 `kill-append', and `current-kill' are supposed to implement this |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9411 interaction; you may want to use them instead of manipulating the kill |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9412 ring directly. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9413 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9414 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9415 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9416 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9417 The kill ring is defined by a @code{defvar} in the following way: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9418 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9419 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9420 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9421 (defvar kill-ring nil |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9422 "List of killed text sequences. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9423 @dots{}") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9424 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9425 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9426 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9427 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9428 In this variable definition, the variable is given an initial value of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9429 @code{nil}, which makes sense, since if you have saved nothing, you want |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9430 nothing back if you give a @code{yank} command. The documentation |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9431 string is written just like the documentation string of a @code{defun}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9432 As with the documentation string of the @code{defun}, the first line of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9433 the documentation should be a complete sentence, since some commands, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9434 like @code{apropos}, print only the first line of documentation. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9435 Succeeding lines should not be indented; otherwise they look odd when |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9436 you use @kbd{C-h v} (@code{describe-variable}). |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9437 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9438 @node defvar and asterisk, , See variable current value, defvar |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9439 @subsection @code{defvar} and an asterisk |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9440 @findex defvar @r{for a user customizable variable} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9441 @findex defvar @r{with an asterisk} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9442 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9443 In the past, Emacs used the @code{defvar} special form both for |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9444 internal variables that you would not expect a user to change and for |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9445 variables that you do expect a user to change. Although you can still |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9446 use @code{defvar} for user customizable variables, please use |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9447 @code{defcustom} instead, since that special form provides a path into |
53099
0d765aaa0e44
In node defvar and asterisk, following suggestions by Juri Linkov
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
53086
diff
changeset
|
9448 the Customization commands. (@xref{defcustom, , Specifying Variables |
0d765aaa0e44
In node defvar and asterisk, following suggestions by Juri Linkov
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
53086
diff
changeset
|
9449 using @code{defcustom}}.) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9450 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9451 When you specified a variable using the @code{defvar} special form, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9452 you could distinguish a readily settable variable from others by |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9453 typing an asterisk, @samp{*}, in the first column of its documentation |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9454 string. For example: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9455 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9456 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9457 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9458 (defvar shell-command-default-error-buffer nil |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9459 "*Buffer name for `shell-command' @dots{} error output. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9460 @dots{} ") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9461 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9462 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9463 |
53099
0d765aaa0e44
In node defvar and asterisk, following suggestions by Juri Linkov
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
53086
diff
changeset
|
9464 @findex set-variable |
0d765aaa0e44
In node defvar and asterisk, following suggestions by Juri Linkov
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
53086
diff
changeset
|
9465 @noindent |
0d765aaa0e44
In node defvar and asterisk, following suggestions by Juri Linkov
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
53086
diff
changeset
|
9466 You could (and still can) use the @code{set-variable} command to |
0d765aaa0e44
In node defvar and asterisk, following suggestions by Juri Linkov
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
53086
diff
changeset
|
9467 change the value of @code{shell-command-default-error-buffer} |
0d765aaa0e44
In node defvar and asterisk, following suggestions by Juri Linkov
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
53086
diff
changeset
|
9468 temporarily. However, options set using @code{set-variable} are set |
0d765aaa0e44
In node defvar and asterisk, following suggestions by Juri Linkov
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
53086
diff
changeset
|
9469 only for the duration of your editing session. The new values are not |
0d765aaa0e44
In node defvar and asterisk, following suggestions by Juri Linkov
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
53086
diff
changeset
|
9470 saved between sessions. Each time Emacs starts, it reads the original |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9471 value, unless you change the value within your @file{.emacs} file, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9472 either by setting it manually or by using @code{customize}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9473 @xref{Emacs Initialization, , Your @file{.emacs} File}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9474 |
53099
0d765aaa0e44
In node defvar and asterisk, following suggestions by Juri Linkov
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
53086
diff
changeset
|
9475 For me, the major use of the @code{set-variable} command is to suggest |
0d765aaa0e44
In node defvar and asterisk, following suggestions by Juri Linkov
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
53086
diff
changeset
|
9476 variables that I might want to set in my @file{.emacs} file. There |
0d765aaa0e44
In node defvar and asterisk, following suggestions by Juri Linkov
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
53086
diff
changeset
|
9477 are now more than 700 such variables --- far too many to remember |
0d765aaa0e44
In node defvar and asterisk, following suggestions by Juri Linkov
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
53086
diff
changeset
|
9478 readily. Fortunately, you can press @key{TAB} after calling the |
0d765aaa0e44
In node defvar and asterisk, following suggestions by Juri Linkov
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
53086
diff
changeset
|
9479 @code{M-x set-variable} command to see the list of variables. |
0d765aaa0e44
In node defvar and asterisk, following suggestions by Juri Linkov
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
53086
diff
changeset
|
9480 (@xref{Examining, , Examining and Setting Variables, emacs, |
0d765aaa0e44
In node defvar and asterisk, following suggestions by Juri Linkov
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
53086
diff
changeset
|
9481 The GNU Emacs Manual}.) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9482 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
9483 @need 1250 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
9484 @node cons & search-fwd Review, search Exercises, defvar, Cutting & Storing Text |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9485 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9486 @section Review |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9487 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9488 Here is a brief summary of some recently introduced functions. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9489 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9490 @table @code |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9491 @item car |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9492 @itemx cdr |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9493 @code{car} returns the first element of a list; @code{cdr} returns the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9494 second and subsequent elements of a list. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9495 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9496 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9497 For example: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9498 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9499 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9500 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9501 (car '(1 2 3 4 5 6 7)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9502 @result{} 1 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9503 (cdr '(1 2 3 4 5 6 7)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9504 @result{} (2 3 4 5 6 7) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9505 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9506 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9507 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9508 @item cons |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9509 @code{cons} constructs a list by prepending its first argument to its |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9510 second argument. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9511 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9512 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9513 For example: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9514 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9515 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9516 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9517 (cons 1 '(2 3 4)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9518 @result{} (1 2 3 4) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9519 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9520 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9521 |
73706
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
9522 @item funcall |
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
9523 @code{funcall} evaluates its first argument as a function. It passes |
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
9524 its remaining arguments to its first argument. |
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
9525 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9526 @item nthcdr |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9527 Return the result of taking @sc{cdr} `n' times on a list. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9528 @iftex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9529 The |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9530 @tex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9531 $n^{th}$ |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9532 @end tex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9533 @code{cdr}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9534 @end iftex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9535 The `rest of the rest', as it were. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9536 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9537 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9538 For example: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9539 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9540 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9541 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9542 (nthcdr 3 '(1 2 3 4 5 6 7)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9543 @result{} (4 5 6 7) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9544 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9545 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9546 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9547 @item setcar |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9548 @itemx setcdr |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9549 @code{setcar} changes the first element of a list; @code{setcdr} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9550 changes the second and subsequent elements of a list. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9551 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9552 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9553 For example: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9554 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9555 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9556 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9557 (setq triple '(1 2 3)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9558 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9559 (setcar triple '37) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9560 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9561 triple |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9562 @result{} (37 2 3) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9563 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9564 (setcdr triple '("foo" "bar")) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9565 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9566 triple |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9567 @result{} (37 "foo" "bar") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9568 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9569 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9570 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9571 @item progn |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9572 Evaluate each argument in sequence and then return the value of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9573 last. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9574 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9575 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9576 For example: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9577 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9578 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9579 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9580 (progn 1 2 3 4) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9581 @result{} 4 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9582 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9583 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9584 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9585 @item save-restriction |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9586 Record whatever narrowing is in effect in the current buffer, if any, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9587 and restore that narrowing after evaluating the arguments. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9588 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9589 @item search-forward |
73706
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
9590 Search for a string, and if the string is found, move point. With a |
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
9591 regular expression, use the similar @code{re-search-forward}. |
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
9592 (@xref{Regexp Search, , Regular Expression Searches}, for an |
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
9593 explanation of regular expression patterns and searches.) |
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
9594 |
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
9595 @need 1250 |
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
9596 @noindent |
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
9597 @code{search-forward} and @code{re-search-forward} take four |
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
9598 arguments: |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9599 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9600 @enumerate |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9601 @item |
73706
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
9602 The string or regular expression to search for. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9603 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9604 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9605 Optionally, the limit of the search. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9606 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9607 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9608 Optionally, what to do if the search fails, return @code{nil} or an |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9609 error message. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9610 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9611 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9612 Optionally, how many times to repeat the search; if negative, the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9613 search goes backwards. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9614 @end enumerate |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9615 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9616 @item kill-region |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
9617 @itemx delete-and-extract-region |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9618 @itemx copy-region-as-kill |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9619 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9620 @code{kill-region} cuts the text between point and mark from the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9621 buffer and stores that text in the kill ring, so you can get it back |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9622 by yanking. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9623 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9624 @code{copy-region-as-kill} copies the text between point and mark into |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9625 the kill ring, from which you can get it by yanking. The function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9626 does not cut or remove the text from the buffer. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9627 @end table |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9628 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
9629 @code{delete-and-extract-region} removes the text between point and |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
9630 mark from the buffer and throws it away. You cannot get it back. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
9631 (This is not an interactive command.) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
9632 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9633 @need 1500 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9634 @node search Exercises, , cons & search-fwd Review, Cutting & Storing Text |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9635 @section Searching Exercises |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9636 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9637 @itemize @bullet |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9638 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9639 Write an interactive function that searches for a string. If the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9640 search finds the string, leave point after it and display a message |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9641 that says ``Found!''. (Do not use @code{search-forward} for the name |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9642 of this function; if you do, you will overwrite the existing version of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9643 @code{search-forward} that comes with Emacs. Use a name such as |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9644 @code{test-search} instead.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9645 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9646 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9647 Write a function that prints the third element of the kill ring in the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9648 echo area, if any; if the kill ring does not contain a third element, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9649 print an appropriate message. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9650 @end itemize |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9651 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9652 @node List Implementation, Yanking, Cutting & Storing Text, Top |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9653 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9654 @chapter How Lists are Implemented |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9655 @cindex Lists in a computer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9656 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9657 In Lisp, atoms are recorded in a straightforward fashion; if the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9658 implementation is not straightforward in practice, it is, nonetheless, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9659 straightforward in theory. The atom @samp{rose}, for example, is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9660 recorded as the four contiguous letters @samp{r}, @samp{o}, @samp{s}, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9661 @samp{e}. A list, on the other hand, is kept differently. The mechanism |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9662 is equally simple, but it takes a moment to get used to the idea. A |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9663 list is kept using a series of pairs of pointers. In the series, the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9664 first pointer in each pair points to an atom or to another list, and the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9665 second pointer in each pair points to the next pair, or to the symbol |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9666 @code{nil}, which marks the end of the list. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9667 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9668 A pointer itself is quite simply the electronic address of what is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9669 pointed to. Hence, a list is kept as a series of electronic addresses. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9670 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9671 @menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9672 * Lists diagrammed:: |
73854
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
9673 * Symbols as Chest:: Exploring a powerful metaphor. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9674 * List Exercise:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9675 @end menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9676 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9677 @node Lists diagrammed, Symbols as Chest, List Implementation, List Implementation |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9678 @ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9679 @unnumberedsec Lists diagrammed |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9680 @end ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9681 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9682 For example, the list @code{(rose violet buttercup)} has three elements, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9683 @samp{rose}, @samp{violet}, and @samp{buttercup}. In the computer, the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9684 electronic address of @samp{rose} is recorded in a segment of computer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9685 memory along with the address that gives the electronic address of where |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9686 the atom @samp{violet} is located; and that address (the one that tells |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9687 where @samp{violet} is located) is kept along with an address that tells |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9688 where the address for the atom @samp{buttercup} is located. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9689 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9690 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9691 This sounds more complicated than it is and is easier seen in a diagram: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9692 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9693 @c clear print-postscript-figures |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9694 @c !!! cons-cell-diagram #1 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9695 @ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9696 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9697 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9698 ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9699 |___|___|--> |___|___|--> |___|___|--> nil |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9700 | | | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9701 | | | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9702 --> rose --> violet --> buttercup |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9703 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9704 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9705 @end ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9706 @ifset print-postscript-figures |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9707 @sp 1 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9708 @tex |
73706
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
9709 @center @image{cons-1} |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9710 %%%% old method of including an image |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9711 % \input /usr/local/lib/tex/inputs/psfig.tex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9712 % \centerline{\psfig{figure=/usr/local/lib/emacs/man/cons-1.eps}} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9713 % \catcode`\@=0 % |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9714 @end tex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9715 @sp 1 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9716 @end ifset |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9717 @ifclear print-postscript-figures |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9718 @iftex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9719 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9720 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9721 ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9722 |___|___|--> |___|___|--> |___|___|--> nil |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9723 | | | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9724 | | | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9725 --> rose --> violet --> buttercup |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9726 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9727 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9728 @end iftex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9729 @end ifclear |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9730 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9731 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9732 In the diagram, each box represents a word of computer memory that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9733 holds a Lisp object, usually in the form of a memory address. The boxes, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9734 i.e.@: the addresses, are in pairs. Each arrow points to what the address |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9735 is the address of, either an atom or another pair of addresses. The |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9736 first box is the electronic address of @samp{rose} and the arrow points |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9737 to @samp{rose}; the second box is the address of the next pair of boxes, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9738 the first part of which is the address of @samp{violet} and the second |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9739 part of which is the address of the next pair. The very last box |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9740 points to the symbol @code{nil}, which marks the end of the list. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9741 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9742 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9743 When a variable is set to a list with a function such as @code{setq}, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9744 it stores the address of the first box in the variable. Thus, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9745 evaluation of the expression |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9746 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9747 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9748 (setq bouquet '(rose violet buttercup)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9749 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9750 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9751 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9752 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9753 creates a situation like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9754 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9755 @c cons-cell-diagram #2 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9756 @ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9757 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9758 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9759 bouquet |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9760 | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9761 | ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9762 --> |___|___|--> |___|___|--> |___|___|--> nil |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9763 | | | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9764 | | | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9765 --> rose --> violet --> buttercup |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9766 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9767 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9768 @end ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9769 @ifset print-postscript-figures |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9770 @sp 1 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9771 @tex |
73706
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
9772 @center @image{cons-2} |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9773 %%%% old method of including an image |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9774 % \input /usr/local/lib/tex/inputs/psfig.tex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9775 % \centerline{\psfig{figure=/usr/local/lib/emacs/man/cons-2.eps}} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9776 % \catcode`\@=0 % |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9777 @end tex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9778 @sp 1 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9779 @end ifset |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9780 @ifclear print-postscript-figures |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9781 @iftex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9782 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9783 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9784 bouquet |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9785 | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9786 | ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9787 --> |___|___|--> |___|___|--> |___|___|--> nil |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9788 | | | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9789 | | | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9790 --> rose --> violet --> buttercup |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9791 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9792 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9793 @end iftex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9794 @end ifclear |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9795 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9796 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9797 In this example, the symbol @code{bouquet} holds the address of the first |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9798 pair of boxes. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9799 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9800 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9801 This same list can be illustrated in a different sort of box notation |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9802 like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9803 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9804 @c cons-cell-diagram #2a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9805 @ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9806 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9807 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9808 bouquet |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9809 | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9810 | -------------- --------------- ---------------- |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9811 | | car | cdr | | car | cdr | | car | cdr | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9812 -->| rose | o------->| violet | o------->| butter- | nil | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9813 | | | | | | | cup | | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9814 -------------- --------------- ---------------- |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9815 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9816 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9817 @end ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9818 @ifset print-postscript-figures |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9819 @sp 1 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9820 @tex |
73706
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
9821 @center @image{cons-2a} |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9822 %%%% old method of including an image |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9823 % \input /usr/local/lib/tex/inputs/psfig.tex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9824 % \centerline{\psfig{figure=/usr/local/lib/emacs/man/cons-2a.eps}} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9825 % \catcode`\@=0 % |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9826 @end tex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9827 @sp 1 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9828 @end ifset |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9829 @ifclear print-postscript-figures |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9830 @iftex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9831 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9832 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9833 bouquet |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9834 | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9835 | -------------- --------------- ---------------- |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9836 | | car | cdr | | car | cdr | | car | cdr | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9837 -->| rose | o------->| violet | o------->| butter- | nil | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9838 | | | | | | | cup | | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9839 -------------- --------------- ---------------- |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9840 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9841 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9842 @end iftex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9843 @end ifclear |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9844 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9845 (Symbols consist of more than pairs of addresses, but the structure of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9846 a symbol is made up of addresses. Indeed, the symbol @code{bouquet} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9847 consists of a group of address-boxes, one of which is the address of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9848 the printed word @samp{bouquet}, a second of which is the address of a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9849 function definition attached to the symbol, if any, a third of which |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9850 is the address of the first pair of address-boxes for the list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9851 @code{(rose violet buttercup)}, and so on. Here we are showing that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9852 the symbol's third address-box points to the first pair of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9853 address-boxes for the list.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9854 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9855 If a symbol is set to the @sc{cdr} of a list, the list itself is not |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9856 changed; the symbol simply has an address further down the list. (In |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9857 the jargon, @sc{car} and @sc{cdr} are `non-destructive'.) Thus, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9858 evaluation of the following expression |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9859 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9860 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9861 (setq flowers (cdr bouquet)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9862 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9863 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9864 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9865 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9866 produces this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9867 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9868 @c cons-cell-diagram #3 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9869 @ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9870 @sp 1 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9871 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9872 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9873 bouquet flowers |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9874 | | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9875 | ___ ___ | ___ ___ ___ ___ |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9876 --> | | | --> | | | | | | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9877 |___|___|----> |___|___|--> |___|___|--> nil |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9878 | | | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9879 | | | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9880 --> rose --> violet --> buttercup |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9881 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9882 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9883 @sp 1 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9884 @end ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9885 @ifset print-postscript-figures |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9886 @sp 1 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9887 @tex |
73706
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
9888 @center @image{cons-3} |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9889 %%%% old method of including an image |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9890 % \input /usr/local/lib/tex/inputs/psfig.tex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9891 % \centerline{\psfig{figure=/usr/local/lib/emacs/man/cons-3.eps}} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9892 % \catcode`\@=0 % |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9893 @end tex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9894 @sp 1 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9895 @end ifset |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9896 @ifclear print-postscript-figures |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9897 @iftex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9898 @sp 1 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9899 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9900 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9901 bouquet flowers |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9902 | | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9903 | ___ ___ | ___ ___ ___ ___ |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9904 --> | | | --> | | | | | | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9905 |___|___|----> |___|___|--> |___|___|--> nil |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9906 | | | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9907 | | | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9908 --> rose --> violet --> buttercup |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9909 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9910 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9911 @sp 1 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9912 @end iftex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9913 @end ifclear |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9914 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9915 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9916 The value of @code{flowers} is @code{(violet buttercup)}, which is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9917 to say, the symbol @code{flowers} holds the address of the pair of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9918 address-boxes, the first of which holds the address of @code{violet}, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9919 and the second of which holds the address of @code{buttercup}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9920 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9921 A pair of address-boxes is called a @dfn{cons cell} or @dfn{dotted |
53067
92487270aa3e
On behalf of Kevin Ryde <user42@zip.com.au>: Corrections
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
52401
diff
changeset
|
9922 pair}. @xref{Cons Cell Type, , Cons Cell and List Types, elisp, The GNU Emacs Lisp |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9923 Reference Manual}, and @ref{Dotted Pair Notation, , Dotted Pair |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9924 Notation, elisp, The GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}, for more |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9925 information about cons cells and dotted pairs. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9926 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9927 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9928 The function @code{cons} adds a new pair of addresses to the front of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9929 a series of addresses like that shown above. For example, evaluating |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9930 the expression |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9931 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9932 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9933 (setq bouquet (cons 'lily bouquet)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9934 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9935 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9936 @need 1500 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9937 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9938 produces: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9939 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9940 @c cons-cell-diagram #4 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9941 @ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9942 @sp 1 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9943 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9944 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9945 bouquet flowers |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9946 | | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9947 | ___ ___ ___ ___ | ___ ___ ___ ___ |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9948 --> | | | | | | --> | | | | | | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9949 |___|___|----> |___|___|----> |___|___|---->|___|___|--> nil |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9950 | | | | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9951 | | | | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9952 --> lily --> rose --> violet --> buttercup |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9953 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9954 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9955 @sp 1 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9956 @end ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9957 @ifset print-postscript-figures |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9958 @sp 1 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9959 @tex |
73706
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
9960 @center @image{cons-4} |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9961 %%%% old method of including an image |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9962 % \input /usr/local/lib/tex/inputs/psfig.tex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9963 % \centerline{\psfig{figure=/usr/local/lib/emacs/man/cons-4.eps}} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9964 % \catcode`\@=0 % |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9965 @end tex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9966 @sp 1 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9967 @end ifset |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9968 @ifclear print-postscript-figures |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9969 @iftex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9970 @sp 1 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9971 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9972 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9973 bouquet flowers |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9974 | | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9975 | ___ ___ ___ ___ | ___ ___ ___ ___ |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9976 --> | | | | | | --> | | | | | | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9977 |___|___|----> |___|___|----> |___|___|---->|___|___|--> nil |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9978 | | | | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9979 | | | | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9980 --> lily --> rose --> violet --> buttercup |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9981 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9982 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9983 @sp 1 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9984 @end iftex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9985 @end ifclear |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9986 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9987 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9988 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9989 However, this does not change the value of the symbol |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9990 @code{flowers}, as you can see by evaluating the following, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9991 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9992 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9993 (eq (cdr (cdr bouquet)) flowers) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9994 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9995 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9996 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9997 which returns @code{t} for true. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9998 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9999 Until it is reset, @code{flowers} still has the value |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10000 @code{(violet buttercup)}; that is, it has the address of the cons |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10001 cell whose first address is of @code{violet}. Also, this does not |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10002 alter any of the pre-existing cons cells; they are all still there. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10003 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10004 Thus, in Lisp, to get the @sc{cdr} of a list, you just get the address |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10005 of the next cons cell in the series; to get the @sc{car} of a list, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10006 you get the address of the first element of the list; to @code{cons} a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10007 new element on a list, you add a new cons cell to the front of the list. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10008 That is all there is to it! The underlying structure of Lisp is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10009 brilliantly simple! |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10010 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10011 And what does the last address in a series of cons cells refer to? It |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10012 is the address of the empty list, of @code{nil}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10013 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10014 In summary, when a Lisp variable is set to a value, it is provided with |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10015 the address of the list to which the variable refers. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10016 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10017 @node Symbols as Chest, List Exercise, Lists diagrammed, List Implementation |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10018 @section Symbols as a Chest of Drawers |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10019 @cindex Symbols as a Chest of Drawers |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10020 @cindex Chest of Drawers, metaphor for a symbol |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10021 @cindex Drawers, Chest of, metaphor for a symbol |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10022 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10023 In an earlier section, I suggested that you might imagine a symbol as |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10024 being a chest of drawers. The function definition is put in one |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10025 drawer, the value in another, and so on. What is put in the drawer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10026 holding the value can be changed without affecting the contents of the |
73587
c84b73607df3
Removed INSTALL MANIFEST since those files are now irrelevant.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73554
diff
changeset
|
10027 drawer holding the function definition, and vice-verse. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10028 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10029 Actually, what is put in each drawer is the address of the value or |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10030 function definition. It is as if you found an old chest in the attic, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10031 and in one of its drawers you found a map giving you directions to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10032 where the buried treasure lies. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10033 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10034 (In addition to its name, symbol definition, and variable value, a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10035 symbol has a `drawer' for a @dfn{property list} which can be used to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10036 record other information. Property lists are not discussed here; see |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10037 @ref{Property Lists, , Property Lists, elisp, The GNU Emacs Lisp |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10038 Reference Manual}.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10039 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10040 @need 1500 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10041 Here is a fanciful representation: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10042 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10043 @c chest-of-drawers diagram |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10044 @ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10045 @sp 1 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10046 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10047 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10048 Chest of Drawers Contents of Drawers |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10049 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10050 __ o0O0o __ |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10051 / \ |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10052 --------------------- |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10053 | directions to | [map to] |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10054 | symbol name | bouquet |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10055 | | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10056 +---------------------+ |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10057 | directions to | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10058 | symbol definition | [none] |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10059 | | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10060 +---------------------+ |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10061 | directions to | [map to] |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10062 | variable value | (rose violet buttercup) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10063 | | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10064 +---------------------+ |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10065 | directions to | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10066 | property list | [not described here] |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10067 | | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10068 +---------------------+ |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10069 |/ \| |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10070 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10071 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10072 @sp 1 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10073 @end ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10074 @ifset print-postscript-figures |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10075 @sp 1 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10076 @tex |
73706
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
10077 @center @image{drawers} |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10078 %%%% old method of including an image |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10079 % \input /usr/local/lib/tex/inputs/psfig.tex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10080 % \centerline{\psfig{figure=/usr/local/lib/emacs/man/drawers.eps}} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10081 % \catcode`\@=0 % |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10082 @end tex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10083 @sp 1 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10084 @end ifset |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10085 @ifclear print-postscript-figures |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10086 @iftex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10087 @sp 1 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10088 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10089 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10090 Chest of Drawers Contents of Drawers |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10091 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10092 __ o0O0o __ |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10093 / \ |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10094 --------------------- |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10095 | directions to | [map to] |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10096 | symbol name | bouquet |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10097 | | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10098 +---------------------+ |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10099 | directions to | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10100 | symbol definition | [none] |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10101 | | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10102 +---------------------+ |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10103 | directions to | [map to] |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10104 | variable value | (rose violet buttercup) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10105 | | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10106 +---------------------+ |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10107 | directions to | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10108 | property list | [not described here] |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10109 | | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10110 +---------------------+ |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10111 |/ \| |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10112 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10113 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10114 @sp 1 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10115 @end iftex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10116 @end ifclear |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10117 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10118 @node List Exercise, , Symbols as Chest, List Implementation |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10119 @section Exercise |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10120 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10121 Set @code{flowers} to @code{violet} and @code{buttercup}. Cons two |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10122 more flowers on to this list and set this new list to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10123 @code{more-flowers}. Set the @sc{car} of @code{flowers} to a fish. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10124 What does the @code{more-flowers} list now contain? |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10125 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10126 @node Yanking, Loops & Recursion, List Implementation, Top |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10127 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10128 @chapter Yanking Text Back |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10129 @findex yank |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10130 @cindex Text retrieval |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10131 @cindex Retrieving text |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10132 @cindex Pasting text |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10133 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10134 Whenever you cut text out of a buffer with a `kill' command in GNU Emacs, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10135 you can bring it back with a `yank' command. The text that is cut out of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10136 the buffer is put in the kill ring and the yank commands insert the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10137 appropriate contents of the kill ring back into a buffer (not necessarily |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10138 the original buffer). |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10139 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10140 A simple @kbd{C-y} (@code{yank}) command inserts the first item from |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10141 the kill ring into the current buffer. If the @kbd{C-y} command is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10142 followed immediately by @kbd{M-y}, the first element is replaced by |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10143 the second element. Successive @kbd{M-y} commands replace the second |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10144 element with the third, fourth, or fifth element, and so on. When the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10145 last element in the kill ring is reached, it is replaced by the first |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10146 element and the cycle is repeated. (Thus the kill ring is called a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10147 `ring' rather than just a `list'. However, the actual data structure |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10148 that holds the text is a list. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10149 @xref{Kill Ring, , Handling the Kill Ring}, for the details of how the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10150 list is handled as a ring.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10151 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10152 @menu |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
10153 * Kill Ring Overview:: |
73854
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
10154 * kill-ring-yank-pointer:: The kill ring is a list. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
10155 * yank nthcdr Exercises:: The @code{kill-ring-yank-pointer} variable. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10156 @end menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10157 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10158 @node Kill Ring Overview, kill-ring-yank-pointer, Yanking, Yanking |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10159 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10160 @section Kill Ring Overview |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10161 @cindex Kill ring overview |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10162 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10163 The kill ring is a list of textual strings. This is what it looks like: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10164 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10165 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10166 ("some text" "a different piece of text" "yet more text") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10167 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10168 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10169 If this were the contents of my kill ring and I pressed @kbd{C-y}, the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10170 string of characters saying @samp{some text} would be inserted in this |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10171 buffer where my cursor is located. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10172 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10173 The @code{yank} command is also used for duplicating text by copying it. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10174 The copied text is not cut from the buffer, but a copy of it is put on the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10175 kill ring and is inserted by yanking it back. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10176 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10177 Three functions are used for bringing text back from the kill ring: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10178 @code{yank}, which is usually bound to @kbd{C-y}; @code{yank-pop}, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10179 which is usually bound to @kbd{M-y}; and @code{rotate-yank-pointer}, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10180 which is used by the two other functions. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10181 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10182 These functions refer to the kill ring through a variable called the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10183 @code{kill-ring-yank-pointer}. Indeed, the insertion code for both the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10184 @code{yank} and @code{yank-pop} functions is: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10185 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10186 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10187 (insert (car kill-ring-yank-pointer)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10188 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10189 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
10190 @noindent |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
10191 (Well, no more. In GNU Emacs 22, the function has been replaced by |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
10192 @code{insert-for-yank} which calls @code{insert-for-yank-1} |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
10193 repetitively for each @code{yank-handler} segment. In turn, |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
10194 @code{insert-for-yank-1} strips text properties from the inserted text |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
10195 according to @code{yank-excluded-properties}. Otherwise, it is just |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
10196 like @code{insert}. We will stick with plain @code{insert} since it |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
10197 is easier to understand.) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
10198 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10199 To begin to understand how @code{yank} and @code{yank-pop} work, it is |
73767
a44deabfa735
Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73720
diff
changeset
|
10200 first necessary to look at the @code{kill-ring-yank-pointer} variable. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10201 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10202 @node kill-ring-yank-pointer, yank nthcdr Exercises, Kill Ring Overview, Yanking |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10203 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10204 @section The @code{kill-ring-yank-pointer} Variable |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10205 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10206 @code{kill-ring-yank-pointer} is a variable, just as @code{kill-ring} is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10207 a variable. It points to something by being bound to the value of what |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10208 it points to, like any other Lisp variable. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10209 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10210 @need 1000 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10211 Thus, if the value of the kill ring is: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10212 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10213 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10214 ("some text" "a different piece of text" "yet more text") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10215 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10216 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10217 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10218 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10219 and the @code{kill-ring-yank-pointer} points to the second clause, the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10220 value of @code{kill-ring-yank-pointer} is: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10221 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10222 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10223 ("a different piece of text" "yet more text") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10224 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10225 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10226 As explained in the previous chapter (@pxref{List Implementation}), the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10227 computer does not keep two different copies of the text being pointed to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10228 by both the @code{kill-ring} and the @code{kill-ring-yank-pointer}. The |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10229 words ``a different piece of text'' and ``yet more text'' are not |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10230 duplicated. Instead, the two Lisp variables point to the same pieces of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10231 text. Here is a diagram: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10232 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10233 @c cons-cell-diagram #5 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10234 @ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10235 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10236 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10237 kill-ring kill-ring-yank-pointer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10238 | | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10239 | ___ ___ | ___ ___ ___ ___ |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10240 ---> | | | --> | | | | | | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10241 |___|___|----> |___|___|--> |___|___|--> nil |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10242 | | | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10243 | | | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10244 | | --> "yet more text" |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10245 | | |
73607 | 10246 | --> "a different piece of text" |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10247 | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10248 --> "some text" |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10249 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10250 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10251 @sp 1 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10252 @end ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10253 @ifset print-postscript-figures |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10254 @sp 1 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10255 @tex |
73706
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
10256 @center @image{cons-5} |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10257 %%%% old method of including an image |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10258 % \input /usr/local/lib/tex/inputs/psfig.tex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10259 % \centerline{\psfig{figure=/usr/local/lib/emacs/man/cons-5.eps}} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10260 % \catcode`\@=0 % |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10261 @end tex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10262 @sp 1 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10263 @end ifset |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10264 @ifclear print-postscript-figures |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10265 @iftex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10266 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10267 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10268 kill-ring kill-ring-yank-pointer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10269 | | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10270 | ___ ___ | ___ ___ ___ ___ |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10271 ---> | | | --> | | | | | | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10272 |___|___|----> |___|___|--> |___|___|--> nil |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10273 | | | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10274 | | | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10275 | | --> "yet more text" |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10276 | | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10277 | --> "a different piece of text |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10278 | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10279 --> "some text" |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10280 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10281 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10282 @sp 1 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10283 @end iftex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10284 @end ifclear |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10285 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10286 Both the variable @code{kill-ring} and the variable |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10287 @code{kill-ring-yank-pointer} are pointers. But the kill ring itself is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10288 usually described as if it were actually what it is composed of. The |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10289 @code{kill-ring} is spoken of as if it were the list rather than that it |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10290 points to the list. Conversely, the @code{kill-ring-yank-pointer} is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10291 spoken of as pointing to a list. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10292 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10293 These two ways of talking about the same thing sound confusing at first but |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10294 make sense on reflection. The kill ring is generally thought of as the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10295 complete structure of data that holds the information of what has recently |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10296 been cut out of the Emacs buffers. The @code{kill-ring-yank-pointer} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10297 on the other hand, serves to indicate---that is, to `point to'---that part |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10298 of the kill ring of which the first element (the @sc{car}) will be |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10299 inserted. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10300 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
10301 @ignore |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
10302 In GNU Emacs 22, the @code{kill-new} function calls |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
10303 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
10304 @code{(setq kill-ring-yank-pointer kill-ring)} |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
10305 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
10306 (defun rotate-yank-pointer (arg) |
73619
e8162495e1ae
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi (kill-ring-yank-pointer): Revert addition
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73610
diff
changeset
|
10307 "Rotate the yanking point in the kill ring. |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
10308 With argument, rotate that many kills forward (or backward, if negative)." |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
10309 (interactive "p") |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
10310 (current-kill arg)) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
10311 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
10312 (defun current-kill (n &optional do-not-move) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
10313 "Rotate the yanking point by N places, and then return that kill. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
10314 If N is zero, `interprogram-paste-function' is set, and calling it |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
10315 returns a string, then that string is added to the front of the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
10316 kill ring and returned as the latest kill. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
10317 If optional arg DO-NOT-MOVE is non-nil, then don't actually move the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
10318 yanking point; just return the Nth kill forward." |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
10319 (let ((interprogram-paste (and (= n 0) |
73683 | 10320 interprogram-paste-function |
10321 (funcall interprogram-paste-function)))) | |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
10322 (if interprogram-paste |
73683 | 10323 (progn |
10324 ;; Disable the interprogram cut function when we add the new | |
10325 ;; text to the kill ring, so Emacs doesn't try to own the | |
10326 ;; selection, with identical text. | |
10327 (let ((interprogram-cut-function nil)) | |
10328 (kill-new interprogram-paste)) | |
10329 interprogram-paste) | |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
10330 (or kill-ring (error "Kill ring is empty")) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
10331 (let ((ARGth-kill-element |
73683 | 10332 (nthcdr (mod (- n (length kill-ring-yank-pointer)) |
10333 (length kill-ring)) | |
10334 kill-ring))) | |
10335 (or do-not-move | |
10336 (setq kill-ring-yank-pointer ARGth-kill-element)) | |
10337 (car ARGth-kill-element))))) | |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
10338 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
10339 @end ignore |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10340 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10341 @need 1500 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10342 @node yank nthcdr Exercises, , kill-ring-yank-pointer, Yanking |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10343 @section Exercises with @code{yank} and @code{nthcdr} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10344 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10345 @itemize @bullet |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10346 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10347 Using @kbd{C-h v} (@code{describe-variable}), look at the value of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10348 your kill ring. Add several items to your kill ring; look at its |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10349 value again. Using @kbd{M-y} (@code{yank-pop)}, move all the way |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10350 around the kill ring. How many items were in your kill ring? Find |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10351 the value of @code{kill-ring-max}. Was your kill ring full, or could |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10352 you have kept more blocks of text within it? |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10353 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10354 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10355 Using @code{nthcdr} and @code{car}, construct a series of expressions |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10356 to return the first, second, third, and fourth elements of a list. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10357 @end itemize |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10358 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10359 @node Loops & Recursion, Regexp Search, Yanking, Top |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10360 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10361 @chapter Loops and Recursion |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10362 @cindex Loops and recursion |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10363 @cindex Recursion and loops |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10364 @cindex Repetition (loops) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10365 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10366 Emacs Lisp has two primary ways to cause an expression, or a series of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10367 expressions, to be evaluated repeatedly: one uses a @code{while} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10368 loop, and the other uses @dfn{recursion}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10369 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10370 Repetition can be very valuable. For example, to move forward four |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10371 sentences, you need only write a program that will move forward one |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10372 sentence and then repeat the process four times. Since a computer does |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10373 not get bored or tired, such repetitive action does not have the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10374 deleterious effects that excessive or the wrong kinds of repetition can |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10375 have on humans. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10376 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10377 People mostly write Emacs Lisp functions using @code{while} loops and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10378 their kin; but you can use recursion, which provides a very powerful |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10379 way to think about and then to solve problems@footnote{You can write |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10380 recursive functions to be frugal or wasteful of mental or computer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10381 resources; as it happens, methods that people find easy---that are |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10382 frugal of `mental resources'---sometimes use considerable computer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10383 resources. Emacs was designed to run on machines that we now consider |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10384 limited and its default settings are conservative. You may want to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10385 increase the values of @code{max-specpdl-size} and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10386 @code{max-lisp-eval-depth}. In my @file{.emacs} file, I set them to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10387 15 and 30 times their default value.}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10388 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10389 @menu |
73854
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
10390 * while:: Causing a stretch of code to repeat. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10391 * dolist dotimes:: |
73854
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
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changeset
|
10392 * Recursion:: Causing a function to call itself. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10393 * Looping exercise:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10394 @end menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10395 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10396 @node while, dolist dotimes, Loops & Recursion, Loops & Recursion |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10397 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10398 @section @code{while} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10399 @cindex Loops |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10400 @findex while |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10401 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10402 The @code{while} special form tests whether the value returned by |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10403 evaluating its first argument is true or false. This is similar to what |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10404 the Lisp interpreter does with an @code{if}; what the interpreter does |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10405 next, however, is different. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10406 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10407 In a @code{while} expression, if the value returned by evaluating the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10408 first argument is false, the Lisp interpreter skips the rest of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10409 expression (the @dfn{body} of the expression) and does not evaluate it. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10410 However, if the value is true, the Lisp interpreter evaluates the body |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10411 of the expression and then again tests whether the first argument to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10412 @code{while} is true or false. If the value returned by evaluating the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10413 first argument is again true, the Lisp interpreter again evaluates the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10414 body of the expression. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10415 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10416 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10417 The template for a @code{while} expression looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10418 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10419 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10420 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10421 (while @var{true-or-false-test} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10422 @var{body}@dots{}) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10423 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10424 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10425 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10426 @menu |
73854
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
10427 * Looping with while:: Repeat so long as test returns true. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
10428 * Loop Example:: A @code{while} loop that uses a list. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
10429 * print-elements-of-list:: Uses @code{while}, @code{car}, @code{cdr}. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
10430 * Incrementing Loop:: A loop with an incrementing counter. |
73852
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
10431 * Incrementing Loop Details:: |
73854
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
10432 * Decrementing Loop:: A loop with a decrementing counter. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10433 @end menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10434 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10435 @node Looping with while, Loop Example, while, while |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10436 @ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10437 @unnumberedsubsec Looping with @code{while} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10438 @end ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10439 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10440 So long as the true-or-false-test of the @code{while} expression |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10441 returns a true value when it is evaluated, the body is repeatedly |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10442 evaluated. This process is called a loop since the Lisp interpreter |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10443 repeats the same thing again and again, like an airplane doing a loop. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10444 When the result of evaluating the true-or-false-test is false, the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10445 Lisp interpreter does not evaluate the rest of the @code{while} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10446 expression and `exits the loop'. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10447 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10448 Clearly, if the value returned by evaluating the first argument to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10449 @code{while} is always true, the body following will be evaluated |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10450 again and again @dots{} and again @dots{} forever. Conversely, if the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10451 value returned is never true, the expressions in the body will never |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10452 be evaluated. The craft of writing a @code{while} loop consists of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10453 choosing a mechanism such that the true-or-false-test returns true |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10454 just the number of times that you want the subsequent expressions to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10455 be evaluated, and then have the test return false. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10456 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10457 The value returned by evaluating a @code{while} is the value of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10458 true-or-false-test. An interesting consequence of this is that a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10459 @code{while} loop that evaluates without error will return @code{nil} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10460 or false regardless of whether it has looped 1 or 100 times or none at |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10461 all. A @code{while} expression that evaluates successfully never |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10462 returns a true value! What this means is that @code{while} is always |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10463 evaluated for its side effects, which is to say, the consequences of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10464 evaluating the expressions within the body of the @code{while} loop. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10465 This makes sense. It is not the mere act of looping that is desired, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10466 but the consequences of what happens when the expressions in the loop |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10467 are repeatedly evaluated. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10468 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10469 @node Loop Example, print-elements-of-list, Looping with while, while |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10470 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10471 @subsection A @code{while} Loop and a List |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10472 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10473 A common way to control a @code{while} loop is to test whether a list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10474 has any elements. If it does, the loop is repeated; but if it does not, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10475 the repetition is ended. Since this is an important technique, we will |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10476 create a short example to illustrate it. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10477 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10478 A simple way to test whether a list has elements is to evaluate the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10479 list: if it has no elements, it is an empty list and will return the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10480 empty list, @code{()}, which is a synonym for @code{nil} or false. On |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10481 the other hand, a list with elements will return those elements when it |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10482 is evaluated. Since Emacs Lisp considers as true any value that is not |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10483 @code{nil}, a list that returns elements will test true in a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10484 @code{while} loop. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10485 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10486 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10487 For example, you can set the variable @code{empty-list} to @code{nil} by |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10488 evaluating the following @code{setq} expression: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10489 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10490 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10491 (setq empty-list ()) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10492 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10493 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10494 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10495 After evaluating the @code{setq} expression, you can evaluate the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10496 variable @code{empty-list} in the usual way, by placing the cursor after |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10497 the symbol and typing @kbd{C-x C-e}; @code{nil} will appear in your |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10498 echo area: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10499 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10500 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10501 empty-list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10502 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10503 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10504 On the other hand, if you set a variable to be a list with elements, the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10505 list will appear when you evaluate the variable, as you can see by |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10506 evaluating the following two expressions: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10507 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10508 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10509 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10510 (setq animals '(gazelle giraffe lion tiger)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10511 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10512 animals |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10513 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10514 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10515 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10516 Thus, to create a @code{while} loop that tests whether there are any |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10517 items in the list @code{animals}, the first part of the loop will be |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10518 written like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10519 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10520 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10521 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10522 (while animals |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10523 @dots{} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10524 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10525 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10526 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10527 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10528 When the @code{while} tests its first argument, the variable |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10529 @code{animals} is evaluated. It returns a list. So long as the list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10530 has elements, the @code{while} considers the results of the test to be |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10531 true; but when the list is empty, it considers the results of the test |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10532 to be false. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10533 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10534 To prevent the @code{while} loop from running forever, some mechanism |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10535 needs to be provided to empty the list eventually. An oft-used |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10536 technique is to have one of the subsequent forms in the @code{while} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10537 expression set the value of the list to be the @sc{cdr} of the list. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10538 Each time the @code{cdr} function is evaluated, the list will be made |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10539 shorter, until eventually only the empty list will be left. At this |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10540 point, the test of the @code{while} loop will return false, and the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10541 arguments to the @code{while} will no longer be evaluated. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10542 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10543 For example, the list of animals bound to the variable @code{animals} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10544 can be set to be the @sc{cdr} of the original list with the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10545 following expression: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10546 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10547 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10548 (setq animals (cdr animals)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10549 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10550 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10551 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10552 If you have evaluated the previous expressions and then evaluate this |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10553 expression, you will see @code{(giraffe lion tiger)} appear in the echo |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10554 area. If you evaluate the expression again, @code{(lion tiger)} will |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10555 appear in the echo area. If you evaluate it again and yet again, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10556 @code{(tiger)} appears and then the empty list, shown by @code{nil}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10557 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10558 A template for a @code{while} loop that uses the @code{cdr} function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10559 repeatedly to cause the true-or-false-test eventually to test false |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10560 looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10561 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10562 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10563 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10564 (while @var{test-whether-list-is-empty} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10565 @var{body}@dots{} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10566 @var{set-list-to-cdr-of-list}) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10567 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10568 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10569 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10570 This test and use of @code{cdr} can be put together in a function that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10571 goes through a list and prints each element of the list on a line of its |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10572 own. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10573 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10574 @node print-elements-of-list, Incrementing Loop, Loop Example, while |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10575 @subsection An Example: @code{print-elements-of-list} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10576 @findex print-elements-of-list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10577 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10578 The @code{print-elements-of-list} function illustrates a @code{while} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10579 loop with a list. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10580 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10581 @cindex @file{*scratch*} buffer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10582 The function requires several lines for its output. If you are |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
10583 reading this in a recent instance of GNU Emacs, |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
10584 @c GNU Emacs 21, GNU Emacs 22, or a later version, |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
10585 you can evaluate the following expression inside of Info, as usual. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10586 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10587 If you are using an earlier version of Emacs, you need to copy the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10588 necessary expressions to your @file{*scratch*} buffer and evaluate |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10589 them there. This is because the echo area had only one line in the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10590 earlier versions. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10591 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10592 You can copy the expressions by marking the beginning of the region |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10593 with @kbd{C-@key{SPC}} (@code{set-mark-command}), moving the cursor to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10594 the end of the region and then copying the region using @kbd{M-w} |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
10595 (@code{kill-ring-save}, which calls @code{copy-region-as-kill} and |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
10596 then provides visual feedback). In the @file{*scratch*} |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
10597 buffer, you can yank the expressions back by typing @kbd{C-y} |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
10598 (@code{yank}). |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10599 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10600 After you have copied the expressions to the @file{*scratch*} buffer, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10601 evaluate each expression in turn. Be sure to evaluate the last |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10602 expression, @code{(print-elements-of-list animals)}, by typing |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10603 @kbd{C-u C-x C-e}, that is, by giving an argument to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10604 @code{eval-last-sexp}. This will cause the result of the evaluation |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10605 to be printed in the @file{*scratch*} buffer instead of being printed |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10606 in the echo area. (Otherwise you will see something like this in your |
45663
046819540e6d
Fix typos, clarify language.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
44899
diff
changeset
|
10607 echo area: @code{^Jgazelle^J^Jgiraffe^J^Jlion^J^Jtiger^Jnil}, in which |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10608 each @samp{^J} stands for a `newline'.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10609 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10610 @need 1500 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
10611 In a recent instance of GNU Emacs, you can evaluate these expressions |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10612 directly in the Info buffer, and the echo area will grow to show the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10613 results. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10614 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10615 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10616 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10617 (setq animals '(gazelle giraffe lion tiger)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10618 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10619 (defun print-elements-of-list (list) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10620 "Print each element of LIST on a line of its own." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10621 (while list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10622 (print (car list)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10623 (setq list (cdr list)))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10624 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10625 (print-elements-of-list animals) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10626 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10627 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10628 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10629 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10630 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10631 When you evaluate the three expressions in sequence, you will see |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10632 this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10633 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10634 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10635 @group |
45663
046819540e6d
Fix typos, clarify language.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
44899
diff
changeset
|
10636 gazelle |
046819540e6d
Fix typos, clarify language.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
44899
diff
changeset
|
10637 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10638 giraffe |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10639 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10640 lion |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10641 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10642 tiger |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10643 nil |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10644 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10645 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10646 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10647 Each element of the list is printed on a line of its own (that is what |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10648 the function @code{print} does) and then the value returned by the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10649 function is printed. Since the last expression in the function is the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10650 @code{while} loop, and since @code{while} loops always return |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10651 @code{nil}, a @code{nil} is printed after the last element of the list. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10652 |
73852
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
10653 @node Incrementing Loop, Incrementing Loop Details, print-elements-of-list, while |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10654 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10655 @subsection A Loop with an Incrementing Counter |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10656 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10657 A loop is not useful unless it stops when it ought. Besides |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10658 controlling a loop with a list, a common way of stopping a loop is to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10659 write the first argument as a test that returns false when the correct |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10660 number of repetitions are complete. This means that the loop must |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10661 have a counter---an expression that counts how many times the loop |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10662 repeats itself. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10663 |
73852
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
10664 @node Incrementing Loop Details, Decrementing Loop, Incrementing Loop, while |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
10665 @ifnottex |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
10666 @unnumberedsubsec Details of an Incrementing Loop |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
10667 @end ifnottex |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
10668 |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
10669 The test for a loop with an incrementing counter can be an expression |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
10670 such as @code{(< count desired-number)} which returns @code{t} for |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
10671 true if the value of @code{count} is less than the |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
10672 @code{desired-number} of repetitions and @code{nil} for false if the |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
10673 value of @code{count} is equal to or is greater than the |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
10674 @code{desired-number}. The expression that increments the count can |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
10675 be a simple @code{setq} such as @code{(setq count (1+ count))}, where |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10676 @code{1+} is a built-in function in Emacs Lisp that adds 1 to its |
73852
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
10677 argument. (The expression @w{@code{(1+ count)}} has the same result |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
10678 as @w{@code{(+ count 1)}}, but is easier for a human to read.) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10679 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10680 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10681 The template for a @code{while} loop controlled by an incrementing |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10682 counter looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10683 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10684 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10685 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10686 @var{set-count-to-initial-value} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10687 (while (< count desired-number) ; @r{true-or-false-test} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10688 @var{body}@dots{} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10689 (setq count (1+ count))) ; @r{incrementer} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10690 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10691 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10692 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10693 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10694 Note that you need to set the initial value of @code{count}; usually it |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10695 is set to 1. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10696 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10697 @menu |
73854
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
10698 * Incrementing Example:: Counting pebbles in a triangle. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
10699 * Inc Example parts:: The parts of the function definition. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
10700 * Inc Example altogether:: Putting the function definition together. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10701 @end menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10702 |
73852
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
10703 @node Incrementing Example, Inc Example parts, Incrementing Loop Details, Incrementing Loop Details |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10704 @unnumberedsubsubsec Example with incrementing counter |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10705 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10706 Suppose you are playing on the beach and decide to make a triangle of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10707 pebbles, putting one pebble in the first row, two in the second row, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10708 three in the third row and so on, like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10709 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10710 @sp 1 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10711 @c pebble diagram |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10712 @ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10713 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10714 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10715 * |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10716 * * |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10717 * * * |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10718 * * * * |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10719 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10720 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10721 @end ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10722 @iftex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10723 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10724 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10725 @bullet{} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10726 @bullet{} @bullet{} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10727 @bullet{} @bullet{} @bullet{} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10728 @bullet{} @bullet{} @bullet{} @bullet{} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10729 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10730 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10731 @end iftex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10732 @sp 1 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10733 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10734 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10735 (About 2500 years ago, Pythagoras and others developed the beginnings of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10736 number theory by considering questions such as this.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10737 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10738 Suppose you want to know how many pebbles you will need to make a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10739 triangle with 7 rows? |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10740 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10741 Clearly, what you need to do is add up the numbers from 1 to 7. There |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10742 are two ways to do this; start with the smallest number, one, and add up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10743 the list in sequence, 1, 2, 3, 4 and so on; or start with the largest |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10744 number and add the list going down: 7, 6, 5, 4 and so on. Because both |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10745 mechanisms illustrate common ways of writing @code{while} loops, we will |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10746 create two examples, one counting up and the other counting down. In |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10747 this first example, we will start with 1 and add 2, 3, 4 and so on. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10748 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10749 If you are just adding up a short list of numbers, the easiest way to do |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10750 it is to add up all the numbers at once. However, if you do not know |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10751 ahead of time how many numbers your list will have, or if you want to be |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10752 prepared for a very long list, then you need to design your addition so |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10753 that what you do is repeat a simple process many times instead of doing |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10754 a more complex process once. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10755 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10756 For example, instead of adding up all the pebbles all at once, what you |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10757 can do is add the number of pebbles in the first row, 1, to the number |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10758 in the second row, 2, and then add the total of those two rows to the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10759 third row, 3. Then you can add the number in the fourth row, 4, to the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10760 total of the first three rows; and so on. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10761 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10762 The critical characteristic of the process is that each repetitive |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10763 action is simple. In this case, at each step we add only two numbers, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10764 the number of pebbles in the row and the total already found. This |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10765 process of adding two numbers is repeated again and again until the last |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10766 row has been added to the total of all the preceding rows. In a more |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10767 complex loop the repetitive action might not be so simple, but it will |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10768 be simpler than doing everything all at once. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10769 |
73852
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
10770 @node Inc Example parts, Inc Example altogether, Incrementing Example, Incrementing Loop Details |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10771 @unnumberedsubsubsec The parts of the function definition |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10772 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10773 The preceding analysis gives us the bones of our function definition: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10774 first, we will need a variable that we can call @code{total} that will |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10775 be the total number of pebbles. This will be the value returned by |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10776 the function. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10777 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10778 Second, we know that the function will require an argument: this |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10779 argument will be the total number of rows in the triangle. It can be |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10780 called @code{number-of-rows}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10781 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10782 Finally, we need a variable to use as a counter. We could call this |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
10783 variable @code{counter}, but a better name is @code{row-number}. That |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
10784 is because what the counter does in this function is count rows, and a |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
10785 program should be written to be as understandable as possible. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10786 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10787 When the Lisp interpreter first starts evaluating the expressions in the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10788 function, the value of @code{total} should be set to zero, since we have |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10789 not added anything to it. Then the function should add the number of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10790 pebbles in the first row to the total, and then add the number of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10791 pebbles in the second to the total, and then add the number of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10792 pebbles in the third row to the total, and so on, until there are no |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10793 more rows left to add. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10794 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10795 Both @code{total} and @code{row-number} are used only inside the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10796 function, so they can be declared as local variables with @code{let} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10797 and given initial values. Clearly, the initial value for @code{total} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10798 should be 0. The initial value of @code{row-number} should be 1, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10799 since we start with the first row. This means that the @code{let} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10800 statement will look like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10801 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10802 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10803 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10804 (let ((total 0) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10805 (row-number 1)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10806 @var{body}@dots{}) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10807 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10808 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10809 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10810 After the internal variables are declared and bound to their initial |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10811 values, we can begin the @code{while} loop. The expression that serves |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10812 as the test should return a value of @code{t} for true so long as the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10813 @code{row-number} is less than or equal to the @code{number-of-rows}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10814 (If the expression tests true only so long as the row number is less |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10815 than the number of rows in the triangle, the last row will never be |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10816 added to the total; hence the row number has to be either less than or |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10817 equal to the number of rows.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10818 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10819 @need 1500 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10820 @findex <= @r{(less than or equal)} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10821 Lisp provides the @code{<=} function that returns true if the value of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10822 its first argument is less than or equal to the value of its second |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10823 argument and false otherwise. So the expression that the @code{while} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10824 will evaluate as its test should look like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10825 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10826 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10827 (<= row-number number-of-rows) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10828 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10829 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10830 The total number of pebbles can be found by repeatedly adding the number |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10831 of pebbles in a row to the total already found. Since the number of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10832 pebbles in the row is equal to the row number, the total can be found by |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10833 adding the row number to the total. (Clearly, in a more complex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10834 situation, the number of pebbles in the row might be related to the row |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10835 number in a more complicated way; if this were the case, the row number |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10836 would be replaced by the appropriate expression.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10837 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10838 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10839 (setq total (+ total row-number)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10840 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10841 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10842 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10843 What this does is set the new value of @code{total} to be equal to the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10844 sum of adding the number of pebbles in the row to the previous total. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10845 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10846 After setting the value of @code{total}, the conditions need to be |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10847 established for the next repetition of the loop, if there is one. This |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10848 is done by incrementing the value of the @code{row-number} variable, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10849 which serves as a counter. After the @code{row-number} variable has |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10850 been incremented, the true-or-false-test at the beginning of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10851 @code{while} loop tests whether its value is still less than or equal to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10852 the value of the @code{number-of-rows} and if it is, adds the new value |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10853 of the @code{row-number} variable to the @code{total} of the previous |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10854 repetition of the loop. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10855 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10856 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10857 The built-in Emacs Lisp function @code{1+} adds 1 to a number, so the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10858 @code{row-number} variable can be incremented with this expression: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10859 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10860 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10861 (setq row-number (1+ row-number)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10862 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10863 |
73852
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
10864 @node Inc Example altogether, , Inc Example parts, Incrementing Loop Details |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10865 @unnumberedsubsubsec Putting the function definition together |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10866 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10867 We have created the parts for the function definition; now we need to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10868 put them together. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10869 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10870 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10871 First, the contents of the @code{while} expression: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10872 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10873 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10874 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10875 (while (<= row-number number-of-rows) ; @r{true-or-false-test} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10876 (setq total (+ total row-number)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10877 (setq row-number (1+ row-number))) ; @r{incrementer} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10878 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10879 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10880 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10881 Along with the @code{let} expression varlist, this very nearly |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10882 completes the body of the function definition. However, it requires |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10883 one final element, the need for which is somewhat subtle. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10884 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10885 The final touch is to place the variable @code{total} on a line by |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10886 itself after the @code{while} expression. Otherwise, the value returned |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10887 by the whole function is the value of the last expression that is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10888 evaluated in the body of the @code{let}, and this is the value |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10889 returned by the @code{while}, which is always @code{nil}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10890 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10891 This may not be evident at first sight. It almost looks as if the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10892 incrementing expression is the last expression of the whole function. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10893 But that expression is part of the body of the @code{while}; it is the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10894 last element of the list that starts with the symbol @code{while}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10895 Moreover, the whole of the @code{while} loop is a list within the body |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10896 of the @code{let}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10897 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10898 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10899 In outline, the function will look like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10900 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10901 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10902 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10903 (defun @var{name-of-function} (@var{argument-list}) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10904 "@var{documentation}@dots{}" |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10905 (let (@var{varlist}) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10906 (while (@var{true-or-false-test}) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10907 @var{body-of-while}@dots{} ) |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
10908 @dots{} )) ; @r{Need final expression here.} |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10909 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10910 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10911 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10912 The result of evaluating the @code{let} is what is going to be returned |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10913 by the @code{defun} since the @code{let} is not embedded within any |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10914 containing list, except for the @code{defun} as a whole. However, if |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10915 the @code{while} is the last element of the @code{let} expression, the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10916 function will always return @code{nil}. This is not what we want! |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10917 Instead, what we want is the value of the variable @code{total}. This |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10918 is returned by simply placing the symbol as the last element of the list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10919 starting with @code{let}. It gets evaluated after the preceding |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10920 elements of the list are evaluated, which means it gets evaluated after |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10921 it has been assigned the correct value for the total. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10922 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10923 It may be easier to see this by printing the list starting with |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10924 @code{let} all on one line. This format makes it evident that the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10925 @var{varlist} and @code{while} expressions are the second and third |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10926 elements of the list starting with @code{let}, and the @code{total} is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10927 the last element: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10928 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10929 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10930 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10931 (let (@var{varlist}) (while (@var{true-or-false-test}) @var{body-of-while}@dots{} ) total) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10932 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10933 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10934 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10935 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10936 Putting everything together, the @code{triangle} function definition |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10937 looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10938 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10939 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10940 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10941 (defun triangle (number-of-rows) ; @r{Version with} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10942 ; @r{ incrementing counter.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10943 "Add up the number of pebbles in a triangle. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10944 The first row has one pebble, the second row two pebbles, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10945 the third row three pebbles, and so on. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10946 The argument is NUMBER-OF-ROWS." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10947 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10948 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10949 (let ((total 0) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10950 (row-number 1)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10951 (while (<= row-number number-of-rows) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10952 (setq total (+ total row-number)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10953 (setq row-number (1+ row-number))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10954 total)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10955 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10956 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10957 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10958 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10959 After you have installed @code{triangle} by evaluating the function, you |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10960 can try it out. Here are two examples: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10961 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10962 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10963 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10964 (triangle 4) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10965 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10966 (triangle 7) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10967 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10968 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10969 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10970 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10971 The sum of the first four numbers is 10 and the sum of the first seven |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10972 numbers is 28. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10973 |
73852
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
10974 @node Decrementing Loop, , Incrementing Loop Details, while |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10975 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10976 @subsection Loop with a Decrementing Counter |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10977 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10978 Another common way to write a @code{while} loop is to write the test |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10979 so that it determines whether a counter is greater than zero. So long |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10980 as the counter is greater than zero, the loop is repeated. But when |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10981 the counter is equal to or less than zero, the loop is stopped. For |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10982 this to work, the counter has to start out greater than zero and then |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10983 be made smaller and smaller by a form that is evaluated |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10984 repeatedly. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10985 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10986 The test will be an expression such as @code{(> counter 0)} which |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10987 returns @code{t} for true if the value of @code{counter} is greater |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10988 than zero, and @code{nil} for false if the value of @code{counter} is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10989 equal to or less than zero. The expression that makes the number |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10990 smaller and smaller can be a simple @code{setq} such as @code{(setq |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10991 counter (1- counter))}, where @code{1-} is a built-in function in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10992 Emacs Lisp that subtracts 1 from its argument. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10993 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10994 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10995 The template for a decrementing @code{while} loop looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10996 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10997 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10998 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
10999 (while (> counter 0) ; @r{true-or-false-test} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11000 @var{body}@dots{} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11001 (setq counter (1- counter))) ; @r{decrementer} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11002 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11003 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11004 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11005 @menu |
73854
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
11006 * Decrementing Example:: More pebbles on the beach. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
11007 * Dec Example parts:: The parts of the function definition. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
11008 * Dec Example altogether:: Putting the function definition together. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11009 @end menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11010 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11011 @node Decrementing Example, Dec Example parts, Decrementing Loop, Decrementing Loop |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11012 @unnumberedsubsubsec Example with decrementing counter |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11013 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11014 To illustrate a loop with a decrementing counter, we will rewrite the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11015 @code{triangle} function so the counter decreases to zero. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11016 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11017 This is the reverse of the earlier version of the function. In this |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11018 case, to find out how many pebbles are needed to make a triangle with |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11019 3 rows, add the number of pebbles in the third row, 3, to the number |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11020 in the preceding row, 2, and then add the total of those two rows to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11021 the row that precedes them, which is 1. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11022 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11023 Likewise, to find the number of pebbles in a triangle with 7 rows, add |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11024 the number of pebbles in the seventh row, 7, to the number in the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11025 preceding row, which is 6, and then add the total of those two rows to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11026 the row that precedes them, which is 5, and so on. As in the previous |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11027 example, each addition only involves adding two numbers, the total of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11028 the rows already added up and the number of pebbles in the row that is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11029 being added to the total. This process of adding two numbers is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11030 repeated again and again until there are no more pebbles to add. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11031 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11032 We know how many pebbles to start with: the number of pebbles in the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11033 last row is equal to the number of rows. If the triangle has seven |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11034 rows, the number of pebbles in the last row is 7. Likewise, we know how |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11035 many pebbles are in the preceding row: it is one less than the number in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11036 the row. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11037 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11038 @node Dec Example parts, Dec Example altogether, Decrementing Example, Decrementing Loop |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11039 @unnumberedsubsubsec The parts of the function definition |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11040 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11041 We start with three variables: the total number of rows in the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11042 triangle; the number of pebbles in a row; and the total number of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11043 pebbles, which is what we want to calculate. These variables can be |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11044 named @code{number-of-rows}, @code{number-of-pebbles-in-row}, and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11045 @code{total}, respectively. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11046 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11047 Both @code{total} and @code{number-of-pebbles-in-row} are used only |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11048 inside the function and are declared with @code{let}. The initial |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11049 value of @code{total} should, of course, be zero. However, the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11050 initial value of @code{number-of-pebbles-in-row} should be equal to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11051 the number of rows in the triangle, since the addition will start with |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11052 the longest row. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11053 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11054 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11055 This means that the beginning of the @code{let} expression will look |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11056 like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11057 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11058 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11059 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11060 (let ((total 0) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11061 (number-of-pebbles-in-row number-of-rows)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11062 @var{body}@dots{}) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11063 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11064 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11065 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11066 The total number of pebbles can be found by repeatedly adding the number |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11067 of pebbles in a row to the total already found, that is, by repeatedly |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11068 evaluating the following expression: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11069 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11070 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11071 (setq total (+ total number-of-pebbles-in-row)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11072 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11073 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11074 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11075 After the @code{number-of-pebbles-in-row} is added to the @code{total}, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11076 the @code{number-of-pebbles-in-row} should be decremented by one, since |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11077 the next time the loop repeats, the preceding row will be |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11078 added to the total. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11079 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11080 The number of pebbles in a preceding row is one less than the number of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11081 pebbles in a row, so the built-in Emacs Lisp function @code{1-} can be |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11082 used to compute the number of pebbles in the preceding row. This can be |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11083 done with the following expression: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11084 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11085 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11086 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11087 (setq number-of-pebbles-in-row |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11088 (1- number-of-pebbles-in-row)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11089 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11090 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11091 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11092 Finally, we know that the @code{while} loop should stop making repeated |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11093 additions when there are no pebbles in a row. So the test for |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11094 the @code{while} loop is simply: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11095 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11096 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11097 (while (> number-of-pebbles-in-row 0) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11098 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11099 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11100 @node Dec Example altogether, , Dec Example parts, Decrementing Loop |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11101 @unnumberedsubsubsec Putting the function definition together |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11102 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11103 We can put these expressions together to create a function definition |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11104 that works. However, on examination, we find that one of the local |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11105 variables is unneeded! |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11106 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11107 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11108 The function definition looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11109 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11110 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11111 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11112 ;;; @r{First subtractive version.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11113 (defun triangle (number-of-rows) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11114 "Add up the number of pebbles in a triangle." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11115 (let ((total 0) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11116 (number-of-pebbles-in-row number-of-rows)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11117 (while (> number-of-pebbles-in-row 0) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11118 (setq total (+ total number-of-pebbles-in-row)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11119 (setq number-of-pebbles-in-row |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11120 (1- number-of-pebbles-in-row))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11121 total)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11122 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11123 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11124 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11125 As written, this function works. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11126 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11127 However, we do not need @code{number-of-pebbles-in-row}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11128 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11129 @cindex Argument as local variable |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11130 When the @code{triangle} function is evaluated, the symbol |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11131 @code{number-of-rows} will be bound to a number, giving it an initial |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11132 value. That number can be changed in the body of the function as if |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11133 it were a local variable, without any fear that such a change will |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11134 effect the value of the variable outside of the function. This is a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11135 very useful characteristic of Lisp; it means that the variable |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11136 @code{number-of-rows} can be used anywhere in the function where |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11137 @code{number-of-pebbles-in-row} is used. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11138 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11139 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11140 Here is a second version of the function written a bit more cleanly: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11141 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11142 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11143 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11144 (defun triangle (number) ; @r{Second version.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11145 "Return sum of numbers 1 through NUMBER inclusive." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11146 (let ((total 0)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11147 (while (> number 0) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11148 (setq total (+ total number)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11149 (setq number (1- number))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11150 total)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11151 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11152 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11153 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11154 In brief, a properly written @code{while} loop will consist of three parts: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11155 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11156 @enumerate |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11157 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11158 A test that will return false after the loop has repeated itself the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11159 correct number of times. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11160 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11161 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11162 An expression the evaluation of which will return the value desired |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11163 after being repeatedly evaluated. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11164 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11165 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11166 An expression to change the value passed to the true-or-false-test so |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11167 that the test returns false after the loop has repeated itself the right |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11168 number of times. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11169 @end enumerate |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11170 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11171 @node dolist dotimes, Recursion, while, Loops & Recursion |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11172 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11173 @section Save your time: @code{dolist} and @code{dotimes} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11174 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11175 In addition to @code{while}, both @code{dolist} and @code{dotimes} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11176 provide for looping. Sometimes these are quicker to write than the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11177 equivalent @code{while} loop. Both are Lisp macros. (@xref{Macros, , |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11178 Macros, elisp, The GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. ) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11179 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11180 @code{dolist} works like a @code{while} loop that `@sc{cdr}s down a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11181 list': @code{dolist} automatically shortens the list each time it |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11182 loops---takes the @sc{cdr} of the list---and binds the @sc{car} of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11183 each shorter version of the list to the first of its arguments. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11184 |
44899
ebddb2618c17
Fixed typographic errors.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
43431
diff
changeset
|
11185 @code{dotimes} loops a specific number of times: you specify the number. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11186 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11187 @menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11188 * dolist:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11189 * dotimes:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11190 @end menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11191 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11192 @node dolist, dotimes, dolist dotimes, dolist dotimes |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11193 @unnumberedsubsubsec The @code{dolist} Macro |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11194 @findex dolist |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11195 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11196 Suppose, for example, you want to reverse a list, so that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11197 ``first'' ``second'' ``third'' becomes ``third'' ``second'' ``first''. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11198 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11199 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11200 In practice, you would use the @code{reverse} function, like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11201 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11202 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11203 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11204 (setq animals '(gazelle giraffe lion tiger)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11205 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11206 (reverse animals) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11207 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11208 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11209 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11210 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11211 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11212 Here is how you could reverse the list using a @code{while} loop: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11213 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11214 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11215 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11216 (setq animals '(gazelle giraffe lion tiger)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11217 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11218 (defun reverse-list-with-while (list) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11219 "Using while, reverse the order of LIST." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11220 (let (value) ; make sure list starts empty |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11221 (while list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11222 (setq value (cons (car list) value)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11223 (setq list (cdr list))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11224 value)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11225 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11226 (reverse-list-with-while animals) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11227 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11228 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11229 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11230 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11231 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11232 And here is how you could use the @code{dolist} macro: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11233 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11234 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11235 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11236 (setq animals '(gazelle giraffe lion tiger)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11237 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11238 (defun reverse-list-with-dolist (list) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11239 "Using dolist, reverse the order of LIST." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11240 (let (value) ; make sure list starts empty |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11241 (dolist (element list value) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11242 (setq value (cons element value))))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11243 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11244 (reverse-list-with-dolist animals) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11245 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11246 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11247 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11248 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11249 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11250 In Info, you can place your cursor after the closing parenthesis of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11251 each expression and type @kbd{C-x C-e}; in each case, you should see |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11252 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11253 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11254 (tiger lion giraffe gazelle) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11255 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11256 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11257 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11258 in the echo area. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11259 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11260 For this example, the existing @code{reverse} function is obviously best. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11261 The @code{while} loop is just like our first example (@pxref{Loop |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11262 Example, , A @code{while} Loop and a List}). The @code{while} first |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11263 checks whether the list has elements; if so, it constructs a new list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11264 by adding the first element of the list to the existing list (which in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11265 the first iteration of the loop is @code{nil}). Since the second |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11266 element is prepended in front of the first element, and the third |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11267 element is prepended in front of the second element, the list is reversed. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11268 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11269 In the expression using a @code{while} loop, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11270 the @w{@code{(setq list (cdr list))}} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11271 expression shortens the list, so the @code{while} loop eventually |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11272 stops. In addition, it provides the @code{cons} expression with a new |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11273 first element by creating a new and shorter list at each repetition of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11274 the loop. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11275 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11276 The @code{dolist} expression does very much the same as the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11277 @code{while} expression, except that the @code{dolist} macro does some |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11278 of the work you have to do when writing a @code{while} expression. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11279 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11280 Like a @code{while} loop, a @code{dolist} loops. What is different is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11281 that it automatically shortens the list each time it loops --- it |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11282 `@sc{cdr}s down the list' on its own --- and it automatically binds |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11283 the @sc{car} of each shorter version of the list to the first of its |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11284 arguments. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11285 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11286 In the example, the @sc{car} of each shorter version of the list is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11287 referred to using the symbol @samp{element}, the list itself is called |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11288 @samp{list}, and the value returned is called @samp{value}. The |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11289 remainder of the @code{dolist} expression is the body. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11290 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11291 The @code{dolist} expression binds the @sc{car} of each shorter |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11292 version of the list to @code{element} and then evaluates the body of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11293 the expression; and repeats the loop. The result is returned in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11294 @code{value}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11295 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11296 @node dotimes, , dolist, dolist dotimes |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11297 @unnumberedsubsubsec The @code{dotimes} Macro |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11298 @findex dotimes |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11299 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11300 The @code{dotimes} macro is similar to @code{dolist}, except that it |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11301 loops a specific number of times. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11302 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11303 The first argument to @code{dotimes} is assigned the numbers 0, 1, 2 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11304 and so forth each time around the loop, and the value of the third |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11305 argument is returned. You need to provide the value of the second |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11306 argument, which is how many times the macro loops. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11307 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11308 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11309 For example, the following binds the numbers from 0 up to, but not |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11310 including, the number 3 to the first argument, @var{number}, and then |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11311 constructs a list of the three numbers. (The first number is 0, the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11312 second number is 1, and the third number is 2; this makes a total of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11313 three numbers in all, starting with zero as the first number.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11314 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11315 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11316 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11317 (let (value) ; otherwise a value is a void variable |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11318 (dotimes (number 3 value) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11319 (setq value (cons number value)))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11320 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11321 @result{} (2 1 0) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11322 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11323 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11324 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11325 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11326 @code{dotimes} returns @code{value}, so the way to use |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11327 @code{dotimes} is to operate on some expression @var{number} number of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11328 times and then return the result, either as a list or an atom. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11329 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11330 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11331 Here is an example of a @code{defun} that uses @code{dotimes} to add |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11332 up the number of pebbles in a triangle. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11333 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11334 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11335 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11336 (defun triangle-using-dotimes (number-of-rows) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11337 "Using dotimes, add up the number of pebbles in a triangle." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11338 (let ((total 0)) ; otherwise a total is a void variable |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11339 (dotimes (number number-of-rows total) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11340 (setq total (+ total (1+ number)))))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11341 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11342 (triangle-using-dotimes 4) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11343 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11344 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11345 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11346 @node Recursion, Looping exercise, dolist dotimes, Loops & Recursion |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11347 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11348 @section Recursion |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11349 @cindex Recursion |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11350 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11351 A recursive function contains code that tells the Lisp interpreter to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11352 call a program that runs exactly like itself, but with slightly |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11353 different arguments. The code runs exactly the same because it has |
45663
046819540e6d
Fix typos, clarify language.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
44899
diff
changeset
|
11354 the same name. However, even though the program has the same name, it |
046819540e6d
Fix typos, clarify language.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
44899
diff
changeset
|
11355 is not the same entity. It is different. In the jargon, it is a |
046819540e6d
Fix typos, clarify language.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
44899
diff
changeset
|
11356 different `instance'. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11357 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11358 Eventually, if the program is written correctly, the `slightly |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11359 different arguments' will become sufficiently different from the first |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11360 arguments that the final instance will stop. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11361 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11362 @menu |
73854
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
11363 * Building Robots:: Same model, different serial number ... |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
11364 * Recursive Definition Parts:: Walk until you stop ... |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
11365 * Recursion with list:: Using a list as the test whether to recurse. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11366 * Recursive triangle function:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11367 * Recursion with cond:: |
73854
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
11368 * Recursive Patterns:: Often used templates. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
11369 * No Deferment:: Don't store up work ... |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11370 * No deferment solution:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11371 @end menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11372 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11373 @node Building Robots, Recursive Definition Parts, Recursion, Recursion |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11374 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11375 @subsection Building Robots: Extending the Metaphor |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11376 @cindex Building robots |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11377 @cindex Robots, building |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11378 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11379 It is sometimes helpful to think of a running program as a robot that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11380 does a job. In doing its job, a recursive function calls on a second |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11381 robot to help it. The second robot is identical to the first in every |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11382 way, except that the second robot helps the first and has been |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11383 passed different arguments than the first. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11384 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11385 In a recursive function, the second robot may call a third; and the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11386 third may call a fourth, and so on. Each of these is a different |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11387 entity; but all are clones. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11388 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11389 Since each robot has slightly different instructions---the arguments |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11390 will differ from one robot to the next---the last robot should know |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11391 when to stop. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11392 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11393 Let's expand on the metaphor in which a computer program is a robot. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11394 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11395 A function definition provides the blueprints for a robot. When you |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11396 install a function definition, that is, when you evaluate a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11397 @code{defun} special form, you install the necessary equipment to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11398 build robots. It is as if you were in a factory, setting up an |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11399 assembly line. Robots with the same name are built according to the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11400 same blueprints. So they have, as it were, the same `model number', |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11401 but a different `serial number'. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11402 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11403 We often say that a recursive function `calls itself'. What we mean |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11404 is that the instructions in a recursive function cause the Lisp |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11405 interpreter to run a different function that has the same name and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11406 does the same job as the first, but with different arguments. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11407 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11408 It is important that the arguments differ from one instance to the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11409 next; otherwise, the process will never stop. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11410 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11411 @node Recursive Definition Parts, Recursion with list, Building Robots, Recursion |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11412 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11413 @subsection The Parts of a Recursive Definition |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11414 @cindex Parts of a Recursive Definition |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11415 @cindex Recursive Definition Parts |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11416 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11417 A recursive function typically contains a conditional expression which |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11418 has three parts: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11419 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11420 @enumerate |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11421 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11422 A true-or-false-test that determines whether the function is called |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11423 again, here called the @dfn{do-again-test}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11424 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11425 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11426 The name of the function. When this name is called, a new instance of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11427 the function---a new robot, as it were---is created and told what to do. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11428 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11429 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11430 An expression that returns a different value each time the function is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11431 called, here called the @dfn{next-step-expression}. Consequently, the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11432 argument (or arguments) passed to the new instance of the function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11433 will be different from that passed to the previous instance. This |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11434 causes the conditional expression, the @dfn{do-again-test}, to test |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11435 false after the correct number of repetitions. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11436 @end enumerate |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11437 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11438 Recursive functions can be much simpler than any other kind of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11439 function. Indeed, when people first start to use them, they often look |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11440 so mysteriously simple as to be incomprehensible. Like riding a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11441 bicycle, reading a recursive function definition takes a certain knack |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11442 which is hard at first but then seems simple. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11443 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11444 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11445 There are several different common recursive patterns. A very simple |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11446 pattern looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11447 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11448 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11449 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11450 (defun @var{name-of-recursive-function} (@var{argument-list}) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11451 "@var{documentation}@dots{}" |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11452 (if @var{do-again-test} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11453 @var{body}@dots{} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11454 (@var{name-of-recursive-function} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11455 @var{next-step-expression}))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11456 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11457 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11458 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11459 Each time a recursive function is evaluated, a new instance of it is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11460 created and told what to do. The arguments tell the instance what to do. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11461 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11462 An argument is bound to the value of the next-step-expression. Each |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11463 instance runs with a different value of the next-step-expression. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11464 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11465 The value in the next-step-expression is used in the do-again-test. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11466 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11467 The value returned by the next-step-expression is passed to the new |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11468 instance of the function, which evaluates it (or some |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11469 transmogrification of it) to determine whether to continue or stop. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11470 The next-step-expression is designed so that the do-again-test returns |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11471 false when the function should no longer be repeated. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11472 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11473 The do-again-test is sometimes called the @dfn{stop condition}, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11474 since it stops the repetitions when it tests false. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11475 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11476 @node Recursion with list, Recursive triangle function, Recursive Definition Parts, Recursion |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11477 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11478 @subsection Recursion with a List |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11479 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11480 The example of a @code{while} loop that printed the elements of a list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11481 of numbers can be written recursively. Here is the code, including |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11482 an expression to set the value of the variable @code{animals} to a list. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11483 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
11484 If you are using GNU Emacs 20 or before, this example must be copied |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
11485 to the @file{*scratch*} buffer and each expression must be evaluated |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11486 there. Use @kbd{C-u C-x C-e} to evaluate the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11487 @code{(print-elements-recursively animals)} expression so that the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11488 results are printed in the buffer; otherwise the Lisp interpreter will |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11489 try to squeeze the results into the one line of the echo area. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11490 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11491 Also, place your cursor immediately after the last closing parenthesis |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11492 of the @code{print-elements-recursively} function, before the comment. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11493 Otherwise, the Lisp interpreter will try to evaluate the comment. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11494 |
73706
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
11495 If you are using a more recent version of Emacs, you can evaluate this |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
11496 expression directly in Info. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11497 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11498 @findex print-elements-recursively |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11499 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11500 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11501 (setq animals '(gazelle giraffe lion tiger)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11502 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11503 (defun print-elements-recursively (list) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11504 "Print each element of LIST on a line of its own. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11505 Uses recursion." |
73706
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
11506 (when list ; @r{do-again-test} |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11507 (print (car list)) ; @r{body} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11508 (print-elements-recursively ; @r{recursive call} |
73706
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
11509 (cdr list)))) ; @r{next-step-expression} |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11510 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11511 (print-elements-recursively animals) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11512 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11513 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11514 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11515 The @code{print-elements-recursively} function first tests whether |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11516 there is any content in the list; if there is, the function prints the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11517 first element of the list, the @sc{car} of the list. Then the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11518 function `invokes itself', but gives itself as its argument, not the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11519 whole list, but the second and subsequent elements of the list, the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11520 @sc{cdr} of the list. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11521 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11522 Put another way, if the list is not empty, the function invokes |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11523 another instance of code that is similar to the initial code, but is a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11524 different thread of execution, with different arguments than the first |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11525 instance. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11526 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11527 Put in yet another way, if the list is not empty, the first robot |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11528 assemblies a second robot and tells it what to do; the second robot is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11529 a different individual from the first, but is the same model. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11530 |
73706
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
11531 When the second evaluation occurs, the @code{when} expression is |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11532 evaluated and if true, prints the first element of the list it |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11533 receives as its argument (which is the second element of the original |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11534 list). Then the function `calls itself' with the @sc{cdr} of the list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11535 it is invoked with, which (the second time around) is the @sc{cdr} of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11536 the @sc{cdr} of the original list. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11537 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11538 Note that although we say that the function `calls itself', what we |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11539 mean is that the Lisp interpreter assembles and instructs a new |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11540 instance of the program. The new instance is a clone of the first, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11541 but is a separate individual. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11542 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11543 Each time the function `invokes itself', it invokes itself on a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11544 shorter version of the original list. It creates a new instance that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11545 works on a shorter list. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11546 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11547 Eventually, the function invokes itself on an empty list. It creates |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11548 a new instance whose argument is @code{nil}. The conditional expression |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11549 tests the value of @code{list}. Since the value of @code{list} is |
73706
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
11550 @code{nil}, the @code{when} expression tests false so the then-part is |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11551 not evaluated. The function as a whole then returns @code{nil}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11552 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11553 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11554 When you evaluate @code{(print-elements-recursively animals)} in the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11555 @file{*scratch*} buffer, you see this result: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11556 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11557 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11558 @group |
45663
046819540e6d
Fix typos, clarify language.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
44899
diff
changeset
|
11559 gazelle |
046819540e6d
Fix typos, clarify language.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
44899
diff
changeset
|
11560 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11561 giraffe |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11562 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11563 lion |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11564 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11565 tiger |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11566 nil |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11567 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11568 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11569 |
73706
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
11570 @need 2000 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11571 @node Recursive triangle function, Recursion with cond, Recursion with list, Recursion |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11572 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11573 @subsection Recursion in Place of a Counter |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11574 @findex triangle-recursively |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11575 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11576 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11577 The @code{triangle} function described in a previous section can also |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11578 be written recursively. It looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11579 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11580 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11581 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11582 (defun triangle-recursively (number) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11583 "Return the sum of the numbers 1 through NUMBER inclusive. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11584 Uses recursion." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11585 (if (= number 1) ; @r{do-again-test} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11586 1 ; @r{then-part} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11587 (+ number ; @r{else-part} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11588 (triangle-recursively ; @r{recursive call} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11589 (1- number))))) ; @r{next-step-expression} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11590 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11591 (triangle-recursively 7) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11592 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11593 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11594 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11595 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11596 You can install this function by evaluating it and then try it by |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11597 evaluating @code{(triangle-recursively 7)}. (Remember to put your |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11598 cursor immediately after the last parenthesis of the function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11599 definition, before the comment.) The function evaluates to 28. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11600 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11601 To understand how this function works, let's consider what happens in the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11602 various cases when the function is passed 1, 2, 3, or 4 as the value of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11603 its argument. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11604 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11605 @menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11606 * Recursive Example arg of 1 or 2:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11607 * Recursive Example arg of 3 or 4:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11608 @end menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11609 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11610 @node Recursive Example arg of 1 or 2, Recursive Example arg of 3 or 4, Recursive triangle function, Recursive triangle function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11611 @ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11612 @unnumberedsubsubsec An argument of 1 or 2 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11613 @end ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11614 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11615 First, what happens if the value of the argument is 1? |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11616 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11617 The function has an @code{if} expression after the documentation |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11618 string. It tests whether the value of @code{number} is equal to 1; if |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11619 so, Emacs evaluates the then-part of the @code{if} expression, which |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11620 returns the number 1 as the value of the function. (A triangle with |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11621 one row has one pebble in it.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11622 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11623 Suppose, however, that the value of the argument is 2. In this case, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11624 Emacs evaluates the else-part of the @code{if} expression. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11625 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11626 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11627 The else-part consists of an addition, the recursive call to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11628 @code{triangle-recursively} and a decrementing action; and it looks like |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11629 this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11630 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11631 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11632 (+ number (triangle-recursively (1- number))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11633 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11634 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11635 When Emacs evaluates this expression, the innermost expression is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11636 evaluated first; then the other parts in sequence. Here are the steps |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11637 in detail: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11638 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11639 @table @i |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11640 @item Step 1 @w{ } Evaluate the innermost expression. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11641 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11642 The innermost expression is @code{(1- number)} so Emacs decrements the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11643 value of @code{number} from 2 to 1. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11644 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11645 @item Step 2 @w{ } Evaluate the @code{triangle-recursively} function. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11646 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11647 The Lisp interpreter creates an individual instance of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11648 @code{triangle-recursively}. It does not matter that this function is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11649 contained within itself. Emacs passes the result Step 1 as the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11650 argument used by this instance of the @code{triangle-recursively} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11651 function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11652 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11653 In this case, Emacs evaluates @code{triangle-recursively} with an |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11654 argument of 1. This means that this evaluation of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11655 @code{triangle-recursively} returns 1. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11656 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11657 @item Step 3 @w{ } Evaluate the value of @code{number}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11658 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11659 The variable @code{number} is the second element of the list that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11660 starts with @code{+}; its value is 2. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11661 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11662 @item Step 4 @w{ } Evaluate the @code{+} expression. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11663 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11664 The @code{+} expression receives two arguments, the first |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11665 from the evaluation of @code{number} (Step 3) and the second from the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11666 evaluation of @code{triangle-recursively} (Step 2). |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11667 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11668 The result of the addition is the sum of 2 plus 1, and the number 3 is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11669 returned, which is correct. A triangle with two rows has three |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11670 pebbles in it. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11671 @end table |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11672 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11673 @node Recursive Example arg of 3 or 4, , Recursive Example arg of 1 or 2, Recursive triangle function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11674 @unnumberedsubsubsec An argument of 3 or 4 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11675 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11676 Suppose that @code{triangle-recursively} is called with an argument of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11677 3. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11678 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11679 @table @i |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11680 @item Step 1 @w{ } Evaluate the do-again-test. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11681 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11682 The @code{if} expression is evaluated first. This is the do-again |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11683 test and returns false, so the else-part of the @code{if} expression |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11684 is evaluated. (Note that in this example, the do-again-test causes |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11685 the function to call itself when it tests false, not when it tests |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11686 true.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11687 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11688 @item Step 2 @w{ } Evaluate the innermost expression of the else-part. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11689 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11690 The innermost expression of the else-part is evaluated, which decrements |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11691 3 to 2. This is the next-step-expression. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11692 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11693 @item Step 3 @w{ } Evaluate the @code{triangle-recursively} function. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11694 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11695 The number 2 is passed to the @code{triangle-recursively} function. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11696 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11697 We know what happens when Emacs evaluates @code{triangle-recursively} with |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11698 an argument of 2. After going through the sequence of actions described |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11699 earlier, it returns a value of 3. So that is what will happen here. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11700 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11701 @item Step 4 @w{ } Evaluate the addition. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11702 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11703 3 will be passed as an argument to the addition and will be added to the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11704 number with which the function was called, which is 3. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11705 @end table |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11706 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11707 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11708 The value returned by the function as a whole will be 6. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11709 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11710 Now that we know what will happen when @code{triangle-recursively} is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11711 called with an argument of 3, it is evident what will happen if it is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11712 called with an argument of 4: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11713 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11714 @quotation |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11715 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11716 In the recursive call, the evaluation of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11717 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11718 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11719 (triangle-recursively (1- 4)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11720 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11721 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11722 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11723 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11724 will return the value of evaluating |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11725 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11726 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11727 (triangle-recursively 3) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11728 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11729 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11730 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11731 which is 6 and this value will be added to 4 by the addition in the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11732 third line. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11733 @end quotation |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11734 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11735 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11736 The value returned by the function as a whole will be 10. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11737 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11738 Each time @code{triangle-recursively} is evaluated, it evaluates a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11739 version of itself---a different instance of itself---with a smaller |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11740 argument, until the argument is small enough so that it does not |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11741 evaluate itself. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11742 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11743 Note that this particular design for a recursive function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11744 requires that operations be deferred. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11745 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11746 Before @code{(triangle-recursively 7)} can calculate its answer, it |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11747 must call @code{(triangle-recursively 6)}; and before |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11748 @code{(triangle-recursively 6)} can calculate its answer, it must call |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11749 @code{(triangle-recursively 5)}; and so on. That is to say, the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11750 calculation that @code{(triangle-recursively 7)} makes must be |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11751 deferred until @code{(triangle-recursively 6)} makes its calculation; |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11752 and @code{(triangle-recursively 6)} must defer until |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11753 @code{(triangle-recursively 5)} completes; and so on. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11754 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11755 If each of these instances of @code{triangle-recursively} are thought |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11756 of as different robots, the first robot must wait for the second to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11757 complete its job, which must wait until the third completes, and so |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11758 on. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11759 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11760 There is a way around this kind of waiting, which we will discuss in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11761 @ref{No Deferment, , Recursion without Deferments}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11762 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11763 @node Recursion with cond, Recursive Patterns, Recursive triangle function, Recursion |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11764 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11765 @subsection Recursion Example Using @code{cond} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11766 @findex cond |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11767 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11768 The version of @code{triangle-recursively} described earlier is written |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11769 with the @code{if} special form. It can also be written using another |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11770 special form called @code{cond}. The name of the special form |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11771 @code{cond} is an abbreviation of the word @samp{conditional}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11772 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11773 Although the @code{cond} special form is not used as often in the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11774 Emacs Lisp sources as @code{if}, it is used often enough to justify |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11775 explaining it. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11776 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11777 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11778 The template for a @code{cond} expression looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11779 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11780 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11781 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11782 (cond |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11783 @var{body}@dots{}) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11784 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11785 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11786 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11787 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11788 where the @var{body} is a series of lists. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11789 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11790 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11791 Written out more fully, the template looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11792 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11793 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11794 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11795 (cond |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11796 (@var{first-true-or-false-test} @var{first-consequent}) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11797 (@var{second-true-or-false-test} @var{second-consequent}) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11798 (@var{third-true-or-false-test} @var{third-consequent}) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11799 @dots{}) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11800 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11801 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11802 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11803 When the Lisp interpreter evaluates the @code{cond} expression, it |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11804 evaluates the first element (the @sc{car} or true-or-false-test) of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11805 the first expression in a series of expressions within the body of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11806 @code{cond}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11807 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11808 If the true-or-false-test returns @code{nil} the rest of that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11809 expression, the consequent, is skipped and the true-or-false-test of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11810 next expression is evaluated. When an expression is found whose |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11811 true-or-false-test returns a value that is not @code{nil}, the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11812 consequent of that expression is evaluated. The consequent can be one |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11813 or more expressions. If the consequent consists of more than one |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11814 expression, the expressions are evaluated in sequence and the value of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11815 the last one is returned. If the expression does not have a consequent, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11816 the value of the true-or-false-test is returned. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11817 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11818 If none of the true-or-false-tests test true, the @code{cond} expression |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11819 returns @code{nil}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11820 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11821 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11822 Written using @code{cond}, the @code{triangle} function looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11823 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11824 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11825 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11826 (defun triangle-using-cond (number) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11827 (cond ((<= number 0) 0) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11828 ((= number 1) 1) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11829 ((> number 1) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11830 (+ number (triangle-using-cond (1- number)))))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11831 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11832 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11833 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11834 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11835 In this example, the @code{cond} returns 0 if the number is less than or |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11836 equal to 0, it returns 1 if the number is 1 and it evaluates @code{(+ |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11837 number (triangle-using-cond (1- number)))} if the number is greater than |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11838 1. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11839 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11840 @node Recursive Patterns, No Deferment, Recursion with cond, Recursion |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11841 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11842 @subsection Recursive Patterns |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11843 @cindex Recursive Patterns |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11844 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11845 Here are three common recursive patterns. Each involves a list. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11846 Recursion does not need to involve lists, but Lisp is designed for lists |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11847 and this provides a sense of its primal capabilities. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11848 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11849 @menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11850 * Every:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11851 * Accumulate:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11852 * Keep:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11853 @end menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11854 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11855 @node Every, Accumulate, Recursive Patterns, Recursive Patterns |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11856 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11857 @unnumberedsubsubsec Recursive Pattern: @emph{every} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11858 @cindex Every, type of recursive pattern |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11859 @cindex Recursive pattern: every |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11860 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11861 In the @code{every} recursive pattern, an action is performed on every |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11862 element of a list. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11863 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11864 @need 1500 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11865 The basic pattern is: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11866 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11867 @itemize @bullet |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11868 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11869 If a list be empty, return @code{nil}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11870 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11871 Else, act on the beginning of the list (the @sc{car} of the list) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11872 @itemize @minus |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11873 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11874 through a recursive call by the function on the rest (the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11875 @sc{cdr}) of the list, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11876 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11877 and, optionally, combine the acted-on element, using @code{cons}, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11878 with the results of acting on the rest. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11879 @end itemize |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11880 @end itemize |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11881 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11882 @need 1500 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11883 Here is example: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11884 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11885 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11886 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11887 (defun square-each (numbers-list) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11888 "Square each of a NUMBERS LIST, recursively." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11889 (if (not numbers-list) ; do-again-test |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11890 nil |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11891 (cons |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11892 (* (car numbers-list) (car numbers-list)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11893 (square-each (cdr numbers-list))))) ; next-step-expression |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11894 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11895 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11896 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11897 (square-each '(1 2 3)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11898 @result{} (1 4 9) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11899 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11900 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11901 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11902 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11903 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11904 If @code{numbers-list} is empty, do nothing. But if it has content, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11905 construct a list combining the square of the first number in the list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11906 with the result of the recursive call. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11907 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11908 (The example follows the pattern exactly: @code{nil} is returned if |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11909 the numbers' list is empty. In practice, you would write the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11910 conditional so it carries out the action when the numbers' list is not |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11911 empty.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11912 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11913 The @code{print-elements-recursively} function (@pxref{Recursion with |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11914 list, , Recursion with a List}) is another example of an @code{every} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11915 pattern, except in this case, rather than bring the results together |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11916 using @code{cons}, we print each element of output. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11917 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11918 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11919 The @code{print-elements-recursively} function looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11920 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11921 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11922 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11923 (setq animals '(gazelle giraffe lion tiger)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11924 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11925 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11926 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11927 (defun print-elements-recursively (list) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11928 "Print each element of LIST on a line of its own. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11929 Uses recursion." |
73706
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
11930 (when list ; @r{do-again-test} |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11931 (print (car list)) ; @r{body} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11932 (print-elements-recursively ; @r{recursive call} |
73706
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
11933 (cdr list)))) ; @r{next-step-expression} |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11934 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11935 (print-elements-recursively animals) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11936 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11937 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11938 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11939 @need 1500 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11940 The pattern for @code{print-elements-recursively} is: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11941 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11942 @itemize @bullet |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11943 @item |
73706
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
11944 When the list is empty, do nothing. |
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
11945 @item |
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
11946 But when the list has at least one element, |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11947 @itemize @minus |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11948 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11949 act on the beginning of the list (the @sc{car} of the list), |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11950 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11951 and make a recursive call on the rest (the @sc{cdr}) of the list. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11952 @end itemize |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11953 @end itemize |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11954 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11955 @node Accumulate, Keep, Every, Recursive Patterns |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11956 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11957 @unnumberedsubsubsec Recursive Pattern: @emph{accumulate} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11958 @cindex Accumulate, type of recursive pattern |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11959 @cindex Recursive pattern: accumulate |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11960 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11961 Another recursive pattern is called the @code{accumulate} pattern. In |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11962 the @code{accumulate} recursive pattern, an action is performed on |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11963 every element of a list and the result of that action is accumulated |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11964 with the results of performing the action on the other elements. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11965 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11966 This is very like the `every' pattern using @code{cons}, except that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11967 @code{cons} is not used, but some other combiner. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11968 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11969 @need 1500 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11970 The pattern is: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11971 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11972 @itemize @bullet |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11973 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11974 If a list be empty, return zero or some other constant. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11975 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11976 Else, act on the beginning of the list (the @sc{car} of the list), |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11977 @itemize @minus |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11978 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11979 and combine that acted-on element, using @code{+} or |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11980 some other combining function, with |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11981 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11982 a recursive call by the function on the rest (the @sc{cdr}) of the list. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11983 @end itemize |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11984 @end itemize |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11985 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11986 @need 1500 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11987 Here is an example: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11988 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11989 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11990 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11991 (defun add-elements (numbers-list) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11992 "Add the elements of NUMBERS-LIST together." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11993 (if (not numbers-list) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11994 0 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11995 (+ (car numbers-list) (add-elements (cdr numbers-list))))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11996 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11997 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11998 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
11999 (add-elements '(1 2 3 4)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12000 @result{} 10 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12001 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12002 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12003 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12004 @xref{Files List, , Making a List of Files}, for an example of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12005 accumulate pattern. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12006 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12007 @node Keep, , Accumulate, Recursive Patterns |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12008 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12009 @unnumberedsubsubsec Recursive Pattern: @emph{keep} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12010 @cindex Keep, type of recursive pattern |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12011 @cindex Recursive pattern: keep |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12012 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12013 A third recursive pattern is called the @code{keep} pattern. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12014 In the @code{keep} recursive pattern, each element of a list is tested; |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12015 the element is acted on and the results are kept only if the element |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12016 meets a criterion. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12017 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12018 Again, this is very like the `every' pattern, except the element is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12019 skipped unless it meets a criterion. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12020 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12021 @need 1500 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12022 The pattern has three parts: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12023 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12024 @itemize @bullet |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12025 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12026 If a list be empty, return @code{nil}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12027 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12028 Else, if the beginning of the list (the @sc{car} of the list) passes |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12029 a test |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12030 @itemize @minus |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12031 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12032 act on that element and combine it, using @code{cons} with |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12033 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12034 a recursive call by the function on the rest (the @sc{cdr}) of the list. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12035 @end itemize |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12036 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12037 Otherwise, if the beginning of the list (the @sc{car} of the list) fails |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12038 the test |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12039 @itemize @minus |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12040 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12041 skip on that element, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12042 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12043 and, recursively call the function on the rest (the @sc{cdr}) of the list. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12044 @end itemize |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12045 @end itemize |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12046 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12047 @need 1500 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12048 Here is an example that uses @code{cond}: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12049 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12050 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12051 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12052 (defun keep-three-letter-words (word-list) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12053 "Keep three letter words in WORD-LIST." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12054 (cond |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12055 ;; First do-again-test: stop-condition |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12056 ((not word-list) nil) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12057 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12058 ;; Second do-again-test: when to act |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12059 ((eq 3 (length (symbol-name (car word-list)))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12060 ;; combine acted-on element with recursive call on shorter list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12061 (cons (car word-list) (keep-three-letter-words (cdr word-list)))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12062 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12063 ;; Third do-again-test: when to skip element; |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12064 ;; recursively call shorter list with next-step expression |
73706
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
12065 (t (keep-three-letter-words (cdr word-list))))) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12066 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12067 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12068 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12069 (keep-three-letter-words '(one two three four five six)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12070 @result{} (one two six) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12071 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12072 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12073 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12074 It goes without saying that you need not use @code{nil} as the test for |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12075 when to stop; and you can, of course, combine these patterns. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12076 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12077 @node No Deferment, No deferment solution, Recursive Patterns, Recursion |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12078 @subsection Recursion without Deferments |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12079 @cindex Deferment in recursion |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12080 @cindex Recursion without Deferments |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12081 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12082 Let's consider again what happens with the @code{triangle-recursively} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12083 function. We will find that the intermediate calculations are |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12084 deferred until all can be done. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12085 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12086 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12087 Here is the function definition: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12088 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12089 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12090 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12091 (defun triangle-recursively (number) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12092 "Return the sum of the numbers 1 through NUMBER inclusive. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12093 Uses recursion." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12094 (if (= number 1) ; @r{do-again-test} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12095 1 ; @r{then-part} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12096 (+ number ; @r{else-part} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12097 (triangle-recursively ; @r{recursive call} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12098 (1- number))))) ; @r{next-step-expression} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12099 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12100 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12101 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12102 What happens when we call this function with a argument of 7? |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12103 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12104 The first instance of the @code{triangle-recursively} function adds |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12105 the number 7 to the value returned by a second instance of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12106 @code{triangle-recursively}, an instance that has been passed an |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12107 argument of 6. That is to say, the first calculation is: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12108 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12109 @smallexample |
45663
046819540e6d
Fix typos, clarify language.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
44899
diff
changeset
|
12110 (+ 7 (triangle-recursively 6)) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12111 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12112 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12113 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12114 The first instance of @code{triangle-recursively}---you may want to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12115 think of it as a little robot---cannot complete its job. It must hand |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12116 off the calculation for @code{(triangle-recursively 6)} to a second |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12117 instance of the program, to a second robot. This second individual is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12118 completely different from the first one; it is, in the jargon, a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12119 `different instantiation'. Or, put another way, it is a different |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12120 robot. It is the same model as the first; it calculates triangle |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12121 numbers recursively; but it has a different serial number. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12122 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12123 And what does @code{(triangle-recursively 6)} return? It returns the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12124 number 6 added to the value returned by evaluating |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12125 @code{triangle-recursively} with an argument of 5. Using the robot |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12126 metaphor, it asks yet another robot to help it. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12127 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12128 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12129 Now the total is: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12130 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12131 @smallexample |
45663
046819540e6d
Fix typos, clarify language.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
44899
diff
changeset
|
12132 (+ 7 6 (triangle-recursively 5)) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12133 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12134 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12135 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12136 And what happens next? |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12137 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12138 @smallexample |
45663
046819540e6d
Fix typos, clarify language.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
44899
diff
changeset
|
12139 (+ 7 6 5 (triangle-recursively 4)) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12140 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12141 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12142 Each time @code{triangle-recursively} is called, except for the last |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12143 time, it creates another instance of the program---another robot---and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12144 asks it to make a calculation. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12145 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12146 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12147 Eventually, the full addition is set up and performed: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12148 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12149 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12150 (+ 7 6 5 4 3 2 1) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12151 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12152 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12153 This design for the function defers the calculation of the first step |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12154 until the second can be done, and defers that until the third can be |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12155 done, and so on. Each deferment means the computer must remember what |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12156 is being waited on. This is not a problem when there are only a few |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12157 steps, as in this example. But it can be a problem when there are |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12158 more steps. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12159 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12160 @node No deferment solution, , No Deferment, Recursion |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12161 @subsection No Deferment Solution |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12162 @cindex No deferment solution |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12163 @cindex Defermentless solution |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12164 @cindex Solution without deferment |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12165 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12166 The solution to the problem of deferred operations is to write in a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12167 manner that does not defer operations@footnote{The phrase @dfn{tail |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12168 recursive} is used to describe such a process, one that uses |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12169 `constant space'.}. This requires |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12170 writing to a different pattern, often one that involves writing two |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12171 function definitions, an `initialization' function and a `helper' |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12172 function. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12173 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12174 The `initialization' function sets up the job; the `helper' function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12175 does the work. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12176 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12177 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12178 Here are the two function definitions for adding up numbers. They are |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12179 so simple, I find them hard to understand. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12180 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12181 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12182 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12183 (defun triangle-initialization (number) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12184 "Return the sum of the numbers 1 through NUMBER inclusive. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12185 This is the `initialization' component of a two function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12186 duo that uses recursion." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12187 (triangle-recursive-helper 0 0 number)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12188 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12189 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12190 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12191 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12192 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12193 (defun triangle-recursive-helper (sum counter number) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12194 "Return SUM, using COUNTER, through NUMBER inclusive. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12195 This is the `helper' component of a two function duo |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12196 that uses recursion." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12197 (if (> counter number) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12198 sum |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12199 (triangle-recursive-helper (+ sum counter) ; @r{sum} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12200 (1+ counter) ; @r{counter} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12201 number))) ; @r{number} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12202 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12203 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12204 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12205 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12206 Install both function definitions by evaluating them, then call |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12207 @code{triangle-initialization} with 2 rows: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12208 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12209 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12210 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12211 (triangle-initialization 2) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12212 @result{} 3 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12213 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12214 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12215 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12216 The `initialization' function calls the first instance of the `helper' |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12217 function with three arguments: zero, zero, and a number which is the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12218 number of rows in the triangle. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12219 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12220 The first two arguments passed to the `helper' function are |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12221 initialization values. These values are changed when |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12222 @code{triangle-recursive-helper} invokes new instances.@footnote{The |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12223 jargon is mildly confusing: @code{triangle-recursive-helper} uses a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12224 process that is iterative in a procedure that is recursive. The |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12225 process is called iterative because the computer need only record the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12226 three values, @code{sum}, @code{counter}, and @code{number}; the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12227 procedure is recursive because the function `calls itself'. On the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12228 other hand, both the process and the procedure used by |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12229 @code{triangle-recursively} are called recursive. The word |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12230 `recursive' has different meanings in the two contexts.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12231 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12232 Let's see what happens when we have a triangle that has one row. (This |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12233 triangle will have one pebble in it!) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12234 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12235 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12236 @code{triangle-initialization} will call its helper with |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12237 the arguments @w{@code{0 0 1}}. That function will run the conditional |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12238 test whether @code{(> counter number)}: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12239 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12240 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12241 (> 0 1) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12242 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12243 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12244 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12245 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12246 and find that the result is false, so it will invoke |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12247 the else-part of the @code{if} clause: |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12248 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12249 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12250 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12251 (triangle-recursive-helper |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12252 (+ sum counter) ; @r{sum plus counter} @result{} @r{sum} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12253 (1+ counter) ; @r{increment counter} @result{} @r{counter} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12254 number) ; @r{number stays the same} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12255 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12256 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12257 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12258 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12259 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12260 which will first compute: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12261 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12262 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12263 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12264 (triangle-recursive-helper (+ 0 0) ; @r{sum} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12265 (1+ 0) ; @r{counter} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12266 1) ; @r{number} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12267 @exdent which is: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12268 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12269 (triangle-recursive-helper 0 1 1) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12270 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12271 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12272 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12273 Again, @code{(> counter number)} will be false, so again, the Lisp |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12274 interpreter will evaluate @code{triangle-recursive-helper}, creating a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12275 new instance with new arguments. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12276 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12277 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12278 This new instance will be; |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12279 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12280 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12281 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12282 (triangle-recursive-helper |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12283 (+ sum counter) ; @r{sum plus counter} @result{} @r{sum} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12284 (1+ counter) ; @r{increment counter} @result{} @r{counter} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12285 number) ; @r{number stays the same} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12286 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12287 @exdent which is: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12288 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12289 (triangle-recursive-helper 1 2 1) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12290 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12291 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12292 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12293 In this case, the @code{(> counter number)} test will be true! So the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12294 instance will return the value of the sum, which will be 1, as |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12295 expected. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12296 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12297 Now, let's pass @code{triangle-initialization} an argument |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12298 of 2, to find out how many pebbles there are in a triangle with two rows. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12299 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12300 That function calls @code{(triangle-recursive-helper 0 0 2)}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12301 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12302 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12303 In stages, the instances called will be: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12304 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12305 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12306 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12307 @r{sum counter number} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12308 (triangle-recursive-helper 0 1 2) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12309 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12310 (triangle-recursive-helper 1 2 2) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12311 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12312 (triangle-recursive-helper 3 3 2) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12313 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12314 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12315 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12316 When the last instance is called, the @code{(> counter number)} test |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12317 will be true, so the instance will return the value of @code{sum}, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12318 which will be 3. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12319 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12320 This kind of pattern helps when you are writing functions that can use |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12321 many resources in a computer. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12322 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12323 @need 1500 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12324 @node Looping exercise, , Recursion, Loops & Recursion |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12325 @section Looping Exercise |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12326 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12327 @itemize @bullet |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12328 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12329 Write a function similar to @code{triangle} in which each row has a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12330 value which is the square of the row number. Use a @code{while} loop. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12331 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12332 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12333 Write a function similar to @code{triangle} that multiplies instead of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12334 adds the values. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12335 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12336 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12337 Rewrite these two functions recursively. Rewrite these functions |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12338 using @code{cond}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12339 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12340 @c comma in printed title causes problem in Info cross reference |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12341 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12342 Write a function for Texinfo mode that creates an index entry at the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12343 beginning of a paragraph for every @samp{@@dfn} within the paragraph. |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
12344 (In a Texinfo file, @samp{@@dfn} marks a definition. This book is |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
12345 written in Texinfo.) |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
12346 |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
12347 Many of the functions you will need are described in two of the |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
12348 previous chapters, @ref{Cutting & Storing Text, , Cutting and Storing |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
12349 Text}, and @ref{Yanking, , Yanking Text Back}. If you use |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
12350 @code{forward-paragraph} to put the index entry at the beginning of |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
12351 the paragraph, you will have to use @w{@kbd{C-h f}} |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
12352 (@code{describe-function}) to find out how to make the command go |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
12353 backwards. |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
12354 |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
12355 For more information, see |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12356 @ifinfo |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
12357 @ref{Indicating, , Indicating Definitions, texinfo}. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12358 @end ifinfo |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12359 @ifhtml |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
12360 @ref{Indicating, , Indicating, texinfo, Texinfo Manual}, which goes to |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
12361 a Texinfo manual in the current directory. Or, if you are on the |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
12362 Internet, see |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12363 @uref{http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/manual/texinfo/} |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12364 @end ifhtml |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12365 @iftex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12366 ``Indicating Definitions, Commands, etc.'' in @cite{Texinfo, The GNU |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
12367 Documentation Format}. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12368 @end iftex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12369 @end itemize |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12370 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12371 @node Regexp Search, Counting Words, Loops & Recursion, Top |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12372 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12373 @chapter Regular Expression Searches |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12374 @cindex Searches, illustrating |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12375 @cindex Regular expression searches |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12376 @cindex Patterns, searching for |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12377 @cindex Motion by sentence and paragraph |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12378 @cindex Sentences, movement by |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12379 @cindex Paragraphs, movement by |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12380 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12381 Regular expression searches are used extensively in GNU Emacs. The |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12382 two functions, @code{forward-sentence} and @code{forward-paragraph}, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12383 illustrate these searches well. They use regular expressions to find |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12384 where to move point. The phrase `regular expression' is often written |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12385 as `regexp'. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12386 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12387 Regular expression searches are described in @ref{Regexp Search, , |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12388 Regular Expression Search, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}, as well as in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12389 @ref{Regular Expressions, , , elisp, The GNU Emacs Lisp Reference |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12390 Manual}. In writing this chapter, I am presuming that you have at |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12391 least a mild acquaintance with them. The major point to remember is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12392 that regular expressions permit you to search for patterns as well as |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12393 for literal strings of characters. For example, the code in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12394 @code{forward-sentence} searches for the pattern of possible |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12395 characters that could mark the end of a sentence, and moves point to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12396 that spot. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12397 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12398 Before looking at the code for the @code{forward-sentence} function, it |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12399 is worth considering what the pattern that marks the end of a sentence |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12400 must be. The pattern is discussed in the next section; following that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12401 is a description of the regular expression search function, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12402 @code{re-search-forward}. The @code{forward-sentence} function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12403 is described in the section following. Finally, the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12404 @code{forward-paragraph} function is described in the last section of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12405 this chapter. @code{forward-paragraph} is a complex function that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12406 introduces several new features. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12407 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12408 @menu |
73854
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
12409 * sentence-end:: The regular expression for @code{sentence-end}. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
12410 * re-search-forward:: Very similar to @code{search-forward}. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
12411 * forward-sentence:: A straightforward example of regexp search. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
12412 * forward-paragraph:: A somewhat complex example. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
12413 * etags:: How to create your own @file{TAGS} table. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12414 * Regexp Review:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12415 * re-search Exercises:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12416 @end menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12417 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12418 @node sentence-end, re-search-forward, Regexp Search, Regexp Search |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12419 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12420 @section The Regular Expression for @code{sentence-end} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12421 @findex sentence-end |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12422 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12423 The symbol @code{sentence-end} is bound to the pattern that marks the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12424 end of a sentence. What should this regular expression be? |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12425 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12426 Clearly, a sentence may be ended by a period, a question mark, or an |
73706
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
12427 exclamation mark. Indeed, in English, only clauses that end with one |
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
12428 of those three characters should be considered the end of a sentence. |
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
12429 This means that the pattern should include the character set: |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12430 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12431 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12432 [.?!] |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12433 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12434 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12435 However, we do not want @code{forward-sentence} merely to jump to a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12436 period, a question mark, or an exclamation mark, because such a character |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12437 might be used in the middle of a sentence. A period, for example, is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12438 used after abbreviations. So other information is needed. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12439 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12440 According to convention, you type two spaces after every sentence, but |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12441 only one space after a period, a question mark, or an exclamation mark in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12442 the body of a sentence. So a period, a question mark, or an exclamation |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12443 mark followed by two spaces is a good indicator of an end of sentence. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12444 However, in a file, the two spaces may instead be a tab or the end of a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12445 line. This means that the regular expression should include these three |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12446 items as alternatives. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12447 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12448 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12449 This group of alternatives will look like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12450 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12451 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12452 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12453 \\($\\| \\| \\) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12454 ^ ^^ |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12455 TAB SPC |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12456 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12457 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12458 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12459 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12460 Here, @samp{$} indicates the end of the line, and I have pointed out |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12461 where the tab and two spaces are inserted in the expression. Both are |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12462 inserted by putting the actual characters into the expression. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12463 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12464 Two backslashes, @samp{\\}, are required before the parentheses and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12465 vertical bars: the first backslash quotes the following backslash in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12466 Emacs; and the second indicates that the following character, the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12467 parenthesis or the vertical bar, is special. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12468 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12469 @need 1000 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12470 Also, a sentence may be followed by one or more carriage returns, like |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12471 this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12472 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12473 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12474 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12475 [ |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12476 ]* |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12477 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12478 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12479 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12480 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12481 Like tabs and spaces, a carriage return is inserted into a regular |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12482 expression by inserting it literally. The asterisk indicates that the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12483 @key{RET} is repeated zero or more times. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12484 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12485 But a sentence end does not consist only of a period, a question mark or |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12486 an exclamation mark followed by appropriate space: a closing quotation |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12487 mark or a closing brace of some kind may precede the space. Indeed more |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12488 than one such mark or brace may precede the space. These require a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12489 expression that looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12490 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12491 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12492 []\"')@}]* |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12493 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12494 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12495 In this expression, the first @samp{]} is the first character in the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12496 expression; the second character is @samp{"}, which is preceded by a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12497 @samp{\} to tell Emacs the @samp{"} is @emph{not} special. The last |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12498 three characters are @samp{'}, @samp{)}, and @samp{@}}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12499 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12500 All this suggests what the regular expression pattern for matching the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12501 end of a sentence should be; and, indeed, if we evaluate |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12502 @code{sentence-end} we find that it returns the following value: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12503 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12504 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12505 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12506 sentence-end |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12507 @result{} "[.?!][]\"')@}]*\\($\\| \\| \\)[ |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12508 ]*" |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12509 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12510 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12511 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12512 @noindent |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12513 (Well, not in GNU Emacs 22; that is because of an effort to make the |
73706
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
12514 process simpler and to handle more glyphs and languages. When the |
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
12515 value of @code{sentence-end} is @code{nil}, then use the value defined |
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
12516 by the function @code{sentence-end}. (Here is a use of the difference |
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
12517 between a value and a function in Emacs Lisp.) The function returns a |
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
12518 value constructed from the variables @code{sentence-end-base}, |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12519 @code{sentence-end-double-space}, @code{sentence-end-without-period}, |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12520 and @code{sentence-end-without-space}. The critical variable is |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12521 @code{sentence-end-base}; its global value is similar to the one |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12522 described above but it also contains two additional quotation marks. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12523 These have differing degrees of curliness. The |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12524 @code{sentence-end-without-period} variable, when true, tells Emacs |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12525 that a sentence may end without a period, such as text in Thai.) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12526 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12527 @ignore |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12528 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12529 (Note that here the @key{TAB}, two spaces, and @key{RET} are shown |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12530 literally in the pattern.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12531 |
73587
c84b73607df3
Removed INSTALL MANIFEST since those files are now irrelevant.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73554
diff
changeset
|
12532 This regular expression can be deciphered as follows: |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12533 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12534 @table @code |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12535 @item [.?!] |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12536 The first part of the pattern is the three characters, a period, a question |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12537 mark and an exclamation mark, within square brackets. The pattern must |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12538 begin with one or other of these characters. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12539 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12540 @item []\"')@}]* |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12541 The second part of the pattern is the group of closing braces and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12542 quotation marks, which can appear zero or more times. These may follow |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12543 the period, question mark or exclamation mark. In a regular expression, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12544 the backslash, @samp{\}, followed by the double quotation mark, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12545 @samp{"}, indicates the class of string-quote characters. Usually, the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12546 double quotation mark is the only character in this class. The |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12547 asterisk, @samp{*}, indicates that the items in the previous group (the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12548 group surrounded by square brackets, @samp{[]}) may be repeated zero or |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12549 more times. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12550 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12551 @item \\($\\| \\| \\) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12552 The third part of the pattern is one or other of: either the end of a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12553 line, or two blank spaces, or a tab. The double back-slashes are used |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12554 to prevent Emacs from reading the parentheses and vertical bars as part |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12555 of the search pattern; the parentheses are used to mark the group and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12556 the vertical bars are used to indicated that the patterns to either side |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12557 of them are alternatives. The dollar sign is used to indicate the end |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12558 of a line and both the two spaces and the tab are each inserted as is to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12559 indicate what they are. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12560 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12561 @item [@key{RET}]* |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12562 Finally, the last part of the pattern indicates that the end of the line |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12563 or the whitespace following the period, question mark or exclamation |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12564 mark may, but need not, be followed by one or more carriage returns. In |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12565 the pattern, the carriage return is inserted as an actual carriage |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12566 return between square brackets but here it is shown as @key{RET}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12567 @end table |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12568 @end ignore |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12569 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12570 @node re-search-forward, forward-sentence, sentence-end, Regexp Search |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12571 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12572 @section The @code{re-search-forward} Function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12573 @findex re-search-forward |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12574 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12575 The @code{re-search-forward} function is very like the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12576 @code{search-forward} function. (@xref{search-forward, , The |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12577 @code{search-forward} Function}.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12578 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12579 @code{re-search-forward} searches for a regular expression. If the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12580 search is successful, it leaves point immediately after the last |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12581 character in the target. If the search is backwards, it leaves point |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12582 just before the first character in the target. You may tell |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12583 @code{re-search-forward} to return @code{t} for true. (Moving point |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12584 is therefore a `side effect'.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12585 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12586 Like @code{search-forward}, the @code{re-search-forward} function takes |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12587 four arguments: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12588 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12589 @enumerate |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12590 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12591 The first argument is the regular expression that the function searches |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12592 for. The regular expression will be a string between quotations marks. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12593 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12594 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12595 The optional second argument limits how far the function will search; it is a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12596 bound, which is specified as a position in the buffer. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12597 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12598 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12599 The optional third argument specifies how the function responds to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12600 failure: @code{nil} as the third argument causes the function to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12601 signal an error (and print a message) when the search fails; any other |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12602 value causes it to return @code{nil} if the search fails and @code{t} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12603 if the search succeeds. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12604 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12605 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12606 The optional fourth argument is the repeat count. A negative repeat |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12607 count causes @code{re-search-forward} to search backwards. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12608 @end enumerate |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12609 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12610 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12611 The template for @code{re-search-forward} looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12612 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12613 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12614 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12615 (re-search-forward "@var{regular-expression}" |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12616 @var{limit-of-search} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12617 @var{what-to-do-if-search-fails} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12618 @var{repeat-count}) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12619 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12620 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12621 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12622 The second, third, and fourth arguments are optional. However, if you |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12623 want to pass a value to either or both of the last two arguments, you |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12624 must also pass a value to all the preceding arguments. Otherwise, the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12625 Lisp interpreter will mistake which argument you are passing the value |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12626 to. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12627 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12628 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12629 In the @code{forward-sentence} function, the regular expression will be |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12630 the value of the variable @code{sentence-end}. In simple form, that is: |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12631 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12632 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12633 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12634 "[.?!][]\"')@}]*\\($\\| \\| \\)[ |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12635 ]*" |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12636 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12637 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12638 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12639 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12640 The limit of the search will be the end of the paragraph (since a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12641 sentence cannot go beyond a paragraph). If the search fails, the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12642 function will return @code{nil}; and the repeat count will be provided |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12643 by the argument to the @code{forward-sentence} function. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12644 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12645 @node forward-sentence, forward-paragraph, re-search-forward, Regexp Search |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12646 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12647 @section @code{forward-sentence} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12648 @findex forward-sentence |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12649 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12650 The command to move the cursor forward a sentence is a straightforward |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12651 illustration of how to use regular expression searches in Emacs Lisp. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12652 Indeed, the function looks longer and more complicated than it is; this |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12653 is because the function is designed to go backwards as well as forwards; |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12654 and, optionally, over more than one sentence. The function is usually |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12655 bound to the key command @kbd{M-e}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12656 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12657 @menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12658 * Complete forward-sentence:: |
73854
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
12659 * fwd-sentence while loops:: Two @code{while} loops. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
12660 * fwd-sentence re-search:: A regular expression search. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12661 @end menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12662 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12663 @node Complete forward-sentence, fwd-sentence while loops, forward-sentence, forward-sentence |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12664 @ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12665 @unnumberedsubsec Complete @code{forward-sentence} function definition |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12666 @end ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12667 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12668 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12669 Here is the code for @code{forward-sentence}: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12670 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12671 @c in GNU Emacs 22 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12672 @smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12673 @group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12674 (defun forward-sentence (&optional arg) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12675 "Move forward to next `sentence-end'. With argument, repeat. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12676 With negative argument, move backward repeatedly to `sentence-beginning'. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12677 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12678 The variable `sentence-end' is a regular expression that matches ends of |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12679 sentences. Also, every paragraph boundary terminates sentences as well." |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12680 @end group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12681 @group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12682 (interactive "p") |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12683 (or arg (setq arg 1)) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12684 (let ((opoint (point)) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12685 (sentence-end (sentence-end))) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12686 (while (< arg 0) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12687 (let ((pos (point)) |
73683 | 12688 (par-beg (save-excursion (start-of-paragraph-text) (point)))) |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12689 (if (and (re-search-backward sentence-end par-beg t) |
73683 | 12690 (or (< (match-end 0) pos) |
12691 (re-search-backward sentence-end par-beg t))) | |
12692 (goto-char (match-end 0)) | |
12693 (goto-char par-beg))) | |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12694 (setq arg (1+ arg))) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12695 @end group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12696 @group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12697 (while (> arg 0) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12698 (let ((par-end (save-excursion (end-of-paragraph-text) (point)))) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12699 (if (re-search-forward sentence-end par-end t) |
73683 | 12700 (skip-chars-backward " \t\n") |
12701 (goto-char par-end))) | |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12702 (setq arg (1- arg))) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12703 (constrain-to-field nil opoint t))) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12704 @end group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12705 @end smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12706 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12707 @ignore |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12708 GNU Emacs 21 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12709 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12710 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12711 (defun forward-sentence (&optional arg) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12712 "Move forward to next sentence-end. With argument, repeat. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12713 With negative argument, move backward repeatedly to sentence-beginning. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12714 Sentence ends are identified by the value of sentence-end |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12715 treated as a regular expression. Also, every paragraph boundary |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12716 terminates sentences as well." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12717 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12718 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12719 (interactive "p") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12720 (or arg (setq arg 1)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12721 (while (< arg 0) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12722 (let ((par-beg |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12723 (save-excursion (start-of-paragraph-text) (point)))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12724 (if (re-search-backward |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12725 (concat sentence-end "[^ \t\n]") par-beg t) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12726 (goto-char (1- (match-end 0))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12727 (goto-char par-beg))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12728 (setq arg (1+ arg))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12729 (while (> arg 0) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12730 (let ((par-end |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12731 (save-excursion (end-of-paragraph-text) (point)))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12732 (if (re-search-forward sentence-end par-end t) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12733 (skip-chars-backward " \t\n") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12734 (goto-char par-end))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12735 (setq arg (1- arg)))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12736 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12737 @end smallexample |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12738 @end ignore |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12739 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12740 The function looks long at first sight and it is best to look at its |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12741 skeleton first, and then its muscle. The way to see the skeleton is to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12742 look at the expressions that start in the left-most columns: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12743 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12744 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12745 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12746 (defun forward-sentence (&optional arg) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12747 "@var{documentation}@dots{}" |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12748 (interactive "p") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12749 (or arg (setq arg 1)) |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12750 (let ((opoint (point)) (sentence-end (sentence-end))) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12751 (while (< arg 0) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12752 (let ((pos (point)) |
73683 | 12753 (par-beg (save-excursion (start-of-paragraph-text) (point)))) |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12754 @var{rest-of-body-of-while-loop-when-going-backwards} |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12755 (while (> arg 0) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12756 (let ((par-end (save-excursion (end-of-paragraph-text) (point)))) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12757 @var{rest-of-body-of-while-loop-when-going-forwards} |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12758 @var{handle-forms-and-equivalent} |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12759 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12760 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12761 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12762 This looks much simpler! The function definition consists of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12763 documentation, an @code{interactive} expression, an @code{or} |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12764 expression, a @code{let} expression, and @code{while} loops. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12765 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12766 Let's look at each of these parts in turn. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12767 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12768 We note that the documentation is thorough and understandable. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12769 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12770 The function has an @code{interactive "p"} declaration. This means |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12771 that the processed prefix argument, if any, is passed to the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12772 function as its argument. (This will be a number.) If the function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12773 is not passed an argument (it is optional) then the argument |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12774 @code{arg} will be bound to 1. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12775 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12776 When @code{forward-sentence} is called non-interactively without an |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12777 argument, @code{arg} is bound to @code{nil}. The @code{or} expression |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12778 handles this. What it does is either leave the value of @code{arg} as |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12779 it is, but only if @code{arg} is bound to a value; or it sets the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12780 value of @code{arg} to 1, in the case when @code{arg} is bound to |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12781 @code{nil}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12782 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12783 Next is a @code{let}. That specifies the values of two local |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12784 variables, @code{point} and @code{sentence-end}. The local value of |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12785 point, from before the search, is used in the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12786 @code{constrain-to-field} function which handles forms and |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12787 equivalents. The @code{sentence-end} variable is set by the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12788 @code{sentence-end} function. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12789 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12790 @node fwd-sentence while loops, fwd-sentence re-search, Complete forward-sentence, forward-sentence |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12791 @unnumberedsubsec The @code{while} loops |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12792 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12793 Two @code{while} loops follow. The first @code{while} has a |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12794 true-or-false-test that tests true if the prefix argument for |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12795 @code{forward-sentence} is a negative number. This is for going |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12796 backwards. The body of this loop is similar to the body of the second |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12797 @code{while} clause, but it is not exactly the same. We will skip |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12798 this @code{while} loop and concentrate on the second @code{while} |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12799 loop. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12801 @need 1500 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12802 The second @code{while} loop is for moving point forward. Its skeleton |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12803 looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12804 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12805 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12806 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12807 (while (> arg 0) ; @r{true-or-false-test} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12808 (let @var{varlist} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12809 (if (@var{true-or-false-test}) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12810 @var{then-part} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12811 @var{else-part} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12812 (setq arg (1- arg)))) ; @code{while} @r{loop decrementer} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12813 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12814 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12815 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12816 The @code{while} loop is of the decrementing kind. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12817 (@xref{Decrementing Loop, , A Loop with a Decrementing Counter}.) It |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12818 has a true-or-false-test that tests true so long as the counter (in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12819 this case, the variable @code{arg}) is greater than zero; and it has a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12820 decrementer that subtracts 1 from the value of the counter every time |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12821 the loop repeats. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12822 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12823 If no prefix argument is given to @code{forward-sentence}, which is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12824 the most common way the command is used, this @code{while} loop will |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12825 run once, since the value of @code{arg} will be 1. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12826 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12827 The body of the @code{while} loop consists of a @code{let} expression, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12828 which creates and binds a local variable, and has, as its body, an |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12829 @code{if} expression. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12830 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12831 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12832 The body of the @code{while} loop looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12833 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12834 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12835 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12836 (let ((par-end |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12837 (save-excursion (end-of-paragraph-text) (point)))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12838 (if (re-search-forward sentence-end par-end t) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12839 (skip-chars-backward " \t\n") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12840 (goto-char par-end))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12841 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12842 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12843 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12844 The @code{let} expression creates and binds the local variable |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12845 @code{par-end}. As we shall see, this local variable is designed to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12846 provide a bound or limit to the regular expression search. If the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12847 search fails to find a proper sentence ending in the paragraph, it will |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12848 stop on reaching the end of the paragraph. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12849 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12850 But first, let us examine how @code{par-end} is bound to the value of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12851 the end of the paragraph. What happens is that the @code{let} sets the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12852 value of @code{par-end} to the value returned when the Lisp interpreter |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12853 evaluates the expression |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12854 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12855 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12856 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12857 (save-excursion (end-of-paragraph-text) (point)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12858 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12859 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12860 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12861 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12862 In this expression, @code{(end-of-paragraph-text)} moves point to the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12863 end of the paragraph, @code{(point)} returns the value of point, and then |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12864 @code{save-excursion} restores point to its original position. Thus, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12865 the @code{let} binds @code{par-end} to the value returned by the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12866 @code{save-excursion} expression, which is the position of the end of |
73706
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
12867 the paragraph. (The @code{end-of-paragraph-text} function uses |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12868 @code{forward-paragraph}, which we will discuss shortly.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12869 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12870 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12871 Emacs next evaluates the body of the @code{let}, which is an @code{if} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12872 expression that looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12873 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12874 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12875 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12876 (if (re-search-forward sentence-end par-end t) ; @r{if-part} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12877 (skip-chars-backward " \t\n") ; @r{then-part} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12878 (goto-char par-end))) ; @r{else-part} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12879 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12880 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12881 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12882 The @code{if} tests whether its first argument is true and if so, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12883 evaluates its then-part; otherwise, the Emacs Lisp interpreter |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12884 evaluates the else-part. The true-or-false-test of the @code{if} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12885 expression is the regular expression search. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12886 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12887 It may seem odd to have what looks like the `real work' of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12888 the @code{forward-sentence} function buried here, but this is a common |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12889 way this kind of operation is carried out in Lisp. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12890 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12891 @node fwd-sentence re-search, , fwd-sentence while loops, forward-sentence |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12892 @unnumberedsubsec The regular expression search |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12893 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12894 The @code{re-search-forward} function searches for the end of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12895 sentence, that is, for the pattern defined by the @code{sentence-end} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12896 regular expression. If the pattern is found---if the end of the sentence is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12897 found---then the @code{re-search-forward} function does two things: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12898 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12899 @enumerate |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12900 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12901 The @code{re-search-forward} function carries out a side effect, which |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12902 is to move point to the end of the occurrence found. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12903 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12904 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12905 The @code{re-search-forward} function returns a value of true. This is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12906 the value received by the @code{if}, and means that the search was |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12907 successful. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12908 @end enumerate |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12909 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12910 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12911 The side effect, the movement of point, is completed before the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12912 @code{if} function is handed the value returned by the successful |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12913 conclusion of the search. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12914 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12915 When the @code{if} function receives the value of true from a successful |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12916 call to @code{re-search-forward}, the @code{if} evaluates the then-part, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12917 which is the expression @code{(skip-chars-backward " \t\n")}. This |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12918 expression moves backwards over any blank spaces, tabs or carriage |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12919 returns until a printed character is found and then leaves point after |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12920 the character. Since point has already been moved to the end of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12921 pattern that marks the end of the sentence, this action leaves point |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12922 right after the closing printed character of the sentence, which is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12923 usually a period. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12924 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12925 On the other hand, if the @code{re-search-forward} function fails to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12926 find a pattern marking the end of the sentence, the function returns |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12927 false. The false then causes the @code{if} to evaluate its third |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12928 argument, which is @code{(goto-char par-end)}: it moves point to the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12929 end of the paragraph. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12930 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12931 (And if the text is in a form or equivalent, and point may not move |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12932 fully, then the @code{constrain-to-field} function comes into play.) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12933 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12934 Regular expression searches are exceptionally useful and the pattern |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12935 illustrated by @code{re-search-forward}, in which the search is the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12936 test of an @code{if} expression, is handy. You will see or write code |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12937 incorporating this pattern often. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12938 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12939 @node forward-paragraph, etags, forward-sentence, Regexp Search |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12940 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12941 @section @code{forward-paragraph}: a Goldmine of Functions |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12942 @findex forward-paragraph |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
12943 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12944 @ignore |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12945 @c in GNU Emacs 22 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12946 (defun forward-paragraph (&optional arg) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12947 "Move forward to end of paragraph. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12948 With argument ARG, do it ARG times; |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12949 a negative argument ARG = -N means move backward N paragraphs. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12950 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12951 A line which `paragraph-start' matches either separates paragraphs |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12952 \(if `paragraph-separate' matches it also) or is the first line of a paragraph. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12953 A paragraph end is the beginning of a line which is not part of the paragraph |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12954 to which the end of the previous line belongs, or the end of the buffer. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12955 Returns the count of paragraphs left to move." |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12956 (interactive "p") |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
12957 (or arg (setq arg 1)) |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
12958 (let* ((opoint (point)) |
73683 | 12959 (fill-prefix-regexp |
12960 (and fill-prefix (not (equal fill-prefix "")) | |
12961 (not paragraph-ignore-fill-prefix) | |
12962 (regexp-quote fill-prefix))) | |
12963 ;; Remove ^ from paragraph-start and paragraph-sep if they are there. | |
12964 ;; These regexps shouldn't be anchored, because we look for them | |
12965 ;; starting at the left-margin. This allows paragraph commands to | |
12966 ;; work normally with indented text. | |
12967 ;; This hack will not find problem cases like "whatever\\|^something". | |
12968 (parstart (if (and (not (equal "" paragraph-start)) | |
12969 (equal ?^ (aref paragraph-start 0))) | |
12970 (substring paragraph-start 1) | |
12971 paragraph-start)) | |
12972 (parsep (if (and (not (equal "" paragraph-separate)) | |
12973 (equal ?^ (aref paragraph-separate 0))) | |
12974 (substring paragraph-separate 1) | |
12975 paragraph-separate)) | |
12976 (parsep | |
12977 (if fill-prefix-regexp | |
12978 (concat parsep "\\|" | |
12979 fill-prefix-regexp "[ \t]*$") | |
12980 parsep)) | |
12981 ;; This is used for searching. | |
12982 (sp-parstart (concat "^[ \t]*\\(?:" parstart "\\|" parsep "\\)")) | |
12983 start found-start) | |
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|
12984 (while (and (< arg 0) (not (bobp))) |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
12985 (if (and (not (looking-at parsep)) |
73683 | 12986 (re-search-backward "^\n" (max (1- (point)) (point-min)) t) |
12987 (looking-at parsep)) | |
12988 (setq arg (1+ arg)) | |
12989 (setq start (point)) | |
12990 ;; Move back over paragraph-separating lines. | |
12991 (forward-char -1) (beginning-of-line) | |
12992 (while (and (not (bobp)) | |
12993 (progn (move-to-left-margin) | |
12994 (looking-at parsep))) | |
12995 (forward-line -1)) | |
12996 (if (bobp) | |
12997 nil | |
12998 (setq arg (1+ arg)) | |
12999 ;; Go to end of the previous (non-separating) line. | |
13000 (end-of-line) | |
13001 ;; Search back for line that starts or separates paragraphs. | |
13002 (if (if fill-prefix-regexp | |
13003 ;; There is a fill prefix; it overrides parstart. | |
13004 (let (multiple-lines) | |
13005 (while (and (progn (beginning-of-line) (not (bobp))) | |
13006 (progn (move-to-left-margin) | |
13007 (not (looking-at parsep))) | |
13008 (looking-at fill-prefix-regexp)) | |
13009 (unless (= (point) start) | |
13010 (setq multiple-lines t)) | |
13011 (forward-line -1)) | |
13012 (move-to-left-margin) | |
13013 ;; This deleted code caused a long hanging-indent line | |
13014 ;; not to be filled together with the following lines. | |
13015 ;; ;; Don't move back over a line before the paragraph | |
13016 ;; ;; which doesn't start with fill-prefix | |
13017 ;; ;; unless that is the only line we've moved over. | |
13018 ;; (and (not (looking-at fill-prefix-regexp)) | |
13019 ;; multiple-lines | |
13020 ;; (forward-line 1)) | |
13021 (not (bobp))) | |
13022 (while (and (re-search-backward sp-parstart nil 1) | |
13023 (setq found-start t) | |
13024 ;; Found a candidate, but need to check if it is a | |
13025 ;; REAL parstart. | |
13026 (progn (setq start (point)) | |
13027 (move-to-left-margin) | |
13028 (not (looking-at parsep))) | |
13029 (not (and (looking-at parstart) | |
13030 (or (not use-hard-newlines) | |
13031 (bobp) | |
13032 (get-text-property | |
13033 (1- start) 'hard))))) | |
13034 (setq found-start nil) | |
13035 (goto-char start)) | |
13036 found-start) | |
13037 ;; Found one. | |
13038 (progn | |
13039 ;; Move forward over paragraph separators. | |
13040 ;; We know this cannot reach the place we started | |
13041 ;; because we know we moved back over a non-separator. | |
13042 (while (and (not (eobp)) | |
13043 (progn (move-to-left-margin) | |
13044 (looking-at parsep))) | |
13045 (forward-line 1)) | |
13046 ;; If line before paragraph is just margin, back up to there. | |
13047 (end-of-line 0) | |
13048 (if (> (current-column) (current-left-margin)) | |
13049 (forward-char 1) | |
13050 (skip-chars-backward " \t") | |
13051 (if (not (bolp)) | |
13052 (forward-line 1)))) | |
13053 ;; No starter or separator line => use buffer beg. | |
13054 (goto-char (point-min)))))) | |
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|
13055 |
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|
13056 (while (and (> arg 0) (not (eobp))) |
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|
13057 ;; Move forward over separator lines... |
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|
13058 (while (and (not (eobp)) |
73683 | 13059 (progn (move-to-left-margin) (not (eobp))) |
13060 (looking-at parsep)) | |
13061 (forward-line 1)) | |
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|
13062 (unless (eobp) (setq arg (1- arg))) |
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parents:
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|
13063 ;; ... and one more line. |
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|
13064 (forward-line 1) |
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|
13065 (if fill-prefix-regexp |
73683 | 13066 ;; There is a fill prefix; it overrides parstart. |
13067 (while (and (not (eobp)) | |
13068 (progn (move-to-left-margin) (not (eobp))) | |
13069 (not (looking-at parsep)) | |
13070 (looking-at fill-prefix-regexp)) | |
13071 (forward-line 1)) | |
13072 (while (and (re-search-forward sp-parstart nil 1) | |
13073 (progn (setq start (match-beginning 0)) | |
13074 (goto-char start) | |
13075 (not (eobp))) | |
13076 (progn (move-to-left-margin) | |
13077 (not (looking-at parsep))) | |
13078 (or (not (looking-at parstart)) | |
13079 (and use-hard-newlines | |
13080 (not (get-text-property (1- start) 'hard))))) | |
13081 (forward-char 1)) | |
13082 (if (< (point) (point-max)) | |
13083 (goto-char start)))) | |
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|
13084 (constrain-to-field nil opoint t) |
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changeset
|
13085 ;; Return the number of steps that could not be done. |
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|
13086 arg)) |
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|
13087 @end ignore |
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|
13088 |
41421
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Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13089 The @code{forward-paragraph} function moves point forward to the end |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13090 of the paragraph. It is usually bound to @kbd{M-@}} and makes use of a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13091 number of functions that are important in themselves, including |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13092 @code{let*}, @code{match-beginning}, and @code{looking-at}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13093 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13094 The function definition for @code{forward-paragraph} is considerably |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13095 longer than the function definition for @code{forward-sentence} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13096 because it works with a paragraph, each line of which may begin with a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13097 fill prefix. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13098 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13099 A fill prefix consists of a string of characters that are repeated at |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13100 the beginning of each line. For example, in Lisp code, it is a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13101 convention to start each line of a paragraph-long comment with |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13102 @samp{;;; }. In Text mode, four blank spaces make up another common |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13103 fill prefix, creating an indented paragraph. (@xref{Fill Prefix, , , |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13104 emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}, for more information about fill |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13105 prefixes.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13106 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13107 The existence of a fill prefix means that in addition to being able to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13108 find the end of a paragraph whose lines begin on the left-most |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13109 column, the @code{forward-paragraph} function must be able to find the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13110 end of a paragraph when all or many of the lines in the buffer begin |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13111 with the fill prefix. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13112 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13113 Moreover, it is sometimes practical to ignore a fill prefix that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13114 exists, especially when blank lines separate paragraphs. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13115 This is an added complication. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13116 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13117 @menu |
73854
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
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73852
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|
13118 * forward-paragraph in brief:: Key parts of the function definition. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
13119 * fwd-para let:: The @code{let*} expression. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
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|
13120 * fwd-para while:: The forward motion @code{while} loop. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13121 @end menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13122 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13123 @node forward-paragraph in brief, fwd-para let, forward-paragraph, forward-paragraph |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13124 @ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13125 @unnumberedsubsec Shortened @code{forward-paragraph} function definition |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13126 @end ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13127 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13128 Rather than print all of the @code{forward-paragraph} function, we |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13129 will only print parts of it. Read without preparation, the function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13130 can be daunting! |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13131 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
13132 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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diff
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|
13133 In outline, the function looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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diff
changeset
|
13134 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
13135 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
13136 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
13137 (defun forward-paragraph (&optional arg) |
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Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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diff
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|
13138 "@var{documentation}@dots{}" |
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Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
13139 (interactive "p") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
13140 (or arg (setq arg 1)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
13141 (let* |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
13142 @var{varlist} |
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|
13143 (while (and (< arg 0) (not (bobp))) ; @r{backward-moving-code} |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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diff
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|
13144 @dots{} |
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|
13145 (while (and (> arg 0) (not (eobp))) ; @r{forward-moving-code} |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
13146 @dots{} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
13147 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
13148 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
13149 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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diff
changeset
|
13150 The first parts of the function are routine: the function's argument |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13151 list consists of one optional argument. Documentation follows. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13152 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13153 The lower case @samp{p} in the @code{interactive} declaration means |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13154 that the processed prefix argument, if any, is passed to the function. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13155 This will be a number, and is the repeat count of how many paragraphs |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13156 point will move. The @code{or} expression in the next line handles |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13157 the common case when no argument is passed to the function, which occurs |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13158 if the function is called from other code rather than interactively. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13159 This case was described earlier. (@xref{forward-sentence, The |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13160 @code{forward-sentence} function}.) Now we reach the end of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13161 familiar part of this function. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13162 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13163 @node fwd-para let, fwd-para while, forward-paragraph in brief, forward-paragraph |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13164 @unnumberedsubsec The @code{let*} expression |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13165 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13166 The next line of the @code{forward-paragraph} function begins a |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13167 @code{let*} expression. This is a different than @code{let}. The |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13168 symbol is @code{let*} not @code{let}. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13169 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13170 The @code{let*} special form is like @code{let} except that Emacs sets |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13171 each variable in sequence, one after another, and variables in the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13172 latter part of the varlist can make use of the values to which Emacs |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13173 set variables in the earlier part of the varlist. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13174 |
73554
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13175 @ignore |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13176 ( refappend save-excursion, , code save-excursion in code append-to-buffer .) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13177 @end ignore |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13178 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13179 (@ref{append save-excursion, , @code{save-excursion} in @code{append-to-buffer}}.) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13180 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13181 In the @code{let*} expression in this function, Emacs binds a total of |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
13182 seven variables: @code{opoint}, @code{fill-prefix-regexp}, |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13183 @code{parstart}, @code{parsep}, @code{sp-parstart}, @code{start}, and |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13184 @code{found-start}. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13185 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13186 The variable @code{parsep} appears twice, first, to remove instances |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13187 of @samp{^}, and second, to handle fill prefixes. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13188 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13189 The variable @code{opoint} is just the value of @code{point}. As you |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13190 can guess, it is used in a @code{constrain-to-field} expression, just |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13191 as in @code{forward-sentence}. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
13192 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
13193 The variable @code{fill-prefix-regexp} is set to the value returned by |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
13194 evaluating the following list: |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13195 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13196 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13197 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13198 (and fill-prefix |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13199 (not (equal fill-prefix "")) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13200 (not paragraph-ignore-fill-prefix) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13201 (regexp-quote fill-prefix)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13202 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13203 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13204 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13205 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13206 This is an expression whose first element is the @code{and} special form. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13207 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13208 As we learned earlier (@pxref{kill-new function, , The @code{kill-new} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13209 function}), the @code{and} special form evaluates each of its |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13210 arguments until one of the arguments returns a value of @code{nil}, in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13211 which case the @code{and} expression returns @code{nil}; however, if |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13212 none of the arguments returns a value of @code{nil}, the value |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13213 resulting from evaluating the last argument is returned. (Since such |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13214 a value is not @code{nil}, it is considered true in Lisp.) In other |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13215 words, an @code{and} expression returns a true value only if all its |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13216 arguments are true. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13217 @findex and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13218 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13219 In this case, the variable @code{fill-prefix-regexp} is bound to a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13220 non-@code{nil} value only if the following four expressions produce a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13221 true (i.e., a non-@code{nil}) value when they are evaluated; otherwise, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13222 @code{fill-prefix-regexp} is bound to @code{nil}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13223 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13224 @table @code |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13225 @item fill-prefix |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13226 When this variable is evaluated, the value of the fill prefix, if any, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13227 is returned. If there is no fill prefix, this variable returns |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13228 @code{nil}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13229 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13230 @item (not (equal fill-prefix "") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13231 This expression checks whether an existing fill prefix is an empty |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13232 string, that is, a string with no characters in it. An empty string is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13233 not a useful fill prefix. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13234 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13235 @item (not paragraph-ignore-fill-prefix) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13236 This expression returns @code{nil} if the variable |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13237 @code{paragraph-ignore-fill-prefix} has been turned on by being set to a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13238 true value such as @code{t}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13239 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13240 @item (regexp-quote fill-prefix) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13241 This is the last argument to the @code{and} special form. If all the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13242 arguments to the @code{and} are true, the value resulting from |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13243 evaluating this expression will be returned by the @code{and} expression |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13244 and bound to the variable @code{fill-prefix-regexp}, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13245 @end table |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13246 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13247 @findex regexp-quote |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13248 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13249 The result of evaluating this @code{and} expression successfully is that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13250 @code{fill-prefix-regexp} will be bound to the value of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13251 @code{fill-prefix} as modified by the @code{regexp-quote} function. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13252 What @code{regexp-quote} does is read a string and return a regular |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13253 expression that will exactly match the string and match nothing else. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13254 This means that @code{fill-prefix-regexp} will be set to a value that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13255 will exactly match the fill prefix if the fill prefix exists. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13256 Otherwise, the variable will be set to @code{nil}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13257 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
13258 The next two local variables in the @code{let*} expression are |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13259 designed to remove instances of @samp{^} from @code{parstart} and |
73706
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
13260 @code{parsep}, the local variables which indicate the paragraph start |
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
13261 and the paragraph separator. The next expression sets @code{parsep} |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13262 again. That is to handle fill prefixes. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
13263 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13264 This is the setting that requires the definition call @code{let*} |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
13265 rather than @code{let}. The true-or-false-test for the @code{if} |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
13266 depends on whether the variable @code{fill-prefix-regexp} evaluates to |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
13267 @code{nil} or some other value. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13268 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13269 If @code{fill-prefix-regexp} does not have a value, Emacs evaluates |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
13270 the else-part of the @code{if} expression and binds @code{parsep} to |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
13271 its local value. (@code{parsep} is a regular expression that matches |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
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|
13272 what separates paragraphs.) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13273 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13274 But if @code{fill-prefix-regexp} does have a value, Emacs evaluates |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13275 the then-part of the @code{if} expression and binds @code{parsep} to a |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13276 regular expression that includes the @code{fill-prefix-regexp} as part |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13277 of the pattern. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13278 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13279 Specifically, @code{parsep} is set to the original value of the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13280 paragraph separate regular expression concatenated with an alternative |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13281 expression that consists of the @code{fill-prefix-regexp} followed by |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13282 optional whitespace to the end of the line. The whitespace is defined |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13283 by @w{@code{"[ \t]*$"}}.) The @samp{\\|} defines this portion of the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13284 regexp as an alternative to @code{parsep}. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13285 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13286 According to a comment in the code, the next local variable, |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13287 @code{sp-parstart}, is used for searching, and then the final two, |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13288 @code{start} and @code{found-start}, are set to @code{nil}. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13289 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13290 Now we get into the body of the @code{let*}. The first part of the body |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13291 of the @code{let*} deals with the case when the function is given a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13292 negative argument and is therefore moving backwards. We will skip this |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13293 section. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13294 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13295 @node fwd-para while, , fwd-para let, forward-paragraph |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13296 @unnumberedsubsec The forward motion @code{while} loop |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13297 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13298 The second part of the body of the @code{let*} deals with forward |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13299 motion. It is a @code{while} loop that repeats itself so long as the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13300 value of @code{arg} is greater than zero. In the most common use of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13301 the function, the value of the argument is 1, so the body of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13302 @code{while} loop is evaluated exactly once, and the cursor moves |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13303 forward one paragraph. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13304 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13305 @ignore |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13306 (while (and (> arg 0) (not (eobp))) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13307 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13308 ;; Move forward over separator lines... |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13309 (while (and (not (eobp)) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13310 (progn (move-to-left-margin) (not (eobp))) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13311 (looking-at parsep)) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13312 (forward-line 1)) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13313 (unless (eobp) (setq arg (1- arg))) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13314 ;; ... and one more line. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13315 (forward-line 1) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13316 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13317 (if fill-prefix-regexp |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13318 ;; There is a fill prefix; it overrides parstart. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13319 (while (and (not (eobp)) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13320 (progn (move-to-left-margin) (not (eobp))) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13321 (not (looking-at parsep)) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13322 (looking-at fill-prefix-regexp)) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13323 (forward-line 1)) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13324 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13325 (while (and (re-search-forward sp-parstart nil 1) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13326 (progn (setq start (match-beginning 0)) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13327 (goto-char start) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13328 (not (eobp))) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13329 (progn (move-to-left-margin) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13330 (not (looking-at parsep))) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13331 (or (not (looking-at parstart)) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13332 (and use-hard-newlines |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13333 (not (get-text-property (1- start) 'hard))))) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13334 (forward-char 1)) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13335 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13336 (if (< (point) (point-max)) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13337 (goto-char start)))) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13338 @end ignore |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13339 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13340 This part handles three situations: when point is between paragraphs, |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13341 when there is a fill prefix and when there is no fill prefix. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13342 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13343 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13344 The @code{while} loop looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13345 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13346 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13347 @group |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13348 ;; @r{going forwards and not at the end of the buffer} |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13349 (while (and (> arg 0) (not (eobp))) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13350 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13351 ;; @r{between paragraphs} |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13352 ;; Move forward over separator lines... |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13353 (while (and (not (eobp)) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13354 (progn (move-to-left-margin) (not (eobp))) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13355 (looking-at parsep)) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13356 (forward-line 1)) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13357 ;; @r{This decrements the loop} |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13358 (unless (eobp) (setq arg (1- arg))) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13359 ;; ... and one more line. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13360 (forward-line 1) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13361 @end group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13362 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13363 @group |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13364 (if fill-prefix-regexp |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13365 ;; There is a fill prefix; it overrides parstart; |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13366 ;; we go forward line by line |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13367 (while (and (not (eobp)) |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13368 (progn (move-to-left-margin) (not (eobp))) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13369 (not (looking-at parsep)) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13370 (looking-at fill-prefix-regexp)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13371 (forward-line 1)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13372 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13373 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13374 @group |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13375 ;; There is no fill prefix; |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13376 ;; we go forward character by character |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
13377 (while (and (re-search-forward sp-parstart nil 1) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
13378 (progn (setq start (match-beginning 0)) |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
13379 (goto-char start) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
13380 (not (eobp))) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
13381 (progn (move-to-left-margin) |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
13382 (not (looking-at parsep))) |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
13383 (or (not (looking-at parstart)) |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
13384 (and use-hard-newlines |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
13385 (not (get-text-property (1- start) 'hard))))) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
13386 (forward-char 1)) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
13387 @end group |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
13388 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
13389 @group |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
13390 ;; and if there is no fill prefix and if we are not at the end, |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
13391 ;; go to whatever was found in the regular expression search |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
13392 ;; for sp-parstart |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
13393 (if (< (point) (point-max)) |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
13394 (goto-char start)))) |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
13395 @end group |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
13396 @end smallexample |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
13397 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13398 @findex eobp |
73554
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
13399 We can see that this is a decrementing counter @code{while} loop, |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
13400 using the expression @code{(setq arg (1- arg))} as the decrementer. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
13401 That expression is not far from the @code{while}, but is hidden in |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
13402 another Lisp macro, an @code{unless} macro. Unless we are at the end |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
13403 of the buffer --- that is what the @code{eobp} function determines; it |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
13404 is an abbreviation of @samp{End Of Buffer P} --- we decrease the value |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
13405 of @code{arg} by one. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
13406 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
13407 (If we are at the end of the buffer, we cannot go forward any more and |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
13408 the next loop of the @code{while} expression will test false since the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
13409 test is an @code{and} with @code{(not (eobp))}. The @code{not} |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
13410 function means exactly as you expect; it is another name for |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
13411 @code{null}, a function that returns true when its argument is false.) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
13412 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
13413 Interestingly, the loop count is not decremented until we leave the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
13414 space between paragraphs, unless we come to the end of buffer or stop |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
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|
13415 seeing the local value of the paragraph separator. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13416 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13417 That second @code{while} also has a @code{(move-to-left-margin)} |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
13418 expression. The function is self-explanatory. It is inside a |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
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|
13419 @code{progn} expression and not the last element of its body, so it is |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
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|
13420 only invoked for its side effect, which is to move point to the left |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
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|
13421 margin of the current line. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
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|
13422 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13423 @findex looking-at |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13424 The @code{looking-at} function is also self-explanatory; it returns |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13425 true if the text after point matches the regular expression given as |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13426 its argument. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13427 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13428 The rest of the body of the loop looks difficult at first, but makes |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13429 sense as you come to understand it. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13430 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13431 @need 800 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13432 First consider what happens if there is a fill prefix: |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13433 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13434 @smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13435 @group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13436 (if fill-prefix-regexp |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13437 ;; There is a fill prefix; it overrides parstart; |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13438 ;; we go forward line by line |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13439 (while (and (not (eobp)) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13440 (progn (move-to-left-margin) (not (eobp))) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13441 (not (looking-at parsep)) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13442 (looking-at fill-prefix-regexp)) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13443 (forward-line 1)) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13444 @end group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13445 @end smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13446 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13447 @noindent |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13448 This expression moves point forward line by line so long |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13449 as four conditions are true: |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13450 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13451 @enumerate |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13452 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13453 Point is not at the end of the buffer. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13454 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13455 @item |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
13456 We can move to the left margin of the text and are |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
13457 not at the end of the buffer. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
13458 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13459 @item |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13460 The text following point does not separate paragraphs. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13461 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13462 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13463 The pattern following point is the fill prefix regular expression. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13464 @end enumerate |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13465 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13466 The last condition may be puzzling, until you remember that point was |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13467 moved to the beginning of the line early in the @code{forward-paragraph} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13468 function. This means that if the text has a fill prefix, the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13469 @code{looking-at} function will see it. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13470 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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changeset
|
13471 @need 1250 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13472 Consider what happens when there is no fill prefix. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
13473 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13474 @smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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changeset
|
13475 @group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13476 (while (and (re-search-forward sp-parstart nil 1) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13477 (progn (setq start (match-beginning 0)) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13478 (goto-char start) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
13479 (not (eobp))) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13480 (progn (move-to-left-margin) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13481 (not (looking-at parsep))) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13482 (or (not (looking-at parstart)) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13483 (and use-hard-newlines |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13484 (not (get-text-property (1- start) 'hard))))) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13485 (forward-char 1)) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13486 @end group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13487 @end smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13488 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13489 @noindent |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13490 This @code{while} loop has us searching forward for |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13491 @code{sp-parstart}, which is the combination of possible whitespace |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13492 with a the local value of the start of a paragraph or of a paragraph |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13493 separator. (The latter two are within an expression starting |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13494 @code{\(?:} so that they are not referenced by the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13495 @code{match-beginning} function.) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13496 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13497 @need 800 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13498 The two expressions, |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13499 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13500 @smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13501 @group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13502 (setq start (match-beginning 0)) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13503 (goto-char start) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13504 @end group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13505 @end smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13506 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13507 @noindent |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13508 mean go to the start of the text matched by the regular expression |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13509 search. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13510 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13511 The @code{(match-beginning 0)} expression is new. It returns a number |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13512 specifying the location of the start of the text that was matched by |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13513 the last search. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13514 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13515 The @code{match-beginning} function is used here because of a |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13516 characteristic of a forward search: a successful forward search, |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13517 regardless of whether it is a plain search or a regular expression |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13518 search, moves point to the end of the text that is found. In this |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13519 case, a successful search moves point to the end of the pattern for |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13520 @code{sp-parstart}. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13521 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13522 However, we want to put point at the end of the current paragraph, not |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13523 somewhere else. Indeed, since the search possibly includes the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13524 paragraph separator, point may end up at the beginning of the next one |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13525 unless we use an expression that includes @code{match-beginning}. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13526 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13527 @findex match-beginning |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13528 When given an argument of 0, @code{match-beginning} returns the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13529 position that is the start of the text matched by the most recent |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13530 search. In this case, the most recent search looks for |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13531 @code{sp-parstart}. The @code{(match-beginning 0)} expression returns |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13532 the beginning position of that pattern, rather than the end position |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13533 of that pattern. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13534 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13535 (Incidentally, when passed a positive number as an argument, the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13536 @code{match-beginning} function returns the location of point at that |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13537 parenthesized expression in the last search unless that parenthesized |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13538 expression begins with @code{\(?:}. I don't know why @code{\(?:} |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13539 appears here since the argument is 0.) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13540 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13541 @need 1250 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13542 The last expression when there is no fill prefix is |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13543 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13544 @smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13545 @group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13546 (if (< (point) (point-max)) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13547 (goto-char start)))) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13548 @end group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13549 @end smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13550 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13551 @noindent |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13552 This says that if there is no fill prefix and if we are not at the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13553 end, point should move to the beginning of whatever was found by the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13554 regular expression search for @code{sp-parstart}. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13555 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13556 The full definition for the @code{forward-paragraph} function not only |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13557 includes code for going forwards, but also code for going backwards. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13558 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13559 If you are reading this inside of GNU Emacs and you want to see the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13560 whole function, you can type @kbd{C-h f} (@code{describe-function}) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13561 and the name of the function. This gives you the function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13562 documentation and the name of the library containing the function's |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13563 source. Place point over the name of the library and press the RET |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13564 key; you will be taken directly to the source. (Be sure to install |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13565 your sources! Without them, you are like a person who tries to drive |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13566 a car with his eyes shut!) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13567 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13568 @node etags, Regexp Review, forward-paragraph, Regexp Search |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13569 @section Create Your Own @file{TAGS} File |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13570 @findex etags |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13571 @cindex @file{TAGS} file, create own |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13572 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13573 Besides @kbd{C-h f} (@code{describe-function}), another way to see the |
73706
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
13574 source of a function is to type @kbd{M-.} (@code{find-tag}) and the |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13575 name of the function when prompted for it. This is a good habit to |
73706
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
13576 get into. The @kbd{M-.} (@code{find-tag}) command takes you directly |
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
13577 to the source for a function, variable, or node. The function depends |
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
13578 on tags tables to tell it where to go. |
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
13579 |
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
13580 If the @code{find-tag} function first asks you for the name of a |
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
13581 @file{TAGS} table, give it the name of a @file{TAGS} file such as |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13582 @file{/usr/local/src/emacs/src/TAGS}. (The exact path to your |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13583 @file{TAGS} file depends on how your copy of Emacs was installed. I |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13584 just told you the location that provides both my C and my Emacs Lisp |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13585 sources.) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13586 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13587 You can also create your own @file{TAGS} file for directories that |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13588 lack one. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13589 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13590 You often need to build and install tags tables yourself. They are |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13591 not built automatically. A tags table is called a @file{TAGS} file; |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13592 the name is in upper case letters. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13593 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13594 You can create a @file{TAGS} file by calling the @code{etags} program |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13595 that comes as a part of the Emacs distribution. Usually, @code{etags} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13596 is compiled and installed when Emacs is built. (@code{etags} is not |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13597 an Emacs Lisp function or a part of Emacs; it is a C program.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13598 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13599 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13600 To create a @file{TAGS} file, first switch to the directory in which |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13601 you want to create the file. In Emacs you can do this with the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13602 @kbd{M-x cd} command, or by visiting a file in the directory, or by |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13603 listing the directory with @kbd{C-x d} (@code{dired}). Then run the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13604 compile command, with @w{@code{etags *.el}} as the command to execute |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13605 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13606 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13607 M-x compile RET etags *.el RET |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13608 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13609 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13610 @noindent |
73706
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
13611 to create a @file{TAGS} file for Emacs Lisp. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13612 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13613 For example, if you have a large number of files in your |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13614 @file{~/emacs} directory, as I do---I have 137 @file{.el} files in it, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13615 of which I load 12---you can create a @file{TAGS} file for the Emacs |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13616 Lisp files in that directory. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13617 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13618 @need 1250 |
73706
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
13619 The @code{etags} program takes all the usual shell `wildcards'. For |
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
13620 example, if you have two directories for which you want a single |
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
13621 @file{TAGS} file, type @w{@code{etags *.el ../elisp/*.el}}, where |
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
13622 @file{../elisp/} is the second directory: |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13623 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13624 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13625 M-x compile RET etags *.el ../elisp/*.el RET |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13626 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13627 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13628 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13629 Type |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13630 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13631 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13632 M-x compile RET etags --help RET |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13633 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13634 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13635 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13636 to see a list of the options accepted by @code{etags} as well as a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13637 list of supported languages. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13638 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13639 The @code{etags} program handles more than 20 languages, including |
73706
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
13640 Emacs Lisp, Common Lisp, Scheme, C, C++, Ada, Fortran, HTML, Java, |
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
13641 LaTeX, Pascal, Perl, Postscript, Python, TeX, Texinfo, makefiles, and |
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
13642 most assemblers. The program has no switches for specifying the |
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
13643 language; it recognizes the language in an input file according to its |
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
13644 file name and contents. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13645 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13646 @file{etags} is very helpful when you are writing code yourself and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13647 want to refer back to functions you have already written. Just run |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13648 @code{etags} again at intervals as you write new functions, so they |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13649 become part of the @file{TAGS} file. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13650 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13651 If you think an appropriate @file{TAGS} file already exists for what |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13652 you want, but do not know where it is, you can use the @code{locate} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13653 program to attempt to find it. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13654 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13655 Type @w{@kbd{M-x locate @key{RET} TAGS @key{RET}}} and Emacs will list |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13656 for you the full path names of all your @file{TAGS} files. On my |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13657 system, this command lists 34 @file{TAGS} files. On the other hand, a |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13658 `plain vanilla' system I recently installed did not contain any |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13659 @file{TAGS} files. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13660 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13661 If the tags table you want has been created, you can use the @code{M-x |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13662 visit-tags-table} command to specify it. Otherwise, you will need to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13663 create the tag table yourself and then use @code{M-x |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13664 visit-tags-table}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13665 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13666 @subsubheading Building Tags in the Emacs sources |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13667 @cindex Building Tags in the Emacs sources |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13668 @cindex Tags in the Emacs sources |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13669 @findex make tags |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13670 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13671 The GNU Emacs sources come with a @file{Makefile} that contains a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13672 sophisticated @code{etags} command that creates, collects, and merges |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13673 tags tables from all over the Emacs sources and puts the information |
73706
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
13674 into one @file{TAGS} file in the @file{src/} directory. (The |
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
13675 @file{src/} directory is below the top level of your Emacs directory.) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13676 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13677 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13678 To build this @file{TAGS} file, go to the top level of your Emacs |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13679 source directory and run the compile command @code{make tags}: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13680 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13681 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13682 M-x compile RET make tags RET |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13683 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13684 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13685 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13686 (The @code{make tags} command works well with the GNU Emacs sources, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13687 as well as with some other source packages.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13688 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13689 For more information, see @ref{Tags, , Tag Tables, emacs, The GNU Emacs |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13690 Manual}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13691 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13692 @node Regexp Review, re-search Exercises, etags, Regexp Search |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13693 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13694 @section Review |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13695 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13696 Here is a brief summary of some recently introduced functions. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13697 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13698 @table @code |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13699 @item while |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13700 Repeatedly evaluate the body of the expression so long as the first |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13701 element of the body tests true. Then return @code{nil}. (The |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13702 expression is evaluated only for its side effects.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13703 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13704 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13705 For example: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13706 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13707 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13708 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13709 (let ((foo 2)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13710 (while (> foo 0) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13711 (insert (format "foo is %d.\n" foo)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13712 (setq foo (1- foo)))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13713 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13714 @result{} foo is 2. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13715 foo is 1. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13716 nil |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13717 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13718 @end smallexample |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13719 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13720 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13721 (The @code{insert} function inserts its arguments at point; the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13722 @code{format} function returns a string formatted from its arguments |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13723 the way @code{message} formats its arguments; @code{\n} produces a new |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13724 line.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13725 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13726 @item re-search-forward |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13727 Search for a pattern, and if the pattern is found, move point to rest |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13728 just after it. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13729 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13730 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13731 Takes four arguments, like @code{search-forward}: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13732 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13733 @enumerate |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13734 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13735 A regular expression that specifies the pattern to search for. |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13736 (Remember to put quotation marks around this argument!) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13737 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13738 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13739 Optionally, the limit of the search. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13740 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13741 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13742 Optionally, what to do if the search fails, return @code{nil} or an |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13743 error message. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13744 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13745 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13746 Optionally, how many times to repeat the search; if negative, the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13747 search goes backwards. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13748 @end enumerate |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13749 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13750 @item let* |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13751 Bind some variables locally to particular values, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13752 and then evaluate the remaining arguments, returning the value of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13753 last one. While binding the local variables, use the local values of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13754 variables bound earlier, if any. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13755 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13756 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13757 For example: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13758 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13759 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13760 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13761 (let* ((foo 7) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13762 (bar (* 3 foo))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13763 (message "`bar' is %d." bar)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13764 @result{} `bar' is 21. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13765 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13766 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13767 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13768 @item match-beginning |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13769 Return the position of the start of the text found by the last regular |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13770 expression search. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13771 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13772 @item looking-at |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13773 Return @code{t} for true if the text after point matches the argument, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13774 which should be a regular expression. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13775 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13776 @item eobp |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13777 Return @code{t} for true if point is at the end of the accessible part |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13778 of a buffer. The end of the accessible part is the end of the buffer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13779 if the buffer is not narrowed; it is the end of the narrowed part if |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13780 the buffer is narrowed. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13781 @end table |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13782 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13783 @need 1500 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13784 @node re-search Exercises, , Regexp Review, Regexp Search |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13785 @section Exercises with @code{re-search-forward} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13786 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13787 @itemize @bullet |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13788 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13789 Write a function to search for a regular expression that matches two |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13790 or more blank lines in sequence. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13791 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13792 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13793 Write a function to search for duplicated words, such as `the the'. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13794 @xref{Regexps, , Syntax of Regular Expressions, emacs, The GNU Emacs |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13795 Manual}, for information on how to write a regexp (a regular |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13796 expression) to match a string that is composed of two identical |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13797 halves. You can devise several regexps; some are better than others. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13798 The function I use is described in an appendix, along with several |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13799 regexps. @xref{the-the, , @code{the-the} Duplicated Words Function}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13800 @end itemize |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13801 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13802 @node Counting Words, Words in a defun, Regexp Search, Top |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13803 @chapter Counting: Repetition and Regexps |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13804 @cindex Repetition for word counting |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13805 @cindex Regular expressions for word counting |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13806 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13807 Repetition and regular expression searches are powerful tools that you |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13808 often use when you write code in Emacs Lisp. This chapter illustrates |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13809 the use of regular expression searches through the construction of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13810 word count commands using @code{while} loops and recursion. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13811 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13812 @menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13813 * Why Count Words:: |
73854
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
13814 * count-words-region:: Use a regexp, but find a problem. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
13815 * recursive-count-words:: Start with case of no words in region. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13816 * Counting Exercise:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13817 @end menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13818 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13819 @node Why Count Words, count-words-region, Counting Words, Counting Words |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13820 @ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13821 @unnumberedsec Counting words |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13822 @end ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13823 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13824 The standard Emacs distribution contains a function for counting the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13825 number of lines within a region. However, there is no corresponding |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13826 function for counting words. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13827 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13828 Certain types of writing ask you to count words. Thus, if you write |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13829 an essay, you may be limited to 800 words; if you write a novel, you |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13830 may discipline yourself to write 1000 words a day. It seems odd to me |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13831 that Emacs lacks a word count command. Perhaps people use Emacs |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13832 mostly for code or types of documentation that do not require word |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13833 counts; or perhaps they restrict themselves to the operating system |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13834 word count command, @code{wc}. Alternatively, people may follow |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13835 the publishers' convention and compute a word count by dividing the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13836 number of characters in a document by five. In any event, here are |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13837 commands to count words. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13838 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13839 @node count-words-region, recursive-count-words, Why Count Words, Counting Words |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13840 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13841 @section The @code{count-words-region} Function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13842 @findex count-words-region |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13843 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13844 A word count command could count words in a line, paragraph, region, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13845 or buffer. What should the command cover? You could design the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13846 command to count the number of words in a complete buffer. However, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13847 the Emacs tradition encourages flexibility---you may want to count |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13848 words in just a section, rather than all of a buffer. So it makes |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13849 more sense to design the command to count the number of words in a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13850 region. Once you have a @code{count-words-region} command, you can, |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13851 if you wish, count words in a whole buffer by marking it with |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13852 @w{@kbd{C-x h}} (@code{mark-whole-buffer}). |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13853 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13854 Clearly, counting words is a repetitive act: starting from the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13855 beginning of the region, you count the first word, then the second |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13856 word, then the third word, and so on, until you reach the end of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13857 region. This means that word counting is ideally suited to recursion |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13858 or to a @code{while} loop. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13859 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13860 @menu |
73854
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
13861 * Design count-words-region:: The definition using a @code{while} loop. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
13862 * Whitespace Bug:: The Whitespace Bug in @code{count-words-region}. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13863 @end menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13864 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13865 @node Design count-words-region, Whitespace Bug, count-words-region, count-words-region |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13866 @ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13867 @unnumberedsubsec Designing @code{count-words-region} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13868 @end ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13869 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13870 First, we will implement the word count command with a @code{while} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13871 loop, then with recursion. The command will, of course, be |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13872 interactive. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13873 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13874 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13875 The template for an interactive function definition is, as always: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13876 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13877 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13878 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13879 (defun @var{name-of-function} (@var{argument-list}) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13880 "@var{documentation}@dots{}" |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13881 (@var{interactive-expression}@dots{}) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13882 @var{body}@dots{}) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13883 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13884 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13885 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13886 What we need to do is fill in the slots. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13887 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13888 The name of the function should be self-explanatory and similar to the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13889 existing @code{count-lines-region} name. This makes the name easier |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13890 to remember. @code{count-words-region} is a good choice. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13891 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13892 The function counts words within a region. This means that the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13893 argument list must contain symbols that are bound to the two |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13894 positions, the beginning and end of the region. These two positions |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13895 can be called @samp{beginning} and @samp{end} respectively. The first |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13896 line of the documentation should be a single sentence, since that is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13897 all that is printed as documentation by a command such as |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13898 @code{apropos}. The interactive expression will be of the form |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13899 @samp{(interactive "r")}, since that will cause Emacs to pass the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13900 beginning and end of the region to the function's argument list. All |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13901 this is routine. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13902 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13903 The body of the function needs to be written to do three tasks: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13904 first, to set up conditions under which the @code{while} loop can |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13905 count words, second, to run the @code{while} loop, and third, to send |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13906 a message to the user. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13907 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13908 When a user calls @code{count-words-region}, point may be at the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13909 beginning or the end of the region. However, the counting process |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13910 must start at the beginning of the region. This means we will want |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13911 to put point there if it is not already there. Executing |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13912 @code{(goto-char beginning)} ensures this. Of course, we will want to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13913 return point to its expected position when the function finishes its |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13914 work. For this reason, the body must be enclosed in a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13915 @code{save-excursion} expression. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13916 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13917 The central part of the body of the function consists of a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13918 @code{while} loop in which one expression jumps point forward word by |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13919 word, and another expression counts those jumps. The true-or-false-test |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13920 of the @code{while} loop should test true so long as point should jump |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13921 forward, and false when point is at the end of the region. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13922 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13923 We could use @code{(forward-word 1)} as the expression for moving point |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13924 forward word by word, but it is easier to see what Emacs identifies as a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13925 `word' if we use a regular expression search. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13926 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13927 A regular expression search that finds the pattern for which it is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13928 searching leaves point after the last character matched. This means |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13929 that a succession of successful word searches will move point forward |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13930 word by word. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13931 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13932 As a practical matter, we want the regular expression search to jump |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13933 over whitespace and punctuation between words as well as over the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13934 words themselves. A regexp that refuses to jump over interword |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13935 whitespace would never jump more than one word! This means that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13936 the regexp should include the whitespace and punctuation that follows |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13937 a word, if any, as well as the word itself. (A word may end a buffer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13938 and not have any following whitespace or punctuation, so that part of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13939 the regexp must be optional.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13940 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13941 Thus, what we want for the regexp is a pattern defining one or more |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13942 word constituent characters followed, optionally, by one or more |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13943 characters that are not word constituents. The regular expression for |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13944 this is: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13945 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13946 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13947 \w+\W* |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13948 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13949 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13950 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13951 The buffer's syntax table determines which characters are and are not |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13952 word constituents. (@xref{Syntax, , What Constitutes a Word or |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13953 Symbol?}, for more about syntax. Also, see @ref{Syntax, Syntax, The |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13954 Syntax Table, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}, and @ref{Syntax Tables, , |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13955 Syntax Tables, elisp, The GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13956 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13957 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13958 The search expression looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13959 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13960 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13961 (re-search-forward "\\w+\\W*") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13962 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13963 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13964 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13965 (Note that paired backslashes precede the @samp{w} and @samp{W}. A |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13966 single backslash has special meaning to the Emacs Lisp interpreter. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13967 It indicates that the following character is interpreted differently |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
13968 than usual. For example, the two characters, @samp{\n}, stand for |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13969 @samp{newline}, rather than for a backslash followed by @samp{n}. Two |
73706
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
13970 backslashes in a row stand for an ordinary, `unspecial' backslash, so |
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
13971 Emacs Lisp interpreter ends of seeing a single backslash followed by a |
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
13972 letter. So it discovers the letter is special.) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13973 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13974 We need a counter to count how many words there are; this variable |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13975 must first be set to 0 and then incremented each time Emacs goes |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13976 around the @code{while} loop. The incrementing expression is simply: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13977 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13978 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13979 (setq count (1+ count)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13980 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13981 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13982 Finally, we want to tell the user how many words there are in the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13983 region. The @code{message} function is intended for presenting this |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13984 kind of information to the user. The message has to be phrased so |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13985 that it reads properly regardless of how many words there are in the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13986 region: we don't want to say that ``there are 1 words in the region''. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13987 The conflict between singular and plural is ungrammatical. We can |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13988 solve this problem by using a conditional expression that evaluates |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13989 different messages depending on the number of words in the region. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13990 There are three possibilities: no words in the region, one word in the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13991 region, and more than one word. This means that the @code{cond} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13992 special form is appropriate. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13993 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13994 @need 1500 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13995 All this leads to the following function definition: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13996 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13997 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13998 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
13999 ;;; @r{First version; has bugs!} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14000 (defun count-words-region (beginning end) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14001 "Print number of words in the region. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14002 Words are defined as at least one word-constituent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14003 character followed by at least one character that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14004 is not a word-constituent. The buffer's syntax |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14005 table determines which characters these are." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14006 (interactive "r") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14007 (message "Counting words in region ... ") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14008 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14009 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14010 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14011 ;;; @r{1. Set up appropriate conditions.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14012 (save-excursion |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14013 (goto-char beginning) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14014 (let ((count 0)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14015 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14016 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14017 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14018 ;;; @r{2. Run the} while @r{loop.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14019 (while (< (point) end) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14020 (re-search-forward "\\w+\\W*") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14021 (setq count (1+ count))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14022 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14023 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14024 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14025 ;;; @r{3. Send a message to the user.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14026 (cond ((zerop count) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14027 (message |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14028 "The region does NOT have any words.")) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14029 ((= 1 count) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14030 (message |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14031 "The region has 1 word.")) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14032 (t |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14033 (message |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14034 "The region has %d words." count)))))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14035 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14036 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14037 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14038 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14039 As written, the function works, but not in all circumstances. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14040 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14041 @node Whitespace Bug, , Design count-words-region, count-words-region |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14042 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14043 @subsection The Whitespace Bug in @code{count-words-region} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14044 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14045 The @code{count-words-region} command described in the preceding |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14046 section has two bugs, or rather, one bug with two manifestations. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14047 First, if you mark a region containing only whitespace in the middle |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14048 of some text, the @code{count-words-region} command tells you that the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14049 region contains one word! Second, if you mark a region containing |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14050 only whitespace at the end of the buffer or the accessible portion of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14051 a narrowed buffer, the command displays an error message that looks |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14052 like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14053 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14054 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14055 Search failed: "\\w+\\W*" |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14056 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14057 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14058 If you are reading this in Info in GNU Emacs, you can test for these |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14059 bugs yourself. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14060 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14061 First, evaluate the function in the usual manner to install it. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14062 @ifinfo |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14063 Here is a copy of the definition. Place your cursor after the closing |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14064 parenthesis and type @kbd{C-x C-e} to install it. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14065 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14066 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14067 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14068 ;; @r{First version; has bugs!} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14069 (defun count-words-region (beginning end) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14070 "Print number of words in the region. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14071 Words are defined as at least one word-constituent character followed |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14072 by at least one character that is not a word-constituent. The buffer's |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14073 syntax table determines which characters these are." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14074 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14075 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14076 (interactive "r") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14077 (message "Counting words in region ... ") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14078 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14079 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14080 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14081 ;;; @r{1. Set up appropriate conditions.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14082 (save-excursion |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14083 (goto-char beginning) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14084 (let ((count 0)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14085 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14086 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14087 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14088 ;;; @r{2. Run the} while @r{loop.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14089 (while (< (point) end) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14090 (re-search-forward "\\w+\\W*") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14091 (setq count (1+ count))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14092 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14093 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14094 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14095 ;;; @r{3. Send a message to the user.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14096 (cond ((zerop count) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14097 (message "The region does NOT have any words.")) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14098 ((= 1 count) (message "The region has 1 word.")) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14099 (t (message "The region has %d words." count)))))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14100 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14101 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14102 @end ifinfo |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14103 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14104 @need 1000 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14105 If you wish, you can also install this keybinding by evaluating it: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14106 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14107 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14108 (global-set-key "\C-c=" 'count-words-region) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14109 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14110 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14111 To conduct the first test, set mark and point to the beginning and end |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14112 of the following line and then type @kbd{C-c =} (or @kbd{M-x |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14113 count-words-region} if you have not bound @kbd{C-c =}): |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14114 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14115 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14116 one two three |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14117 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14118 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14119 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14120 Emacs will tell you, correctly, that the region has three words. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14121 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14122 Repeat the test, but place mark at the beginning of the line and place |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14123 point just @emph{before} the word @samp{one}. Again type the command |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14124 @kbd{C-c =} (or @kbd{M-x count-words-region}). Emacs should tell you |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14125 that the region has no words, since it is composed only of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14126 whitespace at the beginning of the line. But instead Emacs tells you |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14127 that the region has one word! |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14128 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14129 For the third test, copy the sample line to the end of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14130 @file{*scratch*} buffer and then type several spaces at the end of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14131 line. Place mark right after the word @samp{three} and point at the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14132 end of line. (The end of the line will be the end of the buffer.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14133 Type @kbd{C-c =} (or @kbd{M-x count-words-region}) as you did before. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14134 Again, Emacs should tell you that the region has no words, since it is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14135 composed only of the whitespace at the end of the line. Instead, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14136 Emacs displays an error message saying @samp{Search failed}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14137 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14138 The two bugs stem from the same problem. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14139 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14140 Consider the first manifestation of the bug, in which the command |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14141 tells you that the whitespace at the beginning of the line contains |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14142 one word. What happens is this: The @code{M-x count-words-region} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14143 command moves point to the beginning of the region. The @code{while} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14144 tests whether the value of point is smaller than the value of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14145 @code{end}, which it is. Consequently, the regular expression search |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14146 looks for and finds the first word. It leaves point after the word. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14147 @code{count} is set to one. The @code{while} loop repeats; but this |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14148 time the value of point is larger than the value of @code{end}, the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14149 loop is exited; and the function displays a message saying the number |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14150 of words in the region is one. In brief, the regular expression |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14151 search looks for and finds the word even though it is outside |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14152 the marked region. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14153 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14154 In the second manifestation of the bug, the region is whitespace at |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14155 the end of the buffer. Emacs says @samp{Search failed}. What happens |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14156 is that the true-or-false-test in the @code{while} loop tests true, so |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14157 the search expression is executed. But since there are no more words |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14158 in the buffer, the search fails. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14159 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14160 In both manifestations of the bug, the search extends or attempts to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14161 extend outside of the region. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14162 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14163 The solution is to limit the search to the region---this is a fairly |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14164 simple action, but as you may have come to expect, it is not quite as |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14165 simple as you might think. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14166 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14167 As we have seen, the @code{re-search-forward} function takes a search |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14168 pattern as its first argument. But in addition to this first, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14169 mandatory argument, it accepts three optional arguments. The optional |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14170 second argument bounds the search. The optional third argument, if |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14171 @code{t}, causes the function to return @code{nil} rather than signal |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14172 an error if the search fails. The optional fourth argument is a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14173 repeat count. (In Emacs, you can see a function's documentation by |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14174 typing @kbd{C-h f}, the name of the function, and then @key{RET}.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14175 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14176 In the @code{count-words-region} definition, the value of the end of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14177 the region is held by the variable @code{end} which is passed as an |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14178 argument to the function. Thus, we can add @code{end} as an argument |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14179 to the regular expression search expression: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14180 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14181 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14182 (re-search-forward "\\w+\\W*" end) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14183 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14184 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14185 However, if you make only this change to the @code{count-words-region} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14186 definition and then test the new version of the definition on a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14187 stretch of whitespace, you will receive an error message saying |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14188 @samp{Search failed}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14189 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14190 What happens is this: the search is limited to the region, and fails |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14191 as you expect because there are no word-constituent characters in the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14192 region. Since it fails, we receive an error message. But we do not |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14193 want to receive an error message in this case; we want to receive the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14194 message that "The region does NOT have any words." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14195 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14196 The solution to this problem is to provide @code{re-search-forward} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14197 with a third argument of @code{t}, which causes the function to return |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14198 @code{nil} rather than signal an error if the search fails. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14199 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14200 However, if you make this change and try it, you will see the message |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14201 ``Counting words in region ... '' and @dots{} you will keep on seeing |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14202 that message @dots{}, until you type @kbd{C-g} (@code{keyboard-quit}). |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14203 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14204 Here is what happens: the search is limited to the region, as before, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14205 and it fails because there are no word-constituent characters in the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14206 region, as expected. Consequently, the @code{re-search-forward} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14207 expression returns @code{nil}. It does nothing else. In particular, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14208 it does not move point, which it does as a side effect if it finds the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14209 search target. After the @code{re-search-forward} expression returns |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14210 @code{nil}, the next expression in the @code{while} loop is evaluated. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14211 This expression increments the count. Then the loop repeats. The |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14212 true-or-false-test tests true because the value of point is still less |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14213 than the value of end, since the @code{re-search-forward} expression |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14214 did not move point. @dots{} and the cycle repeats @dots{} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14215 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14216 The @code{count-words-region} definition requires yet another |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14217 modification, to cause the true-or-false-test of the @code{while} loop |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14218 to test false if the search fails. Put another way, there are two |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14219 conditions that must be satisfied in the true-or-false-test before the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14220 word count variable is incremented: point must still be within the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14221 region and the search expression must have found a word to count. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14222 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14223 Since both the first condition and the second condition must be true |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14224 together, the two expressions, the region test and the search |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14225 expression, can be joined with an @code{and} special form and embedded in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14226 the @code{while} loop as the true-or-false-test, like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14227 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14228 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14229 (and (< (point) end) (re-search-forward "\\w+\\W*" end t)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14230 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14231 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14232 @c colon in printed section title causes problem in Info cross reference |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14233 @c also trouble with an overfull hbox |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14234 @iftex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14235 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14236 (For information about @code{and}, see |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
14237 @ref{kill-new function, , The @code{kill-new} function}.) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14238 @end iftex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14239 @ifinfo |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14240 @noindent |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
14241 (@xref{kill-new function, , The @code{kill-new} function}, for |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
14242 information about @code{and}.) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14243 @end ifinfo |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14244 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14245 The @code{re-search-forward} expression returns @code{t} if the search |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14246 succeeds and as a side effect moves point. Consequently, as words are |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
14247 found, point is moved through the region. When the search expression |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
14248 fails to find another word, or when point reaches the end of the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
14249 region, the true-or-false-test tests false, the @code{while} loop |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
14250 exits, and the @code{count-words-region} function displays one or |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
14251 other of its messages. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14252 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14253 After incorporating these final changes, the @code{count-words-region} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14254 works without bugs (or at least, without bugs that I have found!). |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14255 Here is what it looks like: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14256 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14257 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14258 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14259 ;;; @r{Final version:} @code{while} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14260 (defun count-words-region (beginning end) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14261 "Print number of words in the region." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14262 (interactive "r") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14263 (message "Counting words in region ... ") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14264 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14265 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14266 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14267 ;;; @r{1. Set up appropriate conditions.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14268 (save-excursion |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14269 (let ((count 0)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14270 (goto-char beginning) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14271 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14272 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14273 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14274 ;;; @r{2. Run the} while @r{loop.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14275 (while (and (< (point) end) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14276 (re-search-forward "\\w+\\W*" end t)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14277 (setq count (1+ count))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14278 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14279 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14280 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14281 ;;; @r{3. Send a message to the user.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14282 (cond ((zerop count) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14283 (message |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14284 "The region does NOT have any words.")) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14285 ((= 1 count) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14286 (message |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14287 "The region has 1 word.")) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14288 (t |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14289 (message |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14290 "The region has %d words." count)))))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14291 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14292 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14293 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14294 @node recursive-count-words, Counting Exercise, count-words-region, Counting Words |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14295 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14296 @section Count Words Recursively |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14297 @cindex Count words recursively |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14298 @cindex Recursively counting words |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14299 @cindex Words, counted recursively |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14300 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14301 You can write the function for counting words recursively as well as |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14302 with a @code{while} loop. Let's see how this is done. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14303 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14304 First, we need to recognize that the @code{count-words-region} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14305 function has three jobs: it sets up the appropriate conditions for |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14306 counting to occur; it counts the words in the region; and it sends a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14307 message to the user telling how many words there are. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14308 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14309 If we write a single recursive function to do everything, we will |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14310 receive a message for every recursive call. If the region contains 13 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14311 words, we will receive thirteen messages, one right after the other. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14312 We don't want this! Instead, we must write two functions to do the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14313 job, one of which (the recursive function) will be used inside of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14314 other. One function will set up the conditions and display the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14315 message; the other will return the word count. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14316 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14317 Let us start with the function that causes the message to be displayed. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14318 We can continue to call this @code{count-words-region}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14319 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14320 This is the function that the user will call. It will be interactive. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14321 Indeed, it will be similar to our previous versions of this |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14322 function, except that it will call @code{recursive-count-words} to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14323 determine how many words are in the region. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14324 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14325 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14326 We can readily construct a template for this function, based on our |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14327 previous versions: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14328 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14329 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14330 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14331 ;; @r{Recursive version; uses regular expression search} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14332 (defun count-words-region (beginning end) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14333 "@var{documentation}@dots{}" |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14334 (@var{interactive-expression}@dots{}) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14335 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14336 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14337 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14338 ;;; @r{1. Set up appropriate conditions.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14339 (@var{explanatory message}) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14340 (@var{set-up functions}@dots{} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14341 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14342 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14343 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14344 ;;; @r{2. Count the words.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14345 @var{recursive call} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14346 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14347 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14348 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14349 ;;; @r{3. Send a message to the user.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14350 @var{message providing word count})) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14351 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14352 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14353 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14354 The definition looks straightforward, except that somehow the count |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14355 returned by the recursive call must be passed to the message |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14356 displaying the word count. A little thought suggests that this can be |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14357 done by making use of a @code{let} expression: we can bind a variable |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14358 in the varlist of a @code{let} expression to the number of words in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14359 the region, as returned by the recursive call; and then the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14360 @code{cond} expression, using binding, can display the value to the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14361 user. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14362 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14363 Often, one thinks of the binding within a @code{let} expression as |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14364 somehow secondary to the `primary' work of a function. But in this |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14365 case, what you might consider the `primary' job of the function, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14366 counting words, is done within the @code{let} expression. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14367 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14368 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14369 Using @code{let}, the function definition looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14370 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14371 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14372 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14373 (defun count-words-region (beginning end) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14374 "Print number of words in the region." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14375 (interactive "r") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14376 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14377 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14378 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14379 ;;; @r{1. Set up appropriate conditions.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14380 (message "Counting words in region ... ") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14381 (save-excursion |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14382 (goto-char beginning) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14383 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14384 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14385 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14386 ;;; @r{2. Count the words.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14387 (let ((count (recursive-count-words end))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14388 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14389 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14390 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14391 ;;; @r{3. Send a message to the user.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14392 (cond ((zerop count) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14393 (message |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14394 "The region does NOT have any words.")) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14395 ((= 1 count) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14396 (message |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14397 "The region has 1 word.")) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14398 (t |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14399 (message |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14400 "The region has %d words." count)))))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14401 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14402 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14403 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14404 Next, we need to write the recursive counting function. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14405 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14406 A recursive function has at least three parts: the `do-again-test', the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14407 `next-step-expression', and the recursive call. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14408 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14409 The do-again-test determines whether the function will or will not be |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14410 called again. Since we are counting words in a region and can use a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14411 function that moves point forward for every word, the do-again-test |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14412 can check whether point is still within the region. The do-again-test |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14413 should find the value of point and determine whether point is before, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14414 at, or after the value of the end of the region. We can use the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14415 @code{point} function to locate point. Clearly, we must pass the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14416 value of the end of the region to the recursive counting function as an |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14417 argument. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14418 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14419 In addition, the do-again-test should also test whether the search finds a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14420 word. If it does not, the function should not call itself again. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14421 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14422 The next-step-expression changes a value so that when the recursive |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14423 function is supposed to stop calling itself, it stops. More |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14424 precisely, the next-step-expression changes a value so that at the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14425 right time, the do-again-test stops the recursive function from |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14426 calling itself again. In this case, the next-step-expression can be |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14427 the expression that moves point forward, word by word. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14428 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14429 The third part of a recursive function is the recursive call. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14430 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14431 Somewhere, also, we also need a part that does the `work' of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14432 function, a part that does the counting. A vital part! |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14433 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14434 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14435 But already, we have an outline of the recursive counting function: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14436 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14437 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14438 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14439 (defun recursive-count-words (region-end) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14440 "@var{documentation}@dots{}" |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14441 @var{do-again-test} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14442 @var{next-step-expression} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14443 @var{recursive call}) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14444 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14445 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14446 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14447 Now we need to fill in the slots. Let's start with the simplest cases |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14448 first: if point is at or beyond the end of the region, there cannot |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14449 be any words in the region, so the function should return zero. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14450 Likewise, if the search fails, there are no words to count, so the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14451 function should return zero. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14452 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14453 On the other hand, if point is within the region and the search |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14454 succeeds, the function should call itself again. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14455 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14456 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14457 Thus, the do-again-test should look like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14458 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14459 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14460 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14461 (and (< (point) region-end) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14462 (re-search-forward "\\w+\\W*" region-end t)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14463 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14464 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14465 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14466 Note that the search expression is part of the do-again-test---the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14467 function returns @code{t} if its search succeeds and @code{nil} if it |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14468 fails. (@xref{Whitespace Bug, , The Whitespace Bug in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14469 @code{count-words-region}}, for an explanation of how |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14470 @code{re-search-forward} works.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14471 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14472 The do-again-test is the true-or-false test of an @code{if} clause. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14473 Clearly, if the do-again-test succeeds, the then-part of the @code{if} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14474 clause should call the function again; but if it fails, the else-part |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14475 should return zero since either point is outside the region or the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14476 search failed because there were no words to find. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14477 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14478 But before considering the recursive call, we need to consider the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14479 next-step-expression. What is it? Interestingly, it is the search |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14480 part of the do-again-test. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14481 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14482 In addition to returning @code{t} or @code{nil} for the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14483 do-again-test, @code{re-search-forward} moves point forward as a side |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14484 effect of a successful search. This is the action that changes the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14485 value of point so that the recursive function stops calling itself |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14486 when point completes its movement through the region. Consequently, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14487 the @code{re-search-forward} expression is the next-step-expression. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14488 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14489 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14490 In outline, then, the body of the @code{recursive-count-words} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14491 function looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14492 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14493 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14494 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14495 (if @var{do-again-test-and-next-step-combined} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14496 ;; @r{then} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14497 @var{recursive-call-returning-count} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14498 ;; @r{else} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14499 @var{return-zero}) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14500 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14501 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14502 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14503 How to incorporate the mechanism that counts? |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14504 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14505 If you are not used to writing recursive functions, a question like |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14506 this can be troublesome. But it can and should be approached |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14507 systematically. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14508 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14509 We know that the counting mechanism should be associated in some way |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14510 with the recursive call. Indeed, since the next-step-expression moves |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14511 point forward by one word, and since a recursive call is made for |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14512 each word, the counting mechanism must be an expression that adds one |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14513 to the value returned by a call to @code{recursive-count-words}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14514 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
14515 @need 800 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14516 Consider several cases: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14517 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14518 @itemize @bullet |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14519 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14520 If there are two words in the region, the function should return |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14521 a value resulting from adding one to the value returned when it counts |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14522 the first word, plus the number returned when it counts the remaining |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14523 words in the region, which in this case is one. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14524 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14525 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14526 If there is one word in the region, the function should return |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14527 a value resulting from adding one to the value returned when it counts |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14528 that word, plus the number returned when it counts the remaining |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14529 words in the region, which in this case is zero. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14530 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14531 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14532 If there are no words in the region, the function should return zero. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14533 @end itemize |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14534 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14535 From the sketch we can see that the else-part of the @code{if} returns |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14536 zero for the case of no words. This means that the then-part of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14537 @code{if} must return a value resulting from adding one to the value |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14538 returned from a count of the remaining words. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14539 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14540 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14541 The expression will look like this, where @code{1+} is a function that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14542 adds one to its argument. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14543 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14544 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14545 (1+ (recursive-count-words region-end)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14546 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14547 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14548 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14549 The whole @code{recursive-count-words} function will then look like |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14550 this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14551 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14552 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14553 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14554 (defun recursive-count-words (region-end) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14555 "@var{documentation}@dots{}" |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14556 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14557 ;;; @r{1. do-again-test} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14558 (if (and (< (point) region-end) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14559 (re-search-forward "\\w+\\W*" region-end t)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14560 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14561 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14562 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14563 ;;; @r{2. then-part: the recursive call} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14564 (1+ (recursive-count-words region-end)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14565 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14566 ;;; @r{3. else-part} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14567 0)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14568 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14569 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14570 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14571 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14572 Let's examine how this works: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14573 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14574 If there are no words in the region, the else part of the @code{if} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14575 expression is evaluated and consequently the function returns zero. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14576 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14577 If there is one word in the region, the value of point is less than |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14578 the value of @code{region-end} and the search succeeds. In this case, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14579 the true-or-false-test of the @code{if} expression tests true, and the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14580 then-part of the @code{if} expression is evaluated. The counting |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14581 expression is evaluated. This expression returns a value (which will |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14582 be the value returned by the whole function) that is the sum of one |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14583 added to the value returned by a recursive call. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14584 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14585 Meanwhile, the next-step-expression has caused point to jump over the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14586 first (and in this case only) word in the region. This means that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14587 when @code{(recursive-count-words region-end)} is evaluated a second |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14588 time, as a result of the recursive call, the value of point will be |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14589 equal to or greater than the value of region end. So this time, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14590 @code{recursive-count-words} will return zero. The zero will be added |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14591 to one, and the original evaluation of @code{recursive-count-words} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14592 will return one plus zero, which is one, which is the correct amount. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14593 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14594 Clearly, if there are two words in the region, the first call to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14595 @code{recursive-count-words} returns one added to the value returned |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14596 by calling @code{recursive-count-words} on a region containing the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14597 remaining word---that is, it adds one to one, producing two, which is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14598 the correct amount. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14599 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14600 Similarly, if there are three words in the region, the first call to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14601 @code{recursive-count-words} returns one added to the value returned |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14602 by calling @code{recursive-count-words} on a region containing the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14603 remaining two words---and so on and so on. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14604 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14605 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14606 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14607 With full documentation the two functions look like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14608 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14609 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14610 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14611 The recursive function: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14612 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14613 @findex recursive-count-words |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14614 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14615 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14616 (defun recursive-count-words (region-end) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14617 "Number of words between point and REGION-END." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14618 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14619 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14620 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14621 ;;; @r{1. do-again-test} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14622 (if (and (< (point) region-end) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14623 (re-search-forward "\\w+\\W*" region-end t)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14624 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14625 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14626 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14627 ;;; @r{2. then-part: the recursive call} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14628 (1+ (recursive-count-words region-end)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14629 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14630 ;;; @r{3. else-part} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14631 0)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14632 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14633 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14634 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14635 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14636 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14637 The wrapper: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14638 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14639 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14640 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14641 ;;; @r{Recursive version} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14642 (defun count-words-region (beginning end) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14643 "Print number of words in the region. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14644 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14645 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14646 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14647 Words are defined as at least one word-constituent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14648 character followed by at least one character that is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14649 not a word-constituent. The buffer's syntax table |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14650 determines which characters these are." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14651 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14652 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14653 (interactive "r") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14654 (message "Counting words in region ... ") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14655 (save-excursion |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14656 (goto-char beginning) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14657 (let ((count (recursive-count-words end))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14658 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14659 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14660 (cond ((zerop count) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14661 (message |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14662 "The region does NOT have any words.")) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14663 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14664 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14665 ((= 1 count) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14666 (message "The region has 1 word.")) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14667 (t |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14668 (message |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14669 "The region has %d words." count)))))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14670 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14671 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14672 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14673 @node Counting Exercise, , recursive-count-words, Counting Words |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14674 @section Exercise: Counting Punctuation |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14675 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14676 Using a @code{while} loop, write a function to count the number of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14677 punctuation marks in a region---period, comma, semicolon, colon, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14678 exclamation mark, and question mark. Do the same using recursion. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14679 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14680 @node Words in a defun, Readying a Graph, Counting Words, Top |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14681 @chapter Counting Words in a @code{defun} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14682 @cindex Counting words in a @code{defun} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14683 @cindex Word counting in a @code{defun} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14684 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14685 Our next project is to count the number of words in a function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14686 definition. Clearly, this can be done using some variant of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14687 @code{count-word-region}. @xref{Counting Words, , Counting Words: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14688 Repetition and Regexps}. If we are just going to count the words in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14689 one definition, it is easy enough to mark the definition with the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14690 @kbd{C-M-h} (@code{mark-defun}) command, and then call |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14691 @code{count-word-region}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14692 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14693 However, I am more ambitious: I want to count the words and symbols in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14694 every definition in the Emacs sources and then print a graph that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14695 shows how many functions there are of each length: how many contain 40 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14696 to 49 words or symbols, how many contain 50 to 59 words or symbols, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14697 and so on. I have often been curious how long a typical function is, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14698 and this will tell. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14699 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14700 @menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14701 * Divide and Conquer:: |
73854
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
14702 * Words and Symbols:: What to count? |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
14703 * Syntax:: What constitutes a word or symbol? |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
14704 * count-words-in-defun:: Very like @code{count-words}. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
14705 * Several defuns:: Counting several defuns in a file. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
14706 * Find a File:: Do you want to look at a file? |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
14707 * lengths-list-file:: A list of the lengths of many definitions. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
14708 * Several files:: Counting in definitions in different files. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
14709 * Several files recursively:: Recursively counting in different files. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
14710 * Prepare the data:: Prepare the data for display in a graph. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14711 @end menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14712 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14713 @node Divide and Conquer, Words and Symbols, Words in a defun, Words in a defun |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14714 @ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14715 @unnumberedsec Divide and Conquer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14716 @end ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14717 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14718 Described in one phrase, the histogram project is daunting; but |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14719 divided into numerous small steps, each of which we can take one at a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14720 time, the project becomes less fearsome. Let us consider what the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14721 steps must be: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14722 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14723 @itemize @bullet |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14724 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14725 First, write a function to count the words in one definition. This |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14726 includes the problem of handling symbols as well as words. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14727 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14728 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14729 Second, write a function to list the numbers of words in each function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14730 in a file. This function can use the @code{count-words-in-defun} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14731 function. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14732 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14733 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14734 Third, write a function to list the numbers of words in each function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14735 in each of several files. This entails automatically finding the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14736 various files, switching to them, and counting the words in the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14737 definitions within them. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14738 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14739 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14740 Fourth, write a function to convert the list of numbers that we |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14741 created in step three to a form that will be suitable for printing as |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14742 a graph. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14743 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14744 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14745 Fifth, write a function to print the results as a graph. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14746 @end itemize |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14747 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14748 This is quite a project! But if we take each step slowly, it will not |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14749 be difficult. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14750 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14751 @node Words and Symbols, Syntax, Divide and Conquer, Words in a defun |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14752 @section What to Count? |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14753 @cindex Words and symbols in defun |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14754 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14755 When we first start thinking about how to count the words in a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14756 function definition, the first question is (or ought to be) what are |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14757 we going to count? When we speak of `words' with respect to a Lisp |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14758 function definition, we are actually speaking, in large part, of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14759 `symbols'. For example, the following @code{multiply-by-seven} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14760 function contains the five symbols @code{defun}, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14761 @code{multiply-by-seven}, @code{number}, @code{*}, and @code{7}. In |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14762 addition, in the documentation string, it contains the four words |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14763 @samp{Multiply}, @samp{NUMBER}, @samp{by}, and @samp{seven}. The |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14764 symbol @samp{number} is repeated, so the definition contains a total |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14765 of ten words and symbols. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14766 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14767 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14768 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14769 (defun multiply-by-seven (number) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14770 "Multiply NUMBER by seven." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14771 (* 7 number)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14772 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14773 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14774 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14775 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14776 However, if we mark the @code{multiply-by-seven} definition with |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14777 @kbd{C-M-h} (@code{mark-defun}), and then call |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14778 @code{count-words-region} on it, we will find that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14779 @code{count-words-region} claims the definition has eleven words, not |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14780 ten! Something is wrong! |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14781 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14782 The problem is twofold: @code{count-words-region} does not count the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14783 @samp{*} as a word, and it counts the single symbol, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14784 @code{multiply-by-seven}, as containing three words. The hyphens are |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14785 treated as if they were interword spaces rather than intraword |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14786 connectors: @samp{multiply-by-seven} is counted as if it were written |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14787 @samp{multiply by seven}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14788 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14789 The cause of this confusion is the regular expression search within |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14790 the @code{count-words-region} definition that moves point forward word |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14791 by word. In the canonical version of @code{count-words-region}, the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14792 regexp is: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14793 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14794 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14795 "\\w+\\W*" |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14796 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14797 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14798 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14799 This regular expression is a pattern defining one or more word |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14800 constituent characters possibly followed by one or more characters |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14801 that are not word constituents. What is meant by `word constituent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14802 characters' brings us to the issue of syntax, which is worth a section |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14803 of its own. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14804 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14805 @node Syntax, count-words-in-defun, Words and Symbols, Words in a defun |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14806 @section What Constitutes a Word or Symbol? |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14807 @cindex Syntax categories and tables |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14808 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14809 Emacs treats different characters as belonging to different |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14810 @dfn{syntax categories}. For example, the regular expression, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14811 @samp{\\w+}, is a pattern specifying one or more @emph{word |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14812 constituent} characters. Word constituent characters are members of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14813 one syntax category. Other syntax categories include the class of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14814 punctuation characters, such as the period and the comma, and the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14815 class of whitespace characters, such as the blank space and the tab |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14816 character. (For more information, see @ref{Syntax, Syntax, The Syntax |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14817 Table, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}, and @ref{Syntax Tables, , Syntax |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14818 Tables, elisp, The GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14819 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14820 Syntax tables specify which characters belong to which categories. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14821 Usually, a hyphen is not specified as a `word constituent character'. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14822 Instead, it is specified as being in the `class of characters that are |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14823 part of symbol names but not words.' This means that the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14824 @code{count-words-region} function treats it in the same way it treats |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14825 an interword white space, which is why @code{count-words-region} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14826 counts @samp{multiply-by-seven} as three words. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14827 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14828 There are two ways to cause Emacs to count @samp{multiply-by-seven} as |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14829 one symbol: modify the syntax table or modify the regular expression. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14830 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14831 We could redefine a hyphen as a word constituent character by |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14832 modifying the syntax table that Emacs keeps for each mode. This |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14833 action would serve our purpose, except that a hyphen is merely the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14834 most common character within symbols that is not typically a word |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14835 constituent character; there are others, too. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14836 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14837 Alternatively, we can redefine the regular expression used in the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14838 @code{count-words} definition so as to include symbols. This |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14839 procedure has the merit of clarity, but the task is a little tricky. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14840 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14841 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14842 The first part is simple enough: the pattern must match ``at least one |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14843 character that is a word or symbol constituent''. Thus: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14844 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14845 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14846 "\\(\\w\\|\\s_\\)+" |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14847 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14848 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14849 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14850 The @samp{\\(} is the first part of the grouping construct that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14851 includes the @samp{\\w} and the @samp{\\s_} as alternatives, separated |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14852 by the @samp{\\|}. The @samp{\\w} matches any word-constituent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14853 character and the @samp{\\s_} matches any character that is part of a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14854 symbol name but not a word-constituent character. The @samp{+} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14855 following the group indicates that the word or symbol constituent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14856 characters must be matched at least once. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14857 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14858 However, the second part of the regexp is more difficult to design. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14859 What we want is to follow the first part with ``optionally one or more |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14860 characters that are not constituents of a word or symbol''. At first, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14861 I thought I could define this with the following: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14862 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14863 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14864 "\\(\\W\\|\\S_\\)*" |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14865 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14866 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14867 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14868 The upper case @samp{W} and @samp{S} match characters that are |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14869 @emph{not} word or symbol constituents. Unfortunately, this |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14870 expression matches any character that is either not a word constituent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14871 or not a symbol constituent. This matches any character! |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14872 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14873 I then noticed that every word or symbol in my test region was |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14874 followed by white space (blank space, tab, or newline). So I tried |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14875 placing a pattern to match one or more blank spaces after the pattern |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14876 for one or more word or symbol constituents. This failed, too. Words |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14877 and symbols are often separated by whitespace, but in actual code |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14878 parentheses may follow symbols and punctuation may follow words. So |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14879 finally, I designed a pattern in which the word or symbol constituents |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14880 are followed optionally by characters that are not white space and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14881 then followed optionally by white space. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14882 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14883 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14884 Here is the full regular expression: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14885 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14886 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14887 "\\(\\w\\|\\s_\\)+[^ \t\n]*[ \t\n]*" |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14888 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14889 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14890 @node count-words-in-defun, Several defuns, Syntax, Words in a defun |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14891 @section The @code{count-words-in-defun} Function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14892 @cindex Counting words in a @code{defun} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14893 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14894 We have seen that there are several ways to write a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14895 @code{count-word-region} function. To write a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14896 @code{count-words-in-defun}, we need merely adapt one of these |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14897 versions. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14898 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14899 The version that uses a @code{while} loop is easy to understand, so I |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14900 am going to adapt that. Because @code{count-words-in-defun} will be |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14901 part of a more complex program, it need not be interactive and it need |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14902 not display a message but just return the count. These considerations |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14903 simplify the definition a little. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14904 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14905 On the other hand, @code{count-words-in-defun} will be used within a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14906 buffer that contains function definitions. Consequently, it is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14907 reasonable to ask that the function determine whether it is called |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14908 when point is within a function definition, and if it is, to return |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14909 the count for that definition. This adds complexity to the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14910 definition, but saves us from needing to pass arguments to the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14911 function. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14912 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14913 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14914 These considerations lead us to prepare the following template: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14915 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14916 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14917 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14918 (defun count-words-in-defun () |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14919 "@var{documentation}@dots{}" |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14920 (@var{set up}@dots{} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14921 (@var{while loop}@dots{}) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14922 @var{return count}) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14923 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14924 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14925 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14926 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14927 As usual, our job is to fill in the slots. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14928 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14929 First, the set up. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14930 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14931 We are presuming that this function will be called within a buffer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14932 containing function definitions. Point will either be within a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14933 function definition or not. For @code{count-words-in-defun} to work, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14934 point must move to the beginning of the definition, a counter must |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14935 start at zero, and the counting loop must stop when point reaches the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14936 end of the definition. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14937 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14938 The @code{beginning-of-defun} function searches backwards for an |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14939 opening delimiter such as a @samp{(} at the beginning of a line, and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14940 moves point to that position, or else to the limit of the search. In |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14941 practice, this means that @code{beginning-of-defun} moves point to the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14942 beginning of an enclosing or preceding function definition, or else to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14943 the beginning of the buffer. We can use @code{beginning-of-defun} to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14944 place point where we wish to start. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14945 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14946 The @code{while} loop requires a counter to keep track of the words or |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14947 symbols being counted. A @code{let} expression can be used to create |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14948 a local variable for this purpose, and bind it to an initial value of zero. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14949 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14950 The @code{end-of-defun} function works like @code{beginning-of-defun} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14951 except that it moves point to the end of the definition. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14952 @code{end-of-defun} can be used as part of an expression that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14953 determines the position of the end of the definition. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14954 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14955 The set up for @code{count-words-in-defun} takes shape rapidly: first |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14956 we move point to the beginning of the definition, then we create a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14957 local variable to hold the count, and finally, we record the position |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14958 of the end of the definition so the @code{while} loop will know when to stop |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14959 looping. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14960 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14961 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14962 The code looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14963 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14964 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14965 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14966 (beginning-of-defun) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14967 (let ((count 0) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14968 (end (save-excursion (end-of-defun) (point)))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14969 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14970 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14971 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14972 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14973 The code is simple. The only slight complication is likely to concern |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14974 @code{end}: it is bound to the position of the end of the definition |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14975 by a @code{save-excursion} expression that returns the value of point |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14976 after @code{end-of-defun} temporarily moves it to the end of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14977 definition. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14978 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14979 The second part of the @code{count-words-in-defun}, after the set up, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14980 is the @code{while} loop. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14981 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14982 The loop must contain an expression that jumps point forward word by |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14983 word and symbol by symbol, and another expression that counts the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14984 jumps. The true-or-false-test for the @code{while} loop should test |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14985 true so long as point should jump forward, and false when point is at |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14986 the end of the definition. We have already redefined the regular |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14987 expression for this (@pxref{Syntax}), so the loop is straightforward: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14988 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14989 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14990 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14991 (while (and (< (point) end) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14992 (re-search-forward |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14993 "\\(\\w\\|\\s_\\)+[^ \t\n]*[ \t\n]*" end t) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14994 (setq count (1+ count))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14995 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14996 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14997 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14998 The third part of the function definition returns the count of words |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
14999 and symbols. This part is the last expression within the body of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15000 @code{let} expression, and can be, very simply, the local variable |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15001 @code{count}, which when evaluated returns the count. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15002 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15003 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15004 Put together, the @code{count-words-in-defun} definition looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15005 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15006 @findex count-words-in-defun |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15007 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15008 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15009 (defun count-words-in-defun () |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15010 "Return the number of words and symbols in a defun." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15011 (beginning-of-defun) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15012 (let ((count 0) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15013 (end (save-excursion (end-of-defun) (point)))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15014 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15015 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15016 (while |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15017 (and (< (point) end) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15018 (re-search-forward |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15019 "\\(\\w\\|\\s_\\)+[^ \t\n]*[ \t\n]*" |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15020 end t)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15021 (setq count (1+ count))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15022 count)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15023 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15024 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15025 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15026 How to test this? The function is not interactive, but it is easy to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15027 put a wrapper around the function to make it interactive; we can use |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15028 almost the same code as for the recursive version of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15029 @code{count-words-region}: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15030 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15031 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15032 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15033 ;;; @r{Interactive version.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15034 (defun count-words-defun () |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15035 "Number of words and symbols in a function definition." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15036 (interactive) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15037 (message |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15038 "Counting words and symbols in function definition ... ") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15039 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15040 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15041 (let ((count (count-words-in-defun))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15042 (cond |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15043 ((zerop count) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15044 (message |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15045 "The definition does NOT have any words or symbols.")) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15046 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15047 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15048 ((= 1 count) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15049 (message |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15050 "The definition has 1 word or symbol.")) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15051 (t |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15052 (message |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15053 "The definition has %d words or symbols." count))))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15054 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15055 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15056 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15057 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15058 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15059 Let's re-use @kbd{C-c =} as a convenient keybinding: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15060 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15061 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15062 (global-set-key "\C-c=" 'count-words-defun) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15063 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15064 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15065 Now we can try out @code{count-words-defun}: install both |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15066 @code{count-words-in-defun} and @code{count-words-defun}, and set the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15067 keybinding, and then place the cursor within the following definition: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15068 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15069 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15070 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15071 (defun multiply-by-seven (number) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15072 "Multiply NUMBER by seven." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15073 (* 7 number)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15074 @result{} 10 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15075 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15076 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15077 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15078 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15079 Success! The definition has 10 words and symbols. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15080 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15081 The next problem is to count the numbers of words and symbols in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15082 several definitions within a single file. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15083 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15084 @node Several defuns, Find a File, count-words-in-defun, Words in a defun |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15085 @section Count Several @code{defuns} Within a File |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15086 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15087 A file such as @file{simple.el} may have a hundred or more function |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15088 definitions within it. Our long term goal is to collect statistics on |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15089 many files, but as a first step, our immediate goal is to collect |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15090 statistics on one file. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15091 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15092 The information will be a series of numbers, each number being the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15093 length of a function definition. We can store the numbers in a list. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15094 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15095 We know that we will want to incorporate the information regarding one |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15096 file with information about many other files; this means that the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15097 function for counting definition lengths within one file need only |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15098 return the list of lengths. It need not and should not display any |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15099 messages. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15100 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15101 The word count commands contain one expression to jump point forward |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15102 word by word and another expression to count the jumps. The function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15103 to return the lengths of definitions can be designed to work the same |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15104 way, with one expression to jump point forward definition by |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15105 definition and another expression to construct the lengths' list. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15106 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15107 This statement of the problem makes it elementary to write the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15108 function definition. Clearly, we will start the count at the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15109 beginning of the file, so the first command will be @code{(goto-char |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15110 (point-min))}. Next, we start the @code{while} loop; and the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15111 true-or-false test of the loop can be a regular expression search for |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15112 the next function definition---so long as the search succeeds, point |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15113 is moved forward and then the body of the loop is evaluated. The body |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15114 needs an expression that constructs the lengths' list. @code{cons}, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15115 the list construction command, can be used to create the list. That |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15116 is almost all there is to it. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15117 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15118 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15119 Here is what this fragment of code looks like: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15120 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15121 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15122 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15123 (goto-char (point-min)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15124 (while (re-search-forward "^(defun" nil t) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15125 (setq lengths-list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15126 (cons (count-words-in-defun) lengths-list))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15127 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15128 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15129 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15130 What we have left out is the mechanism for finding the file that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15131 contains the function definitions. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15132 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15133 In previous examples, we either used this, the Info file, or we |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15134 switched back and forth to some other buffer, such as the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15135 @file{*scratch*} buffer. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15136 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15137 Finding a file is a new process that we have not yet discussed. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15138 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15139 @node Find a File, lengths-list-file, Several defuns, Words in a defun |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15140 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15141 @section Find a File |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15142 @cindex Find a File |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15143 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15144 To find a file in Emacs, you use the @kbd{C-x C-f} (@code{find-file}) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15145 command. This command is almost, but not quite right for the lengths |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15146 problem. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15147 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15148 @need 1200 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15149 Let's look at the source for @code{find-file}: |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15150 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15151 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15152 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15153 (defun find-file (filename) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15154 "Edit file FILENAME. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15155 Switch to a buffer visiting file FILENAME, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15156 creating one if none already exists." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15157 (interactive "FFind file: ") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15158 (switch-to-buffer (find-file-noselect filename))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15159 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15160 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15161 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15162 @noindent |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15163 (The most recent version of the @code{find-file} function definition |
73706
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
15164 permits you to specify optional wildcards to visit multiple files; that |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15165 makes the definition more complex and we will not discuss it here, |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15166 since it is not relevant. You can see its source using either |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15167 @kbd{M-.} (@code{find-tag}) or @kbd{C-h f} (@code{describe-function}).) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15168 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15169 @ignore |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15170 In Emacs 22 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15171 (defun find-file (filename &optional wildcards) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15172 "Edit file FILENAME. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15173 Switch to a buffer visiting file FILENAME, |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15174 creating one if none already exists. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15175 Interactively, the default if you just type RET is the current directory, |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15176 but the visited file name is available through the minibuffer history: |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15177 type M-n to pull it into the minibuffer. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15178 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15179 Interactively, or if WILDCARDS is non-nil in a call from Lisp, |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15180 expand wildcards (if any) and visit multiple files. You can |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15181 suppress wildcard expansion by setting `find-file-wildcards' to nil. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15182 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15183 To visit a file without any kind of conversion and without |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15184 automatically choosing a major mode, use \\[find-file-literally]." |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15185 (interactive (find-file-read-args "Find file: " nil)) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15186 (let ((value (find-file-noselect filename nil nil wildcards))) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15187 (if (listp value) |
73683 | 15188 (mapcar 'switch-to-buffer (nreverse value)) |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15189 (switch-to-buffer value)))) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15190 @end ignore |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15191 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15192 The definition I am showing possesses short but complete documentation |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15193 and an interactive specification that prompts you for a file name when |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15194 you use the command interactively. The body of the definition |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15195 contains two functions, @code{find-file-noselect} and |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15196 @code{switch-to-buffer}. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15197 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15198 According to its documentation as shown by @kbd{C-h f} (the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15199 @code{describe-function} command), the @code{find-file-noselect} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15200 function reads the named file into a buffer and returns the buffer. |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15201 (Its most recent version includes an optional wildcards argument, |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15202 too, as well as another to read a file literally and an other you |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15203 suppress warning messages. These optional arguments are irrelevant.) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15204 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15205 However, the @code{find-file-noselect} function does not select the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15206 buffer in which it puts the file. Emacs does not switch its attention |
73706
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
15207 (or yours if you are using @code{find-file-noselect}) to the selected |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15208 buffer. That is what @code{switch-to-buffer} does: it switches the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15209 buffer to which Emacs attention is directed; and it switches the |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15210 buffer displayed in the window to the new buffer. We have discussed |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15211 buffer switching elsewhere. (@xref{Switching Buffers}.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15212 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15213 In this histogram project, we do not need to display each file on the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15214 screen as the program determines the length of each definition within |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15215 it. Instead of employing @code{switch-to-buffer}, we can work with |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15216 @code{set-buffer}, which redirects the attention of the computer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15217 program to a different buffer but does not redisplay it on the screen. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15218 So instead of calling on @code{find-file} to do the job, we must write |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15219 our own expression. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15220 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15221 The task is easy: use @code{find-file-noselect} and @code{set-buffer}. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15222 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15223 @node lengths-list-file, Several files, Find a File, Words in a defun |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15224 @section @code{lengths-list-file} in Detail |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15225 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15226 The core of the @code{lengths-list-file} function is a @code{while} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15227 loop containing a function to move point forward `defun by defun' and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15228 a function to count the number of words and symbols in each defun. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15229 This core must be surrounded by functions that do various other tasks, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15230 including finding the file, and ensuring that point starts out at the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15231 beginning of the file. The function definition looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15232 @findex lengths-list-file |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15233 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15234 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15235 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15236 (defun lengths-list-file (filename) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15237 "Return list of definitions' lengths within FILE. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15238 The returned list is a list of numbers. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15239 Each number is the number of words or |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15240 symbols in one function definition." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15241 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15242 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15243 (message "Working on `%s' ... " filename) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15244 (save-excursion |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15245 (let ((buffer (find-file-noselect filename)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15246 (lengths-list)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15247 (set-buffer buffer) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15248 (setq buffer-read-only t) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15249 (widen) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15250 (goto-char (point-min)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15251 (while (re-search-forward "^(defun" nil t) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15252 (setq lengths-list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15253 (cons (count-words-in-defun) lengths-list))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15254 (kill-buffer buffer) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15255 lengths-list))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15256 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15257 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15258 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15259 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15260 The function is passed one argument, the name of the file on which it |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15261 will work. It has four lines of documentation, but no interactive |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15262 specification. Since people worry that a computer is broken if they |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15263 don't see anything going on, the first line of the body is a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15264 message. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15265 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15266 The next line contains a @code{save-excursion} that returns Emacs' |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15267 attention to the current buffer when the function completes. This is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15268 useful in case you embed this function in another function that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15269 presumes point is restored to the original buffer. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15270 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15271 In the varlist of the @code{let} expression, Emacs finds the file and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15272 binds the local variable @code{buffer} to the buffer containing the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15273 file. At the same time, Emacs creates @code{lengths-list} as a local |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15274 variable. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15275 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15276 Next, Emacs switches its attention to the buffer. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15277 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15278 In the following line, Emacs makes the buffer read-only. Ideally, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15279 this line is not necessary. None of the functions for counting words |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15280 and symbols in a function definition should change the buffer. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15281 Besides, the buffer is not going to be saved, even if it were changed. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15282 This line is entirely the consequence of great, perhaps excessive, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15283 caution. The reason for the caution is that this function and those |
73706
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
15284 it calls work on the sources for Emacs and it is inconvenient if they |
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
15285 are inadvertently modified. It goes without saying that I did not |
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
15286 realize a need for this line until an experiment went awry and started |
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
15287 to modify my Emacs source files @dots{} |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15288 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15289 Next comes a call to widen the buffer if it is narrowed. This |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15290 function is usually not needed---Emacs creates a fresh buffer if none |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15291 already exists; but if a buffer visiting the file already exists Emacs |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15292 returns that one. In this case, the buffer may be narrowed and must |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15293 be widened. If we wanted to be fully `user-friendly', we would |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15294 arrange to save the restriction and the location of point, but we |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15295 won't. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15296 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15297 The @code{(goto-char (point-min))} expression moves point to the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15298 beginning of the buffer. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15299 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15300 Then comes a @code{while} loop in which the `work' of the function is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15301 carried out. In the loop, Emacs determines the length of each |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15302 definition and constructs a lengths' list containing the information. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15303 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15304 Emacs kills the buffer after working through it. This is to save |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15305 space inside of Emacs. My version of GNU Emacs 19 contained over 300 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15306 source files of interest; GNU Emacs 22 contains over a thousand source |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15307 files. Another function will apply @code{lengths-list-file} to each |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15308 of the files. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15309 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15310 Finally, the last expression within the @code{let} expression is the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15311 @code{lengths-list} variable; its value is returned as the value of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15312 the whole function. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15313 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15314 You can try this function by installing it in the usual fashion. Then |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15315 place your cursor after the following expression and type @kbd{C-x |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15316 C-e} (@code{eval-last-sexp}). |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15317 |
73767
a44deabfa735
Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73720
diff
changeset
|
15318 @c !!! 22.1.1 lisp sources location here |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15319 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15320 (lengths-list-file |
73767
a44deabfa735
Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73720
diff
changeset
|
15321 "/usr/local/share/emacs/22.1.1/lisp/emacs-lisp/debug.el") |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15322 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15323 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15324 @noindent |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15325 (You may need to change the pathname of the file; the one here is for |
73767
a44deabfa735
Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73720
diff
changeset
|
15326 GNU Emacs version 22.1.1. To change the expression, copy it to |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15327 the @file{*scratch*} buffer and edit it. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15328 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15329 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15330 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15331 (Also, to see the full length of the list, rather than a truncated |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15332 version, you may have to evaluate the following: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15333 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15334 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15335 (custom-set-variables '(eval-expression-print-length nil)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15336 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15337 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15338 @noindent |
73706
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
15339 (@xref{defcustom, , Specifying Variables using @code{defcustom}}. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15340 Then evaluate the @code{lengths-list-file} expression.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15341 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15342 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15343 The lengths' list for @file{debug.el} takes less than a second to |
73587
c84b73607df3
Removed INSTALL MANIFEST since those files are now irrelevant.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73554
diff
changeset
|
15344 produce and looks like this in GNU Emacs 22: |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15345 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15346 @smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15347 (83 113 105 144 289 22 30 97 48 89 25 52 52 88 28 29 77 49 43 290 232 587) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15348 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15349 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15350 @need 1500 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15351 (Using my old machine, the version 19 lengths' list for @file{debug.el} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15352 took seven seconds to produce and looked like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15353 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15354 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15355 (75 41 80 62 20 45 44 68 45 12 34 235) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15356 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15357 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15358 (The newer version of @file{debug.el} contains more defuns than the |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15359 earlier one; and my new machine is much faster than the old one.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15360 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15361 Note that the length of the last definition in the file is first in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15362 the list. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15363 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15364 @node Several files, Several files recursively, lengths-list-file, Words in a defun |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15365 @section Count Words in @code{defuns} in Different Files |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15366 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15367 In the previous section, we created a function that returns a list of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15368 the lengths of each definition in a file. Now, we want to define a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15369 function to return a master list of the lengths of the definitions in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15370 a list of files. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15371 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15372 Working on each of a list of files is a repetitious act, so we can use |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15373 either a @code{while} loop or recursion. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15374 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15375 @menu |
73854
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
15376 * lengths-list-many-files:: Return a list of the lengths of defuns. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
15377 * append:: Attach one list to another. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15378 @end menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15379 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15380 @node lengths-list-many-files, append, Several files, Several files |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15381 @ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15382 @unnumberedsubsec Determine the lengths of @code{defuns} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15383 @end ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15384 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15385 The design using a @code{while} loop is routine. The argument passed |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15386 the function is a list of files. As we saw earlier (@pxref{Loop |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15387 Example}), you can write a @code{while} loop so that the body of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15388 loop is evaluated if such a list contains elements, but to exit the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15389 loop if the list is empty. For this design to work, the body of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15390 loop must contain an expression that shortens the list each time the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15391 body is evaluated, so that eventually the list is empty. The usual |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15392 technique is to set the value of the list to the value of the @sc{cdr} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15393 of the list each time the body is evaluated. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15394 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15395 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15396 The template looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15397 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15398 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15399 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15400 (while @var{test-whether-list-is-empty} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15401 @var{body}@dots{} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15402 @var{set-list-to-cdr-of-list}) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15403 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15404 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15405 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15406 Also, we remember that a @code{while} loop returns @code{nil} (the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15407 result of evaluating the true-or-false-test), not the result of any |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15408 evaluation within its body. (The evaluations within the body of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15409 loop are done for their side effects.) However, the expression that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15410 sets the lengths' list is part of the body---and that is the value |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15411 that we want returned by the function as a whole. To do this, we |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15412 enclose the @code{while} loop within a @code{let} expression, and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15413 arrange that the last element of the @code{let} expression contains |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15414 the value of the lengths' list. (@xref{Incrementing Example, , Loop |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15415 Example with an Incrementing Counter}.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15416 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15417 @findex lengths-list-many-files |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15418 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15419 These considerations lead us directly to the function itself: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15420 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15421 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15422 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15423 ;;; @r{Use @code{while} loop.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15424 (defun lengths-list-many-files (list-of-files) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15425 "Return list of lengths of defuns in LIST-OF-FILES." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15426 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15427 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15428 (let (lengths-list) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15429 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15430 ;;; @r{true-or-false-test} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15431 (while list-of-files |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15432 (setq lengths-list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15433 (append |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15434 lengths-list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15435 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15436 ;;; @r{Generate a lengths' list.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15437 (lengths-list-file |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15438 (expand-file-name (car list-of-files))))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15439 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15440 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15441 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15442 ;;; @r{Make files' list shorter.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15443 (setq list-of-files (cdr list-of-files))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15444 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15445 ;;; @r{Return final value of lengths' list.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15446 lengths-list)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15447 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15448 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15449 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15450 @code{expand-file-name} is a built-in function that converts a file |
73706
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
15451 name to the absolute, long, path name form. The function employs the |
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
15452 name of the directory in which the function is called. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15453 |
73767
a44deabfa735
Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73720
diff
changeset
|
15454 @c !!! 22.1.1 lisp sources location here |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15455 @need 1500 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15456 Thus, if @code{expand-file-name} is called on @code{debug.el} when |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15457 Emacs is visiting the |
73767
a44deabfa735
Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73720
diff
changeset
|
15458 @file{/usr/local/share/emacs/22.1.1/lisp/emacs-lisp/} directory, |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15459 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15460 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15461 debug.el |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15462 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15463 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15464 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15465 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15466 becomes |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15467 |
73767
a44deabfa735
Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73720
diff
changeset
|
15468 @c !!! 22.1.1 lisp sources location here |
a44deabfa735
Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73720
diff
changeset
|
15469 @smallexample |
a44deabfa735
Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73720
diff
changeset
|
15470 /usr/local/share/emacs/22.1.1/lisp/emacs-lisp/debug.el |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15471 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15472 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15473 The only other new element of this function definition is the as yet |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15474 unstudied function @code{append}, which merits a short section for |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15475 itself. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15476 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15477 @node append, , lengths-list-many-files, Several files |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15478 @subsection The @code{append} Function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15479 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15480 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15481 The @code{append} function attaches one list to another. Thus, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15482 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15483 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15484 (append '(1 2 3 4) '(5 6 7 8)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15485 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15486 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15487 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15488 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15489 produces the list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15490 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15491 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15492 (1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15493 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15494 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15495 This is exactly how we want to attach two lengths' lists produced by |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15496 @code{lengths-list-file} to each other. The results contrast with |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15497 @code{cons}, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15498 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15499 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15500 (cons '(1 2 3 4) '(5 6 7 8)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15501 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15502 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15503 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15504 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15505 which constructs a new list in which the first argument to @code{cons} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15506 becomes the first element of the new list: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15507 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15508 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15509 ((1 2 3 4) 5 6 7 8) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15510 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15511 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15512 @node Several files recursively, Prepare the data, Several files, Words in a defun |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15513 @section Recursively Count Words in Different Files |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15514 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15515 Besides a @code{while} loop, you can work on each of a list of files |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15516 with recursion. A recursive version of @code{lengths-list-many-files} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15517 is short and simple. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15518 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15519 The recursive function has the usual parts: the `do-again-test', the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15520 `next-step-expression', and the recursive call. The `do-again-test' |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15521 determines whether the function should call itself again, which it |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15522 will do if the @code{list-of-files} contains any remaining elements; |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15523 the `next-step-expression' resets the @code{list-of-files} to the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15524 @sc{cdr} of itself, so eventually the list will be empty; and the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15525 recursive call calls itself on the shorter list. The complete |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15526 function is shorter than this description! |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15527 @findex recursive-lengths-list-many-files |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15528 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15529 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15530 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15531 (defun recursive-lengths-list-many-files (list-of-files) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15532 "Return list of lengths of each defun in LIST-OF-FILES." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15533 (if list-of-files ; @r{do-again-test} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15534 (append |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15535 (lengths-list-file |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15536 (expand-file-name (car list-of-files))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15537 (recursive-lengths-list-many-files |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15538 (cdr list-of-files))))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15539 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15540 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15541 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15542 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15543 In a sentence, the function returns the lengths' list for the first of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15544 the @code{list-of-files} appended to the result of calling itself on |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15545 the rest of the @code{list-of-files}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15546 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15547 Here is a test of @code{recursive-lengths-list-many-files}, along with |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15548 the results of running @code{lengths-list-file} on each of the files |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15549 individually. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15550 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15551 Install @code{recursive-lengths-list-many-files} and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15552 @code{lengths-list-file}, if necessary, and then evaluate the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15553 following expressions. You may need to change the files' pathnames; |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15554 those here work when this Info file and the Emacs sources are located |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15555 in their customary places. To change the expressions, copy them to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15556 the @file{*scratch*} buffer, edit them, and then evaluate them. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15557 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15558 The results are shown after the @samp{@result{}}. (These results are |
73852
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
15559 for files from Emacs version 22.1.1; files from other versions of |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15560 Emacs may produce different results.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15561 |
73767
a44deabfa735
Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73720
diff
changeset
|
15562 @c !!! 22.1.1 lisp sources location here |
a44deabfa735
Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73720
diff
changeset
|
15563 @smallexample |
a44deabfa735
Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73720
diff
changeset
|
15564 @group |
a44deabfa735
Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73720
diff
changeset
|
15565 (cd "/usr/local/share/emacs/22.1.1/") |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15566 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15567 (lengths-list-file "./lisp/macros.el") |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15568 @result{} (283 263 480 90) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15569 @end group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15570 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15571 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15572 (lengths-list-file "./lisp/mail/mailalias.el") |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15573 @result{} (38 32 29 95 178 180 321 218 324) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15574 @end group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15575 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15576 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15577 (lengths-list-file "./lisp/makesum.el") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15578 @result{} (85 181) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15579 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15580 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15581 @group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15582 (recursive-lengths-list-many-files |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15583 '("./lisp/macros.el" |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15584 "./lisp/mail/mailalias.el" |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15585 "./lisp/makesum.el")) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15586 @result{} (283 263 480 90 38 32 29 95 178 180 321 218 324 85 181) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15587 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15588 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15589 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15590 The @code{recursive-lengths-list-many-files} function produces the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15591 output we want. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15592 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15593 The next step is to prepare the data in the list for display in a graph. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15594 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15595 @node Prepare the data, , Several files recursively, Words in a defun |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15596 @section Prepare the Data for Display in a Graph |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15597 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15598 The @code{recursive-lengths-list-many-files} function returns a list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15599 of numbers. Each number records the length of a function definition. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15600 What we need to do now is transform this data into a list of numbers |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15601 suitable for generating a graph. The new list will tell how many |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15602 functions definitions contain less than 10 words and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15603 symbols, how many contain between 10 and 19 words and symbols, how |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15604 many contain between 20 and 29 words and symbols, and so on. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15605 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15606 In brief, we need to go through the lengths' list produced by the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15607 @code{recursive-lengths-list-many-files} function and count the number |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15608 of defuns within each range of lengths, and produce a list of those |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15609 numbers. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15610 |
73852
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
15611 @menu |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
15612 * Data for Display in Detail:: |
73854
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
15613 * Sorting:: Sorting lists. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
15614 * Files List:: Making a list of files. |
73852
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
15615 * Counting function definitions:: |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
15616 @end menu |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
15617 |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
15618 @node Data for Display in Detail, Sorting, Prepare the data, Prepare the data |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
15619 @ifnottex |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
15620 @unnumberedsubsec The Data for Display in Detail |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
15621 @end ifnottex |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
15622 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15623 Based on what we have done before, we can readily foresee that it |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15624 should not be too hard to write a function that `@sc{cdr}s' down the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15625 lengths' list, looks at each element, determines which length range it |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15626 is in, and increments a counter for that range. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15627 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15628 However, before beginning to write such a function, we should consider |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15629 the advantages of sorting the lengths' list first, so the numbers are |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15630 ordered from smallest to largest. First, sorting will make it easier |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15631 to count the numbers in each range, since two adjacent numbers will |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15632 either be in the same length range or in adjacent ranges. Second, by |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15633 inspecting a sorted list, we can discover the highest and lowest |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15634 number, and thereby determine the largest and smallest length range |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15635 that we will need. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15636 |
73852
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
15637 @node Sorting, Files List, Data for Display in Detail, Prepare the data |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15638 @subsection Sorting Lists |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15639 @findex sort |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15640 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15641 Emacs contains a function to sort lists, called (as you might guess) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15642 @code{sort}. The @code{sort} function takes two arguments, the list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15643 to be sorted, and a predicate that determines whether the first of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15644 two list elements is ``less'' than the second. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15645 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15646 As we saw earlier (@pxref{Wrong Type of Argument, , Using the Wrong |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15647 Type Object as an Argument}), a predicate is a function that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15648 determines whether some property is true or false. The @code{sort} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15649 function will reorder a list according to whatever property the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15650 predicate uses; this means that @code{sort} can be used to sort |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15651 non-numeric lists by non-numeric criteria---it can, for example, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15652 alphabetize a list. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15653 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15654 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15655 The @code{<} function is used when sorting a numeric list. For example, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15656 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15657 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15658 (sort '(4 8 21 17 33 7 21 7) '<) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15659 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15660 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15661 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15662 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15663 produces this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15664 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15665 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15666 (4 7 7 8 17 21 21 33) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15667 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15668 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15669 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15670 (Note that in this example, both the arguments are quoted so that the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15671 symbols are not evaluated before being passed to @code{sort} as |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15672 arguments.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15673 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15674 Sorting the list returned by the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15675 @code{recursive-lengths-list-many-files} function is straightforward; |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15676 it uses the @code{<} function: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15677 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15678 @ignore |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15679 2006 Oct 29 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15680 In GNU Emacs 22, eval |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15681 (progn |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15682 (cd "/usr/local/share/emacs/22.0.50/") |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15683 (sort |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15684 (recursive-lengths-list-many-files |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15685 '("./lisp/macros.el" |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15686 "./lisp/mail/mailalias.el" |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15687 "./lisp/makesum.el")) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15688 '<)) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15689 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15690 @end ignore |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15691 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15692 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15693 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15694 (sort |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15695 (recursive-lengths-list-many-files |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15696 '("./lisp/macros.el" |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15697 "./lisp/mailalias.el" |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15698 "./lisp/makesum.el")) |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
15699 '<) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15700 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15701 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15702 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15703 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15704 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15705 which produces: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15706 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15707 @smallexample |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15708 (29 32 38 85 90 95 178 180 181 218 263 283 321 324 480) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15709 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15710 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15711 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15712 (Note that in this example, the first argument to @code{sort} is not |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15713 quoted, since the expression must be evaluated so as to produce the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15714 list that is passed to @code{sort}.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15715 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15716 @node Files List, Counting function definitions, Sorting, Prepare the data |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15717 @subsection Making a List of Files |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15718 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15719 The @code{recursive-lengths-list-many-files} function requires a list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15720 of files as its argument. For our test examples, we constructed such |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15721 a list by hand; but the Emacs Lisp source directory is too large for |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15722 us to do for that. Instead, we will write a function to do the job |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15723 for us. In this function, we will use both a @code{while} loop and a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15724 recursive call. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15725 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15726 @findex directory-files |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15727 We did not have to write a function like this for older versions of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15728 GNU Emacs, since they placed all the @samp{.el} files in one |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15729 directory. Instead, we were able to use the @code{directory-files} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15730 function, which lists the names of files that match a specified |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15731 pattern within a single directory. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15732 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15733 However, recent versions of Emacs place Emacs Lisp files in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15734 sub-directories of the top level @file{lisp} directory. This |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15735 re-arrangement eases navigation. For example, all the mail related |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15736 files are in a @file{lisp} sub-directory called @file{mail}. But at |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15737 the same time, this arrangement forces us to create a file listing |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15738 function that descends into the sub-directories. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15739 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15740 @findex files-in-below-directory |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15741 We can create this function, called @code{files-in-below-directory}, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15742 using familiar functions such as @code{car}, @code{nthcdr}, and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15743 @code{substring} in conjunction with an existing function called |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15744 @code{directory-files-and-attributes}. This latter function not only |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15745 lists all the filenames in a directory, including the names |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15746 of sub-directories, but also their attributes. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15747 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15748 To restate our goal: to create a function that will enable us |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15749 to feed filenames to @code{recursive-lengths-list-many-files} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15750 as a list that looks like this (but with more elements): |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15751 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15752 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15753 @group |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15754 ("./lisp/macros.el" |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15755 "./lisp/mail/rmail.el" |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15756 "./lisp/makesum.el") |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15757 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15758 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15759 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15760 The @code{directory-files-and-attributes} function returns a list of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15761 lists. Each of the lists within the main list consists of 13 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15762 elements. The first element is a string that contains the name of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15763 file -- which, in GNU/Linux, may be a `directory file', that is to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15764 say, a file with the special attributes of a directory. The second |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15765 element of the list is @code{t} for a directory, a string |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15766 for symbolic link (the string is the name linked to), or @code{nil}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15767 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15768 For example, the first @samp{.el} file in the @file{lisp/} directory |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15769 is @file{abbrev.el}. Its name is |
73767
a44deabfa735
Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73720
diff
changeset
|
15770 @file{/usr/local/share/emacs/22.1.1/lisp/abbrev.el} and it is not a |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15771 directory or a symbolic link. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15772 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15773 @need 1000 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15774 This is how @code{directory-files-and-attributes} lists that file and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15775 its attributes: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15776 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15777 @smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15778 @group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15779 ("abbrev.el" |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15780 nil |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15781 1 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15782 1000 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15783 100 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15784 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15785 @group |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15786 (17733 259) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15787 (17491 28834) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15788 (17596 62124) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15789 13157 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15790 "-rw-rw-r--" |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15791 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15792 @group |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15793 nil |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15794 2971624 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15795 773) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15796 @end group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15797 @end smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15798 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15799 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15800 On the other hand, @file{mail/} is a directory within the @file{lisp/} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15801 directory. The beginning of its listing looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15802 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15803 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15804 @group |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15805 ("mail" |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15806 t |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15807 @dots{} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15808 ) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15809 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15810 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15811 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15812 (To learn about the different attributes, look at the documentation of |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15813 @code{file-attributes}. Bear in mind that the @code{file-attributes} |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15814 function does not list the filename, so its first element is |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15815 @code{directory-files-and-attributes}'s second element.) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15816 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15817 We will want our new function, @code{files-in-below-directory}, to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15818 list the @samp{.el} files in the directory it is told to check, and in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15819 any directories below that directory. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15820 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15821 This gives us a hint on how to construct |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15822 @code{files-in-below-directory}: within a directory, the function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15823 should add @samp{.el} filenames to a list; and if, within a directory, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15824 the function comes upon a sub-directory, it should go into that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15825 sub-directory and repeat its actions. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15826 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15827 However, we should note that every directory contains a name that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15828 refers to itself, called @file{.}, (``dot'') and a name that refers to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15829 its parent directory, called @file{..} (``double dot''). (In |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15830 @file{/}, the root directory, @file{..} refers to itself, since |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15831 @file{/} has no parent.) Clearly, we do not want our |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15832 @code{files-in-below-directory} function to enter those directories, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15833 since they always lead us, directly or indirectly, to the current |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15834 directory. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15835 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15836 Consequently, our @code{files-in-below-directory} function must do |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15837 several tasks: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15838 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15839 @itemize @bullet |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15840 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15841 Check to see whether it is looking at a filename that ends in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15842 @samp{.el}; and if so, add its name to a list. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15843 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15844 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15845 Check to see whether it is looking at a filename that is the name of a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15846 directory; and if so, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15847 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15848 @itemize @minus |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15849 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15850 Check to see whether it is looking at @file{.} or @file{..}; and if |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15851 so skip it. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15852 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15853 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15854 Or else, go into that directory and repeat the process. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15855 @end itemize |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15856 @end itemize |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15857 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15858 Let's write a function definition to do these tasks. We will use a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15859 @code{while} loop to move from one filename to another within a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15860 directory, checking what needs to be done; and we will use a recursive |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15861 call to repeat the actions on each sub-directory. The recursive |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15862 pattern is `accumulate' |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15863 (@pxref{Accumulate, , Recursive Pattern: @emph{accumulate}}), |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15864 using @code{append} as the combiner. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15865 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15866 @ignore |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15867 (directory-files "/usr/local/src/emacs/lisp/" t "\\.el$") |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15868 (shell-command "find /usr/local/src/emacs/lisp/ -name '*.el'") |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15869 |
73767
a44deabfa735
Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73720
diff
changeset
|
15870 (directory-files "/usr/local/share/emacs/22.1.1/lisp/" t "\\.el$") |
a44deabfa735
Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73720
diff
changeset
|
15871 (shell-command "find /usr/local/share/emacs/22.1.1/lisp/ -name '*.el'") |
73680
a171b46b168c
Replace 22.0.100 with 22.1.100.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73619
diff
changeset
|
15872 @end ignore |
a171b46b168c
Replace 22.0.100 with 22.1.100.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73619
diff
changeset
|
15873 |
73767
a44deabfa735
Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73720
diff
changeset
|
15874 @c /usr/local/share/emacs/22.1.1/lisp/ |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15875 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15876 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15877 Here is the function: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15878 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15879 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15880 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15881 (defun files-in-below-directory (directory) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15882 "List the .el files in DIRECTORY and in its sub-directories." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15883 ;; Although the function will be used non-interactively, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15884 ;; it will be easier to test if we make it interactive. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15885 ;; The directory will have a name such as |
73767
a44deabfa735
Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73720
diff
changeset
|
15886 ;; "/usr/local/share/emacs/22.1.1/lisp/" |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15887 (interactive "DDirectory name: ") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15888 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15889 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15890 (let (el-files-list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15891 (current-directory-list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15892 (directory-files-and-attributes directory t))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15893 ;; while we are in the current directory |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15894 (while current-directory-list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15895 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15896 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15897 (cond |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15898 ;; check to see whether filename ends in `.el' |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15899 ;; and if so, append its name to a list. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15900 ((equal ".el" (substring (car (car current-directory-list)) -3)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15901 (setq el-files-list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15902 (cons (car (car current-directory-list)) el-files-list))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15903 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15904 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15905 ;; check whether filename is that of a directory |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15906 ((eq t (car (cdr (car current-directory-list)))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15907 ;; decide whether to skip or recurse |
57460
a60664800358
Remove trailing whitespace from file.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
57459
diff
changeset
|
15908 (if |
57459
dc60b5774fad
(files-in-below-directory): remove unneeded `or' expression that looks
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
57378
diff
changeset
|
15909 (equal "." |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15910 (substring (car (car current-directory-list)) -1)) |
57459
dc60b5774fad
(files-in-below-directory): remove unneeded `or' expression that looks
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
57378
diff
changeset
|
15911 ;; then do nothing since filename is that of |
dc60b5774fad
(files-in-below-directory): remove unneeded `or' expression that looks
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
57378
diff
changeset
|
15912 ;; current directory or parent, "." or ".." |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15913 () |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15914 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15915 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15916 ;; else descend into the directory and repeat the process |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15917 (setq el-files-list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15918 (append |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15919 (files-in-below-directory |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15920 (car (car current-directory-list))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15921 el-files-list))))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15922 ;; move to the next filename in the list; this also |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15923 ;; shortens the list so the while loop eventually comes to an end |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15924 (setq current-directory-list (cdr current-directory-list))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15925 ;; return the filenames |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15926 el-files-list)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15927 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15928 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15929 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15930 @c (files-in-below-directory "/usr/local/src/emacs/lisp/") |
73767
a44deabfa735
Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73720
diff
changeset
|
15931 @c (files-in-below-directory "/usr/local/share/emacs/22.1.1/lisp/") |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15932 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15933 The @code{files-in-below-directory} @code{directory-files} function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15934 takes one argument, the name of a directory. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15935 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15936 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15937 Thus, on my system, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15938 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15939 @c (length (files-in-below-directory "/usr/local/src/emacs/lisp/")) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15940 |
73767
a44deabfa735
Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73720
diff
changeset
|
15941 @c !!! 22.1.1 lisp sources location here |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15942 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15943 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15944 (length |
73767
a44deabfa735
Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73720
diff
changeset
|
15945 (files-in-below-directory "/usr/local/share/emacs/22.1.1/lisp/")) |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15946 @end group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15947 @end smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15948 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15949 @noindent |
73706
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
15950 tells me that in and below my Lisp sources directory are 1031 |
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
15951 @samp{.el} files. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15952 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15953 @code{files-in-below-directory} returns a list in reverse alphabetical |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15954 order. An expression to sort the list in alphabetical order looks |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15955 like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15956 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15957 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15958 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15959 (sort |
73767
a44deabfa735
Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73720
diff
changeset
|
15960 (files-in-below-directory "/usr/local/share/emacs/22.1.1/lisp/") |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15961 'string-lessp) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15962 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15963 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15964 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15965 @ignore |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15966 (defun test () |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15967 "Test how long it takes to find lengths of all sorted elisp defuns." |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15968 (insert "\n" (current-time-string) "\n") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15969 (sit-for 0) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15970 (sort |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15971 (recursive-lengths-list-many-files |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
15972 (files-in-below-directory "/usr/local/src/emacs/lisp/")) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15973 '<) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15974 (insert (format "%s" (current-time-string)))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15975 @end ignore |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15976 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15977 @node Counting function definitions, , Files List, Prepare the data |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15978 @subsection Counting function definitions |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15979 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15980 Our immediate goal is to generate a list that tells us how many |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15981 function definitions contain fewer than 10 words and symbols, how many |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15982 contain between 10 and 19 words and symbols, how many contain between |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15983 20 and 29 words and symbols, and so on. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15984 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15985 With a sorted list of numbers, this is easy: count how many elements |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15986 of the list are smaller than 10, then, after moving past the numbers |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15987 just counted, count how many are smaller than 20, then, after moving |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15988 past the numbers just counted, count how many are smaller than 30, and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15989 so on. Each of the numbers, 10, 20, 30, 40, and the like, is one |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15990 larger than the top of that range. We can call the list of such |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15991 numbers the @code{top-of-ranges} list. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15992 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15993 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15994 If we wished, we could generate this list automatically, but it is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15995 simpler to write a list manually. Here it is: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15996 @vindex top-of-ranges |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15997 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15998 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
15999 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16000 (defvar top-of-ranges |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16001 '(10 20 30 40 50 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16002 60 70 80 90 100 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16003 110 120 130 140 150 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16004 160 170 180 190 200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16005 210 220 230 240 250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16006 260 270 280 290 300) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16007 "List specifying ranges for `defuns-per-range'.") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16008 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16009 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16010 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16011 To change the ranges, we edit this list. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16012 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16013 Next, we need to write the function that creates the list of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16014 number of definitions within each range. Clearly, this function must |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16015 take the @code{sorted-lengths} and the @code{top-of-ranges} lists |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16016 as arguments. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16017 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16018 The @code{defuns-per-range} function must do two things again and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16019 again: it must count the number of definitions within a range |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16020 specified by the current top-of-range value; and it must shift to the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16021 next higher value in the @code{top-of-ranges} list after counting the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16022 number of definitions in the current range. Since each of these |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16023 actions is repetitive, we can use @code{while} loops for the job. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16024 One loop counts the number of definitions in the range defined by the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16025 current top-of-range value, and the other loop selects each of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16026 top-of-range values in turn. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16027 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16028 Several entries of the @code{sorted-lengths} list are counted for each |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16029 range; this means that the loop for the @code{sorted-lengths} list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16030 will be inside the loop for the @code{top-of-ranges} list, like a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16031 small gear inside a big gear. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16032 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16033 The inner loop counts the number of definitions within the range. It |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16034 is a simple counting loop of the type we have seen before. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16035 (@xref{Incrementing Loop, , A loop with an incrementing counter}.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16036 The true-or-false test of the loop tests whether the value from the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16037 @code{sorted-lengths} list is smaller than the current value of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16038 top of the range. If it is, the function increments the counter and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16039 tests the next value from the @code{sorted-lengths} list. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16040 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16041 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16042 The inner loop looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16043 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16044 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16045 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16046 (while @var{length-element-smaller-than-top-of-range} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16047 (setq number-within-range (1+ number-within-range)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16048 (setq sorted-lengths (cdr sorted-lengths))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16049 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16050 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16051 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16052 The outer loop must start with the lowest value of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16053 @code{top-of-ranges} list, and then be set to each of the succeeding |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16054 higher values in turn. This can be done with a loop like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16055 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16056 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16057 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16058 (while top-of-ranges |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16059 @var{body-of-loop}@dots{} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16060 (setq top-of-ranges (cdr top-of-ranges))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16061 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16062 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16063 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16064 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16065 Put together, the two loops look like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16066 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16067 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16068 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16069 (while top-of-ranges |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16070 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16071 ;; @r{Count the number of elements within the current range.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16072 (while @var{length-element-smaller-than-top-of-range} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16073 (setq number-within-range (1+ number-within-range)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16074 (setq sorted-lengths (cdr sorted-lengths))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16075 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16076 ;; @r{Move to next range.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16077 (setq top-of-ranges (cdr top-of-ranges))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16078 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16079 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16080 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16081 In addition, in each circuit of the outer loop, Emacs should record |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16082 the number of definitions within that range (the value of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16083 @code{number-within-range}) in a list. We can use @code{cons} for |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16084 this purpose. (@xref{cons, , @code{cons}}.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16085 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16086 The @code{cons} function works fine, except that the list it |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16087 constructs will contain the number of definitions for the highest |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16088 range at its beginning and the number of definitions for the lowest |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16089 range at its end. This is because @code{cons} attaches new elements |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16090 of the list to the beginning of the list, and since the two loops are |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16091 working their way through the lengths' list from the lower end first, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16092 the @code{defuns-per-range-list} will end up largest number first. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16093 But we will want to print our graph with smallest values first and the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16094 larger later. The solution is to reverse the order of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16095 @code{defuns-per-range-list}. We can do this using the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16096 @code{nreverse} function, which reverses the order of a list. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16097 @findex nreverse |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16098 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16099 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16100 For example, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16101 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16102 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16103 (nreverse '(1 2 3 4)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16104 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16105 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16106 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16107 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16108 produces: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16109 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16110 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16111 (4 3 2 1) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16112 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16113 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16114 Note that the @code{nreverse} function is ``destructive''---that is, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16115 it changes the list to which it is applied; this contrasts with the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16116 @code{car} and @code{cdr} functions, which are non-destructive. In |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16117 this case, we do not want the original @code{defuns-per-range-list}, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16118 so it does not matter that it is destroyed. (The @code{reverse} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16119 function provides a reversed copy of a list, leaving the original list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16120 as is.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16121 @findex reverse |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16122 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16123 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16124 Put all together, the @code{defuns-per-range} looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16125 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16126 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16127 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16128 (defun defuns-per-range (sorted-lengths top-of-ranges) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16129 "SORTED-LENGTHS defuns in each TOP-OF-RANGES range." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16130 (let ((top-of-range (car top-of-ranges)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16131 (number-within-range 0) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16132 defuns-per-range-list) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16133 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16134 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16135 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16136 ;; @r{Outer loop.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16137 (while top-of-ranges |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16138 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16139 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16140 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16141 ;; @r{Inner loop.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16142 (while (and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16143 ;; @r{Need number for numeric test.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16144 (car sorted-lengths) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16145 (< (car sorted-lengths) top-of-range)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16146 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16147 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16148 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16149 ;; @r{Count number of definitions within current range.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16150 (setq number-within-range (1+ number-within-range)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16151 (setq sorted-lengths (cdr sorted-lengths))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16152 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16153 ;; @r{Exit inner loop but remain within outer loop.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16154 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16155 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16156 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16157 (setq defuns-per-range-list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16158 (cons number-within-range defuns-per-range-list)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16159 (setq number-within-range 0) ; @r{Reset count to zero.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16160 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16161 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16162 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16163 ;; @r{Move to next range.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16164 (setq top-of-ranges (cdr top-of-ranges)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16165 ;; @r{Specify next top of range value.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16166 (setq top-of-range (car top-of-ranges))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16167 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16168 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16169 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16170 ;; @r{Exit outer loop and count the number of defuns larger than} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16171 ;; @r{ the largest top-of-range value.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16172 (setq defuns-per-range-list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16173 (cons |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16174 (length sorted-lengths) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16175 defuns-per-range-list)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16176 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16177 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16178 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16179 ;; @r{Return a list of the number of definitions within each range,} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16180 ;; @r{ smallest to largest.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16181 (nreverse defuns-per-range-list))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16182 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16183 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16184 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16185 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16186 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16187 The function is straightforward except for one subtle feature. The |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16188 true-or-false test of the inner loop looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16189 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16190 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16191 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16192 (and (car sorted-lengths) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16193 (< (car sorted-lengths) top-of-range)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16194 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16195 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16196 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16197 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16198 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16199 instead of like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16201 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16202 (< (car sorted-lengths) top-of-range) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16203 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16204 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16205 The purpose of the test is to determine whether the first item in the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16206 @code{sorted-lengths} list is less than the value of the top of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16207 range. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16208 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16209 The simple version of the test works fine unless the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16210 @code{sorted-lengths} list has a @code{nil} value. In that case, the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16211 @code{(car sorted-lengths)} expression function returns |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16212 @code{nil}. The @code{<} function cannot compare a number to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16213 @code{nil}, which is an empty list, so Emacs signals an error and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16214 stops the function from attempting to continue to execute. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16215 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16216 The @code{sorted-lengths} list always becomes @code{nil} when the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16217 counter reaches the end of the list. This means that any attempt to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16218 use the @code{defuns-per-range} function with the simple version of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16219 the test will fail. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16220 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16221 We solve the problem by using the @code{(car sorted-lengths)} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16222 expression in conjunction with the @code{and} expression. The |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16223 @code{(car sorted-lengths)} expression returns a non-@code{nil} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16224 value so long as the list has at least one number within it, but |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16225 returns @code{nil} if the list is empty. The @code{and} expression |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16226 first evaluates the @code{(car sorted-lengths)} expression, and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16227 if it is @code{nil}, returns false @emph{without} evaluating the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16228 @code{<} expression. But if the @code{(car sorted-lengths)} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16229 expression returns a non-@code{nil} value, the @code{and} expression |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16230 evaluates the @code{<} expression, and returns that value as the value |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16231 of the @code{and} expression. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16232 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16233 @c colon in printed section title causes problem in Info cross reference |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16234 This way, we avoid an error. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16235 @iftex |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
16236 @noindent |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
16237 (For information about @code{and}, see |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
16238 @ref{kill-new function, , The @code{kill-new} function}.) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16239 @end iftex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16240 @ifinfo |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
16241 @noindent |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
16242 (@xref{kill-new function, , The @code{kill-new} function}, for |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
16243 information about @code{and}.) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16244 @end ifinfo |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16245 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16246 Here is a short test of the @code{defuns-per-range} function. First, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16247 evaluate the expression that binds (a shortened) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16248 @code{top-of-ranges} list to the list of values, then evaluate the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16249 expression for binding the @code{sorted-lengths} list, and then |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16250 evaluate the @code{defuns-per-range} function. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16251 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16252 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16253 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16254 ;; @r{(Shorter list than we will use later.)} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16255 (setq top-of-ranges |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16256 '(110 120 130 140 150 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16257 160 170 180 190 200)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16258 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16259 (setq sorted-lengths |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16260 '(85 86 110 116 122 129 154 176 179 200 265 300 300)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16261 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16262 (defuns-per-range sorted-lengths top-of-ranges) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16263 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16264 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16265 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16266 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16267 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16268 The list returned looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16269 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16270 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16271 (2 2 2 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 4) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16272 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16273 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16274 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16275 Indeed, there are two elements of the @code{sorted-lengths} list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16276 smaller than 110, two elements between 110 and 119, two elements |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16277 between 120 and 129, and so on. There are four elements with a value |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16278 of 200 or larger. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16279 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16280 @c The next step is to turn this numbers' list into a graph. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16281 @node Readying a Graph, Emacs Initialization, Words in a defun, Top |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16282 @chapter Readying a Graph |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16283 @cindex Readying a graph |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16284 @cindex Graph prototype |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16285 @cindex Prototype graph |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16286 @cindex Body of graph |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16287 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16288 Our goal is to construct a graph showing the numbers of function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16289 definitions of various lengths in the Emacs lisp sources. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16290 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16291 As a practical matter, if you were creating a graph, you would |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16292 probably use a program such as @code{gnuplot} to do the job. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16293 (@code{gnuplot} is nicely integrated into GNU Emacs.) In this case, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16294 however, we create one from scratch, and in the process we will |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16295 re-acquaint ourselves with some of what we learned before and learn |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16296 more. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16297 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16298 In this chapter, we will first write a simple graph printing function. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16299 This first definition will be a @dfn{prototype}, a rapidly written |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16300 function that enables us to reconnoiter this unknown graph-making |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16301 territory. We will discover dragons, or find that they are myth. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16302 After scouting the terrain, we will feel more confident and enhance |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16303 the function to label the axes automatically. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16304 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16305 @menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16306 * Columns of a graph:: |
73854
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
16307 * graph-body-print:: How to print the body of a graph. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16308 * recursive-graph-body-print:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16309 * Printed Axes:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16310 * Line Graph Exercise:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16311 @end menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16312 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16313 @node Columns of a graph, graph-body-print, Readying a Graph, Readying a Graph |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16314 @ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16315 @unnumberedsec Printing the Columns of a Graph |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16316 @end ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16317 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16318 Since Emacs is designed to be flexible and work with all kinds of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16319 terminals, including character-only terminals, the graph will need to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16320 be made from one of the `typewriter' symbols. An asterisk will do; as |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16321 we enhance the graph-printing function, we can make the choice of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16322 symbol a user option. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16323 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16324 We can call this function @code{graph-body-print}; it will take a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16325 @code{numbers-list} as its only argument. At this stage, we will not |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16326 label the graph, but only print its body. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16327 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16328 The @code{graph-body-print} function inserts a vertical column of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16329 asterisks for each element in the @code{numbers-list}. The height of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16330 each line is determined by the value of that element of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16331 @code{numbers-list}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16332 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16333 Inserting columns is a repetitive act; that means that this function can |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16334 be written either with a @code{while} loop or recursively. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16335 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16336 Our first challenge is to discover how to print a column of asterisks. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16337 Usually, in Emacs, we print characters onto a screen horizontally, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16338 line by line, by typing. We have two routes we can follow: write our |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16339 own column-insertion function or discover whether one exists in Emacs. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16340 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16341 To see whether there is one in Emacs, we can use the @kbd{M-x apropos} |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
16342 command. This command is like the @kbd{C-h a} (@code{command-apropos}) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16343 command, except that the latter finds only those functions that are |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16344 commands. The @kbd{M-x apropos} command lists all symbols that match |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16345 a regular expression, including functions that are not interactive. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16346 @findex apropos |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16347 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16348 What we want to look for is some command that prints or inserts |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16349 columns. Very likely, the name of the function will contain either |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16350 the word `print' or the word `insert' or the word `column'. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16351 Therefore, we can simply type @kbd{M-x apropos RET |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16352 print\|insert\|column RET} and look at the result. On my system, this |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
16353 command once too takes quite some time, and then produced a list of 79 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
16354 functions and variables. Now it does not take much time at all and |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
16355 produces a list of 211 functions and variables. Scanning down the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
16356 list, the only function that looks as if it might do the job is |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
16357 @code{insert-rectangle}. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16358 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16359 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16360 Indeed, this is the function we want; its documentation says: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16361 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16362 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16363 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16364 insert-rectangle: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16365 Insert text of RECTANGLE with upper left corner at point. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16366 RECTANGLE's first line is inserted at point, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16367 its second line is inserted at a point vertically under point, etc. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16368 RECTANGLE should be a list of strings. |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
16369 After this command, the mark is at the upper left corner |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
16370 and point is at the lower right corner. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16371 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16372 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16373 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16374 We can run a quick test, to make sure it does what we expect of it. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16375 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16376 Here is the result of placing the cursor after the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16377 @code{insert-rectangle} expression and typing @kbd{C-u C-x C-e} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16378 (@code{eval-last-sexp}). The function inserts the strings |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16379 @samp{"first"}, @samp{"second"}, and @samp{"third"} at and below |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16380 point. Also the function returns @code{nil}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16381 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16382 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16383 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16384 (insert-rectangle '("first" "second" "third"))first |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16385 second |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
16386 thirdnil |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16387 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16388 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16389 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16390 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16391 Of course, we won't be inserting the text of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16392 @code{insert-rectangle} expression itself into the buffer in which we |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16393 are making the graph, but will call the function from our program. We |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16394 shall, however, have to make sure that point is in the buffer at the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16395 place where the @code{insert-rectangle} function will insert its |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16396 column of strings. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16397 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16398 If you are reading this in Info, you can see how this works by |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16399 switching to another buffer, such as the @file{*scratch*} buffer, |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
16400 placing point somewhere in the buffer, typing @kbd{M-:}, typing the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
16401 @code{insert-rectangle} expression into the minibuffer at the prompt, |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
16402 and then typing @key{RET}. This causes Emacs to evaluate the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
16403 expression in the minibuffer, but to use as the value of point the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
16404 position of point in the @file{*scratch*} buffer. (@kbd{M-:} is the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
16405 keybinding for @code{eval-expression}. Also, @code{nil} does not |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
16406 appear in the @file{*scratch*} buffer since the expression is |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
16407 evaluated in the minibuffer.) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16408 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16409 We find when we do this that point ends up at the end of the last |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16410 inserted line---that is to say, this function moves point as a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16411 side-effect. If we were to repeat the command, with point at this |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16412 position, the next insertion would be below and to the right of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16413 previous insertion. We don't want this! If we are going to make a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16414 bar graph, the columns need to be beside each other. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16415 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16416 So we discover that each cycle of the column-inserting @code{while} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16417 loop must reposition point to the place we want it, and that place |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16418 will be at the top, not the bottom, of the column. Moreover, we |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16419 remember that when we print a graph, we do not expect all the columns |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16420 to be the same height. This means that the top of each column may be |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16421 at a different height from the previous one. We cannot simply |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16422 reposition point to the same line each time, but moved over to the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16423 right---or perhaps we can@dots{} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16424 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16425 We are planning to make the columns of the bar graph out of asterisks. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16426 The number of asterisks in the column is the number specified by the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16427 current element of the @code{numbers-list}. We need to construct a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16428 list of asterisks of the right length for each call to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16429 @code{insert-rectangle}. If this list consists solely of the requisite |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16430 number of asterisks, then we will have position point the right number |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16431 of lines above the base for the graph to print correctly. This could |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16432 be difficult. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16433 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16434 Alternatively, if we can figure out some way to pass |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16435 @code{insert-rectangle} a list of the same length each time, then we |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16436 can place point on the same line each time, but move it over one |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16437 column to the right for each new column. If we do this, however, some |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16438 of the entries in the list passed to @code{insert-rectangle} must be |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16439 blanks rather than asterisks. For example, if the maximum height of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16440 the graph is 5, but the height of the column is 3, then |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16441 @code{insert-rectangle} requires an argument that looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16442 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16443 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16444 (" " " " "*" "*" "*") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16445 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16446 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16447 This last proposal is not so difficult, so long as we can determine |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16448 the column height. There are two ways for us to specify the column |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16449 height: we can arbitrarily state what it will be, which would work |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16450 fine for graphs of that height; or we can search through the list of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16451 numbers and use the maximum height of the list as the maximum height |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16452 of the graph. If the latter operation were difficult, then the former |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16453 procedure would be easiest, but there is a function built into Emacs |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16454 that determines the maximum of its arguments. We can use that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16455 function. The function is called @code{max} and it returns the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16456 largest of all its arguments, which must be numbers. Thus, for |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16457 example, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16458 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16459 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16460 (max 3 4 6 5 7 3) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16461 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16462 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16463 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16464 returns 7. (A corresponding function called @code{min} returns the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16465 smallest of all its arguments.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16466 @findex max |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16467 @findex min |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16468 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16469 However, we cannot simply call @code{max} on the @code{numbers-list}; |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16470 the @code{max} function expects numbers as its argument, not a list of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16471 numbers. Thus, the following expression, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16472 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16473 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16474 (max '(3 4 6 5 7 3)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16475 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16476 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16477 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16478 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16479 produces the following error message; |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16480 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16481 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16482 Wrong type of argument: number-or-marker-p, (3 4 6 5 7 3) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16483 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16484 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16485 @findex apply |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16486 We need a function that passes a list of arguments to a function. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16487 This function is @code{apply}. This function `applies' its first |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16488 argument (a function) to its remaining arguments, the last of which |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16489 may be a list. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16490 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16491 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16492 For example, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16493 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16494 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16495 (apply 'max 3 4 7 3 '(4 8 5)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16496 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16497 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16498 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16499 returns 8. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16500 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16501 (Incidentally, I don't know how you would learn of this function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16502 without a book such as this. It is possible to discover other |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16503 functions, like @code{search-forward} or @code{insert-rectangle}, by |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16504 guessing at a part of their names and then using @code{apropos}. Even |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16505 though its base in metaphor is clear---`apply' its first argument to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16506 the rest---I doubt a novice would come up with that particular word |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16507 when using @code{apropos} or other aid. Of course, I could be wrong; |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16508 after all, the function was first named by someone who had to invent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16509 it.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16510 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16511 The second and subsequent arguments to @code{apply} are optional, so |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16512 we can use @code{apply} to call a function and pass the elements of a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16513 list to it, like this, which also returns 8: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16514 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16515 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16516 (apply 'max '(4 8 5)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16517 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16518 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16519 This latter way is how we will use @code{apply}. The |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16520 @code{recursive-lengths-list-many-files} function returns a numbers' |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16521 list to which we can apply @code{max} (we could also apply @code{max} to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16522 the sorted numbers' list; it does not matter whether the list is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16523 sorted or not.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16524 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16525 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16526 Hence, the operation for finding the maximum height of the graph is this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16527 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16528 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16529 (setq max-graph-height (apply 'max numbers-list)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16530 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16531 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16532 Now we can return to the question of how to create a list of strings |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16533 for a column of the graph. Told the maximum height of the graph |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16534 and the number of asterisks that should appear in the column, the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16535 function should return a list of strings for the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16536 @code{insert-rectangle} command to insert. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16537 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16538 Each column is made up of asterisks or blanks. Since the function is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16539 passed the value of the height of the column and the number of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16540 asterisks in the column, the number of blanks can be found by |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16541 subtracting the number of asterisks from the height of the column. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16542 Given the number of blanks and the number of asterisks, two |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16543 @code{while} loops can be used to construct the list: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16544 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16545 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16546 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16547 ;;; @r{First version.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16548 (defun column-of-graph (max-graph-height actual-height) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16549 "Return list of strings that is one column of a graph." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16550 (let ((insert-list nil) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16551 (number-of-top-blanks |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16552 (- max-graph-height actual-height))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16553 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16554 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16555 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16556 ;; @r{Fill in asterisks.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16557 (while (> actual-height 0) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16558 (setq insert-list (cons "*" insert-list)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16559 (setq actual-height (1- actual-height))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16560 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16561 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16562 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16563 ;; @r{Fill in blanks.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16564 (while (> number-of-top-blanks 0) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16565 (setq insert-list (cons " " insert-list)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16566 (setq number-of-top-blanks |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16567 (1- number-of-top-blanks))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16568 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16569 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16570 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16571 ;; @r{Return whole list.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16572 insert-list)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16573 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16574 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16575 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16576 If you install this function and then evaluate the following |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16577 expression you will see that it returns the list as desired: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16578 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16579 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16580 (column-of-graph 5 3) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16581 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16582 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16583 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16584 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16585 returns |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16586 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16587 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16588 (" " " " "*" "*" "*") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16589 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16590 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16591 As written, @code{column-of-graph} contains a major flaw: the symbols |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16592 used for the blank and for the marked entries in the column are |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16593 `hard-coded' as a space and asterisk. This is fine for a prototype, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16594 but you, or another user, may wish to use other symbols. For example, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16595 in testing the graph function, you many want to use a period in place |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16596 of the space, to make sure the point is being repositioned properly |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16597 each time the @code{insert-rectangle} function is called; or you might |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16598 want to substitute a @samp{+} sign or other symbol for the asterisk. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16599 You might even want to make a graph-column that is more than one |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16600 display column wide. The program should be more flexible. The way to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16601 do that is to replace the blank and the asterisk with two variables |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16602 that we can call @code{graph-blank} and @code{graph-symbol} and define |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16603 those variables separately. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16604 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16605 Also, the documentation is not well written. These considerations |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16606 lead us to the second version of the function: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16607 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16608 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16609 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16610 (defvar graph-symbol "*" |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16611 "String used as symbol in graph, usually an asterisk.") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16612 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16613 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16614 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16615 (defvar graph-blank " " |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16616 "String used as blank in graph, usually a blank space. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16617 graph-blank must be the same number of columns wide |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16618 as graph-symbol.") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16619 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16620 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16621 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16622 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16623 (For an explanation of @code{defvar}, see |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16624 @ref{defvar, , Initializing a Variable with @code{defvar}}.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16625 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16626 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16627 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16628 ;;; @r{Second version.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16629 (defun column-of-graph (max-graph-height actual-height) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16630 "Return MAX-GRAPH-HEIGHT strings; ACTUAL-HEIGHT are graph-symbols. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16631 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16632 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16633 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16634 The graph-symbols are contiguous entries at the end |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16635 of the list. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16636 The list will be inserted as one column of a graph. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16637 The strings are either graph-blank or graph-symbol." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16638 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16639 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16640 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16641 (let ((insert-list nil) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16642 (number-of-top-blanks |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16643 (- max-graph-height actual-height))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16644 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16645 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16646 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16647 ;; @r{Fill in @code{graph-symbols}.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16648 (while (> actual-height 0) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16649 (setq insert-list (cons graph-symbol insert-list)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16650 (setq actual-height (1- actual-height))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16651 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16652 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16653 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16654 ;; @r{Fill in @code{graph-blanks}.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16655 (while (> number-of-top-blanks 0) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16656 (setq insert-list (cons graph-blank insert-list)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16657 (setq number-of-top-blanks |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16658 (1- number-of-top-blanks))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16659 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16660 ;; @r{Return whole list.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16661 insert-list)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16662 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16663 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16664 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16665 If we wished, we could rewrite @code{column-of-graph} a third time to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16666 provide optionally for a line graph as well as for a bar graph. This |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16667 would not be hard to do. One way to think of a line graph is that it |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16668 is no more than a bar graph in which the part of each bar that is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16669 below the top is blank. To construct a column for a line graph, the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16670 function first constructs a list of blanks that is one shorter than |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16671 the value, then it uses @code{cons} to attach a graph symbol to the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16672 list; then it uses @code{cons} again to attach the `top blanks' to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16673 the list. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16674 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16675 It is easy to see how to write such a function, but since we don't |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16676 need it, we will not do it. But the job could be done, and if it were |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16677 done, it would be done with @code{column-of-graph}. Even more |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16678 important, it is worth noting that few changes would have to be made |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16679 anywhere else. The enhancement, if we ever wish to make it, is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16680 simple. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16681 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16682 Now, finally, we come to our first actual graph printing function. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16683 This prints the body of a graph, not the labels for the vertical and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16684 horizontal axes, so we can call this @code{graph-body-print}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16685 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16686 @node graph-body-print, recursive-graph-body-print, Columns of a graph, Readying a Graph |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16687 @section The @code{graph-body-print} Function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16688 @findex graph-body-print |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16689 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16690 After our preparation in the preceding section, the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16691 @code{graph-body-print} function is straightforward. The function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16692 will print column after column of asterisks and blanks, using the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16693 elements of a numbers' list to specify the number of asterisks in each |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16694 column. This is a repetitive act, which means we can use a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16695 decrementing @code{while} loop or recursive function for the job. In |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16696 this section, we will write the definition using a @code{while} loop. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16697 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16698 The @code{column-of-graph} function requires the height of the graph |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16699 as an argument, so we should determine and record that as a local variable. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16700 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16701 This leads us to the following template for the @code{while} loop |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16702 version of this function: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16703 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16704 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16705 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16706 (defun graph-body-print (numbers-list) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16707 "@var{documentation}@dots{}" |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16708 (let ((height @dots{} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16709 @dots{})) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16710 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16711 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16712 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16713 (while numbers-list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16714 @var{insert-columns-and-reposition-point} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16715 (setq numbers-list (cdr numbers-list))))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16716 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16717 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16718 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16719 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16720 We need to fill in the slots of the template. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16721 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16722 Clearly, we can use the @code{(apply 'max numbers-list)} expression to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16723 determine the height of the graph. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16724 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16725 The @code{while} loop will cycle through the @code{numbers-list} one |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16726 element at a time. As it is shortened by the @code{(setq numbers-list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16727 (cdr numbers-list))} expression, the @sc{car} of each instance of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16728 list is the value of the argument for @code{column-of-graph}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16729 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16730 At each cycle of the @code{while} loop, the @code{insert-rectangle} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16731 function inserts the list returned by @code{column-of-graph}. Since |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16732 the @code{insert-rectangle} function moves point to the lower right of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16733 the inserted rectangle, we need to save the location of point at the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16734 time the rectangle is inserted, move back to that position after the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16735 rectangle is inserted, and then move horizontally to the next place |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16736 from which @code{insert-rectangle} is called. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16737 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16738 If the inserted columns are one character wide, as they will be if |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16739 single blanks and asterisks are used, the repositioning command is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16740 simply @code{(forward-char 1)}; however, the width of a column may be |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16741 greater than one. This means that the repositioning command should be |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16742 written @code{(forward-char symbol-width)}. The @code{symbol-width} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16743 itself is the length of a @code{graph-blank} and can be found using |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16744 the expression @code{(length graph-blank)}. The best place to bind |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16745 the @code{symbol-width} variable to the value of the width of graph |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16746 column is in the varlist of the @code{let} expression. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16747 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16748 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16749 These considerations lead to the following function definition: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16750 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16751 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16752 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16753 (defun graph-body-print (numbers-list) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16754 "Print a bar graph of the NUMBERS-LIST. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16755 The numbers-list consists of the Y-axis values." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16756 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16757 (let ((height (apply 'max numbers-list)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16758 (symbol-width (length graph-blank)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16759 from-position) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16760 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16761 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16762 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16763 (while numbers-list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16764 (setq from-position (point)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16765 (insert-rectangle |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16766 (column-of-graph height (car numbers-list))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16767 (goto-char from-position) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16768 (forward-char symbol-width) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16769 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16770 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16771 ;; @r{Draw graph column by column.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16772 (sit-for 0) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16773 (setq numbers-list (cdr numbers-list))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16774 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16775 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16776 ;; @r{Place point for X axis labels.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16777 (forward-line height) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16778 (insert "\n") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16779 )) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16780 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16781 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16782 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16783 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16784 The one unexpected expression in this function is the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16785 @w{@code{(sit-for 0)}} expression in the @code{while} loop. This |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16786 expression makes the graph printing operation more interesting to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16787 watch than it would be otherwise. The expression causes Emacs to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16788 `sit' or do nothing for a zero length of time and then redraw the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16789 screen. Placed here, it causes Emacs to redraw the screen column by |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16790 column. Without it, Emacs would not redraw the screen until the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16791 function exits. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16792 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16793 We can test @code{graph-body-print} with a short list of numbers. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16794 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16795 @enumerate |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16796 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16797 Install @code{graph-symbol}, @code{graph-blank}, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16798 @code{column-of-graph}, which are in |
41499
f2ffeff1bf1e
Move @contents to the beginning of the file.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
41421
diff
changeset
|
16799 @iftex |
f2ffeff1bf1e
Move @contents to the beginning of the file.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
41421
diff
changeset
|
16800 @ref{Readying a Graph, , Readying a Graph}, |
f2ffeff1bf1e
Move @contents to the beginning of the file.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
41421
diff
changeset
|
16801 @end iftex |
f2ffeff1bf1e
Move @contents to the beginning of the file.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
41421
diff
changeset
|
16802 @ifinfo |
f2ffeff1bf1e
Move @contents to the beginning of the file.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
41421
diff
changeset
|
16803 @ref{Columns of a graph}, |
f2ffeff1bf1e
Move @contents to the beginning of the file.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
41421
diff
changeset
|
16804 @end ifinfo |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16805 and @code{graph-body-print}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16806 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16807 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16808 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16809 Copy the following expression: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16810 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16811 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16812 (graph-body-print '(1 2 3 4 6 4 3 5 7 6 5 2 3)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16813 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16814 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16815 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16816 Switch to the @file{*scratch*} buffer and place the cursor where you |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16817 want the graph to start. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16818 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16819 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16820 Type @kbd{M-:} (@code{eval-expression}). |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16821 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16822 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16823 Yank the @code{graph-body-print} expression into the minibuffer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16824 with @kbd{C-y} (@code{yank)}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16825 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16826 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16827 Press @key{RET} to evaluate the @code{graph-body-print} expression. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16828 @end enumerate |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16829 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16830 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16831 Emacs will print a graph like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16832 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16833 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16834 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16835 * |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16836 * ** |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16837 * **** |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16838 *** **** |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16839 ********* * |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16840 ************ |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16841 ************* |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16842 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16843 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16844 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16845 @node recursive-graph-body-print, Printed Axes, graph-body-print, Readying a Graph |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16846 @section The @code{recursive-graph-body-print} Function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16847 @findex recursive-graph-body-print |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16848 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16849 The @code{graph-body-print} function may also be written recursively. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16850 The recursive solution is divided into two parts: an outside `wrapper' |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16851 that uses a @code{let} expression to determine the values of several |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16852 variables that need only be found once, such as the maximum height of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16853 the graph, and an inside function that is called recursively to print |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16854 the graph. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16855 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16856 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16857 The `wrapper' is uncomplicated: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16858 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16859 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16860 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16861 (defun recursive-graph-body-print (numbers-list) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16862 "Print a bar graph of the NUMBERS-LIST. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16863 The numbers-list consists of the Y-axis values." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16864 (let ((height (apply 'max numbers-list)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16865 (symbol-width (length graph-blank)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16866 from-position) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16867 (recursive-graph-body-print-internal |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16868 numbers-list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16869 height |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16870 symbol-width))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16871 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16872 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16873 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16874 The recursive function is a little more difficult. It has four parts: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16875 the `do-again-test', the printing code, the recursive call, and the |
73706
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
16876 `next-step-expression'. The `do-again-test' is a @code{when} |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16877 expression that determines whether the @code{numbers-list} contains |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16878 any remaining elements; if it does, the function prints one column of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16879 the graph using the printing code and calls itself again. The |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16880 function calls itself again according to the value produced by the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16881 `next-step-expression' which causes the call to act on a shorter |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16882 version of the @code{numbers-list}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16883 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16884 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16885 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16886 (defun recursive-graph-body-print-internal |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16887 (numbers-list height symbol-width) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16888 "Print a bar graph. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16889 Used within recursive-graph-body-print function." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16890 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16891 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16892 @group |
73706
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
16893 (when numbers-list |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16894 (setq from-position (point)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16895 (insert-rectangle |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16896 (column-of-graph height (car numbers-list))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16897 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16898 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16899 (goto-char from-position) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16900 (forward-char symbol-width) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16901 (sit-for 0) ; @r{Draw graph column by column.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16902 (recursive-graph-body-print-internal |
73706
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
16903 (cdr numbers-list) height symbol-width))) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16904 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16905 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16906 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16907 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16908 After installation, this expression can be tested; here is a sample: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16909 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16910 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16911 (recursive-graph-body-print '(3 2 5 6 7 5 3 4 6 4 3 2 1)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16912 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16913 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16914 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16915 Here is what @code{recursive-graph-body-print} produces: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16916 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16917 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16918 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16919 * |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16920 ** * |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16921 **** * |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16922 **** *** |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16923 * ********* |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16924 ************ |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16925 ************* |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16926 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16927 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16928 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16929 Either of these two functions, @code{graph-body-print} or |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16930 @code{recursive-graph-body-print}, create the body of a graph. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16931 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16932 @node Printed Axes, Line Graph Exercise, recursive-graph-body-print, Readying a Graph |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16933 @section Need for Printed Axes |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16934 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16935 A graph needs printed axes, so you can orient yourself. For a do-once |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16936 project, it may be reasonable to draw the axes by hand using Emacs' |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16937 Picture mode; but a graph drawing function may be used more than once. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16938 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16939 For this reason, I have written enhancements to the basic |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16940 @code{print-graph-body} function that automatically print labels for |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16941 the horizontal and vertical axes. Since the label printing functions |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16942 do not contain much new material, I have placed their description in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16943 an appendix. @xref{Full Graph, , A Graph with Labelled Axes}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16944 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16945 @node Line Graph Exercise, , Printed Axes, Readying a Graph |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16946 @section Exercise |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16947 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16948 Write a line graph version of the graph printing functions. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16949 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16950 @node Emacs Initialization, Debugging, Readying a Graph, Top |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16951 @chapter Your @file{.emacs} File |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16952 @cindex @file{.emacs} file |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16953 @cindex Customizing your @file{.emacs} file |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16954 @cindex Initialization file |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16955 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16956 ``You don't have to like Emacs to like it'' -- this seemingly |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16957 paradoxical statement is the secret of GNU Emacs. The plain, `out of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16958 the box' Emacs is a generic tool. Most people who use it, customize |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16959 it to suit themselves. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16960 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16961 GNU Emacs is mostly written in Emacs Lisp; this means that by writing |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16962 expressions in Emacs Lisp you can change or extend Emacs. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16963 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16964 @menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16965 * Default Configuration:: |
73854
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
16966 * Site-wide Init:: You can write site-wide init files. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
16967 * defcustom:: Emacs will write code for you. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
16968 * Beginning a .emacs File:: How to write a @code{.emacs file}. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
16969 * Text and Auto-fill:: Automatically wrap lines. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
16970 * Mail Aliases:: Use abbreviations for email addresses. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
16971 * Indent Tabs Mode:: Don't use tabs with @TeX{} |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
16972 * Keybindings:: Create some personal keybindings. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
16973 * Keymaps:: More about key binding. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
16974 * Loading Files:: Load (i.e., evaluate) files automatically. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
16975 * Autoload:: Make functions available. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
16976 * Simple Extension:: Define a function; bind it to a key. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
16977 * X11 Colors:: Colors in X. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16978 * Miscellaneous:: |
73854
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
16979 * Mode Line:: How to customize your mode line. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16980 @end menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16981 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16982 @node Default Configuration, Site-wide Init, Emacs Initialization, Emacs Initialization |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16983 @ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16984 @unnumberedsec Emacs' Default Configuration |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16985 @end ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16986 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16987 There are those who appreciate Emacs' default configuration. After |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16988 all, Emacs starts you in C mode when you edit a C file, starts you in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16989 Fortran mode when you edit a Fortran file, and starts you in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16990 Fundamental mode when you edit an unadorned file. This all makes |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16991 sense, if you do not know who is going to use Emacs. Who knows what a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16992 person hopes to do with an unadorned file? Fundamental mode is the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16993 right default for such a file, just as C mode is the right default for |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
16994 editing C code. (Enough programming languages have syntaxes |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
16995 that enable them to share or nearly share features, so C mode is |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
16996 now provided by by CC mode, the `C Collection'.) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
16997 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
16998 But when you do know who is going to use Emacs---you, |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
16999 yourself---then it makes sense to customize Emacs. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17000 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17001 For example, I seldom want Fundamental mode when I edit an |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17002 otherwise undistinguished file; I want Text mode. This is why I |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17003 customize Emacs: so it suits me. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17004 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17005 You can customize and extend Emacs by writing or adapting a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17006 @file{~/.emacs} file. This is your personal initialization file; its |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17007 contents, written in Emacs Lisp, tell Emacs what to do.@footnote{You |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17008 may also add @file{.el} to @file{~/.emacs} and call it a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17009 @file{~/.emacs.el} file. In the past, you were forbidden to type the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17010 extra keystrokes that the name @file{~/.emacs.el} requires, but now |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17011 you may. The new format is consistent with the Emacs Lisp file |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17012 naming conventions; the old format saves typing.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17013 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17014 A @file{~/.emacs} file contains Emacs Lisp code. You can write this |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17015 code yourself; or you can use Emacs' @code{customize} feature to write |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17016 the code for you. You can combine your own expressions and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17017 auto-written Customize expressions in your @file{.emacs} file. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17018 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17019 (I myself prefer to write my own expressions, except for those, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17020 particularly fonts, that I find easier to manipulate using the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17021 @code{customize} command. I combine the two methods.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17022 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17023 Most of this chapter is about writing expressions yourself. It |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17024 describes a simple @file{.emacs} file; for more information, see |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17025 @ref{Init File, , The Init File, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}, and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17026 @ref{Init File, , The Init File, elisp, The GNU Emacs Lisp Reference |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17027 Manual}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17028 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17029 @node Site-wide Init, defcustom, Default Configuration, Emacs Initialization |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17030 @section Site-wide Initialization Files |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17031 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17032 @cindex @file{default.el} init file |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17033 @cindex @file{site-init.el} init file |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17034 @cindex @file{site-load.el} init file |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17035 In addition to your personal initialization file, Emacs automatically |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17036 loads various site-wide initialization files, if they exist. These |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17037 have the same form as your @file{.emacs} file, but are loaded by |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17038 everyone. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17039 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17040 Two site-wide initialization files, @file{site-load.el} and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17041 @file{site-init.el}, are loaded into Emacs and then `dumped' if a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17042 `dumped' version of Emacs is created, as is most common. (Dumped |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17043 copies of Emacs load more quickly. However, once a file is loaded and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17044 dumped, a change to it does not lead to a change in Emacs unless you |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17045 load it yourself or re-dump Emacs. @xref{Building Emacs, , Building |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17046 Emacs, elisp, The GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}, and the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17047 @file{INSTALL} file.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17048 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17049 Three other site-wide initialization files are loaded automatically |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17050 each time you start Emacs, if they exist. These are |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17051 @file{site-start.el}, which is loaded @emph{before} your @file{.emacs} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17052 file, and @file{default.el}, and the terminal type file, which are both |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17053 loaded @emph{after} your @file{.emacs} file. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17054 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17055 Settings and definitions in your @file{.emacs} file will overwrite |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17056 conflicting settings and definitions in a @file{site-start.el} file, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17057 if it exists; but the settings and definitions in a @file{default.el} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17058 or terminal type file will overwrite those in your @file{.emacs} file. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17059 (You can prevent interference from a terminal type file by setting |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17060 @code{term-file-prefix} to @code{nil}. @xref{Simple Extension, , A |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17061 Simple Extension}.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17062 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17063 @c Rewritten to avoid overfull hbox. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17064 The @file{INSTALL} file that comes in the distribution contains |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17065 descriptions of the @file{site-init.el} and @file{site-load.el} files. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17066 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17067 The @file{loadup.el}, @file{startup.el}, and @file{loaddefs.el} files |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17068 control loading. These files are in the @file{lisp} directory of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17069 Emacs distribution and are worth perusing. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17070 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17071 The @file{loaddefs.el} file contains a good many suggestions as to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17072 what to put into your own @file{.emacs} file, or into a site-wide |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17073 initialization file. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17074 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17075 @node defcustom, Beginning a .emacs File, Site-wide Init, Emacs Initialization |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17076 @section Specifying Variables using @code{defcustom} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17077 @findex defcustom |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17078 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17079 You can specify variables using @code{defcustom} so that you and |
44899
ebddb2618c17
Fixed typographic errors.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
43431
diff
changeset
|
17080 others can then use Emacs' @code{customize} feature to set their |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17081 values. (You cannot use @code{customize} to write function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17082 definitions; but you can write @code{defuns} in your @file{.emacs} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17083 file. Indeed, you can write any Lisp expression in your @file{.emacs} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17084 file.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17085 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17086 The @code{customize} feature depends on the @code{defcustom} special |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17087 form. Although you can use @code{defvar} or @code{setq} for variables |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17088 that users set, the @code{defcustom} special form is designed for the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17089 job. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17090 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17091 You can use your knowledge of @code{defvar} for writing the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17092 first three arguments for @code{defcustom}. The first argument to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17093 @code{defcustom} is the name of the variable. The second argument is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17094 the variable's initial value, if any; and this value is set only if |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17095 the value has not already been set. The third argument is the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17096 documentation. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17097 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17098 The fourth and subsequent arguments to @code{defcustom} specify types |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17099 and options; these are not featured in @code{defvar}. (These |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17100 arguments are optional.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17101 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17102 Each of these arguments consists of a keyword followed by a value. |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
17103 Each keyword starts with the colon character @samp{:}. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17104 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17105 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17106 For example, the customizable user option variable |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17107 @code{text-mode-hook} looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17108 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17109 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17110 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17111 (defcustom text-mode-hook nil |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17112 "Normal hook run when entering Text mode and many related modes." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17113 :type 'hook |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17114 :options '(turn-on-auto-fill flyspell-mode) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17115 :group 'data) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17116 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17117 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17118 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17119 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17120 The name of the variable is @code{text-mode-hook}; it has no default |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17121 value; and its documentation string tells you what it does. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17122 |
53099
0d765aaa0e44
In node defvar and asterisk, following suggestions by Juri Linkov
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
53086
diff
changeset
|
17123 The @code{:type} keyword tells Emacs the kind of data to which |
0d765aaa0e44
In node defvar and asterisk, following suggestions by Juri Linkov
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
53086
diff
changeset
|
17124 @code{text-mode-hook} should be set and how to display the value in a |
0d765aaa0e44
In node defvar and asterisk, following suggestions by Juri Linkov
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
53086
diff
changeset
|
17125 Customization buffer. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17126 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17127 The @code{:options} keyword specifies a suggested list of values for |
73720
365d2ceb2a2e
Yet more minor changes:
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73708
diff
changeset
|
17128 the variable. Usually, @code{:options} applies to a hook. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17129 The list is only a suggestion; it is not exclusive; a person who sets |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17130 the variable may set it to other values; the list shown following the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17131 @code{:options} keyword is intended to offer convenient choices to a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17132 user. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17133 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17134 Finally, the @code{:group} keyword tells the Emacs Customization |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17135 command in which group the variable is located. This tells where to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17136 find it. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17137 |
73720
365d2ceb2a2e
Yet more minor changes:
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73708
diff
changeset
|
17138 The @code{defcustom} function recognizes more than a dozen keywords. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17139 For more information, see @ref{Customization, , Writing Customization |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17140 Definitions, elisp, The GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17141 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17142 Consider @code{text-mode-hook} as an example. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17143 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17144 There are two ways to customize this variable. You can use the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17145 customization command or write the appropriate expressions yourself. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17146 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17147 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17148 Using the customization command, you can type: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17149 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17150 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17151 M-x customize |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17152 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17153 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17154 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17155 and find that the group for editing files of data is called `data'. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17156 Enter that group. Text Mode Hook is the first member. You can click |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
17157 on its various options, such as @code{turn-on-auto-fill}, to set the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
17158 values. After you click on the button to |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17159 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17160 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17161 Save for Future Sessions |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17162 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17163 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17164 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17165 Emacs will write an expression into your @file{.emacs} file. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17166 It will look like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17167 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17168 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17169 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17170 (custom-set-variables |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
17171 ;; custom-set-variables was added by Custom. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
17172 ;; If you edit it by hand, you could mess it up, so be careful. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17173 ;; Your init file should contain only one such instance. |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
17174 ;; If there is more than one, they won't work right. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17175 '(text-mode-hook (quote (turn-on-auto-fill text-mode-hook-identify)))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17176 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17177 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17178 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17179 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17180 (The @code{text-mode-hook-identify} function tells |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
17181 @code{toggle-text-mode-auto-fill} which buffers are in Text mode. |
73720
365d2ceb2a2e
Yet more minor changes:
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73708
diff
changeset
|
17182 It comes on automatically.) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17183 |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
17184 The @code{custom-set-variables} function works somewhat differently |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
17185 than a @code{setq}. While I have never learned the differences, I |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
17186 modify the @code{custom-set-variables} expressions in my @file{.emacs} |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
17187 file by hand: I make the changes in what appears to me to be a |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
17188 reasonable manner and have not had any problems. Others prefer to use |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
17189 the Customization command and let Emacs do the work for them. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17190 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17191 Another @code{custom-set-@dots{}} function is @code{custom-set-faces}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17192 This function sets the various font faces. Over time, I have set a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17193 considerable number of faces. Some of the time, I re-set them using |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17194 @code{customize}; other times, I simply edit the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17195 @code{custom-set-faces} expression in my @file{.emacs} file itself. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17196 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17197 The second way to customize your @code{text-mode-hook} is to set it |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17198 yourself in your @file{.emacs} file using code that has nothing to do |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17199 with the @code{custom-set-@dots{}} functions. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17201 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17202 When you do this, and later use @code{customize}, you will see a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17203 message that says |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17204 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17205 @smallexample |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
17206 CHANGED outside Customize; operating on it here may be unreliable. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17207 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17208 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17209 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17210 This message is only a warning. If you click on the button to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17211 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17212 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17213 Save for Future Sessions |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17214 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17215 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17216 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17217 Emacs will write a @code{custom-set-@dots{}} expression near the end |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17218 of your @file{.emacs} file that will be evaluated after your |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17219 hand-written expression. It will, therefore, overrule your |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17220 hand-written expression. No harm will be done. When you do this, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17221 however, be careful to remember which expression is active; if you |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17222 forget, you may confuse yourself. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17223 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17224 So long as you remember where the values are set, you will have no |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17225 trouble. In any event, the values are always set in your |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17226 initialization file, which is usually called @file{.emacs}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17227 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17228 I myself use @code{customize} for hardly anything. Mostly, I write |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17229 expressions myself. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17230 |
73597
4d65d5858190
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Remove version reference for X colors.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73587
diff
changeset
|
17231 @findex defsubst |
4d65d5858190
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Remove version reference for X colors.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73587
diff
changeset
|
17232 @findex defconst |
73720
365d2ceb2a2e
Yet more minor changes:
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73708
diff
changeset
|
17233 Incidentally, to be more complete concerning defines: @code{defsubst} |
365d2ceb2a2e
Yet more minor changes:
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73708
diff
changeset
|
17234 defines an inline function. The syntax is just like that of |
365d2ceb2a2e
Yet more minor changes:
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73708
diff
changeset
|
17235 @code{defun}. @code{defconst} defines a symbol as a constant. The |
365d2ceb2a2e
Yet more minor changes:
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73708
diff
changeset
|
17236 intent is that neither programs nor users should ever change a value |
365d2ceb2a2e
Yet more minor changes:
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73708
diff
changeset
|
17237 set by @code{defconst}. (You can change it; the value set is a |
365d2ceb2a2e
Yet more minor changes:
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73708
diff
changeset
|
17238 variable; but please do not.) |
73587
c84b73607df3
Removed INSTALL MANIFEST since those files are now irrelevant.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73554
diff
changeset
|
17239 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17240 @node Beginning a .emacs File, Text and Auto-fill, defcustom, Emacs Initialization |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17241 @section Beginning a @file{.emacs} File |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17242 @cindex @file{.emacs} file, beginning of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17243 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17244 When you start Emacs, it loads your @file{.emacs} file unless you tell |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17245 it not to by specifying @samp{-q} on the command line. (The |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17246 @code{emacs -q} command gives you a plain, out-of-the-box Emacs.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17247 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17248 A @file{.emacs} file contains Lisp expressions. Often, these are no |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17249 more than expressions to set values; sometimes they are function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17250 definitions. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17251 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17252 @xref{Init File, , The Init File @file{~/.emacs}, emacs, The GNU Emacs |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17253 Manual}, for a short description of initialization files. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17254 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17255 This chapter goes over some of the same ground, but is a walk among |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17256 extracts from a complete, long-used @file{.emacs} file---my own. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17257 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17258 The first part of the file consists of comments: reminders to myself. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17259 By now, of course, I remember these things, but when I started, I did |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17260 not. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17261 |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
17262 @need 1200 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17263 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17264 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17265 ;;;; Bob's .emacs file |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17266 ; Robert J. Chassell |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17267 ; 26 September 1985 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17268 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17269 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17270 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17271 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17272 Look at that date! I started this file a long time ago. I have been |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17273 adding to it ever since. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17274 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17275 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17276 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17277 ; Each section in this file is introduced by a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17278 ; line beginning with four semicolons; and each |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17279 ; entry is introduced by a line beginning with |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17280 ; three semicolons. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17281 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17282 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17283 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17284 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17285 This describes the usual conventions for comments in Emacs Lisp. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17286 Everything on a line that follows a semicolon is a comment. Two, |
73720
365d2ceb2a2e
Yet more minor changes:
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73708
diff
changeset
|
17287 three, and four semicolons are used as subsection and section markers. |
365d2ceb2a2e
Yet more minor changes:
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73708
diff
changeset
|
17288 (@xref{Comments, ,, elisp, The GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}, for |
365d2ceb2a2e
Yet more minor changes:
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73708
diff
changeset
|
17289 more about comments.) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17290 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17291 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17292 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17293 ;;;; The Help Key |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17294 ; Control-h is the help key; |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17295 ; after typing control-h, type a letter to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17296 ; indicate the subject about which you want help. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17297 ; For an explanation of the help facility, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17298 ; type control-h two times in a row. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17299 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17300 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17301 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17302 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17303 Just remember: type @kbd{C-h} two times for help. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17304 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17305 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17306 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17307 ; To find out about any mode, type control-h m |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17308 ; while in that mode. For example, to find out |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17309 ; about mail mode, enter mail mode and then type |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17310 ; control-h m. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17311 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17312 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17313 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17314 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17315 `Mode help', as I call this, is very helpful. Usually, it tells you |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17316 all you need to know. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17317 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17318 Of course, you don't need to include comments like these in your |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17319 @file{.emacs} file. I included them in mine because I kept forgetting |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17320 about Mode help or the conventions for comments---but I was able to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17321 remember to look here to remind myself. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17322 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17323 @node Text and Auto-fill, Mail Aliases, Beginning a .emacs File, Emacs Initialization |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17324 @section Text and Auto Fill Mode |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17325 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17326 Now we come to the part that `turns on' Text mode and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17327 Auto Fill mode. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17328 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17329 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17330 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17331 ;;; Text mode and Auto Fill mode |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
17332 ; The next two lines put Emacs into Text mode |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17333 ; and Auto Fill mode, and are for writers who |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17334 ; want to start writing prose rather than code. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17335 (setq default-major-mode 'text-mode) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17336 (add-hook 'text-mode-hook 'turn-on-auto-fill) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17337 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17338 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17339 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17340 Here is the first part of this @file{.emacs} file that does something |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17341 besides remind a forgetful human! |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17342 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17343 The first of the two lines in parentheses tells Emacs to turn on Text |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17344 mode when you find a file, @emph{unless} that file should go into some |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17345 other mode, such as C mode. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17346 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17347 @cindex Per-buffer, local variables list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17348 @cindex Local variables list, per-buffer, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17349 @cindex Automatic mode selection |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17350 @cindex Mode selection, automatic |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17351 When Emacs reads a file, it looks at the extension to the file name, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17352 if any. (The extension is the part that comes after a @samp{.}.) If |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17353 the file ends with a @samp{.c} or @samp{.h} extension then Emacs turns |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17354 on C mode. Also, Emacs looks at first nonblank line of the file; if |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17355 the line says @w{@samp{-*- C -*-}}, Emacs turns on C mode. Emacs |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17356 possesses a list of extensions and specifications that it uses |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17357 automatically. In addition, Emacs looks near the last page for a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17358 per-buffer, ``local variables list'', if any. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17359 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17360 @ifinfo |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17361 @xref{Choosing Modes, , How Major Modes are Chosen, emacs, The GNU |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17362 Emacs Manual}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17363 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17364 @xref{File Variables, , Local Variables in Files, emacs, The GNU Emacs |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17365 Manual}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17366 @end ifinfo |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17367 @iftex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17368 See sections ``How Major Modes are Chosen'' and ``Local Variables in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17369 Files'' in @cite{The GNU Emacs Manual}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17370 @end iftex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17371 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17372 Now, back to the @file{.emacs} file. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17373 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17374 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17375 Here is the line again; how does it work? |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17376 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17377 @cindex Text Mode turned on |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17378 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17379 (setq default-major-mode 'text-mode) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17380 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17381 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17382 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17383 This line is a short, but complete Emacs Lisp expression. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17384 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17385 We are already familiar with @code{setq}. It sets the following variable, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17386 @code{default-major-mode}, to the subsequent value, which is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17387 @code{text-mode}. The single quote mark before @code{text-mode} tells |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17388 Emacs to deal directly with the @code{text-mode} variable, not with |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17389 whatever it might stand for. @xref{set & setq, , Setting the Value of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17390 a Variable}, for a reminder of how @code{setq} works. The main point |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17391 is that there is no difference between the procedure you use to set |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17392 a value in your @file{.emacs} file and the procedure you use anywhere |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17393 else in Emacs. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17394 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17395 @need 800 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
17396 Here is the next line: |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17397 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17398 @cindex Auto Fill mode turned on |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17399 @findex add-hook |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17400 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17401 (add-hook 'text-mode-hook 'turn-on-auto-fill) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17402 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17403 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17404 @noindent |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
17405 In this line, the @code{add-hook} command adds |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
17406 @code{turn-on-auto-fill} to the variable. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17407 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17408 @code{turn-on-auto-fill} is the name of a program, that, you guessed |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
17409 it!, turns on Auto Fill mode. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17410 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17411 Every time Emacs turns on Text mode, Emacs runs the commands `hooked' |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17412 onto Text mode. So every time Emacs turns on Text mode, Emacs also |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17413 turns on Auto Fill mode. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17414 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
17415 In brief, the first line causes Emacs to enter Text mode when you edit a |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
17416 file, unless the file name extension, a first non-blank line, or local |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
17417 variables to tell Emacs otherwise. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17418 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17419 Text mode among other actions, sets the syntax table to work |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17420 conveniently for writers. In Text mode, Emacs considers an apostrophe |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17421 as part of a word like a letter; but Emacs does not consider a period |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17422 or a space as part of a word. Thus, @kbd{M-f} moves you over |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17423 @samp{it's}. On the other hand, in C mode, @kbd{M-f} stops just after |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17424 the @samp{t} of @samp{it's}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17425 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
17426 The second line causes Emacs to turn on Auto Fill mode when it turns |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
17427 on Text mode. In Auto Fill mode, Emacs automatically breaks a line |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
17428 that is too wide and brings the excessively wide part of the line down |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
17429 to the next line. Emacs breaks lines between words, not within them. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17430 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17431 When Auto Fill mode is turned off, lines continue to the right as you |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17432 type them. Depending on how you set the value of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17433 @code{truncate-lines}, the words you type either disappear off the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17434 right side of the screen, or else are shown, in a rather ugly and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17435 unreadable manner, as a continuation line on the screen. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17436 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17437 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17438 In addition, in this part of my @file{.emacs} file, I tell the Emacs |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17439 fill commands to insert two spaces after a colon: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17440 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17441 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17442 (setq colon-double-space t) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17443 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17444 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17445 @node Mail Aliases, Indent Tabs Mode, Text and Auto-fill, Emacs Initialization |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17446 @section Mail Aliases |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17447 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17448 Here is a @code{setq} that `turns on' mail aliases, along with more |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17449 reminders. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17450 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17451 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17452 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17453 ;;; Mail mode |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17454 ; To enter mail mode, type `C-x m' |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17455 ; To enter RMAIL (for reading mail), |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17456 ; type `M-x rmail' |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17457 (setq mail-aliases t) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17458 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17459 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17460 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17461 @cindex Mail aliases |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17462 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17463 This @code{setq} command sets the value of the variable |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17464 @code{mail-aliases} to @code{t}. Since @code{t} means true, the line |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17465 says, in effect, ``Yes, use mail aliases.'' |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17466 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17467 Mail aliases are convenient short names for long email addresses or |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17468 for lists of email addresses. The file where you keep your `aliases' |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17469 is @file{~/.mailrc}. You write an alias like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17470 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17471 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17472 alias geo george@@foobar.wiz.edu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17473 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17474 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17475 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17476 When you write a message to George, address it to @samp{geo}; the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17477 mailer will automatically expand @samp{geo} to the full address. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17478 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17479 @node Indent Tabs Mode, Keybindings, Mail Aliases, Emacs Initialization |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17480 @section Indent Tabs Mode |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17481 @cindex Tabs, preventing |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17482 @findex indent-tabs-mode |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17483 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17484 By default, Emacs inserts tabs in place of multiple spaces when it |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17485 formats a region. (For example, you might indent many lines of text |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17486 all at once with the @code{indent-region} command.) Tabs look fine on |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17487 a terminal or with ordinary printing, but they produce badly indented |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17488 output when you use @TeX{} or Texinfo since @TeX{} ignores tabs. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17489 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17490 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17491 The following turns off Indent Tabs mode: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17492 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17493 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17494 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17495 ;;; Prevent Extraneous Tabs |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17496 (setq-default indent-tabs-mode nil) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17497 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17498 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17499 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17500 Note that this line uses @code{setq-default} rather than the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17501 @code{setq} command that we have seen before. The @code{setq-default} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17502 command sets values only in buffers that do not have their own local |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17503 values for the variable. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17504 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17505 @ifinfo |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17506 @xref{Just Spaces, , Tabs vs. Spaces, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17507 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17508 @xref{File Variables, , Local Variables in Files, emacs, The GNU Emacs |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17509 Manual}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17510 @end ifinfo |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17511 @iftex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17512 See sections ``Tabs vs.@: Spaces'' and ``Local Variables in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17513 Files'' in @cite{The GNU Emacs Manual}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17514 @end iftex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17515 |
73720
365d2ceb2a2e
Yet more minor changes:
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73708
diff
changeset
|
17516 @need 1700 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17517 @node Keybindings, Keymaps, Indent Tabs Mode, Emacs Initialization |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17518 @section Some Keybindings |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17519 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17520 Now for some personal keybindings: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17521 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17522 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17523 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17524 ;;; Compare windows |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17525 (global-set-key "\C-cw" 'compare-windows) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17526 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17527 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17528 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17529 @findex compare-windows |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17530 @code{compare-windows} is a nifty command that compares the text in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17531 your current window with text in the next window. It makes the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17532 comparison by starting at point in each window, moving over text in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17533 each window as far as they match. I use this command all the time. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17534 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17535 This also shows how to set a key globally, for all modes. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17536 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17537 @cindex Setting a key globally |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17538 @cindex Global set key |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17539 @cindex Key setting globally |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17540 @findex global-set-key |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17541 The command is @code{global-set-key}. It is followed by the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17542 keybinding. In a @file{.emacs} file, the keybinding is written as |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17543 shown: @code{\C-c} stands for `control-c', which means `press the |
73720
365d2ceb2a2e
Yet more minor changes:
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73708
diff
changeset
|
17544 control key and the @key{c} key at the same time'. The @code{w} means |
365d2ceb2a2e
Yet more minor changes:
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73708
diff
changeset
|
17545 `press the @key{w} key'. The keybinding is surrounded by double |
365d2ceb2a2e
Yet more minor changes:
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73708
diff
changeset
|
17546 quotation marks. In documentation, you would write this as |
365d2ceb2a2e
Yet more minor changes:
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73708
diff
changeset
|
17547 @w{@kbd{C-c w}}. (If you were binding a @key{META} key, such as |
365d2ceb2a2e
Yet more minor changes:
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73708
diff
changeset
|
17548 @kbd{M-c}, rather than a @key{CTRL} key, you would write |
365d2ceb2a2e
Yet more minor changes:
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73708
diff
changeset
|
17549 @w{@code{\M-c}} in your @file{.emacs} file. @xref{Init Rebinding, , |
365d2ceb2a2e
Yet more minor changes:
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73708
diff
changeset
|
17550 Rebinding Keys in Your Init File, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}, for |
365d2ceb2a2e
Yet more minor changes:
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73708
diff
changeset
|
17551 details.) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17552 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17553 The command invoked by the keys is @code{compare-windows}. Note that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17554 @code{compare-windows} is preceded by a single quote; otherwise, Emacs |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17555 would first try to evaluate the symbol to determine its value. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17556 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17557 These three things, the double quotation marks, the backslash before |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17558 the @samp{C}, and the single quote mark are necessary parts of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17559 keybinding that I tend to forget. Fortunately, I have come to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17560 remember that I should look at my existing @file{.emacs} file, and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17561 adapt what is there. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17562 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17563 As for the keybinding itself: @kbd{C-c w}. This combines the prefix |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17564 key, @kbd{C-c}, with a single character, in this case, @kbd{w}. This |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17565 set of keys, @kbd{C-c} followed by a single character, is strictly |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17566 reserved for individuals' own use. (I call these `own' keys, since |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17567 these are for my own use.) You should always be able to create such a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17568 keybinding for your own use without stomping on someone else's |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17569 keybinding. If you ever write an extension to Emacs, please avoid |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17570 taking any of these keys for public use. Create a key like @kbd{C-c |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17571 C-w} instead. Otherwise, we will run out of `own' keys. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17572 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17573 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17574 Here is another keybinding, with a comment: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17575 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17576 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17577 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17578 ;;; Keybinding for `occur' |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17579 ; I use occur a lot, so let's bind it to a key: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17580 (global-set-key "\C-co" 'occur) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17581 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17582 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17583 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17584 @findex occur |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17585 The @code{occur} command shows all the lines in the current buffer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17586 that contain a match for a regular expression. Matching lines are |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17587 shown in a buffer called @file{*Occur*}. That buffer serves as a menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17588 to jump to occurrences. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17589 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17590 @findex global-unset-key |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17591 @cindex Unbinding key |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17592 @cindex Key unbinding |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17593 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17594 Here is how to unbind a key, so it does not |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17595 work: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17596 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17597 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17598 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17599 ;;; Unbind `C-x f' |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17600 (global-unset-key "\C-xf") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17601 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17602 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17603 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17604 There is a reason for this unbinding: I found I inadvertently typed |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17605 @w{@kbd{C-x f}} when I meant to type @kbd{C-x C-f}. Rather than find a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17606 file, as I intended, I accidentally set the width for filled text, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17607 almost always to a width I did not want. Since I hardly ever reset my |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17608 default width, I simply unbound the key. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17609 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17610 @findex list-buffers, @r{rebound} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17611 @findex buffer-menu, @r{bound to key} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17612 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17613 The following rebinds an existing key: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17614 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17615 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17616 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17617 ;;; Rebind `C-x C-b' for `buffer-menu' |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17618 (global-set-key "\C-x\C-b" 'buffer-menu) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17619 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17620 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17621 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17622 By default, @kbd{C-x C-b} runs the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17623 @code{list-buffers} command. This command lists |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17624 your buffers in @emph{another} window. Since I |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17625 almost always want to do something in that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17626 window, I prefer the @code{buffer-menu} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17627 command, which not only lists the buffers, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17628 but moves point into that window. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17629 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17630 @node Keymaps, Loading Files, Keybindings, Emacs Initialization |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17631 @section Keymaps |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17632 @cindex Keymaps |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17633 @cindex Rebinding keys |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17634 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17635 Emacs uses @dfn{keymaps} to record which keys call which commands. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17636 When you use @code{global-set-key} to set the keybinding for a single |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17637 command in all parts of Emacs, you are specifying the keybinding in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17638 @code{current-global-map}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17639 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17640 Specific modes, such as C mode or Text mode, have their own keymaps; |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17641 the mode-specific keymaps override the global map that is shared by |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17642 all buffers. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17643 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17644 The @code{global-set-key} function binds, or rebinds, the global |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17645 keymap. For example, the following binds the key @kbd{C-x C-b} to the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17646 function @code{buffer-menu}: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17647 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17648 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17649 (global-set-key "\C-x\C-b" 'buffer-menu) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17650 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17651 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17652 Mode-specific keymaps are bound using the @code{define-key} function, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17653 which takes a specific keymap as an argument, as well as the key and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17654 the command. For example, my @file{.emacs} file contains the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17655 following expression to bind the @code{texinfo-insert-@@group} command |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17656 to @kbd{C-c C-c g}: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17657 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17658 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17659 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17660 (define-key texinfo-mode-map "\C-c\C-cg" 'texinfo-insert-@@group) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17661 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17662 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17663 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17664 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17665 The @code{texinfo-insert-@@group} function itself is a little extension |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17666 to Texinfo mode that inserts @samp{@@group} into a Texinfo file. I |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17667 use this command all the time and prefer to type the three strokes |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17668 @kbd{C-c C-c g} rather than the six strokes @kbd{@@ g r o u p}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17669 (@samp{@@group} and its matching @samp{@@end group} are commands that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17670 keep all enclosed text together on one page; many multi-line examples |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17671 in this book are surrounded by @samp{@@group @dots{} @@end group}.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17672 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17673 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17674 Here is the @code{texinfo-insert-@@group} function definition: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17675 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17676 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17677 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17678 (defun texinfo-insert-@@group () |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17679 "Insert the string @@group in a Texinfo buffer." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17680 (interactive) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17681 (beginning-of-line) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17682 (insert "@@group\n")) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17683 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17684 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17685 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17686 (Of course, I could have used Abbrev mode to save typing, rather than |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17687 write a function to insert a word; but I prefer key strokes consistent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17688 with other Texinfo mode key bindings.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17689 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17690 You will see numerous @code{define-key} expressions in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17691 @file{loaddefs.el} as well as in the various mode libraries, such as |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17692 @file{cc-mode.el} and @file{lisp-mode.el}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17693 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17694 @xref{Key Bindings, , Customizing Key Bindings, emacs, The GNU Emacs |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17695 Manual}, and @ref{Keymaps, , Keymaps, elisp, The GNU Emacs Lisp |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17696 Reference Manual}, for more information about keymaps. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17697 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17698 @node Loading Files, Autoload, Keymaps, Emacs Initialization |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17699 @section Loading Files |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17700 @cindex Loading files |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17701 @c findex load |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17702 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17703 Many people in the GNU Emacs community have written extensions to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17704 Emacs. As time goes by, these extensions are often included in new |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17705 releases. For example, the Calendar and Diary packages are now part |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
17706 of the standard GNU Emacs, as is Calc. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17707 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17708 You can use a @code{load} command to evaluate a complete file and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17709 thereby install all the functions and variables in the file into Emacs. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17710 For example: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17711 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17712 @c (auto-compression-mode t) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17713 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17714 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17715 (load "~/emacs/slowsplit") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17716 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17717 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17718 This evaluates, i.e.@: loads, the @file{slowsplit.el} file or if it |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17719 exists, the faster, byte compiled @file{slowsplit.elc} file from the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17720 @file{emacs} sub-directory of your home directory. The file contains |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17721 the function @code{split-window-quietly}, which John Robinson wrote in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17722 1989. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17723 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17724 The @code{split-window-quietly} function splits a window with the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17725 minimum of redisplay. I installed it in 1989 because it worked well |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17726 with the slow 1200 baud terminals I was then using. Nowadays, I only |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17727 occasionally come across such a slow connection, but I continue to use |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17728 the function because I like the way it leaves the bottom half of a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17729 buffer in the lower of the new windows and the top half in the upper |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17730 window. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17731 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17732 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17733 To replace the key binding for the default |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17734 @code{split-window-vertically}, you must also unset that key and bind |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17735 the keys to @code{split-window-quietly}, like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17736 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17737 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17738 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17739 (global-unset-key "\C-x2") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17740 (global-set-key "\C-x2" 'split-window-quietly) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17741 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17742 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17743 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17744 @vindex load-path |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17745 If you load many extensions, as I do, then instead of specifying the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17746 exact location of the extension file, as shown above, you can specify |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17747 that directory as part of Emacs' @code{load-path}. Then, when Emacs |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17748 loads a file, it will search that directory as well as its default |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17749 list of directories. (The default list is specified in @file{paths.h} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17750 when Emacs is built.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17751 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17752 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17753 The following command adds your @file{~/emacs} directory to the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17754 existing load path: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17755 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17756 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17757 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17758 ;;; Emacs Load Path |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17759 (setq load-path (cons "~/emacs" load-path)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17760 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17761 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17762 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17763 Incidentally, @code{load-library} is an interactive interface to the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17764 @code{load} function. The complete function looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17765 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17766 @findex load-library |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17767 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17768 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17769 (defun load-library (library) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17770 "Load the library named LIBRARY. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17771 This is an interface to the function `load'." |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
17772 (interactive |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
17773 (list (completing-read "Load library: " |
73683 | 17774 'locate-file-completion |
17775 (cons load-path (get-load-suffixes))))) | |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17776 (load library)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17777 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17778 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17779 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17780 The name of the function, @code{load-library}, comes from the use of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17781 `library' as a conventional synonym for `file'. The source for the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17782 @code{load-library} command is in the @file{files.el} library. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17783 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17784 Another interactive command that does a slightly different job is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17785 @code{load-file}. @xref{Lisp Libraries, , Libraries of Lisp Code for |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17786 Emacs, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}, for information on the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17787 distinction between @code{load-library} and this command. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17788 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17789 @node Autoload, Simple Extension, Loading Files, Emacs Initialization |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17790 @section Autoloading |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17791 @findex autoload |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17792 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17793 Instead of installing a function by loading the file that contains it, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17794 or by evaluating the function definition, you can make the function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17795 available but not actually install it until it is first called. This |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17796 is called @dfn{autoloading}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17797 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17798 When you execute an autoloaded function, Emacs automatically evaluates |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17799 the file that contains the definition, and then calls the function. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17801 Emacs starts quicker with autoloaded functions, since their libraries |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17802 are not loaded right away; but you need to wait a moment when you |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17803 first use such a function, while its containing file is evaluated. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17804 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17805 Rarely used functions are frequently autoloaded. The |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17806 @file{loaddefs.el} library contains hundreds of autoloaded functions, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17807 from @code{bookmark-set} to @code{wordstar-mode}. Of course, you may |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17808 come to use a `rare' function frequently. When you do, you should |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17809 load that function's file with a @code{load} expression in your |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17810 @file{.emacs} file. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17811 |
73852
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
17812 In my @file{.emacs} file, I load 14 libraries that contain functions |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
17813 that would otherwise be autoloaded. (Actually, it would have been |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
17814 better to include these files in my `dumped' Emacs, but I forgot. |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
17815 @xref{Building Emacs, , Building Emacs, elisp, The GNU Emacs Lisp |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
17816 Reference Manual}, and the @file{INSTALL} file for more about |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
17817 dumping.) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17818 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17819 You may also want to include autoloaded expressions in your @file{.emacs} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17820 file. @code{autoload} is a built-in function that takes up to five |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17821 arguments, the final three of which are optional. The first argument |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17822 is the name of the function to be autoloaded; the second is the name |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17823 of the file to be loaded. The third argument is documentation for the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17824 function, and the fourth tells whether the function can be called |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17825 interactively. The fifth argument tells what type of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17826 object---@code{autoload} can handle a keymap or macro as well as a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17827 function (the default is a function). |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17828 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17829 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17830 Here is a typical example: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17831 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17832 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17833 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17834 (autoload 'html-helper-mode |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17835 "html-helper-mode" "Edit HTML documents" t) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17836 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17837 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17838 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17839 @noindent |
73720
365d2ceb2a2e
Yet more minor changes:
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73708
diff
changeset
|
17840 (@code{html-helper-mode} is an older alternative to @code{html-mode}, |
365d2ceb2a2e
Yet more minor changes:
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73708
diff
changeset
|
17841 which is a standard part of the distribution.) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17842 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17843 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17844 This expression autoloads the @code{html-helper-mode} function. It |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17845 takes it from the @file{html-helper-mode.el} file (or from the byte |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17846 compiled file @file{html-helper-mode.elc}, if it exists.) The file |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17847 must be located in a directory specified by @code{load-path}. The |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17848 documentation says that this is a mode to help you edit documents |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17849 written in the HyperText Markup Language. You can call this mode |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17850 interactively by typing @kbd{M-x html-helper-mode}. (You need to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17851 duplicate the function's regular documentation in the autoload |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17852 expression because the regular function is not yet loaded, so its |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17853 documentation is not available.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17854 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17855 @xref{Autoload, , Autoload, elisp, The GNU Emacs Lisp Reference |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17856 Manual}, for more information. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17857 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17858 @node Simple Extension, X11 Colors, Autoload, Emacs Initialization |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17859 @section A Simple Extension: @code{line-to-top-of-window} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17860 @findex line-to-top-of-window |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17861 @cindex Simple extension in @file{.emacs} file |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17862 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17863 Here is a simple extension to Emacs that moves the line point is on to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17864 the top of the window. I use this all the time, to make text easier |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17865 to read. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17866 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17867 You can put the following code into a separate file and then load it |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17868 from your @file{.emacs} file, or you can include it within your |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17869 @file{.emacs} file. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17870 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17871 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17872 Here is the definition: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17873 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17874 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17875 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17876 ;;; Line to top of window; |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17877 ;;; replace three keystroke sequence C-u 0 C-l |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17878 (defun line-to-top-of-window () |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17879 "Move the line point is on to top of window." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17880 (interactive) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17881 (recenter 0)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17882 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17883 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17884 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17885 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17886 Now for the keybinding. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17887 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17888 Nowadays, function keys as well as mouse button events and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17889 non-@sc{ascii} characters are written within square brackets, without |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17890 quotation marks. (In Emacs version 18 and before, you had to write |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17891 different function key bindings for each different make of terminal.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17892 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17893 I bind @code{line-to-top-of-window} to my @key{F6} function key like |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17894 this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17895 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17896 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17897 (global-set-key [f6] 'line-to-top-of-window) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17898 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17899 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17900 For more information, see @ref{Init Rebinding, , Rebinding Keys in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17901 Your Init File, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17902 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17903 @cindex Conditional 'twixt two versions of Emacs |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17904 @cindex Version of Emacs, choosing |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17905 @cindex Emacs version, choosing |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
17906 If you run two versions of GNU Emacs, such as versions 21 and 22, and |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17907 use one @file{.emacs} file, you can select which code to evaluate with |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17908 the following conditional: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17909 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17910 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17911 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17912 (cond |
73720
365d2ceb2a2e
Yet more minor changes:
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73708
diff
changeset
|
17913 (= 21 emacs-major-version) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17914 ;; evaluate version 21 code |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
17915 ( @dots{} )) |
73720
365d2ceb2a2e
Yet more minor changes:
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73708
diff
changeset
|
17916 (= 22 emacs-major-version) |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
17917 ;; evaluate version 22 code |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17918 ( @dots{} ))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17919 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17920 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17921 |
73720
365d2ceb2a2e
Yet more minor changes:
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73708
diff
changeset
|
17922 For example, in contrast to version 20, more recent versions blink |
365d2ceb2a2e
Yet more minor changes:
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73708
diff
changeset
|
17923 their cursors by default. I hate such blinking, as well as other |
365d2ceb2a2e
Yet more minor changes:
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73708
diff
changeset
|
17924 features, so I placed the following in my @file{.emacs} |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17925 file@footnote{When I start instances of Emacs that do not load my |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17926 @file{.emacs} file or any site file, I also turn off blinking: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17927 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17928 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17929 emacs -q --no-site-file -eval '(blink-cursor-mode nil)' |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
17930 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
17931 @exdent Or nowadays, using an even more sophisticated set of options, |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
17932 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
17933 emacs -Q - D |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17934 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17935 }: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17936 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17937 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17938 @group |
73720
365d2ceb2a2e
Yet more minor changes:
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73708
diff
changeset
|
17939 (when (or (= 21 emacs-major-version) |
365d2ceb2a2e
Yet more minor changes:
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73708
diff
changeset
|
17940 (= 22 emacs-major-version)) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17941 (blink-cursor-mode 0) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17942 ;; Insert newline when you press `C-n' (next-line) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17943 ;; at the end of the buffer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17944 (setq next-line-add-newlines t) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17945 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17946 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17947 ;; Turn on image viewing |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17948 (auto-image-file-mode t) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17949 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17950 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17951 ;; Turn on menu bar (this bar has text) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17952 ;; (Use numeric argument to turn on) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17953 (menu-bar-mode 1) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17954 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17955 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17956 ;; Turn off tool bar (this bar has icons) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17957 ;; (Use numeric argument to turn on) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17958 (tool-bar-mode nil) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17959 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17960 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17961 ;; Turn off tooltip mode for tool bar |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17962 ;; (This mode causes icon explanations to pop up) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17963 ;; (Use numeric argument to turn on) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17964 (tooltip-mode nil) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17965 ;; If tooltips turned on, make tips appear promptly |
73720
365d2ceb2a2e
Yet more minor changes:
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73708
diff
changeset
|
17966 (setq tooltip-delay 0.1) ; default is 0.7 second |
365d2ceb2a2e
Yet more minor changes:
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73708
diff
changeset
|
17967 ) |
365d2ceb2a2e
Yet more minor changes:
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73708
diff
changeset
|
17968 @end group |
365d2ceb2a2e
Yet more minor changes:
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73708
diff
changeset
|
17969 @end smallexample |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17970 |
73852
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
17971 @need 1250 |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
17972 Alternatively, since @code{blink-cursor-mode} has existed since Emacs |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
17973 version 21 and is likely to continue, you could write |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
17974 |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
17975 @smallexample |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
17976 @group |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
17977 (when (>= emacs-major-version 21) |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
17978 (blink-cursor-mode 0) |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
17979 @end group |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
17980 @end smallexample |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
17981 |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
17982 @noindent |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
17983 and add other expressions, too. |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
17984 |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
17985 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17986 @node X11 Colors, Miscellaneous, Simple Extension, Emacs Initialization |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17987 @section X11 Colors |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17988 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17989 You can specify colors when you use Emacs with the MIT X Windowing |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17990 system. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17991 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17992 I dislike the default colors and specify my own. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17993 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17994 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17995 Here are the expressions in my @file{.emacs} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17996 file that set values: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17997 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17998 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
17999 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18000 ;; Set cursor color |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18001 (set-cursor-color "white") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18002 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18003 ;; Set mouse color |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18004 (set-mouse-color "white") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18005 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18006 ;; Set foreground and background |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18007 (set-foreground-color "white") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18008 (set-background-color "darkblue") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18009 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18010 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18011 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18012 ;;; Set highlighting colors for isearch and drag |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18013 (set-face-foreground 'highlight "white") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18014 (set-face-background 'highlight "blue") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18015 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18016 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18017 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18018 (set-face-foreground 'region "cyan") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18019 (set-face-background 'region "blue") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18020 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18021 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18022 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18023 (set-face-foreground 'secondary-selection "skyblue") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18024 (set-face-background 'secondary-selection "darkblue") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18025 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18026 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18027 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18028 ;; Set calendar highlighting colors |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18029 (setq calendar-load-hook |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18030 '(lambda () |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18031 (set-face-foreground 'diary-face "skyblue") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18032 (set-face-background 'holiday-face "slate blue") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18033 (set-face-foreground 'holiday-face "white"))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18034 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18035 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18036 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18037 The various shades of blue soothe my eye and prevent me from seeing |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18038 the screen flicker. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18039 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18040 Alternatively, I could have set my specifications in various X |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18041 initialization files. For example, I could set the foreground, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18042 background, cursor, and pointer (i.e., mouse) colors in my |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18043 @file{~/.Xresources} file like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18044 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18045 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18046 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18047 Emacs*foreground: white |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18048 Emacs*background: darkblue |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18049 Emacs*cursorColor: white |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18050 Emacs*pointerColor: white |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18051 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18052 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18053 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18054 In any event, since it is not part of Emacs, I set the root color of |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
18055 my X window in my @file{~/.xinitrc} file, like this@footnote{I also |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
18056 run more modern window managers, such as Enlightenment, Gnome, or KDE; |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
18057 in those cases, I often specify an image rather than a plain color.}: |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
18058 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
18059 @smallexample |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18060 xsetroot -solid Navy -fg white & |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18061 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18062 |
73720
365d2ceb2a2e
Yet more minor changes:
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73708
diff
changeset
|
18063 @need 1700 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18064 @node Miscellaneous, Mode Line, X11 Colors, Emacs Initialization |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18065 @section Miscellaneous Settings for a @file{.emacs} File |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18066 |
73720
365d2ceb2a2e
Yet more minor changes:
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73708
diff
changeset
|
18067 @need 1250 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18068 Here are a few miscellaneous settings: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18069 @sp 1 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18070 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18071 @itemize @minus |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18072 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18073 Set the shape and color of the mouse cursor: |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
18074 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18075 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18076 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18077 ; Cursor shapes are defined in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18078 ; `/usr/include/X11/cursorfont.h'; |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18079 ; for example, the `target' cursor is number 128; |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18080 ; the `top_left_arrow' cursor is number 132. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18081 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18082 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18083 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18084 (let ((mpointer (x-get-resource "*mpointer" |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18085 "*emacs*mpointer"))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18086 ;; If you have not set your mouse pointer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18087 ;; then set it, otherwise leave as is: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18088 (if (eq mpointer nil) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18089 (setq mpointer "132")) ; top_left_arrow |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18090 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18091 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18092 (setq x-pointer-shape (string-to-int mpointer)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18093 (set-mouse-color "white")) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18094 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18095 @end smallexample |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
18096 |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
18097 @item |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
18098 Or you can set the values of a variety of features in an alist, like |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
18099 this: |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
18100 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
18101 @smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
18102 @group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
18103 (setq-default |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
18104 default-frame-alist |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
18105 '((cursor-color . "white") |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
18106 (mouse-color . "white") |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
18107 (foreground-color . "white") |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
18108 (background-color . "DodgerBlue4") |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
18109 ;; (cursor-type . bar) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
18110 (cursor-type . box) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
18111 @end group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
18112 @group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
18113 (tool-bar-lines . 0) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
18114 (menu-bar-lines . 1) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
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changeset
|
18115 (width . 80) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
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changeset
|
18116 (height . 58) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
18117 (font . |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
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changeset
|
18118 "-Misc-Fixed-Medium-R-Normal--20-200-75-75-C-100-ISO8859-1") |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
18119 )) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
18120 @end group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
18121 @end smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
18122 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
18123 @item |
73587
c84b73607df3
Removed INSTALL MANIFEST since those files are now irrelevant.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73554
diff
changeset
|
18124 Convert @kbd{@key{CTRL}-h} into @key{DEL} and @key{DEL} |
c84b73607df3
Removed INSTALL MANIFEST since those files are now irrelevant.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73554
diff
changeset
|
18125 into @kbd{@key{CTRL}-h}.@* |
70609 | 18126 (Some older keyboards needed this, although I have not seen the |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
18127 problem recently.) |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
18128 |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
18129 @smallexample |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
18130 @group |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
18131 ;; Translate `C-h' to <DEL>. |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
18132 ; (keyboard-translate ?\C-h ?\C-?) |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
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|
18133 |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
18134 ;; Translate <DEL> to `C-h'. |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
18135 (keyboard-translate ?\C-? ?\C-h) |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
18136 @end group |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
18137 @end smallexample |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
18138 |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
18139 @item Turn off a blinking cursor! |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
18140 |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
18141 @smallexample |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
18142 @group |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
18143 (if (fboundp 'blink-cursor-mode) |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
18144 (blink-cursor-mode -1)) |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
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|
18145 @end group |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
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|
18146 @end smallexample |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
18147 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
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|
18148 @noindent |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
18149 or start GNU Emacs with the command @code{emacs -nbc}. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
18150 |
73720
365d2ceb2a2e
Yet more minor changes:
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73708
diff
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|
18151 @need 1250 |
365d2ceb2a2e
Yet more minor changes:
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
18152 @item When using `grep'@* |
365d2ceb2a2e
Yet more minor changes:
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
18153 @samp{-i}@w{ } Ignore case distinctions@* |
51945
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Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
18154 @samp{-n}@w{ } Prefix each line of output with line number@* |
73720
365d2ceb2a2e
Yet more minor changes:
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73708
diff
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|
18155 @samp{-H}@w{ } Print the filename for each match.@* |
57460
a60664800358
Remove trailing whitespace from file.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
18156 @samp{-e}@w{ } Protect patterns beginning with a hyphen character, @samp{-} |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
18157 |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
18158 @smallexample |
73720
365d2ceb2a2e
Yet more minor changes:
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
18159 (setq grep-command "grep -i -nH -e ") |
51945
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Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
18160 @end smallexample |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
18161 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
18162 @ignore |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
18163 @c Evidently, no longer needed in GNU Emacs 22 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
18164 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
18165 item Automatically uncompress compressed files when visiting them |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
18166 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
18167 smallexample |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
18168 (load "uncompress") |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
18169 end smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
18170 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
18171 @end ignore |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
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|
18172 |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
18173 @item Find an existing buffer, even if it has a different name@* |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
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|
18174 This avoids problems with symbolic links. |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
18175 |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
18176 @smallexample |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
18177 (setq find-file-existing-other-name t) |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
18178 @end smallexample |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
18179 |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
18180 @item Set your language environment and default input method |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
18181 |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
18182 @smallexample |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
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|
18183 @group |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
18184 (set-language-environment "latin-1") |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
18185 ;; Remember you can enable or disable multilingual text input |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
18186 ;; with the @code{toggle-input-method'} (@kbd{C-\}) command |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
18187 (setq default-input-method "latin-1-prefix") |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
18188 @end group |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
18189 @end smallexample |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
18190 |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
18191 If you want to write with Chinese `GB' characters, set this instead: |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
18192 |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
18193 @smallexample |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
18194 @group |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
18195 (set-language-environment "Chinese-GB") |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
18196 (setq default-input-method "chinese-tonepy") |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
18197 @end group |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
18198 @end smallexample |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18199 @end itemize |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18200 |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
18201 @subsubheading Fixing Unpleasant Key Bindings |
57460
a60664800358
Remove trailing whitespace from file.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
57459
diff
changeset
|
18202 @cindex Key bindings, fixing |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
18203 @cindex Bindings, key, fixing unpleasant |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
18204 |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
18205 Some systems bind keys unpleasantly. Sometimes, for example, the |
73587
c84b73607df3
Removed INSTALL MANIFEST since those files are now irrelevant.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73554
diff
changeset
|
18206 @key{CTRL} key appears in an awkward spot rather than at the far left |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
18207 of the home row. |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
18208 |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
18209 Usually, when people fix these sorts of keybindings, they do not |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
18210 change their @file{~/.emacs} file. Instead, they bind the proper keys |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
18211 on their consoles with the @code{loadkeys} or @code{install-keymap} |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
18212 commands in their boot script and then include @code{xmodmap} commands |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
18213 in their @file{.xinitrc} or @file{.Xsession} file for X Windows. |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
18214 |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
18215 @need 1250 |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
18216 @noindent |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
18217 For a boot script: |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
18218 |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
18219 @smallexample |
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Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
18220 @group |
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Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
18221 loadkeys /usr/share/keymaps/i386/qwerty/emacs2.kmap.gz |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
18222 @exdent or |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
18223 install-keymap emacs2 |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
18224 @end group |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
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|
18225 @end smallexample |
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Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
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|
18226 |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
18227 @need 1250 |
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Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
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|
18228 @noindent |
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Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
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|
18229 For a @file{.xinitrc} or @file{.Xsession} file when the @key{Caps |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
18230 Lock} key is at the far left of the home row: |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
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|
18231 |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
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|
18232 @smallexample |
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Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
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|
18233 @group |
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Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
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|
18234 # Bind the key labeled `Caps Lock' to `Control' |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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18235 # (Such a broken user interface suggests that keyboard manufacturers |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
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|
18236 # think that computers are typewriters from 1885.) |
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Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
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|
18237 |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
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|
18238 xmodmap -e "clear Lock" |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
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|
18239 xmodmap -e "add Control = Caps_Lock" |
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Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
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18240 @end group |
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Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
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18241 @end smallexample |
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18242 |
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changeset
|
18243 @need 1250 |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
18244 @noindent |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
18245 In a @file{.xinitrc} or @file{.Xsession} file, to convert an @key{ALT} |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
18246 key to a @key{META} key: |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
18247 |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
18248 @smallexample |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
18249 @group |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
18250 # Some ill designed keyboards have a key labeled ALT and no Meta |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
18251 xmodmap -e "keysym Alt_L = Meta_L Alt_L" |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
18252 @end group |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
18253 @end smallexample |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
18254 |
73720
365d2ceb2a2e
Yet more minor changes:
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73708
diff
changeset
|
18255 @need 1700 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18256 @node Mode Line, , Miscellaneous, Emacs Initialization |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18257 @section A Modified Mode Line |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18258 @vindex default-mode-line-format |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18259 @cindex Mode line format |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18260 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18261 Finally, a feature I really like: a modified mode line. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18262 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18263 When I work over a network, I forget which machine I am using. Also, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18264 I tend to I lose track of where I am, and which line point is on. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18265 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18266 So I reset my mode line to look like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18267 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18268 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18269 -:-- foo.texi rattlesnake:/home/bob/ Line 1 (Texinfo Fill) Top |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18270 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18271 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18272 I am visiting a file called @file{foo.texi}, on my machine |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18273 @file{rattlesnake} in my @file{/home/bob} buffer. I am on line 1, in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18274 Texinfo mode, and am at the top of the buffer. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18275 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18276 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18277 My @file{.emacs} file has a section that looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18278 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18279 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18280 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18281 ;; Set a Mode Line that tells me which machine, which directory, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18282 ;; and which line I am on, plus the other customary information. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18283 (setq default-mode-line-format |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18284 (quote |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18285 (#("-" 0 1 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18286 (help-echo |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18287 "mouse-1: select window, mouse-2: delete others ...")) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18288 mode-line-mule-info |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18289 mode-line-modified |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18290 mode-line-frame-identification |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18291 " " |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18292 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18293 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18294 mode-line-buffer-identification |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18295 " " |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18296 (:eval (substring |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18297 (system-name) 0 (string-match "\\..+" (system-name)))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18298 ":" |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18299 default-directory |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18300 #(" " 0 1 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18301 (help-echo |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18302 "mouse-1: select window, mouse-2: delete others ...")) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18303 (line-number-mode " Line %l ") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18304 global-mode-string |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18305 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18306 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18307 #(" %[(" 0 6 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18308 (help-echo |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18309 "mouse-1: select window, mouse-2: delete others ...")) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18310 (:eval (mode-line-mode-name)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18311 mode-line-process |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18312 minor-mode-alist |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18313 #("%n" 0 2 (help-echo "mouse-2: widen" local-map (keymap ...))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18314 ")%] " |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18315 (-3 . "%P") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18316 ;; "-%-" |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18317 ))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18318 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18319 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18320 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18321 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18322 Here, I redefine the default mode line. Most of the parts are from |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18323 the original; but I make a few changes. I set the @emph{default} mode |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18324 line format so as to permit various modes, such as Info, to override |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18325 it. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18326 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18327 Many elements in the list are self-explanatory: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18328 @code{mode-line-modified} is a variable that tells whether the buffer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18329 has been modified, @code{mode-name} tells the name of the mode, and so |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18330 on. However, the format looks complicated because of two features we |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18331 have not discussed. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18332 |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
18333 @cindex Properties, in mode line example |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18334 The first string in the mode line is a dash or hyphen, @samp{-}. In |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18335 the old days, it would have been specified simply as @code{"-"}. But |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18336 nowadays, Emacs can add properties to a string, such as highlighting |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18337 or, as in this case, a help feature. If you place your mouse cursor |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
18338 over the hyphen, some help information appears (By default, you must |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
18339 wait seven-tenths of a second before the information appears. You can |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
18340 change that timing by changing the value of @code{tooltip-delay}.) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18341 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18342 @need 1000 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18343 The new string format has a special syntax: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18344 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18345 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18346 #("-" 0 1 (help-echo "mouse-1: select window, ...")) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18347 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18348 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18349 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18350 The @code{#(} begins a list. The first element of the list is the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18351 string itself, just one @samp{-}. The second and third |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18352 elements specify the range over which the fourth element applies. A |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18353 range starts @emph{after} a character, so a zero means the range |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18354 starts just before the first character; a 1 means that the range ends |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18355 just after the first character. The third element is the property for |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18356 the range. It consists of a property list, a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18357 property name, in this case, @samp{help-echo}, followed by a value, in this |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18358 case, a string. The second, third, and fourth elements of this new |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18359 string format can be repeated. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18360 |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
18361 @xref{Text Properties, , Text Properties, elisp, The GNU Emacs Lisp |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
18362 Reference Manual}, and see @ref{Mode Line Format, , Mode Line Format, |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
18363 elisp, The GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}, for more information. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18364 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18365 @code{mode-line-buffer-identification} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18366 displays the current buffer name. It is a list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18367 beginning @code{(#("%12b" 0 4 @dots{}}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18368 The @code{#(} begins the list. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18369 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18370 The @samp{"%12b"} displays the current buffer name, using the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18371 @code{buffer-name} function with which we are familiar; the `12' |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18372 specifies the maximum number of characters that will be displayed. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18373 When a name has fewer characters, whitespace is added to fill out to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18374 this number. (Buffer names can and often should be longer than 12 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18375 characters; this length works well in a typical 80 column wide |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18376 window.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18377 |
73597
4d65d5858190
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Remove version reference for X colors.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73587
diff
changeset
|
18378 @code{:eval} says to evaluate the following form and use the result as |
4d65d5858190
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Remove version reference for X colors.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73587
diff
changeset
|
18379 a string to display. In this case, the expression displays the first |
4d65d5858190
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Remove version reference for X colors.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73587
diff
changeset
|
18380 component of the full system name. The end of the first component is |
4d65d5858190
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Remove version reference for X colors.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73587
diff
changeset
|
18381 a @samp{.} (`period'), so I use the @code{string-match} function to |
4d65d5858190
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Remove version reference for X colors.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73587
diff
changeset
|
18382 tell me the length of the first component. The substring from the |
4d65d5858190
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Remove version reference for X colors.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73587
diff
changeset
|
18383 zeroth character to that length is the name of the machine. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18384 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18385 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18386 This is the expression: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18387 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18388 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18389 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18390 (:eval (substring |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18391 (system-name) 0 (string-match "\\..+" (system-name)))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
18392 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18393 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18394 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18395 @samp{%[} and @samp{%]} cause a pair of square brackets |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18396 to appear for each recursive editing level. @samp{%n} says `Narrow' |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18397 when narrowing is in effect. @samp{%P} tells you the percentage of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18398 the buffer that is above the bottom of the window, or `Top', `Bottom', |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18399 or `All'. (A lower case @samp{p} tell you the percentage above the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18400 @emph{top} of the window.) @samp{%-} inserts enough dashes to fill |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18401 out the line. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18402 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18403 Remember, ``You don't have to like Emacs to like it'' --- your own |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18404 Emacs can have different colors, different commands, and different |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18405 keys than a default Emacs. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18406 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18407 On the other hand, if you want to bring up a plain `out of the box' |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18408 Emacs, with no customization, type: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18409 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18410 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18411 emacs -q |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18412 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18413 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18414 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18415 This will start an Emacs that does @emph{not} load your |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18416 @file{~/.emacs} initialization file. A plain, default Emacs. Nothing |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18417 more. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18418 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18419 @node Debugging, Conclusion, Emacs Initialization, Top |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18420 @chapter Debugging |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18421 @cindex debugging |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18422 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18423 GNU Emacs has two debuggers, @code{debug} and @code{edebug}. The |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18424 first is built into the internals of Emacs and is always with you; |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18425 the second requires that you instrument a function before you can use it. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18426 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18427 Both debuggers are described extensively in @ref{Debugging, , |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18428 Debugging Lisp Programs, elisp, The GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18429 In this chapter, I will walk through a short example of each. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18430 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18431 @menu |
73854
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
18432 * debug:: How to use the built-in debugger. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
18433 * debug-on-entry:: Start debugging when you call a function. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
18434 * debug-on-quit:: Start debugging when you quit with @kbd{C-g}. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
18435 * edebug:: How to use Edebug, a source level debugger. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18436 * Debugging Exercises:: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18437 @end menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18438 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18439 @node debug, debug-on-entry, Debugging, Debugging |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18440 @section @code{debug} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18441 @findex debug |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18442 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18443 Suppose you have written a function definition that is intended to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18444 return the sum of the numbers 1 through a given number. (This is the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18445 @code{triangle} function discussed earlier. @xref{Decrementing |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18446 Example, , Example with Decrementing Counter}, for a discussion.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18447 @c xref{Decrementing Loop,, Loop with a Decrementing Counter}, for a discussion.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18448 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18449 However, your function definition has a bug. You have mistyped |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18450 @samp{1=} for @samp{1-}. Here is the broken definition: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18451 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18452 @findex triangle-bugged |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18453 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18454 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18455 (defun triangle-bugged (number) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18456 "Return sum of numbers 1 through NUMBER inclusive." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18457 (let ((total 0)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18458 (while (> number 0) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18459 (setq total (+ total number)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18460 (setq number (1= number))) ; @r{Error here.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18461 total)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18462 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18463 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18464 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18465 If you are reading this in Info, you can evaluate this definition in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18466 the normal fashion. You will see @code{triangle-bugged} appear in the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18467 echo area. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18468 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18469 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18470 Now evaluate the @code{triangle-bugged} function with an |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18471 argument of 4: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18472 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18473 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18474 (triangle-bugged 4) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18475 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18476 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18477 @noindent |
73720
365d2ceb2a2e
Yet more minor changes:
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73708
diff
changeset
|
18478 In a recent GNU Emacs, you will create and enter a @file{*Backtrace*} |
365d2ceb2a2e
Yet more minor changes:
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73708
diff
changeset
|
18479 buffer that says: |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18480 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18481 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18482 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18483 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18484 ---------- Buffer: *Backtrace* ---------- |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18485 Debugger entered--Lisp error: (void-function 1=) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18486 (1= number) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18487 (setq number (1= number)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18488 (while (> number 0) (setq total (+ total number)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18489 (setq number (1= number))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18490 (let ((total 0)) (while (> number 0) (setq total ...) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18491 (setq number ...)) total) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18492 triangle-bugged(4) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18493 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18494 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18495 eval((triangle-bugged 4)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18496 eval-last-sexp-1(nil) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18497 eval-last-sexp(nil) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18498 call-interactively(eval-last-sexp) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18499 ---------- Buffer: *Backtrace* ---------- |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18500 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18501 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18502 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18503 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18504 (I have reformatted this example slightly; the debugger does not fold |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18505 long lines. As usual, you can quit the debugger by typing @kbd{q} in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18506 the @file{*Backtrace*} buffer.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18507 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18508 In practice, for a bug as simple as this, the `Lisp error' line will |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18509 tell you what you need to know to correct the definition. The |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18510 function @code{1=} is `void'. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18511 |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
18512 @ignore |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18513 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18514 In GNU Emacs 20 and before, you will see: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18515 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18516 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18517 Symbol's function definition is void:@: 1= |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18518 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18519 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18520 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18521 which has the same meaning as the @file{*Backtrace*} buffer line in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18522 version 21. |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
18523 @end ignore |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18524 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18525 However, suppose you are not quite certain what is going on? |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18526 You can read the complete backtrace. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18527 |
73720
365d2ceb2a2e
Yet more minor changes:
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73708
diff
changeset
|
18528 In this case, you need to run a recent GNU Emacs, which automatically |
365d2ceb2a2e
Yet more minor changes:
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73708
diff
changeset
|
18529 starts the debugger that puts you in the @file{*Backtrace*} buffer; or |
365d2ceb2a2e
Yet more minor changes:
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73708
diff
changeset
|
18530 else, you need to start the debugger manually as described below. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18531 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18532 Read the @file{*Backtrace*} buffer from the bottom up; it tells you |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18533 what Emacs did that led to the error. Emacs made an interactive call |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18534 to @kbd{C-x C-e} (@code{eval-last-sexp}), which led to the evaluation |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18535 of the @code{triangle-bugged} expression. Each line above tells you |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18536 what the Lisp interpreter evaluated next. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18537 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18538 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18539 The third line from the top of the buffer is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18540 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18541 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18542 (setq number (1= number)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18543 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18544 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18545 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18546 Emacs tried to evaluate this expression; in order to do so, it tried |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18547 to evaluate the inner expression shown on the second line from the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18548 top: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18549 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18550 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18551 (1= number) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18552 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18553 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18554 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18555 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18556 This is where the error occurred; as the top line says: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18557 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18558 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18559 Debugger entered--Lisp error: (void-function 1=) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18560 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18561 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18562 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18563 You can correct the mistake, re-evaluate the function definition, and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18564 then run your test again. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18565 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18566 @node debug-on-entry, debug-on-quit, debug, Debugging |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18567 @section @code{debug-on-entry} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18568 @findex debug-on-entry |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18569 |
73720
365d2ceb2a2e
Yet more minor changes:
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73708
diff
changeset
|
18570 A recent GNU Emacs starts the debugger automatically when your |
365d2ceb2a2e
Yet more minor changes:
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73708
diff
changeset
|
18571 function has an error. |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
18572 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
18573 @ignore |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
18574 GNU Emacs version 20 and before did not; it simply |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18575 presented you with an error message. You had to start the debugger |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18576 manually. |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
18577 @end ignore |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
18578 |
73587
c84b73607df3
Removed INSTALL MANIFEST since those files are now irrelevant.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73554
diff
changeset
|
18579 Incidentally, you can start the debugger manually for all versions of |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
18580 Emacs; the advantage is that the debugger runs even if you do not have |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
18581 a bug in your code. Sometimes your code will be free of bugs! |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18582 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18583 You can enter the debugger when you call the function by calling |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18584 @code{debug-on-entry}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18585 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18586 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18587 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18588 Type: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18589 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18590 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18591 M-x debug-on-entry RET triangle-bugged RET |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18592 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18593 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18594 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18595 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18596 Now, evaluate the following: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18597 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18598 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18599 (triangle-bugged 5) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18600 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18601 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18602 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18603 All versions of Emacs will create a @file{*Backtrace*} buffer and tell |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18604 you that it is beginning to evaluate the @code{triangle-bugged} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18605 function: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18606 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18607 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18608 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18609 ---------- Buffer: *Backtrace* ---------- |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18610 Debugger entered--entering a function: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18611 * triangle-bugged(5) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18612 eval((triangle-bugged 5)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18613 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18614 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18615 eval-last-sexp-1(nil) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18616 eval-last-sexp(nil) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18617 call-interactively(eval-last-sexp) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18618 ---------- Buffer: *Backtrace* ---------- |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18619 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18620 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18621 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18622 In the @file{*Backtrace*} buffer, type @kbd{d}. Emacs will evaluate |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18623 the first expression in @code{triangle-bugged}; the buffer will look |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18624 like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18625 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18626 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18627 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18628 ---------- Buffer: *Backtrace* ---------- |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18629 Debugger entered--beginning evaluation of function call form: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18630 * (let ((total 0)) (while (> number 0) (setq total ...) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18631 (setq number ...)) total) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18632 * triangle-bugged(5) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18633 eval((triangle-bugged 5)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18634 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18635 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18636 eval-last-sexp-1(nil) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18637 eval-last-sexp(nil) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18638 call-interactively(eval-last-sexp) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18639 ---------- Buffer: *Backtrace* ---------- |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18640 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18641 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18642 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18643 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18644 Now, type @kbd{d} again, eight times, slowly. Each time you type |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18645 @kbd{d}, Emacs will evaluate another expression in the function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18646 definition. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18647 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18648 @need 1750 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18649 Eventually, the buffer will look like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18650 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18651 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18652 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18653 ---------- Buffer: *Backtrace* ---------- |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18654 Debugger entered--beginning evaluation of function call form: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18655 * (setq number (1= number)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18656 * (while (> number 0) (setq total (+ total number)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18657 (setq number (1= number))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18658 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18659 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18660 * (let ((total 0)) (while (> number 0) (setq total ...) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18661 (setq number ...)) total) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18662 * triangle-bugged(5) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18663 eval((triangle-bugged 5)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18664 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18665 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18666 eval-last-sexp-1(nil) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18667 eval-last-sexp(nil) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18668 call-interactively(eval-last-sexp) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18669 ---------- Buffer: *Backtrace* ---------- |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18670 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18671 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18672 |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
18673 @need 1500 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18674 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18675 Finally, after you type @kbd{d} two more times, Emacs will reach the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18676 error, and the top two lines of the @file{*Backtrace*} buffer will look |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18677 like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18678 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18679 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18680 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18681 ---------- Buffer: *Backtrace* ---------- |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18682 Debugger entered--Lisp error: (void-function 1=) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18683 * (1= number) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18684 @dots{} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18685 ---------- Buffer: *Backtrace* ---------- |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18686 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18687 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18688 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18689 By typing @kbd{d}, you were able to step through the function. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18690 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18691 You can quit a @file{*Backtrace*} buffer by typing @kbd{q} in it; this |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18692 quits the trace, but does not cancel @code{debug-on-entry}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18693 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18694 @findex cancel-debug-on-entry |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18695 To cancel the effect of @code{debug-on-entry}, call |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18696 @code{cancel-debug-on-entry} and the name of the function, like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18697 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18698 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18699 M-x cancel-debug-on-entry RET triangle-bugged RET |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18700 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18701 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18702 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18703 (If you are reading this in Info, cancel @code{debug-on-entry} now.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18704 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18705 @node debug-on-quit, edebug, debug-on-entry, Debugging |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18706 @section @code{debug-on-quit} and @code{(debug)} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18707 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18708 In addition to setting @code{debug-on-error} or calling @code{debug-on-entry}, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18709 there are two other ways to start @code{debug}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18710 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18711 @findex debug-on-quit |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18712 You can start @code{debug} whenever you type @kbd{C-g} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18713 (@code{keyboard-quit}) by setting the variable @code{debug-on-quit} to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18714 @code{t}. This is useful for debugging infinite loops. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18715 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18716 @need 1500 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18717 @cindex @code{(debug)} in code |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18718 Or, you can insert a line that says @code{(debug)} into your code |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18719 where you want the debugger to start, like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18720 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18721 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18722 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18723 (defun triangle-bugged (number) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18724 "Return sum of numbers 1 through NUMBER inclusive." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18725 (let ((total 0)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18726 (while (> number 0) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18727 (setq total (+ total number)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18728 (debug) ; @r{Start debugger.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18729 (setq number (1= number))) ; @r{Error here.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18730 total)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18731 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18732 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18733 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18734 The @code{debug} function is described in detail in @ref{Debugger, , |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18735 The Lisp Debugger, elisp, The GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18736 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18737 @node edebug, Debugging Exercises, debug-on-quit, Debugging |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18738 @section The @code{edebug} Source Level Debugger |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18739 @cindex Source level debugger |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18740 @findex edebug |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18741 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18742 Edebug is a source level debugger. Edebug normally displays the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18743 source of the code you are debugging, with an arrow at the left that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18744 shows which line you are currently executing. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18745 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18746 You can walk through the execution of a function, line by line, or run |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18747 quickly until reaching a @dfn{breakpoint} where execution stops. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18748 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18749 Edebug is described in @ref{edebug, , Edebug, elisp, The GNU Emacs |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18750 Lisp Reference Manual}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18751 |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
18752 @need 1250 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18753 Here is a bugged function definition for @code{triangle-recursively}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18754 @xref{Recursive triangle function, , Recursion in place of a counter}, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18755 for a review of it. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18756 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18757 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18758 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18759 (defun triangle-recursively-bugged (number) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18760 "Return sum of numbers 1 through NUMBER inclusive. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18761 Uses recursion." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18762 (if (= number 1) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18763 1 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18764 (+ number |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18765 (triangle-recursively-bugged |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18766 (1= number))))) ; @r{Error here.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18767 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18768 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18769 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18770 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18771 Normally, you would install this definition by positioning your cursor |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18772 after the function's closing parenthesis and typing @kbd{C-x C-e} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18773 (@code{eval-last-sexp}) or else by positioning your cursor within the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18774 definition and typing @kbd{C-M-x} (@code{eval-defun}). (By default, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18775 the @code{eval-defun} command works only in Emacs Lisp mode or in Lisp |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18776 Interactive mode.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18777 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18778 @need 1500 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18779 However, to prepare this function definition for Edebug, you must |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18780 first @dfn{instrument} the code using a different command. You can do |
73720
365d2ceb2a2e
Yet more minor changes:
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73708
diff
changeset
|
18781 this by positioning your cursor within or just after the definition |
365d2ceb2a2e
Yet more minor changes:
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73708
diff
changeset
|
18782 and typing |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18783 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18784 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18785 M-x edebug-defun RET |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18786 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18787 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18788 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18789 This will cause Emacs to load Edebug automatically if it is not |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18790 already loaded, and properly instrument the function. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18791 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18792 After instrumenting the function, place your cursor after the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18793 following expression and type @kbd{C-x C-e} (@code{eval-last-sexp}): |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18794 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18795 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18796 (triangle-recursively-bugged 3) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18797 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18798 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18799 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18800 You will be jumped back to the source for |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18801 @code{triangle-recursively-bugged} and the cursor positioned at the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18802 beginning of the @code{if} line of the function. Also, you will see |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18803 an arrowhead at the left hand side of that line. The arrowhead marks |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18804 the line where the function is executing. (In the following examples, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18805 we show the arrowhead with @samp{=>}; in a windowing system, you may |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18806 see the arrowhead as a solid triangle in the window `fringe'.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18807 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18808 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18809 =>@point{}(if (= number 1) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18810 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18811 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18812 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18813 @iftex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18814 In the example, the location of point is displayed with a star, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18815 @samp{@point{}} (in Info, it is displayed as @samp{-!-}). |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18816 @end iftex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18817 @ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18818 In the example, the location of point is displayed as @samp{@point{}} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18819 (in a printed book, it is displayed with a five pointed star). |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18820 @end ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18821 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18822 If you now press @key{SPC}, point will move to the next expression to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18823 be executed; the line will look like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18824 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18825 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18826 =>(if @point{}(= number 1) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18827 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18828 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18829 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18830 As you continue to press @key{SPC}, point will move from expression to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18831 expression. At the same time, whenever an expression returns a value, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18832 that value will be displayed in the echo area. For example, after you |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18833 move point past @code{number}, you will see the following: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18834 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18835 @smallexample |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
18836 Result: 3 (#o3, #x3, ?\C-c) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
18837 @end smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
18838 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
18839 @noindent |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
18840 This means the value of @code{number} is 3, which is octal three, |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
18841 hexadecimal three, and @sc{ascii} `control-c' (the third letter of the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
18842 alphabet, in case you need to know this information). |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18843 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18844 You can continue moving through the code until you reach the line with |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18845 the error. Before evaluation, that line looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18846 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18847 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18848 => @point{}(1= number))))) ; @r{Error here.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18849 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18850 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18851 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18852 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18853 When you press @key{SPC} once again, you will produce an error message |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18854 that says: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18855 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18856 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18857 Symbol's function definition is void:@: 1= |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18858 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18859 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18860 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18861 This is the bug. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18862 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18863 Press @kbd{q} to quit Edebug. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18864 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18865 To remove instrumentation from a function definition, simply |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18866 re-evaluate it with a command that does not instrument it. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18867 For example, you could place your cursor after the definition's |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18868 closing parenthesis and type @kbd{C-x C-e}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18869 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18870 Edebug does a great deal more than walk with you through a function. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18871 You can set it so it races through on its own, stopping only at an |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18872 error or at specified stopping points; you can cause it to display the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18873 changing values of various expressions; you can find out how many |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18874 times a function is called, and more. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18875 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18876 Edebug is described in @ref{edebug, , Edebug, elisp, The GNU Emacs |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18877 Lisp Reference Manual}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18878 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18879 @need 1500 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18880 @node Debugging Exercises, , edebug, Debugging |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18881 @section Debugging Exercises |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18882 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18883 @itemize @bullet |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18884 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18885 Install the @code{count-words-region} function and then cause it to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18886 enter the built-in debugger when you call it. Run the command on a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18887 region containing two words. You will need to press @kbd{d} a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18888 remarkable number of times. On your system, is a `hook' called after |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18889 the command finishes? (For information on hooks, see @ref{Command |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18890 Overview, , Command Loop Overview, elisp, The GNU Emacs Lisp Reference |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18891 Manual}.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18892 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18893 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18894 Copy @code{count-words-region} into the @file{*scratch*} buffer, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18895 instrument the function for Edebug, and walk through its execution. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18896 The function does not need to have a bug, although you can introduce |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18897 one if you wish. If the function lacks a bug, the walk-through |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18898 completes without problems. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18899 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18900 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18901 While running Edebug, type @kbd{?} to see a list of all the Edebug commands. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18902 (The @code{global-edebug-prefix} is usually @kbd{C-x X}, i.e.@: |
73587
c84b73607df3
Removed INSTALL MANIFEST since those files are now irrelevant.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73554
diff
changeset
|
18903 @kbd{@key{CTRL}-x} followed by an upper case @kbd{X}; use this prefix |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18904 for commands made outside of the Edebug debugging buffer.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18905 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18906 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18907 In the Edebug debugging buffer, use the @kbd{p} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18908 (@code{edebug-bounce-point}) command to see where in the region the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18909 @code{count-words-region} is working. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18910 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18911 @item |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
18912 Move point to some spot further down the function and then type the |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18913 @kbd{h} (@code{edebug-goto-here}) command to jump to that location. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18914 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18915 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18916 Use the @kbd{t} (@code{edebug-trace-mode}) command to cause Edebug to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18917 walk through the function on its own; use an upper case @kbd{T} for |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18918 @code{edebug-Trace-fast-mode}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18919 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18920 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18921 Set a breakpoint, then run Edebug in Trace mode until it reaches the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18922 stopping point. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18923 @end itemize |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18924 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18925 @node Conclusion, the-the, Debugging, Top |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18926 @chapter Conclusion |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18927 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18928 We have now reached the end of this Introduction. You have now |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18929 learned enough about programming in Emacs Lisp to set values, to write |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18930 simple @file{.emacs} files for yourself and your friends, and write |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18931 simple customizations and extensions to Emacs. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18932 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18933 This is a place to stop. Or, if you wish, you can now go onward, and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18934 teach yourself. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18935 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18936 You have learned some of the basic nuts and bolts of programming. But |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18937 only some. There are a great many more brackets and hinges that are |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18938 easy to use that we have not touched. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18939 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18940 A path you can follow right now lies among the sources to GNU Emacs |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18941 and in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18942 @ifnotinfo |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18943 @cite{The GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18944 @end ifnotinfo |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18945 @ifinfo |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18946 @ref{Top, , The GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual, elisp, The GNU |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18947 Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18948 @end ifinfo |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18949 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18950 The Emacs Lisp sources are an adventure. When you read the sources and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18951 come across a function or expression that is unfamiliar, you need to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18952 figure out or find out what it does. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18953 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18954 Go to the Reference Manual. It is a thorough, complete, and fairly |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18955 easy-to-read description of Emacs Lisp. It is written not only for |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18956 experts, but for people who know what you know. (The @cite{Reference |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18957 Manual} comes with the standard GNU Emacs distribution. Like this |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18958 introduction, it comes as a Texinfo source file, so you can read it |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18959 on-line and as a typeset, printed book.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18960 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18961 Go to the other on-line help that is part of GNU Emacs: the on-line |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
18962 documentation for all functions and variables, and @code{find-tags}, |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
18963 the program that takes you to sources. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18964 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18965 Here is an example of how I explore the sources. Because of its name, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18966 @file{simple.el} is the file I looked at first, a long time ago. As |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18967 it happens some of the functions in @file{simple.el} are complicated, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18968 or at least look complicated at first sight. The @code{open-line} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18969 function, for example, looks complicated. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18970 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18971 You may want to walk through this function slowly, as we did with the |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
18972 @code{forward-sentence} function. (@xref{forward-sentence, The |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
18973 @code{forward-sentence} function}.) Or you may want to skip that |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
18974 function and look at another, such as @code{split-line}. You don't |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
18975 need to read all the functions. According to |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
18976 @code{count-words-in-defun}, the @code{split-line} function contains |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
18977 102 words and symbols. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
18978 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
18979 Even though it is short, @code{split-line} contains expressions |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18980 we have not studied: @code{skip-chars-forward}, @code{indent-to}, |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
18981 @code{current-column} and @code{insert-and-inherit}. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18982 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18983 Consider the @code{skip-chars-forward} function. (It is part of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18984 function definition for @code{back-to-indentation}, which is shown in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18985 @ref{Review, , Review}.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18986 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18987 In GNU Emacs, you can find out more about @code{skip-chars-forward} by |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18988 typing @kbd{C-h f} (@code{describe-function}) and the name of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18989 function. This gives you the function documentation. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18990 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18991 You may be able to guess what is done by a well named function such as |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18992 @code{indent-to}; or you can look it up, too. Incidentally, the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18993 @code{describe-function} function itself is in @file{help.el}; it is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18994 one of those long, but decipherable functions. You can look up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18995 @code{describe-function} using the @kbd{C-h f} command! |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18996 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18997 In this instance, since the code is Lisp, the @file{*Help*} buffer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18998 contains the name of the library containing the function's source. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
18999 You can put point over the name of the library and press the RET key, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19000 which in this situation is bound to @code{help-follow}, and be taken |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19001 directly to the source, in the same way as @kbd{M-.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19002 (@code{find-tag}). |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19003 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19004 The definition for @code{describe-function} illustrates how to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19005 customize the @code{interactive} expression without using the standard |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19006 character codes; and it shows how to create a temporary buffer. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19007 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19008 (The @code{indent-to} function is written in C rather than Emacs Lisp; |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
19009 it is a `built-in' function. @code{help-follow} takes you to its |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
19010 source as does @code{find-tag}, when properly set up.) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19011 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19012 You can look at a function's source using @code{find-tag}, which is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19013 bound to @kbd{M-.} Finally, you can find out what the Reference |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19014 Manual has to say by visiting the manual in Info, and typing @kbd{i} |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
19015 (@code{Info-index}) and the name of the function, or by looking up the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
19016 function in the index to a printed copy of the manual. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
19017 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
19018 Similarly, you can find out what is meant by |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
19019 @code{insert-and-inherit}. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19020 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19021 Other interesting source files include @file{paragraphs.el}, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19022 @file{loaddefs.el}, and @file{loadup.el}. The @file{paragraphs.el} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19023 file includes short, easily understood functions as well as longer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19024 ones. The @file{loaddefs.el} file contains the many standard |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19025 autoloads and many keymaps. I have never looked at it all; only at |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19026 parts. @file{loadup.el} is the file that loads the standard parts of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19027 Emacs; it tells you a great deal about how Emacs is built. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19028 (@xref{Building Emacs, , Building Emacs, elisp, The GNU Emacs Lisp |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19029 Reference Manual}, for more about building.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19030 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19031 As I said, you have learned some nuts and bolts; however, and very |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19032 importantly, we have hardly touched major aspects of programming; I |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19033 have said nothing about how to sort information, except to use the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19034 predefined @code{sort} function; I have said nothing about how to store |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19035 information, except to use variables and lists; I have said nothing |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19036 about how to write programs that write programs. These are topics for |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19037 another, and different kind of book, a different kind of learning. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19038 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19039 What you have done is learn enough for much practical work with GNU |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19040 Emacs. What you have done is get started. This is the end of a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19041 beginning. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19042 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19043 @c ================ Appendix ================ |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19044 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19045 @node the-the, Kill Ring, Conclusion, Top |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19046 @appendix The @code{the-the} Function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19047 @findex the-the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19048 @cindex Duplicated words function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19049 @cindex Words, duplicated |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19050 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19051 Sometimes when you you write text, you duplicate words---as with ``you |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19052 you'' near the beginning of this sentence. I find that most |
57378
ec29b8d91b96
Fix typo: ``the' to ``the''.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
57364
diff
changeset
|
19053 frequently, I duplicate ``the''; hence, I call the function for |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19054 detecting duplicated words, @code{the-the}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19055 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19056 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19057 As a first step, you could use the following regular expression to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19058 search for duplicates: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19059 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19060 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19061 \\(\\w+[ \t\n]+\\)\\1 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19062 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19063 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19064 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19065 This regexp matches one or more word-constituent characters followed |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19066 by one or more spaces, tabs, or newlines. However, it does not detect |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19067 duplicated words on different lines, since the ending of the first |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19068 word, the end of the line, is different from the ending of the second |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19069 word, a space. (For more information about regular expressions, see |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19070 @ref{Regexp Search, , Regular Expression Searches}, as well as |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19071 @ref{Regexps, , Syntax of Regular Expressions, emacs, The GNU Emacs |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19072 Manual}, and @ref{Regular Expressions, , Regular Expressions, elisp, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19073 The GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19074 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19075 You might try searching just for duplicated word-constituent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19076 characters but that does not work since the pattern detects doubles |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19077 such as the two occurrences of `th' in `with the'. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19078 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19079 Another possible regexp searches for word-constituent characters |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19080 followed by non-word-constituent characters, reduplicated. Here, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19081 @w{@samp{\\w+}} matches one or more word-constituent characters and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
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|
19082 @w{@samp{\\W*}} matches zero or more non-word-constituent characters. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19083 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19084 @smallexample |
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Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
19085 \\(\\(\\w+\\)\\W*\\)\\1 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19086 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
19087 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19088 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19089 Again, not useful. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19090 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19091 Here is the pattern that I use. It is not perfect, but good enough. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19092 @w{@samp{\\b}} matches the empty string, provided it is at the beginning |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19093 or end of a word; @w{@samp{[^@@ \n\t]+}} matches one or more occurrences of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19094 any characters that are @emph{not} an @@-sign, space, newline, or tab. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19095 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19096 @smallexample |
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Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19097 \\b\\([^@@ \n\t]+\\)[ \n\t]+\\1\\b |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19098 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
19099 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
19100 One can write more complicated expressions, but I found that this |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19101 expression is good enough, so I use it. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
19102 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
19103 Here is the @code{the-the} function, as I include it in my |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
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|
19104 @file{.emacs} file, along with a handy global key binding: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
19105 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
19106 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
19107 @group |
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Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
19108 (defun the-the () |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
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|
19109 "Search forward for for a duplicated word." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
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|
19110 (interactive) |
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Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
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|
19111 (message "Searching for for duplicated words ...") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
19112 (push-mark) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
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|
19113 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
19114 @group |
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|
19115 ;; This regexp is not perfect |
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Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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|
19116 ;; but is fairly good over all: |
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Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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diff
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|
19117 (if (re-search-forward |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
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|
19118 "\\b\\([^@@ \n\t]+\\)[ \n\t]+\\1\\b" nil 'move) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19119 (message "Found duplicated word.") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
19120 (message "End of buffer"))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19121 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19122 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19123 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19124 ;; Bind `the-the' to C-c \ |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19125 (global-set-key "\C-c\\" 'the-the) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
19126 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
19127 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
19128 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
19129 @sp 1 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19130 Here is test text: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
19131 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19132 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
19133 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
19134 one two two three four five |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
19135 five six seven |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
19136 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
19137 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
19138 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
19139 You can substitute the other regular expressions shown above in the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
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|
19140 function definition and try each of them on this list. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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|
19141 |
73554
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19142 @node Kill Ring, Full Graph, the-the, Top |
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|
19143 @appendix Handling the Kill Ring |
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|
19144 @cindex Kill ring handling |
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|
19145 @cindex Handling the kill ring |
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|
19146 @cindex Ring, making a list like a |
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|
19147 |
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|
19148 The kill ring is a list that is transformed into a ring by the |
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|
19149 workings of the @code{current-kill} function. The @code{yank} and |
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|
19150 @code{yank-pop} commands use the @code{current-kill} function. |
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|
19151 |
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|
19152 This appendix describes the @code{current-kill} function as well as |
d092f1092ef0
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|
19153 both the @code{yank} and the @code{yank-pop} commands, but first, |
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|
19154 consider the workings of the kill ring. |
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|
19155 |
73852
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|
19156 @menu |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
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|
19157 * What the Kill Ring Does:: |
1629ec038cb6
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|
19158 * current-kill:: |
73854
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
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diff
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|
19159 * yank:: Paste a copy of a clipped element. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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diff
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|
19160 * yank-pop:: Insert element pointed to. |
73852
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
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|
19161 * ring file:: |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
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|
19162 @end menu |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
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|
19163 |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
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|
19164 @node What the Kill Ring Does, current-kill, Kill Ring, Kill Ring |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
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|
19165 @ifnottex |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
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|
19166 @unnumberedsec What the Kill Ring Does |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
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|
19167 @end ifnottex |
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(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
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|
19168 |
73554
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|
19169 @need 1250 |
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|
19170 The kill ring has a default maximum length of sixty items; this number |
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|
19171 is too large for an explanation. Instead, set it to four. Please |
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|
19172 evaluate the following: |
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|
19173 |
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|
19174 @smallexample |
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|
19175 @group |
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|
19176 (setq old-kill-ring-max kill-ring-max) |
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|
19177 (setq kill-ring-max 4) |
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|
19178 @end group |
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|
19179 @end smallexample |
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|
19180 |
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|
19181 @noindent |
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|
19182 Then, please copy each line of the following indented example into the |
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|
19183 kill ring. You may kill each line with @kbd{C-k} or mark it and copy |
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|
19184 it with @kbd{M-w}. |
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|
19185 |
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|
19186 @noindent |
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|
19187 (In a read-only buffer, such as the @file{*info*} buffer, the kill |
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|
19188 command, @kbd{C-k} (@code{kill-line}), will not remove the text, |
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|
19189 merely copy it to the kill ring. However, your machine may beep at |
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|
19190 you. Alternatively, for silence, you may copy the region of each line |
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|
19191 with the @kbd{M-w} (@code{kill-ring-save}) command. You must mark |
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|
19192 each line for this command to succeed, but it does not matter at which |
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19193 end you put point or mark.) |
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19194 |
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19195 @need 1250 |
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19196 @noindent |
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19197 Please invoke the calls in order, so that five elements attempt to |
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19198 fill the kill ring: |
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19199 |
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|
19200 @smallexample |
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19201 @group |
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19202 first some text |
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19203 second piece of text |
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19204 third line |
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19205 fourth line of text |
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19206 fifth bit of text |
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19207 @end group |
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19208 @end smallexample |
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|
19209 |
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19210 @need 1250 |
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19211 @noindent |
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19212 Then find the value of @code{kill-ring} by evaluating |
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|
19213 |
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|
19214 @smallexample |
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19215 kill-ring |
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19216 @end smallexample |
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19217 |
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19218 @need 800 |
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19219 @noindent |
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19220 It is: |
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19221 |
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|
19222 @smallexample |
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19223 @group |
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19224 ("fifth bit of text" "fourth line of text" |
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19225 "third line" "second piece of text") |
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19226 @end group |
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19227 @end smallexample |
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19228 |
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19229 @noindent |
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19230 The first element, @samp{first some text}, was dropped. |
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19231 |
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19232 @need 1250 |
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19233 To return to the old value for the length of the kill ring, evaluate: |
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|
19234 |
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|
19235 @smallexample |
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19236 (setq kill-ring-max old-kill-ring-max) |
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19237 @end smallexample |
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19238 |
73852
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19239 @node current-kill, yank, What the Kill Ring Does, Kill Ring |
73554
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19240 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
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19241 @appendixsec The @code{current-kill} Function |
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19242 @findex current-kill |
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|
19243 |
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19244 The @code{current-kill} function changes the element in the kill ring |
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19245 to which @code{kill-ring-yank-pointer} points. (Also, the |
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19246 @code{kill-new} function sets @code{kill-ring-yank-pointer} to point |
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19247 to the latest element of the the kill ring. The @code{kill-new} |
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19248 function is used directly or indirectly by @code{kill-append}, |
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19249 @code{copy-region-as-kill}, @code{kill-ring-save}, @code{kill-line}, |
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19250 and @code{kill-region}.) |
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19251 |
73852
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|
19252 @menu |
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|
19253 * Code for current-kill:: |
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19254 * Understanding current-kill:: |
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19255 @end menu |
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19256 |
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|
19257 @node Code for current-kill, Understanding current-kill, current-kill, current-kill |
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19258 @ifnottex |
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19259 @unnumberedsubsec The code for @code{current-kill} |
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19260 @end ifnottex |
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19261 |
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|
19262 |
73554
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19263 @need 1500 |
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19264 The @code{current-kill} function is used by @code{yank} and by |
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19265 @code{yank-pop}. Here is the code for @code{current-kill}: |
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|
19266 |
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|
19267 @smallexample |
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19268 @group |
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19269 (defun current-kill (n &optional do-not-move) |
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19270 "Rotate the yanking point by N places, and then return that kill. |
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19271 If N is zero, `interprogram-paste-function' is set, and calling it |
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19272 returns a string, then that string is added to the front of the |
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19273 kill ring and returned as the latest kill. |
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19274 @end group |
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19275 @group |
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19276 If optional arg DO-NOT-MOVE is non-nil, then don't actually move the |
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19277 yanking point; just return the Nth kill forward." |
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19278 (let ((interprogram-paste (and (= n 0) |
73683 | 19279 interprogram-paste-function |
19280 (funcall interprogram-paste-function)))) | |
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19281 @end group |
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19282 @group |
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19283 (if interprogram-paste |
73683 | 19284 (progn |
19285 ;; Disable the interprogram cut function when we add the new | |
19286 ;; text to the kill ring, so Emacs doesn't try to own the | |
19287 ;; selection, with identical text. | |
19288 (let ((interprogram-cut-function nil)) | |
19289 (kill-new interprogram-paste)) | |
19290 interprogram-paste) | |
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19291 @end group |
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19292 @group |
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19293 (or kill-ring (error "Kill ring is empty")) |
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19294 (let ((ARGth-kill-element |
73683 | 19295 (nthcdr (mod (- n (length kill-ring-yank-pointer)) |
19296 (length kill-ring)) | |
19297 kill-ring))) | |
19298 (or do-not-move | |
19299 (setq kill-ring-yank-pointer ARGth-kill-element)) | |
19300 (car ARGth-kill-element))))) | |
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19301 @end group |
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19302 @end smallexample |
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19303 |
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19304 Remember also that the @code{kill-new} function sets |
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19305 @code{kill-ring-yank-pointer} to the latest element of the the kill |
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19306 ring, which means that all the functions that call it set the value |
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|
19307 indirectly: @code{kill-append}, @code{copy-region-as-kill}, |
a44deabfa735
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|
19308 @code{kill-ring-save}, @code{kill-line}, and @code{kill-region}. |
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|
19309 |
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|
19310 @need 1500 |
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|
19311 Here is the line in @code{kill-new}, which is explained in |
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|
19312 @ref{kill-new function, , The @code{kill-new} function}. |
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|
19313 |
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|
19314 @smallexample |
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|
19315 (setq kill-ring-yank-pointer kill-ring) |
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|
19316 @end smallexample |
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|
19317 |
73852
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|
19318 @node Understanding current-kill, , Code for current-kill, current-kill |
73554
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|
19319 @ifnottex |
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|
19320 @unnumberedsubsec @code{current-kill} in Outline |
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|
19321 @end ifnottex |
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|
19322 |
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|
19323 The @code{current-kill} function looks complex, but as usual, it can |
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|
19324 be understood by taking it apart piece by piece. First look at it in |
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|
19325 skeletal form: |
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|
19326 |
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|
19327 @smallexample |
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|
19328 @group |
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|
19329 (defun current-kill (n &optional do-not-move) |
73610 | 19330 "Rotate the yanking point by N places, and then return that kill." |
41421
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Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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|
19331 (let @var{varlist} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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|
19332 @var{body}@dots{}) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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|
19333 @end group |
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|
19334 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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|
19335 |
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|
19336 This function takes two arguments, one of which is optional. It has a |
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|
19337 documentation string. It is @emph{not} interactive. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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|
19338 |
73852
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|
19339 @menu |
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|
19340 * Body of current-kill:: |
73854
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
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|
19341 * Digression concerning error:: How to mislead humans, but not computers. |
73852
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|
19342 * Determining the Element:: |
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(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
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|
19343 @end menu |
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|
19344 |
1629ec038cb6
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|
19345 @node Body of current-kill, Digression concerning error, Understanding current-kill, Understanding current-kill |
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|
19346 @ifnottex |
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|
19347 @unnumberedsubsubsec The Body of @code{current-kill} |
1629ec038cb6
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|
19348 @end ifnottex |
1629ec038cb6
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|
19349 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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|
19350 The body of the function definition is a @code{let} expression, which |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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diff
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|
19351 itself has a body as well as a @var{varlist}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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diff
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|
19352 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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|
19353 The @code{let} expression declares a variable that will be only usable |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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diff
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|
19354 within the bounds of this function. This variable is called |
73554
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|
19355 @code{interprogram-paste} and is for copying to another program. It |
d092f1092ef0
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|
19356 is not for copying within this instance of GNU Emacs. Most window |
d092f1092ef0
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|
19357 systems provide a facility for interprogram pasting. Sadly, that |
73767
a44deabfa735
Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
19358 facility usually provides only for the last element. Most windowing |
73587
c84b73607df3
Removed INSTALL MANIFEST since those files are now irrelevant.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
19359 systems have not adopted a ring of many possibilities, even though |
73554
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|
19360 Emacs has provided it for decades. |
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|
19361 |
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|
19362 The @code{if} expression has two parts, one if there exists |
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|
19363 @code{interprogram-paste} and one if not. |
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|
19364 |
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|
19365 @need 2000 |
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|
19366 Let us consider the `if not' or else-part of the @code{current-kill} |
d092f1092ef0
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|
19367 function. (The then-part uses the the @code{kill-new} function, which |
73767
a44deabfa735
Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
19368 we have already described. @xref{kill-new function, , The |
73554
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|
19369 @code{kill-new} function}.) |
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|
19370 |
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|
19371 @smallexample |
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|
19372 @group |
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|
19373 (or kill-ring (error "Kill ring is empty")) |
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|
19374 (let ((ARGth-kill-element |
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|
19375 (nthcdr (mod (- n (length kill-ring-yank-pointer)) |
d092f1092ef0
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|
19376 (length kill-ring)) |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19377 kill-ring))) |
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|
19378 (or do-not-move |
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|
19379 (setq kill-ring-yank-pointer ARGth-kill-element)) |
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|
19380 (car ARGth-kill-element)) |
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|
19381 @end group |
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|
19382 @end smallexample |
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|
19383 |
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|
19384 @noindent |
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|
19385 The code first checks whether the kill ring has content; otherwise it |
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|
19386 signals an error. |
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|
19387 |
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|
19388 @need 1000 |
73767
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|
19389 Note that the @code{or} expression is very similar to testing length |
a44deabfa735
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|
19390 with an @code{if}: |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
19391 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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|
19392 @findex zerop |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
19393 @findex error |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
19394 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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|
19395 @group |
73554
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|
19396 (if (zerop (length kill-ring)) ; @r{if-part} |
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|
19397 (error "Kill ring is empty")) ; @r{then-part} |
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|
19398 ;; No else-part |
41421
7a66b17d124d
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diff
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|
19399 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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|
19400 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
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|
19401 |
7a66b17d124d
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diff
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|
19402 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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|
19403 If there is not anything in the kill ring, its length must be zero and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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|
19404 an error message sent to the user: @samp{Kill ring is empty}. The |
73554
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|
19405 @code{current-kill} function uses an @code{or} expression which is |
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|
19406 simpler. But an @code{if} expression reminds us what goes on. |
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|
19407 |
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|
19408 This @code{if} expression uses the function @code{zerop} which returns |
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|
19409 true if the value it is testing is zero. When @code{zerop} tests |
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|
19410 true, the then-part of the @code{if} is evaluated. The then-part is a |
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|
19411 list starting with the function @code{error}, which is a function that |
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|
19412 is similar to the @code{message} function |
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Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
19413 (@pxref{message, , The @code{message} Function}) in that |
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|
19414 it prints a one-line message in the echo area. However, in addition |
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|
19415 to printing a message, @code{error} also stops evaluation of the |
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|
19416 function within which it is embedded. This means that the rest of the |
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|
19417 function will not be evaluated if the length of the kill ring is zero. |
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|
19418 |
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|
19419 Then the @code{current-kill} function selects the element to return. |
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|
19420 The selection depends on the number of places that @code{current-kill} |
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|
19421 rotates and on where @code{kill-ring-yank-pointer} points. |
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|
19422 |
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|
19423 Next, either the optional @code{do-not-move} argument is true or the |
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|
19424 current value of @code{kill-ring-yank-pointer} is set to point to the |
73767
a44deabfa735
Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
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|
19425 list. Finally, another expression returns the first element of the |
a44deabfa735
Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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73720
diff
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|
19426 list even if the @code{do-not-move} argument is true. |
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|
19427 |
73852
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
19428 @node Digression concerning error, Determining the Element, Body of current-kill, Understanding current-kill |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
19429 @ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
19430 @unnumberedsubsubsec Digression about the word `error' |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19431 @end ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
19432 |
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|
19433 In my opinion, it is slightly misleading, at least to humans, to use |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
19434 the term `error' as the name of the @code{error} function. A better |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
19435 term would be `cancel'. Strictly speaking, of course, you cannot |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
19436 point to, much less rotate a pointer to a list that has no length, so |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
19437 from the point of view of the computer, the word `error' is correct. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
19438 But a human expects to attempt this sort of thing, if only to find out |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
19439 whether the kill ring is full or empty. This is an act of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
19440 exploration. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
19441 |
70725
47db6078325c
(Digression concerning error): Fix typo.
Thien-Thi Nguyen <ttn@gnuvola.org>
parents:
70609
diff
changeset
|
19442 From the human point of view, the act of exploration and discovery is |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
19443 not necessarily an error, and therefore should not be labelled as one, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
19444 even in the bowels of a computer. As it is, the code in Emacs implies |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
19445 that a human who is acting virtuously, by exploring his or her |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
19446 environment, is making an error. This is bad. Even though the computer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
19447 takes the same steps as it does when there is an `error', a term such as |
73554
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|
19448 `cancel' would have a clearer connotation. |
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|
19449 |
73852
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
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|
19450 @node Determining the Element, , Digression concerning error, Understanding current-kill |
73554
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|
19451 @ifnottex |
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|
19452 @unnumberedsubsubsec Determining the Element |
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|
19453 @end ifnottex |
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|
19454 |
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|
19455 Among other actions, the else-part of the @code{if} expression sets |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19456 the value of @code{kill-ring-yank-pointer} to |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19457 @code{ARGth-kill-element} when the kill ring has something in it and |
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|
19458 the value of @code{do-not-move} is @code{nil}. |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19459 |
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|
19460 @need 800 |
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|
19461 The code looks like this: |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19462 |
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|
19463 @smallexample |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19464 @group |
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|
19465 (nthcdr (mod (- n (length kill-ring-yank-pointer)) |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19466 (length kill-ring)) |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19467 kill-ring))) |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19468 @end group |
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|
19469 @end smallexample |
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|
19470 |
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|
19471 This needs some examination. Unless it is not supposed to move the |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19472 pointer, the @code{current-kill} function changes where |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19473 @code{kill-ring-yank-pointer} points. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19474 That is what the |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19475 @w{@code{(setq kill-ring-yank-pointer ARGth-kill-element))}} |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19476 expression does. Also, clearly, @code{ARGth-kill-element} is being |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19477 set to be equal to some @sc{cdr} of the kill ring, using the |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19478 @code{nthcdr} function that is described in an earlier section. |
73554
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|
19479 (@xref{copy-region-as-kill}.) How does it do this? |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19480 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19481 As we have seen before (@pxref{nthcdr}), the @code{nthcdr} function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19482 works by repeatedly taking the @sc{cdr} of a list---it takes the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19483 @sc{cdr} of the @sc{cdr} of the @sc{cdr} @dots{} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
19484 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19485 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
19486 The two following expressions produce the same result: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19487 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19488 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19489 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19490 (setq kill-ring-yank-pointer (cdr kill-ring)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19491 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19492 (setq kill-ring-yank-pointer (nthcdr 1 kill-ring)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
19493 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19494 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
19495 |
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|
19496 However, the @code{nthcdr} expression is more complicated. It uses |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19497 the @code{mod} function to determine which @sc{cdr} to select. |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19498 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19499 (You will remember to look at inner functions first; indeed, we will |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19500 have to go inside the @code{mod}.) |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19501 |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19502 The @code{mod} function returns the value of its first argument modulo |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19503 the second; that is to say, it returns the remainder after dividing |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19504 the first argument by the second. The value returned has the same |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19505 sign as the second argument. |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19506 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19507 @need 800 |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19508 Thus, |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19509 |
d092f1092ef0
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|
19510 @smallexample |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19511 @group |
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|
19512 (mod 12 4) |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19513 @result{} 0 ;; @r{because there is no remainder} |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19514 (mod 13 4) |
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|
19515 @result{} 1 |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19516 @end group |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19517 @end smallexample |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19518 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
19519 @need 1250 |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
19520 In this case, the first argument is often smaller than the second. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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changeset
|
19521 That is fine. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
19522 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
19523 @smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
19524 @group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19525 (mod 0 4) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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changeset
|
19526 @result{} 0 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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changeset
|
19527 (mod 1 4) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
19528 @result{} 1 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
19529 @end group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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diff
changeset
|
19530 @end smallexample |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
19531 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
19532 We can guess what the @code{-} function does. It is like @code{+} but |
73587
c84b73607df3
Removed INSTALL MANIFEST since those files are now irrelevant.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
19533 subtracts instead of adds; the @code{-} function subtracts its second |
73554
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19534 argument from its first. Also, we already know what the @code{length} |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19535 function does (@pxref{length}). It returns the length of a list. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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parents:
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|
19536 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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parents:
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|
19537 And @code{n} is the name of the required argument to the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19538 @code{current-kill} function. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
19539 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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changeset
|
19540 @need 1250 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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parents:
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|
19541 So when the first argument to @code{nthcdr} is zero, the @code{nthcdr} |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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changeset
|
19542 expression returns the whole list, as you can see by evaluating the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
19543 following: |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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parents:
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|
19544 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
19545 @smallexample |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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parents:
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|
19546 @group |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19547 ;; kill-ring-yank-pointer @r{and} kill-ring @r{have a length of four} |
73767
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Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
19548 ;; @r{and} (mod (- 0 4) 4) @result{} 0 |
a44deabfa735
Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
19549 (nthcdr (mod (- 0 4) 4) |
73554
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19550 '("fourth line of text" |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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parents:
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|
19551 "third line" |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19552 "second piece of text" |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19553 "first some text")) |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
19554 @end group |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19555 @end smallexample |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19556 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
19557 @need 1250 |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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parents:
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|
19558 When the first argument to the @code{current-kill} function is one, |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
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|
19559 the @code{nthcdr} expression returns the list without its first |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
19560 element. |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
19561 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
19562 @smallexample |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19563 @group |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19564 (nthcdr (mod (- 1 4) 4) |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
19565 '("fourth line of text" |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
19566 "third line" |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
19567 "second piece of text" |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
19568 "first some text")) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
19569 @end group |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19570 @end smallexample |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19571 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
19572 @cindex @samp{global variable} defined |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
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|
19573 @cindex @samp{variable, global}, defined |
73587
c84b73607df3
Removed INSTALL MANIFEST since those files are now irrelevant.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73554
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|
19574 Incidentally, both @code{kill-ring} and @code{kill-ring-yank-pointer} |
73554
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19575 are @dfn{global variables}. That means that any expression in Emacs |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
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|
19576 Lisp can access them. They are not like the local variables set by |
73597
4d65d5858190
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Remove version reference for X colors.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73587
diff
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|
19577 @code{let} or like the symbols in an argument list. |
73587
c84b73607df3
Removed INSTALL MANIFEST since those files are now irrelevant.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73554
diff
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|
19578 Local variables can only be accessed |
c84b73607df3
Removed INSTALL MANIFEST since those files are now irrelevant.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73554
diff
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|
19579 within the @code{let} that defines them or the function that specifies |
c84b73607df3
Removed INSTALL MANIFEST since those files are now irrelevant.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
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|
19580 them in an argument list (and within expressions called by them). |
c84b73607df3
Removed INSTALL MANIFEST since those files are now irrelevant.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
19581 |
c84b73607df3
Removed INSTALL MANIFEST since those files are now irrelevant.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73554
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|
19582 @ignore |
c84b73607df3
Removed INSTALL MANIFEST since those files are now irrelevant.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
19583 @c texi2dvi fails when the name of the section is within ifnottex ... |
c84b73607df3
Removed INSTALL MANIFEST since those files are now irrelevant.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
19584 (@xref{Prevent confusion, , @code{let} Prevents Confusion}, and |
c84b73607df3
Removed INSTALL MANIFEST since those files are now irrelevant.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
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|
19585 @ref{defun, , The @code{defun} Special Form}.) |
c84b73607df3
Removed INSTALL MANIFEST since those files are now irrelevant.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
19586 @end ignore |
73554
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19587 |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19588 @node yank, yank-pop, current-kill, Kill Ring |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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|
19589 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
19590 @appendixsec @code{yank} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19591 @findex yank |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19592 |
73554
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19593 After learning about @code{current-kill}, the code for the |
73767
a44deabfa735
Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
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parents:
73720
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|
19594 @code{yank} function is almost easy. |
a44deabfa735
Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
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parents:
73720
diff
changeset
|
19595 |
a44deabfa735
Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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73720
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|
19596 The @code{yank} function does not use the |
a44deabfa735
Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
19597 @code{kill-ring-yank-pointer} variable directly. It calls |
a44deabfa735
Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
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|
19598 @code{insert-for-yank} which calls @code{current-kill} which sets the |
a44deabfa735
Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
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|
19599 @code{kill-ring-yank-pointer} variable. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
19600 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
19601 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
19602 The code looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
19603 |
73554
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|
19604 @c in GNU Emacs 22 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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changeset
|
19605 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
19606 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
19607 (defun yank (&optional arg) |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19608 "Reinsert (\"paste\") the last stretch of killed text. |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19609 More precisely, reinsert the stretch of killed text most recently |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19610 killed OR yanked. Put point at end, and set mark at beginning. |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19611 With just \\[universal-argument] as argument, same but put point at |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19612 beginning (and mark at end). With argument N, reinsert the Nth most |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19613 recently killed stretch of killed text. |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19614 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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changeset
|
19615 When this command inserts killed text into the buffer, it honors |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19616 `yank-excluded-properties' and `yank-handler' as described in the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19617 doc string for `insert-for-yank-1', which see. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19618 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
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|
19619 See also the command \\[yank-pop]." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
19620 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19621 @group |
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Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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|
19622 (interactive "*P") |
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|
19623 (setq yank-window-start (window-start)) |
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|
19624 ;; If we don't get all the way thru, make last-command indicate that |
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|
19625 ;; for the following command. |
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|
19626 (setq this-command t) |
41421
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Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
19627 (push-mark (point)) |
73554
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|
19628 @end group |
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|
19629 @group |
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|
19630 (insert-for-yank (current-kill (cond |
73683 | 19631 ((listp arg) 0) |
19632 ((eq arg '-) -2) | |
19633 (t (1- arg))))) | |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19634 (if (consp arg) |
73554
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19635 ;; This is like exchange-point-and-mark, |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19636 ;; but doesn't activate the mark. |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19637 ;; It is cleaner to avoid activation, even though the command |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19638 ;; loop would deactivate the mark because we inserted text. |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19639 (goto-char (prog1 (mark t) |
73683 | 19640 (set-marker (mark-marker) (point) (current-buffer))))) |
73554
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|
19641 @end group |
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|
19642 @group |
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|
19643 ;; If we do get all the way thru, make this-command indicate that. |
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|
19644 (if (eq this-command t) |
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|
19645 (setq this-command 'yank)) |
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|
19646 nil) |
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|
19647 @end group |
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|
19648 @end smallexample |
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|
19649 |
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|
19650 The key expression is @code{insert-for-yank}, which inserts the string |
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|
19651 returned by @code{current-kill}, but removes some text properties from |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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changeset
|
19652 it. |
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|
19653 |
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|
19654 However, before getting to that expression, the function sets the value |
73554
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|
19655 of @code{yank-window-start} to the position returned by the |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19656 @code{(window-start)} expression, the position at which the display |
73767
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|
19657 currently starts. The @code{yank} function also sets |
a44deabfa735
Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
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|
19658 @code{this-command} and pushes the mark. |
73554
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|
19659 |
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|
19660 After it yanks the appropriate element, if the optional argument is a |
73767
a44deabfa735
Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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diff
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|
19661 @sc{cons} rather than a number or nothing, it puts point at beginning |
a44deabfa735
Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
19662 of the yanked text and mark at its end. |
a44deabfa735
Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
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diff
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|
19663 |
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diff
changeset
|
19664 (The @code{prog1} function is like @code{progn} but returns the value |
a44deabfa735
Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
19665 of its first argument rather than the value of its last argument. Its |
a44deabfa735
Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
19666 first argument is forced to return the buffer's mark as an integer. |
a44deabfa735
Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
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|
19667 You can see the documentation for these functions by placing point |
a44deabfa735
Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
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diff
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|
19668 over them in this buffer and then typing @kbd{C-h f} |
a44deabfa735
Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
19669 (@code{describe-function}) followed by a @kbd{RET}; the default is the |
a44deabfa735
Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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diff
changeset
|
19670 function.) |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19671 |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19672 The last part of the function tells what to do when it succeeds. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19673 |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
19674 @node yank-pop, ring file, yank, Kill Ring |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19675 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19676 @appendixsec @code{yank-pop} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19677 @findex yank-pop |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19678 |
73554
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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diff
changeset
|
19679 After understanding @code{yank} and @code{current-kill}, you know how |
73767
a44deabfa735
Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73720
diff
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|
19680 to approach the @code{yank-pop} function. Leaving out the |
a44deabfa735
Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73720
diff
changeset
|
19681 documentation to save space, it looks like this: |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19682 |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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changeset
|
19683 @c GNU Emacs 22 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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changeset
|
19684 @smallexample |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19685 @group |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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changeset
|
19686 (defun yank-pop (&optional arg) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19687 "@dots{}" |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19688 (interactive "*p") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19689 (if (not (eq last-command 'yank)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19690 (error "Previous command was not a yank")) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19691 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19692 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
19693 (setq this-command 'yank) |
73554
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|
19694 (unless arg (setq arg 1)) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19695 (let ((inhibit-read-only t) |
73683 | 19696 (before (< (point) (mark t)))) |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19697 @end group |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19698 @group |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19699 (if before |
73683 | 19700 (funcall (or yank-undo-function 'delete-region) (point) (mark t)) |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19701 (funcall (or yank-undo-function 'delete-region) (mark t) (point))) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19702 (setq yank-undo-function nil) |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19703 @end group |
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|
19704 @group |
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|
19705 (set-marker (mark-marker) (point) (current-buffer)) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19706 (insert-for-yank (current-kill arg)) |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19707 ;; Set the window start back where it was in the yank command, |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19708 ;; if possible. |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19709 (set-window-start (selected-window) yank-window-start t) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19710 @end group |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19711 @group |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19712 (if before |
73683 | 19713 ;; This is like exchange-point-and-mark, |
73554
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19714 ;; but doesn't activate the mark. |
73683 | 19715 ;; It is cleaner to avoid activation, even though the command |
19716 ;; loop would deactivate the mark because we inserted text. | |
19717 (goto-char (prog1 (mark t) | |
19718 (set-marker (mark-marker) | |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19719 (point) |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19720 (current-buffer)))))) |
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* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
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|
19721 nil) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
19722 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
19723 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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changeset
|
19724 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
19725 The function is interactive with a small @samp{p} so the prefix |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19726 argument is processed and passed to the function. The command can |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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diff
changeset
|
19727 only be used after a previous yank; otherwise an error message is |
73767
a44deabfa735
Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
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|
19728 sent. This check uses the variable @code{last-command} which is set |
a44deabfa735
Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
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|
19729 by @code{yank} and is discussed elsewhere. |
a44deabfa735
Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
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|
19730 (@xref{copy-region-as-kill}.) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
19731 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19732 The @code{let} clause sets the variable @code{before} to true or false |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19733 depending whether point is before or after mark and then the region |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19734 between point and mark is deleted. This is the region that was just |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19735 inserted by the previous yank and it is this text that will be |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
19736 replaced. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
19737 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
19738 @code{funcall} calls its first argument as a function, passing |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
19739 remaining arguments to it. The first argument is whatever the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
19740 @code{or} expression returns. The two remaining arguments are the |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
19741 positions of point and mark set by the preceding @code{yank} command. |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
19742 |
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
19743 There is more, but that is the hardest part. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19744 |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
19745 @node ring file, , yank-pop, Kill Ring |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
19746 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
19747 @appendixsec The @file{ring.el} File |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
19748 @cindex @file{ring.el} file |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
19749 |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
19750 Interestingly, GNU Emacs posses a file called @file{ring.el} that |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
19751 provides many of the features we just discussed. But functions such |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
19752 as @code{kill-ring-yank-pointer} do not use this library, possibly |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
19753 because they were written earlier. |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
19754 |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
19755 @node Full Graph, Free Software and Free Manuals, Kill Ring, Top |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19756 @appendix A Graph with Labelled Axes |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19757 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19758 Printed axes help you understand a graph. They convey scale. In an |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19759 earlier chapter (@pxref{Readying a Graph, , Readying a Graph}), we |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19760 wrote the code to print the body of a graph. Here we write the code |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19761 for printing and labelling vertical and horizontal axes, along with the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19762 body itself. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19763 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19764 @menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19765 * Labelled Example:: |
73854
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
19766 * print-graph Varlist:: @code{let} expression in @code{print-graph}. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
19767 * print-Y-axis:: Print a label for the vertical axis. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
19768 * print-X-axis:: Print a horizontal label. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
19769 * Print Whole Graph:: The function to print a complete graph. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19770 @end menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19771 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19772 @node Labelled Example, print-graph Varlist, Full Graph, Full Graph |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19773 @ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19774 @unnumberedsec Labelled Example Graph |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19775 @end ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19776 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19777 Since insertions fill a buffer to the right and below point, the new |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19778 graph printing function should first print the Y or vertical axis, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19779 then the body of the graph, and finally the X or horizontal axis. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19780 This sequence lays out for us the contents of the function: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19781 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19782 @enumerate |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19783 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19784 Set up code. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19785 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19786 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19787 Print Y axis. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19788 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19789 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19790 Print body of graph. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19791 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19792 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19793 Print X axis. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19794 @end enumerate |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19795 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19796 @need 800 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19797 Here is an example of how a finished graph should look: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19798 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19799 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19800 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19801 10 - |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19802 * |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19803 * * |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19804 * ** |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19805 * *** |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19806 5 - * ******* |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19807 * *** ******* |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19808 ************* |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19809 *************** |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19810 1 - **************** |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19811 | | | | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19812 1 5 10 15 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19813 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19814 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19815 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19816 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19817 In this graph, both the vertical and the horizontal axes are labelled |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19818 with numbers. However, in some graphs, the horizontal axis is time |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19819 and would be better labelled with months, like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19820 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19821 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19822 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19823 5 - * |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19824 * ** * |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19825 ******* |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19826 ********** ** |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19827 1 - ************** |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19828 | ^ | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19829 Jan June Jan |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19830 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19831 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19832 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19833 Indeed, with a little thought, we can easily come up with a variety of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19834 vertical and horizontal labelling schemes. Our task could become |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19835 complicated. But complications breed confusion. Rather than permit |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19836 this, it is better choose a simple labelling scheme for our first |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19837 effort, and to modify or replace it later. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19838 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19839 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19840 These considerations suggest the following outline for the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19841 @code{print-graph} function: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19842 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19843 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19844 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19845 (defun print-graph (numbers-list) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19846 "@var{documentation}@dots{}" |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19847 (let ((height @dots{} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19848 @dots{})) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19849 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19850 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19851 (print-Y-axis height @dots{} ) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19852 (graph-body-print numbers-list) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19853 (print-X-axis @dots{} ))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19854 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19855 @end smallexample |
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Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
19856 |
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Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
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|
19857 We can work on each part of the @code{print-graph} function definition |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
19858 in turn. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
19859 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19860 @node print-graph Varlist, print-Y-axis, Labelled Example, Full Graph |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19861 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19862 @appendixsec The @code{print-graph} Varlist |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19863 @cindex @code{print-graph} varlist |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19864 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
19865 In writing the @code{print-graph} function, the first task is to write |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
19866 the varlist in the @code{let} expression. (We will leave aside for the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19867 moment any thoughts about making the function interactive or about the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19868 contents of its documentation string.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19869 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19870 The varlist should set several values. Clearly, the top of the label |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
19871 for the vertical axis must be at least the height of the graph, which |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19872 means that we must obtain this information here. Note that the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
19873 @code{print-graph-body} function also requires this information. There |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19874 is no reason to calculate the height of the graph in two different |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19875 places, so we should change @code{print-graph-body} from the way we |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
19876 defined it earlier to take advantage of the calculation. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
19877 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19878 Similarly, both the function for printing the X axis labels and the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19879 @code{print-graph-body} function need to learn the value of the width of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19880 each symbol. We can perform the calculation here and change the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19881 definition for @code{print-graph-body} from the way we defined it in the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
19882 previous chapter. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
19883 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19884 The length of the label for the horizontal axis must be at least as long |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19885 as the graph. However, this information is used only in the function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19886 that prints the horizontal axis, so it does not need to be calculated here. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19887 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19888 These thoughts lead us directly to the following form for the varlist |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19889 in the @code{let} for @code{print-graph}: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19890 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19891 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19892 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19893 (let ((height (apply 'max numbers-list)) ; @r{First version.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19894 (symbol-width (length graph-blank))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19895 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19896 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19897 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19898 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19899 As we shall see, this expression is not quite right. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19900 |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
19901 @need 2000 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19902 @node print-Y-axis, print-X-axis, print-graph Varlist, Full Graph |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19903 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19904 @appendixsec The @code{print-Y-axis} Function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19905 @cindex Axis, print vertical |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19906 @cindex Y axis printing |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19907 @cindex Vertical axis printing |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19908 @cindex Print vertical axis |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19909 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19910 The job of the @code{print-Y-axis} function is to print a label for |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19911 the vertical axis that looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19912 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19913 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19914 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19915 10 - |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19916 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19917 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19918 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19919 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19920 5 - |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19921 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19922 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19923 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19924 1 - |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19925 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19926 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19927 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19928 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19929 The function should be passed the height of the graph, and then should |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19930 construct and insert the appropriate numbers and marks. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19931 |
73852
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
19932 @menu |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
19933 * print-Y-axis in Detail:: |
73854
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
19934 * Height of label:: What height for the Y axis? |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
19935 * Compute a Remainder:: How to compute the remainder of a division. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
19936 * Y Axis Element:: Construct a line for the Y axis. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
19937 * Y-axis-column:: Generate a list of Y axis labels. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
19938 * print-Y-axis Penultimate:: A not quite final version. |
73852
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
19939 @end menu |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
19940 |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
19941 @node print-Y-axis in Detail, Height of label, print-Y-axis, print-Y-axis |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
19942 @ifnottex |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
19943 @unnumberedsubsec The @code{print-Y-axis} Function in Detail |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
19944 @end ifnottex |
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
19945 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19946 It is easy enough to see in the figure what the Y axis label should |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19947 look like; but to say in words, and then to write a function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19948 definition to do the job is another matter. It is not quite true to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19949 say that we want a number and a tic every five lines: there are only |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19950 three lines between the @samp{1} and the @samp{5} (lines 2, 3, and 4), |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19951 but four lines between the @samp{5} and the @samp{10} (lines 6, 7, 8, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19952 and 9). It is better to say that we want a number and a tic mark on |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19953 the base line (number 1) and then that we want a number and a tic on |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19954 the fifth line from the bottom and on every line that is a multiple of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19955 five. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19956 |
73852
1629ec038cb6
(beginning of emacs-lisp-intro.texi): Add `other shell commands' to
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73767
diff
changeset
|
19957 @node Height of label, Compute a Remainder, print-Y-axis in Detail, print-Y-axis |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19958 @ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19959 @unnumberedsubsec What height should the label be? |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19960 @end ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19961 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19962 The next issue is what height the label should be? Suppose the maximum |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19963 height of tallest column of the graph is seven. Should the highest |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19964 label on the Y axis be @samp{5 -}, and should the graph stick up above |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19965 the label? Or should the highest label be @samp{7 -}, and mark the peak |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19966 of the graph? Or should the highest label be @code{10 -}, which is a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19967 multiple of five, and be higher than the topmost value of the graph? |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19968 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19969 The latter form is preferred. Most graphs are drawn within rectangles |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19970 whose sides are an integral number of steps long---5, 10, 15, and so |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19971 on for a step distance of five. But as soon as we decide to use a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19972 step height for the vertical axis, we discover that the simple |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19973 expression in the varlist for computing the height is wrong. The |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19974 expression is @code{(apply 'max numbers-list)}. This returns the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19975 precise height, not the maximum height plus whatever is necessary to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19976 round up to the nearest multiple of five. A more complex expression |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19977 is required. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19978 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19979 As usual in cases like this, a complex problem becomes simpler if it is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19980 divided into several smaller problems. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19981 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19982 First, consider the case when the highest value of the graph is an |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
19983 integral multiple of five---when it is 5, 10, 15, or some higher |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19984 multiple of five. We can use this value as the Y axis height. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19985 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19986 A fairly simply way to determine whether a number is a multiple of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19987 five is to divide it by five and see if the division results in a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19988 remainder. If there is no remainder, the number is a multiple of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19989 five. Thus, seven divided by five has a remainder of two, and seven |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19990 is not an integral multiple of five. Put in slightly different |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19991 language, more reminiscent of the classroom, five goes into seven |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19992 once, with a remainder of two. However, five goes into ten twice, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19993 with no remainder: ten is an integral multiple of five. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19994 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19995 @node Compute a Remainder, Y Axis Element, Height of label, print-Y-axis |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19996 @appendixsubsec Side Trip: Compute a Remainder |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19997 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19998 @findex % @r{(remainder function)} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
19999 @cindex Remainder function, @code{%} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20000 In Lisp, the function for computing a remainder is @code{%}. The |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20001 function returns the remainder of its first argument divided by its |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20002 second argument. As it happens, @code{%} is a function in Emacs Lisp |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20003 that you cannot discover using @code{apropos}: you find nothing if you |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20004 type @kbd{M-x apropos @key{RET} remainder @key{RET}}. The only way to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20005 learn of the existence of @code{%} is to read about it in a book such |
73554
d092f1092ef0
* emacs-lisp-intro.texi: Many changes since it turned out that
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
72479
diff
changeset
|
20006 as this or in the Emacs Lisp sources. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20007 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20008 You can try the @code{%} function by evaluating the following two |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20009 expressions: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20010 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20011 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20012 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20013 (% 7 5) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20014 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20015 (% 10 5) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20016 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20017 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20018 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20019 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20020 The first expression returns 2 and the second expression returns 0. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20021 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20022 To test whether the returned value is zero or some other number, we |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20023 can use the @code{zerop} function. This function returns @code{t} if |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20024 its argument, which must be a number, is zero. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20025 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20026 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20027 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20028 (zerop (% 7 5)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20029 @result{} nil |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20030 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20031 (zerop (% 10 5)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20032 @result{} t |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20033 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20034 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20035 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20036 Thus, the following expression will return @code{t} if the height |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20037 of the graph is evenly divisible by five: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20038 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20039 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20040 (zerop (% height 5)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20041 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20042 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20043 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20044 (The value of @code{height}, of course, can be found from @code{(apply |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20045 'max numbers-list)}.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20046 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20047 On the other hand, if the value of @code{height} is not a multiple of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20048 five, we want to reset the value to the next higher multiple of five. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20049 This is straightforward arithmetic using functions with which we are |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20050 already familiar. First, we divide the value of @code{height} by five |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20051 to determine how many times five goes into the number. Thus, five |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20052 goes into twelve twice. If we add one to this quotient and multiply by |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20053 five, we will obtain the value of the next multiple of five that is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20054 larger than the height. Five goes into twelve twice. Add one to two, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20055 and multiply by five; the result is fifteen, which is the next multiple |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20056 of five that is higher than twelve. The Lisp expression for this is: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20057 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20058 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20059 (* (1+ (/ height 5)) 5) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20060 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20061 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20062 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20063 For example, if you evaluate the following, the result is 15: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20064 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20065 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20066 (* (1+ (/ 12 5)) 5) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20067 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20068 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20069 All through this discussion, we have been using `five' as the value |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20070 for spacing labels on the Y axis; but we may want to use some other |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20071 value. For generality, we should replace `five' with a variable to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20072 which we can assign a value. The best name I can think of for this |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20073 variable is @code{Y-axis-label-spacing}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20074 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20075 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20076 Using this term, and an @code{if} expression, we produce the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20077 following: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20078 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20079 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20080 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20081 (if (zerop (% height Y-axis-label-spacing)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20082 height |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20083 ;; @r{else} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20084 (* (1+ (/ height Y-axis-label-spacing)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20085 Y-axis-label-spacing)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20086 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20087 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20088 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20089 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20090 This expression returns the value of @code{height} itself if the height |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20091 is an even multiple of the value of the @code{Y-axis-label-spacing} or |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20092 else it computes and returns a value of @code{height} that is equal to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20093 the next higher multiple of the value of the @code{Y-axis-label-spacing}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20094 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20095 We can now include this expression in the @code{let} expression of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20096 @code{print-graph} function (after first setting the value of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20097 @code{Y-axis-label-spacing}): |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20098 @vindex Y-axis-label-spacing |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20099 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20100 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20101 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20102 (defvar Y-axis-label-spacing 5 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20103 "Number of lines from one Y axis label to next.") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20104 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20105 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20106 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20107 @dots{} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20108 (let* ((height (apply 'max numbers-list)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20109 (height-of-top-line |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20110 (if (zerop (% height Y-axis-label-spacing)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20111 height |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20112 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20113 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20114 ;; @r{else} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20115 (* (1+ (/ height Y-axis-label-spacing)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20116 Y-axis-label-spacing))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20117 (symbol-width (length graph-blank)))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20118 @dots{} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20119 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20120 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20121 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20122 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20123 (Note use of the @code{let*} function: the initial value of height is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20124 computed once by the @code{(apply 'max numbers-list)} expression and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20125 then the resulting value of @code{height} is used to compute its |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20126 final value. @xref{fwd-para let, , The @code{let*} expression}, for |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20127 more about @code{let*}.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20128 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20129 @node Y Axis Element, Y-axis-column, Compute a Remainder, print-Y-axis |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20130 @appendixsubsec Construct a Y Axis Element |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20131 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20132 When we print the vertical axis, we want to insert strings such as |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20133 @w{@samp{5 -}} and @w{@samp{10 - }} every five lines. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20134 Moreover, we want the numbers and dashes to line up, so shorter |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20135 numbers must be padded with leading spaces. If some of the strings |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20136 use two digit numbers, the strings with single digit numbers must |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20137 include a leading blank space before the number. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20138 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20139 @findex number-to-string |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20140 To figure out the length of the number, the @code{length} function is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20141 used. But the @code{length} function works only with a string, not with |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20142 a number. So the number has to be converted from being a number to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20143 being a string. This is done with the @code{number-to-string} function. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20144 For example, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20145 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20146 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20147 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20148 (length (number-to-string 35)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20149 @result{} 2 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20150 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20151 (length (number-to-string 100)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20152 @result{} 3 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20153 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20154 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20155 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20156 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20157 (@code{number-to-string} is also called @code{int-to-string}; you will |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20158 see this alternative name in various sources.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20159 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20160 In addition, in each label, each number is followed by a string such |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20161 as @w{@samp{ - }}, which we will call the @code{Y-axis-tic} marker. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20162 This variable is defined with @code{defvar}: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20163 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20164 @vindex Y-axis-tic |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20165 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20166 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20167 (defvar Y-axis-tic " - " |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20168 "String that follows number in a Y axis label.") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20169 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20170 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20171 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20172 The length of the Y label is the sum of the length of the Y axis tic |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20173 mark and the length of the number of the top of the graph. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20174 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20175 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20176 (length (concat (number-to-string height) Y-axis-tic))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20177 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20178 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20179 This value will be calculated by the @code{print-graph} function in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20180 its varlist as @code{full-Y-label-width} and passed on. (Note that we |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20181 did not think to include this in the varlist when we first proposed it.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20182 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20183 To make a complete vertical axis label, a tic mark is concatenated |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20184 with a number; and the two together may be preceded by one or more |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20185 spaces depending on how long the number is. The label consists of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20186 three parts: the (optional) leading spaces, the number, and the tic |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20187 mark. The function is passed the value of the number for the specific |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20188 row, and the value of the width of the top line, which is calculated |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20189 (just once) by @code{print-graph}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20190 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20191 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20192 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20193 (defun Y-axis-element (number full-Y-label-width) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20194 "Construct a NUMBERed label element. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20195 A numbered element looks like this ` 5 - ', |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20196 and is padded as needed so all line up with |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20197 the element for the largest number." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20198 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20199 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20200 (let* ((leading-spaces |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20201 (- full-Y-label-width |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20202 (length |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20203 (concat (number-to-string number) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20204 Y-axis-tic))))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20205 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20206 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20207 (concat |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20208 (make-string leading-spaces ? ) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20209 (number-to-string number) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20210 Y-axis-tic))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20211 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20212 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20213 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20214 The @code{Y-axis-element} function concatenates together the leading |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20215 spaces, if any; the number, as a string; and the tic mark. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20216 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20217 To figure out how many leading spaces the label will need, the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20218 function subtracts the actual length of the label---the length of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20219 number plus the length of the tic mark---from the desired label width. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20220 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20221 @findex make-string |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20222 Blank spaces are inserted using the @code{make-string} function. This |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20223 function takes two arguments: the first tells it how long the string |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20224 will be and the second is a symbol for the character to insert, in a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20225 special format. The format is a question mark followed by a blank |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20226 space, like this, @samp{? }. @xref{Character Type, , Character Type, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20227 elisp, The GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}, for a description of the |
73767
a44deabfa735
Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73720
diff
changeset
|
20228 syntax for characters. (Of course, you might want to replace the |
a44deabfa735
Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73720
diff
changeset
|
20229 blank space by some other character @dots{} You know what to do.) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20230 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20231 The @code{number-to-string} function is used in the concatenation |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20232 expression, to convert the number to a string that is concatenated |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20233 with the leading spaces and the tic mark. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20234 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20235 @node Y-axis-column, print-Y-axis Penultimate, Y Axis Element, print-Y-axis |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20236 @appendixsubsec Create a Y Axis Column |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20237 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20238 The preceding functions provide all the tools needed to construct a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20239 function that generates a list of numbered and blank strings to insert |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20240 as the label for the vertical axis: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20241 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20242 @findex Y-axis-column |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20243 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20244 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20245 (defun Y-axis-column (height width-of-label) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20246 "Construct list of Y axis labels and blank strings. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20247 For HEIGHT of line above base and WIDTH-OF-LABEL." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20248 (let (Y-axis) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20249 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20250 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20251 (while (> height 1) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20252 (if (zerop (% height Y-axis-label-spacing)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20253 ;; @r{Insert label.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20254 (setq Y-axis |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20255 (cons |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20256 (Y-axis-element height width-of-label) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20257 Y-axis)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20258 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20259 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20260 ;; @r{Else, insert blanks.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20261 (setq Y-axis |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20262 (cons |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20263 (make-string width-of-label ? ) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20264 Y-axis))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20265 (setq height (1- height))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20266 ;; @r{Insert base line.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20267 (setq Y-axis |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20268 (cons (Y-axis-element 1 width-of-label) Y-axis)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20269 (nreverse Y-axis))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20270 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20271 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20272 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20273 In this function, we start with the value of @code{height} and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20274 repetitively subtract one from its value. After each subtraction, we |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20275 test to see whether the value is an integral multiple of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20276 @code{Y-axis-label-spacing}. If it is, we construct a numbered label |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20277 using the @code{Y-axis-element} function; if not, we construct a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20278 blank label using the @code{make-string} function. The base line |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20279 consists of the number one followed by a tic mark. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20280 |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
20281 @need 2000 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20282 @node print-Y-axis Penultimate, , Y-axis-column, print-Y-axis |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20283 @appendixsubsec The Not Quite Final Version of @code{print-Y-axis} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20284 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20285 The list constructed by the @code{Y-axis-column} function is passed to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20286 the @code{print-Y-axis} function, which inserts the list as a column. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20287 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20288 @findex print-Y-axis |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20289 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20290 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20291 (defun print-Y-axis (height full-Y-label-width) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20292 "Insert Y axis using HEIGHT and FULL-Y-LABEL-WIDTH. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20293 Height must be the maximum height of the graph. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20294 Full width is the width of the highest label element." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20295 ;; Value of height and full-Y-label-width |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20296 ;; are passed by `print-graph'. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20297 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20298 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20299 (let ((start (point))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20300 (insert-rectangle |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20301 (Y-axis-column height full-Y-label-width)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20302 ;; @r{Place point ready for inserting graph.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20303 (goto-char start) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20304 ;; @r{Move point forward by value of} full-Y-label-width |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20305 (forward-char full-Y-label-width))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20306 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20307 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20308 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20309 The @code{print-Y-axis} uses the @code{insert-rectangle} function to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20310 insert the Y axis labels created by the @code{Y-axis-column} function. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20311 In addition, it places point at the correct position for printing the body of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20312 the graph. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20313 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20314 You can test @code{print-Y-axis}: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20315 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20316 @enumerate |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20317 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20318 Install |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20319 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20320 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20321 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20322 Y-axis-label-spacing |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20323 Y-axis-tic |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20324 Y-axis-element |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20325 Y-axis-column |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20326 print-Y-axis |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20327 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20328 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20329 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20330 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20331 Copy the following expression: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20332 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20333 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20334 (print-Y-axis 12 5) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20335 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20336 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20337 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20338 Switch to the @file{*scratch*} buffer and place the cursor where you |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20339 want the axis labels to start. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20340 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20341 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20342 Type @kbd{M-:} (@code{eval-expression}). |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20343 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20344 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20345 Yank the @code{graph-body-print} expression into the minibuffer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20346 with @kbd{C-y} (@code{yank)}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20347 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20348 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20349 Press @key{RET} to evaluate the expression. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20350 @end enumerate |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20351 |
73767
a44deabfa735
Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73720
diff
changeset
|
20352 Emacs will print labels vertically, the top one being @w{@samp{10 -@w{ |
a44deabfa735
Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73720
diff
changeset
|
20353 }}}. (The @code{print-graph} function will pass the value of |
a44deabfa735
Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73720
diff
changeset
|
20354 @code{height-of-top-line}, which in this case will end up as 15, |
a44deabfa735
Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73720
diff
changeset
|
20355 thereby getting rid of what might appear as a bug.) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20356 |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
20357 @need 2000 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20358 @node print-X-axis, Print Whole Graph, print-Y-axis, Full Graph |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20359 @appendixsec The @code{print-X-axis} Function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20360 @cindex Axis, print horizontal |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20361 @cindex X axis printing |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20362 @cindex Print horizontal axis |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20363 @cindex Horizontal axis printing |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20364 |
70609 | 20365 X axis labels are much like Y axis labels, except that the ticks are on a |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20366 line above the numbers. Labels should look like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20367 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20368 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20369 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20370 | | | | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20371 1 5 10 15 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20372 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20373 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20374 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20375 The first tic is under the first column of the graph and is preceded by |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20376 several blank spaces. These spaces provide room in rows above for the Y |
70609 | 20377 axis labels. The second, third, fourth, and subsequent ticks are all |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20378 spaced equally, according to the value of @code{X-axis-label-spacing}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20379 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20380 The second row of the X axis consists of numbers, preceded by several |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20381 blank spaces and also separated according to the value of the variable |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20382 @code{X-axis-label-spacing}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20383 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20384 The value of the variable @code{X-axis-label-spacing} should itself be |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20385 measured in units of @code{symbol-width}, since you may want to change |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20386 the width of the symbols that you are using to print the body of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20387 graph without changing the ways the graph is labelled. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20388 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20389 @menu |
73854
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
20390 * Similarities differences:: Much like @code{print-Y-axis}, but not exactly. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
20391 * X Axis Tic Marks:: Create tic marks for the horizontal axis. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20392 @end menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20393 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20394 @node Similarities differences, X Axis Tic Marks, print-X-axis, print-X-axis |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20395 @ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20396 @unnumberedsubsec Similarities and differences |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20397 @end ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20398 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20399 The @code{print-X-axis} function is constructed in more or less the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20400 same fashion as the @code{print-Y-axis} function except that it has |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20401 two lines: the line of tic marks and the numbers. We will write a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20402 separate function to print each line and then combine them within the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20403 @code{print-X-axis} function. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20404 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20405 This is a three step process: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20406 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20407 @enumerate |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20408 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20409 Write a function to print the X axis tic marks, @code{print-X-axis-tic-line}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20410 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20411 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20412 Write a function to print the X numbers, @code{print-X-axis-numbered-line}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20413 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20414 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20415 Write a function to print both lines, the @code{print-X-axis} function, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20416 using @code{print-X-axis-tic-line} and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20417 @code{print-X-axis-numbered-line}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20418 @end enumerate |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20419 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20420 @node X Axis Tic Marks, , Similarities differences, print-X-axis |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20421 @appendixsubsec X Axis Tic Marks |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20422 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20423 The first function should print the X axis tic marks. We must specify |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20424 the tic marks themselves and their spacing: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20425 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20426 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20427 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20428 (defvar X-axis-label-spacing |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20429 (if (boundp 'graph-blank) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20430 (* 5 (length graph-blank)) 5) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20431 "Number of units from one X axis label to next.") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20432 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20433 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20434 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20435 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20436 (Note that the value of @code{graph-blank} is set by another |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20437 @code{defvar}. The @code{boundp} predicate checks whether it has |
73767
a44deabfa735
Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73720
diff
changeset
|
20438 already been set; @code{boundp} returns @code{nil} if it has not. If |
a44deabfa735
Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73720
diff
changeset
|
20439 @code{graph-blank} were unbound and we did not use this conditional |
a44deabfa735
Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73720
diff
changeset
|
20440 construction, in a recent GNU Emacs, we would enter the debugger and |
a44deabfa735
Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73720
diff
changeset
|
20441 see an error message saying @samp{@w{Debugger entered--Lisp error:} |
a44deabfa735
Finish minor changes seen from DVI output.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73720
diff
changeset
|
20442 @w{(void-variable graph-blank)}}.) |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20443 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20444 @need 1200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20445 Here is the @code{defvar} for @code{X-axis-tic-symbol}: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20446 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20447 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20448 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20449 (defvar X-axis-tic-symbol "|" |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20450 "String to insert to point to a column in X axis.") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20451 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20452 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20453 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20454 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20455 The goal is to make a line that looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20456 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20457 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20458 | | | | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20459 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20460 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20461 The first tic is indented so that it is under the first column, which is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20462 indented to provide space for the Y axis labels. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20463 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20464 A tic element consists of the blank spaces that stretch from one tic to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20465 the next plus a tic symbol. The number of blanks is determined by the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20466 width of the tic symbol and the @code{X-axis-label-spacing}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20467 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20468 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20469 The code looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20470 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20471 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20472 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20473 ;;; X-axis-tic-element |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20474 @dots{} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20475 (concat |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20476 (make-string |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20477 ;; @r{Make a string of blanks.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20478 (- (* symbol-width X-axis-label-spacing) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20479 (length X-axis-tic-symbol)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20480 ? ) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20481 ;; @r{Concatenate blanks with tic symbol.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20482 X-axis-tic-symbol) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20483 @dots{} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20484 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20485 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20486 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20487 Next, we determine how many blanks are needed to indent the first tic |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20488 mark to the first column of the graph. This uses the value of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20489 @code{full-Y-label-width} passed it by the @code{print-graph} function. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20490 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20491 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20492 The code to make @code{X-axis-leading-spaces} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20493 looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20494 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20495 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20496 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20497 ;; X-axis-leading-spaces |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20498 @dots{} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20499 (make-string full-Y-label-width ? ) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20500 @dots{} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20501 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20502 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20503 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20504 We also need to determine the length of the horizontal axis, which is |
70609 | 20505 the length of the numbers list, and the number of ticks in the horizontal |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20506 axis: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20507 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20508 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20509 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20510 ;; X-length |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20511 @dots{} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20512 (length numbers-list) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20513 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20514 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20515 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20516 ;; tic-width |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20517 @dots{} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20518 (* symbol-width X-axis-label-spacing) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20519 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20520 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20521 @group |
70609 | 20522 ;; number-of-X-ticks |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20523 (if (zerop (% (X-length tic-width))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20524 (/ (X-length tic-width)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20525 (1+ (/ (X-length tic-width)))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20526 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20527 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20528 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20529 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20530 All this leads us directly to the function for printing the X axis tic line: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20531 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20532 @findex print-X-axis-tic-line |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20533 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20534 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20535 (defun print-X-axis-tic-line |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20536 (number-of-X-tics X-axis-leading-spaces X-axis-tic-element) |
70609 | 20537 "Print ticks for X axis." |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20538 (insert X-axis-leading-spaces) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20539 (insert X-axis-tic-symbol) ; @r{Under first column.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20540 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20541 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20542 ;; @r{Insert second tic in the right spot.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20543 (insert (concat |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20544 (make-string |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20545 (- (* symbol-width X-axis-label-spacing) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20546 ;; @r{Insert white space up to second tic symbol.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20547 (* 2 (length X-axis-tic-symbol))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20548 ? ) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20549 X-axis-tic-symbol)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20550 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20551 @group |
70609 | 20552 ;; @r{Insert remaining ticks.} |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20553 (while (> number-of-X-tics 1) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20554 (insert X-axis-tic-element) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20555 (setq number-of-X-tics (1- number-of-X-tics)))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20556 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20557 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20558 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20559 The line of numbers is equally straightforward: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20560 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20561 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20562 First, we create a numbered element with blank spaces before each number: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20563 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20564 @findex X-axis-element |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20565 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20566 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20567 (defun X-axis-element (number) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20568 "Construct a numbered X axis element." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20569 (let ((leading-spaces |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20570 (- (* symbol-width X-axis-label-spacing) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20571 (length (number-to-string number))))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20572 (concat (make-string leading-spaces ? ) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20573 (number-to-string number)))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20574 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20575 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20576 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20577 Next, we create the function to print the numbered line, starting with |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20578 the number ``1'' under the first column: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20579 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20580 @findex print-X-axis-numbered-line |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20581 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20582 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20583 (defun print-X-axis-numbered-line |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20584 (number-of-X-tics X-axis-leading-spaces) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20585 "Print line of X-axis numbers" |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20586 (let ((number X-axis-label-spacing)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20587 (insert X-axis-leading-spaces) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20588 (insert "1") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20589 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20590 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20591 (insert (concat |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20592 (make-string |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20593 ;; @r{Insert white space up to next number.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20594 (- (* symbol-width X-axis-label-spacing) 2) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20595 ? ) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20596 (number-to-string number))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20597 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20598 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20599 ;; @r{Insert remaining numbers.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20600 (setq number (+ number X-axis-label-spacing)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20601 (while (> number-of-X-tics 1) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20602 (insert (X-axis-element number)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20603 (setq number (+ number X-axis-label-spacing)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20604 (setq number-of-X-tics (1- number-of-X-tics))))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20605 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20606 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20607 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20608 Finally, we need to write the @code{print-X-axis} that uses |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20609 @code{print-X-axis-tic-line} and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20610 @code{print-X-axis-numbered-line}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20611 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20612 The function must determine the local values of the variables used by both |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20613 @code{print-X-axis-tic-line} and @code{print-X-axis-numbered-line}, and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20614 then it must call them. Also, it must print the carriage return that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20615 separates the two lines. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20616 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20617 The function consists of a varlist that specifies five local variables, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20618 and calls to each of the two line printing functions: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20619 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20620 @findex print-X-axis |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20621 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20622 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20623 (defun print-X-axis (numbers-list) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20624 "Print X axis labels to length of NUMBERS-LIST." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20625 (let* ((leading-spaces |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20626 (make-string full-Y-label-width ? )) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20627 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20628 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20629 ;; symbol-width @r{is provided by} graph-body-print |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20630 (tic-width (* symbol-width X-axis-label-spacing)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20631 (X-length (length numbers-list)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20632 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20633 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20634 (X-tic |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20635 (concat |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20636 (make-string |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20637 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20638 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20639 ;; @r{Make a string of blanks.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20640 (- (* symbol-width X-axis-label-spacing) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20641 (length X-axis-tic-symbol)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20642 ? ) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20643 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20644 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20645 ;; @r{Concatenate blanks with tic symbol.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20646 X-axis-tic-symbol)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20647 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20648 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20649 (tic-number |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20650 (if (zerop (% X-length tic-width)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20651 (/ X-length tic-width) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20652 (1+ (/ X-length tic-width))))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20653 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20654 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20655 (print-X-axis-tic-line tic-number leading-spaces X-tic) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20656 (insert "\n") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20657 (print-X-axis-numbered-line tic-number leading-spaces))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20658 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20659 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20660 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20661 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20662 You can test @code{print-X-axis}: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20663 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20664 @enumerate |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20665 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20666 Install @code{X-axis-tic-symbol}, @code{X-axis-label-spacing}, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20667 @code{print-X-axis-tic-line}, as well as @code{X-axis-element}, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20668 @code{print-X-axis-numbered-line}, and @code{print-X-axis}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20669 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20670 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20671 Copy the following expression: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20672 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20673 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20674 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20675 (progn |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20676 (let ((full-Y-label-width 5) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20677 (symbol-width 1)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20678 (print-X-axis |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20679 '(1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16)))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20680 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20681 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20682 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20683 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20684 Switch to the @file{*scratch*} buffer and place the cursor where you |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20685 want the axis labels to start. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20686 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20687 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20688 Type @kbd{M-:} (@code{eval-expression}). |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20689 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20690 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20691 Yank the test expression into the minibuffer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20692 with @kbd{C-y} (@code{yank)}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20693 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20694 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20695 Press @key{RET} to evaluate the expression. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20696 @end enumerate |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20697 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20698 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20699 Emacs will print the horizontal axis like this: |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
20700 @sp 1 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20701 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20702 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20703 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20704 | | | | | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20705 1 5 10 15 20 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20706 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20707 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20708 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20709 @node Print Whole Graph, , print-X-axis, Full Graph |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20710 @appendixsec Printing the Whole Graph |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20711 @cindex Printing the whole graph |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20712 @cindex Whole graph printing |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20713 @cindex Graph, printing all |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20714 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20715 Now we are nearly ready to print the whole graph. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20716 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20717 The function to print the graph with the proper labels follows the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20718 outline we created earlier (@pxref{Full Graph, , A Graph with Labelled |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20719 Axes}), but with additions. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20720 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20721 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20722 Here is the outline: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20723 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20724 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20725 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20726 (defun print-graph (numbers-list) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20727 "@var{documentation}@dots{}" |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20728 (let ((height @dots{} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20729 @dots{})) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20730 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20731 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20732 (print-Y-axis height @dots{} ) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20733 (graph-body-print numbers-list) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20734 (print-X-axis @dots{} ))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20735 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20736 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20737 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20738 @menu |
73854
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
20739 * The final version:: A few changes. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
20740 * Test print-graph:: Run a short test. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
20741 * Graphing words in defuns:: Executing the final code. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
20742 * lambda:: How to write an anonymous function. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
20743 * mapcar:: Apply a function to elements of a list. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
20744 * Another Bug:: Yet another bug @dots{} most insidious. |
55e5dc416293
Copy descriptions from detailed master menu to menus within body.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73852
diff
changeset
|
20745 * Final printed graph:: The graph itself! |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20746 @end menu |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20747 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20748 @node The final version, Test print-graph, Print Whole Graph, Print Whole Graph |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20749 @ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20750 @unnumberedsubsec Changes for the Final Version |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20751 @end ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20752 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20753 The final version is different from what we planned in two ways: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20754 first, it contains additional values calculated once in the varlist; |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20755 second, it carries an option to specify the labels' increment per row. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20756 This latter feature turns out to be essential; otherwise, a graph may |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20757 have more rows than fit on a display or on a sheet of paper. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20758 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20759 @need 1500 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20760 This new feature requires a change to the @code{Y-axis-column} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20761 function, to add @code{vertical-step} to it. The function looks like |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20762 this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20763 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20764 @findex Y-axis-column @r{Final version.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20765 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20766 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20767 ;;; @r{Final version.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20768 (defun Y-axis-column |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20769 (height width-of-label &optional vertical-step) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20770 "Construct list of labels for Y axis. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20771 HEIGHT is maximum height of graph. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20772 WIDTH-OF-LABEL is maximum width of label. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20773 VERTICAL-STEP, an option, is a positive integer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20774 that specifies how much a Y axis label increments |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20775 for each line. For example, a step of 5 means |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20776 that each line is five units of the graph." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20777 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20778 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20779 (let (Y-axis |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20780 (number-per-line (or vertical-step 1))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20781 (while (> height 1) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20782 (if (zerop (% height Y-axis-label-spacing)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20783 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20784 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20785 ;; @r{Insert label.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20786 (setq Y-axis |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20787 (cons |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20788 (Y-axis-element |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20789 (* height number-per-line) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20790 width-of-label) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20791 Y-axis)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20792 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20793 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20794 ;; @r{Else, insert blanks.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20795 (setq Y-axis |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20796 (cons |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20797 (make-string width-of-label ? ) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20798 Y-axis))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20799 (setq height (1- height))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20800 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20801 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20802 ;; @r{Insert base line.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20803 (setq Y-axis (cons (Y-axis-element |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20804 (or vertical-step 1) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20805 width-of-label) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20806 Y-axis)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20807 (nreverse Y-axis))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20808 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20809 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20810 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20811 The values for the maximum height of graph and the width of a symbol |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20812 are computed by @code{print-graph} in its @code{let} expression; so |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20813 @code{graph-body-print} must be changed to accept them. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20814 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20815 @findex graph-body-print @r{Final version.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20816 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20817 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20818 ;;; @r{Final version.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20819 (defun graph-body-print (numbers-list height symbol-width) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20820 "Print a bar graph of the NUMBERS-LIST. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20821 The numbers-list consists of the Y-axis values. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20822 HEIGHT is maximum height of graph. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20823 SYMBOL-WIDTH is number of each column." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20824 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20825 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20826 (let (from-position) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20827 (while numbers-list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20828 (setq from-position (point)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20829 (insert-rectangle |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20830 (column-of-graph height (car numbers-list))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20831 (goto-char from-position) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20832 (forward-char symbol-width) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20833 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20834 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20835 ;; @r{Draw graph column by column.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20836 (sit-for 0) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20837 (setq numbers-list (cdr numbers-list))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20838 ;; @r{Place point for X axis labels.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20839 (forward-line height) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20840 (insert "\n"))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20841 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20842 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20843 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20844 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20845 Finally, the code for the @code{print-graph} function: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20846 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20847 @findex print-graph @r{Final version.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20848 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20849 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20850 ;;; @r{Final version.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20851 (defun print-graph |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20852 (numbers-list &optional vertical-step) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20853 "Print labelled bar graph of the NUMBERS-LIST. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20854 The numbers-list consists of the Y-axis values. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20855 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20856 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20857 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20858 Optionally, VERTICAL-STEP, a positive integer, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20859 specifies how much a Y axis label increments for |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20860 each line. For example, a step of 5 means that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20861 each row is five units." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20862 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20863 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20864 (let* ((symbol-width (length graph-blank)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20865 ;; @code{height} @r{is both the largest number} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20866 ;; @r{and the number with the most digits.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20867 (height (apply 'max numbers-list)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20868 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20869 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20870 (height-of-top-line |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20871 (if (zerop (% height Y-axis-label-spacing)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20872 height |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20873 ;; @r{else} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20874 (* (1+ (/ height Y-axis-label-spacing)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20875 Y-axis-label-spacing))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20876 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20877 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20878 (vertical-step (or vertical-step 1)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20879 (full-Y-label-width |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20880 (length |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20881 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20882 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20883 (concat |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20884 (number-to-string |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20885 (* height-of-top-line vertical-step)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20886 Y-axis-tic)))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20887 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20888 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20889 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20890 (print-Y-axis |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20891 height-of-top-line full-Y-label-width vertical-step) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20892 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20893 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20894 (graph-body-print |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20895 numbers-list height-of-top-line symbol-width) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20896 (print-X-axis numbers-list))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20897 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20898 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20899 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20900 @node Test print-graph, Graphing words in defuns, The final version, Print Whole Graph |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20901 @appendixsubsec Testing @code{print-graph} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20902 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20903 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20904 We can test the @code{print-graph} function with a short list of numbers: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20905 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20906 @enumerate |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20907 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20908 Install the final versions of @code{Y-axis-column}, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20909 @code{graph-body-print}, and @code{print-graph} (in addition to the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20910 rest of the code.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20911 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20912 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20913 Copy the following expression: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20914 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20915 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20916 (print-graph '(3 2 5 6 7 5 3 4 6 4 3 2 1)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20917 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20918 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20919 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20920 Switch to the @file{*scratch*} buffer and place the cursor where you |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20921 want the axis labels to start. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20922 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20923 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20924 Type @kbd{M-:} (@code{eval-expression}). |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20925 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20926 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20927 Yank the test expression into the minibuffer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20928 with @kbd{C-y} (@code{yank)}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20929 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20930 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20931 Press @key{RET} to evaluate the expression. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20932 @end enumerate |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20933 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20934 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20935 Emacs will print a graph that looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20936 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20937 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20938 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20939 10 - |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20940 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20941 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20942 * |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20943 ** * |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20944 5 - **** * |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20945 **** *** |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20946 * ********* |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20947 ************ |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20948 1 - ************* |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20949 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20950 | | | | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20951 1 5 10 15 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20952 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20953 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20954 |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
20955 @need 1200 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20956 On the other hand, if you pass @code{print-graph} a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20957 @code{vertical-step} value of 2, by evaluating this expression: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20958 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20959 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20960 (print-graph '(3 2 5 6 7 5 3 4 6 4 3 2 1) 2) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20961 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20962 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20963 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20964 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20965 The graph looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20966 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20967 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20968 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20969 20 - |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20970 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20971 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20972 * |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20973 ** * |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20974 10 - **** * |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20975 **** *** |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20976 * ********* |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20977 ************ |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20978 2 - ************* |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20979 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20980 | | | | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20981 1 5 10 15 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20982 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20983 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20984 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20985 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20986 (A question: is the `2' on the bottom of the vertical axis a bug or a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20987 feature? If you think it is a bug, and should be a `1' instead, (or |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20988 even a `0'), you can modify the sources.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20989 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20990 @node Graphing words in defuns, lambda, Test print-graph, Print Whole Graph |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20991 @appendixsubsec Graphing Numbers of Words and Symbols |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20992 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20993 Now for the graph for which all this code was written: a graph that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20994 shows how many function definitions contain fewer than 10 words and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20995 symbols, how many contain between 10 and 19 words and symbols, how |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20996 many contain between 20 and 29 words and symbols, and so on. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20997 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20998 This is a multi-step process. First make sure you have loaded all the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
20999 requisite code. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21000 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21001 @need 1500 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21002 It is a good idea to reset the value of @code{top-of-ranges} in case |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21003 you have set it to some different value. You can evaluate the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21004 following: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21005 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21006 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21007 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21008 (setq top-of-ranges |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21009 '(10 20 30 40 50 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21010 60 70 80 90 100 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21011 110 120 130 140 150 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21012 160 170 180 190 200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21013 210 220 230 240 250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21014 260 270 280 290 300) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21015 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21016 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21017 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21018 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21019 Next create a list of the number of words and symbols in each range. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21020 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21021 @need 1500 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21022 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21023 Evaluate the following: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21024 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21025 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21026 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21027 (setq list-for-graph |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21028 (defuns-per-range |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21029 (sort |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21030 (recursive-lengths-list-many-files |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21031 (directory-files "/usr/local/emacs/lisp" |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21032 t ".+el$")) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21033 '<) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21034 top-of-ranges)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21035 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21036 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21037 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21038 @noindent |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
21039 On my old machine, this took about an hour. It looked though 303 Lisp |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21040 files in my copy of Emacs version 19.23. After all that computing, |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
21041 the @code{list-for-graph} had this value: |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21042 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21043 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21044 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21045 (537 1027 955 785 594 483 349 292 224 199 166 120 116 99 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21046 90 80 67 48 52 45 41 33 28 26 25 20 12 28 11 13 220) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21047 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21048 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21049 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21050 @noindent |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
21051 This means that my copy of Emacs had 537 function definitions with |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21052 fewer than 10 words or symbols in them, 1,027 function definitions |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21053 with 10 to 19 words or symbols in them, 955 function definitions with |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21054 20 to 29 words or symbols in them, and so on. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21055 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21056 Clearly, just by looking at this list we can see that most function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21057 definitions contain ten to thirty words and symbols. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21058 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21059 Now for printing. We do @emph{not} want to print a graph that is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21060 1,030 lines high @dots{} Instead, we should print a graph that is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21061 fewer than twenty-five lines high. A graph that height can be |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21062 displayed on almost any monitor, and easily printed on a sheet of paper. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21063 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21064 This means that each value in @code{list-for-graph} must be reduced to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21065 one-fiftieth its present value. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21066 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21067 Here is a short function to do just that, using two functions we have |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21068 not yet seen, @code{mapcar} and @code{lambda}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21069 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21070 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21071 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21072 (defun one-fiftieth (full-range) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21073 "Return list, each number one-fiftieth of previous." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21074 (mapcar '(lambda (arg) (/ arg 50)) full-range)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21075 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21076 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21077 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21078 @node lambda, mapcar, Graphing words in defuns, Print Whole Graph |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21079 @appendixsubsec A @code{lambda} Expression: Useful Anonymity |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21080 @cindex Anonymous function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21081 @findex lambda |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21082 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21083 @code{lambda} is the symbol for an anonymous function, a function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21084 without a name. Every time you use an anonymous function, you need to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21085 include its whole body. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21086 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21087 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21088 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21089 Thus, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21090 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21091 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21092 (lambda (arg) (/ arg 50)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21093 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21094 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21095 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21096 is a function definition that says `return the value resulting from |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21097 dividing whatever is passed to me as @code{arg} by 50'. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21098 |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
21099 @need 1200 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21100 Earlier, for example, we had a function @code{multiply-by-seven}; it |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21101 multiplied its argument by 7. This function is similar, except it |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21102 divides its argument by 50; and, it has no name. The anonymous |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21103 equivalent of @code{multiply-by-seven} is: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21104 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21105 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21106 (lambda (number) (* 7 number)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21107 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21108 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21109 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21110 (@xref{defun, , The @code{defun} Special Form}.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21111 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21112 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21113 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21114 If we want to multiply 3 by 7, we can write: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21115 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21116 @c !!! Clear print-postscript-figures if the computer formatting this |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21117 @c document is too small and cannot handle all the diagrams and figures. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21118 @c clear print-postscript-figures |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21119 @c set print-postscript-figures |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21120 @c lambda example diagram #1 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21121 @ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21122 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21123 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21124 (multiply-by-seven 3) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21125 \_______________/ ^ |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21126 | | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21127 function argument |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21128 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21129 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21130 @end ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21131 @ifset print-postscript-figures |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21132 @sp 1 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21133 @tex |
73706
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
21134 @center @image{lambda-1} |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21135 %%%% old method of including an image |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21136 % \input /usr/local/lib/tex/inputs/psfig.tex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21137 % \centerline{\psfig{figure=/usr/local/lib/emacs/man/lambda-1.eps}} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21138 % \catcode`\@=0 % |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21139 @end tex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21140 @sp 1 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21141 @end ifset |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21142 @ifclear print-postscript-figures |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21143 @iftex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21144 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21145 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21146 (multiply-by-seven 3) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21147 \_______________/ ^ |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21148 | | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21149 function argument |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21150 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21151 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21152 @end iftex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21153 @end ifclear |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21154 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21155 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21156 This expression returns 21. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21157 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21158 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21159 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21160 Similarly, we can write: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21161 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21162 @c lambda example diagram #2 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21163 @ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21164 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21165 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21166 ((lambda (number) (* 7 number)) 3) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21167 \____________________________/ ^ |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21168 | | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21169 anonymous function argument |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21170 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21171 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21172 @end ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21173 @ifset print-postscript-figures |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21174 @sp 1 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21175 @tex |
73706
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
21176 @center @image{lambda-2} |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21177 %%%% old method of including an image |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21178 % \input /usr/local/lib/tex/inputs/psfig.tex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21179 % \centerline{\psfig{figure=/usr/local/lib/emacs/man/lambda-2.eps}} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21180 % \catcode`\@=0 % |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21181 @end tex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21182 @sp 1 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21183 @end ifset |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21184 @ifclear print-postscript-figures |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21185 @iftex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21186 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21187 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21188 ((lambda (number) (* 7 number)) 3) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21189 \____________________________/ ^ |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21190 | | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21191 anonymous function argument |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21192 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21193 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21194 @end iftex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21195 @end ifclear |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21196 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21197 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21198 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21199 If we want to divide 100 by 50, we can write: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21201 @c lambda example diagram #3 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21202 @ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21203 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21204 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21205 ((lambda (arg) (/ arg 50)) 100) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21206 \______________________/ \_/ |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21207 | | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21208 anonymous function argument |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21209 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21210 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21211 @end ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21212 @ifset print-postscript-figures |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21213 @sp 1 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21214 @tex |
73706
ae44d5bc9d37
More minor changes.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
73683
diff
changeset
|
21215 @center @image{lambda-3} |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21216 %%%% old method of including an image |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21217 % \input /usr/local/lib/tex/inputs/psfig.tex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21218 % \centerline{\psfig{figure=/usr/local/lib/emacs/man/lambda-3.eps}} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21219 % \catcode`\@=0 % |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21220 @end tex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21221 @sp 1 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21222 @end ifset |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21223 @ifclear print-postscript-figures |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21224 @iftex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21225 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21226 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21227 ((lambda (arg) (/ arg 50)) 100) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21228 \______________________/ \_/ |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21229 | | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21230 anonymous function argument |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21231 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21232 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21233 @end iftex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21234 @end ifclear |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21235 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21236 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21237 This expression returns 2. The 100 is passed to the function, which |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21238 divides that number by 50. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21239 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21240 @xref{Lambda Expressions, , Lambda Expressions, elisp, The GNU Emacs |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21241 Lisp Reference Manual}, for more about @code{lambda}. Lisp and lambda |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21242 expressions derive from the Lambda Calculus. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21243 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21244 @node mapcar, Another Bug, lambda, Print Whole Graph |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21245 @appendixsubsec The @code{mapcar} Function |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21246 @findex mapcar |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21247 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21248 @code{mapcar} is a function that calls its first argument with each |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21249 element of its second argument, in turn. The second argument must be |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21250 a sequence. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21251 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21252 The @samp{map} part of the name comes from the mathematical phrase, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21253 `mapping over a domain', meaning to apply a function to each of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21254 elements in a domain. The mathematical phrase is based on the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21255 metaphor of a surveyor walking, one step at a time, over an area he is |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21256 mapping. And @samp{car}, of course, comes from the Lisp notion of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21257 first of a list. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21258 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21259 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21260 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21261 For example, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21262 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21263 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21264 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21265 (mapcar '1+ '(2 4 6)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21266 @result{} (3 5 7) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21267 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21268 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21269 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21270 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21271 The function @code{1+} which adds one to its argument, is executed on |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21272 @emph{each} element of the list, and a new list is returned. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21273 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21274 Contrast this with @code{apply}, which applies its first argument to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21275 all the remaining. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21276 (@xref{Readying a Graph, , Readying a Graph}, for a explanation of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21277 @code{apply}.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21278 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21279 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21280 In the definition of @code{one-fiftieth}, the first argument is the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21281 anonymous function: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21282 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21283 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21284 (lambda (arg) (/ arg 50)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21285 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21286 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21287 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21288 and the second argument is @code{full-range}, which will be bound to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21289 @code{list-for-graph}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21290 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21291 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21292 The whole expression looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21293 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21294 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21295 (mapcar '(lambda (arg) (/ arg 50)) full-range)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21296 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21297 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21298 @xref{Mapping Functions, , Mapping Functions, elisp, The GNU Emacs |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21299 Lisp Reference Manual}, for more about @code{mapcar}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21300 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21301 Using the @code{one-fiftieth} function, we can generate a list in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21302 which each element is one-fiftieth the size of the corresponding |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21303 element in @code{list-for-graph}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21304 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21305 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21306 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21307 (setq fiftieth-list-for-graph |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21308 (one-fiftieth list-for-graph)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21309 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21310 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21311 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21312 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21313 The resulting list looks like this: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21314 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21315 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21316 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21317 (10 20 19 15 11 9 6 5 4 3 3 2 2 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21318 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21319 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21320 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21321 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21322 @noindent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21323 This, we are almost ready to print! (We also notice the loss of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21324 information: many of the higher ranges are 0, meaning that fewer than |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21325 50 defuns had that many words or symbols---but not necessarily meaning |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21326 that none had that many words or symbols.) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21327 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21328 @node Another Bug, Final printed graph, mapcar, Print Whole Graph |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21329 @appendixsubsec Another Bug @dots{} Most Insidious |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21330 @cindex Bug, most insidious type |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21331 @cindex Insidious type of bug |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21332 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21333 I said `almost ready to print'! Of course, there is a bug in the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21334 @code{print-graph} function @dots{} It has a @code{vertical-step} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21335 option, but not a @code{horizontal-step} option. The |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21336 @code{top-of-range} scale goes from 10 to 300 by tens. But the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21337 @code{print-graph} function will print only by ones. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21338 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21339 This is a classic example of what some consider the most insidious |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21340 type of bug, the bug of omission. This is not the kind of bug you can |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21341 find by studying the code, for it is not in the code; it is an omitted |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21342 feature. Your best actions are to try your program early and often; |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21343 and try to arrange, as much as you can, to write code that is easy to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21344 understand and easy to change. Try to be aware, whenever you can, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21345 that whatever you have written, @emph{will} be rewritten, if not soon, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21346 eventually. A hard maxim to follow. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21347 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21348 It is the @code{print-X-axis-numbered-line} function that needs the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21349 work; and then the @code{print-X-axis} and the @code{print-graph} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21350 functions need to be adapted. Not much needs to be done; there is one |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21351 nicety: the numbers ought to line up under the tic marks. This takes |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21352 a little thought. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21353 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21354 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21355 Here is the corrected @code{print-X-axis-numbered-line}: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21356 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21357 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21358 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21359 (defun print-X-axis-numbered-line |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21360 (number-of-X-tics X-axis-leading-spaces |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21361 &optional horizontal-step) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21362 "Print line of X-axis numbers" |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21363 (let ((number X-axis-label-spacing) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21364 (horizontal-step (or horizontal-step 1))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21365 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21366 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21367 (insert X-axis-leading-spaces) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21368 ;; @r{Delete extra leading spaces.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21369 (delete-char |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21370 (- (1- |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21371 (length (number-to-string horizontal-step))))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21372 (insert (concat |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21373 (make-string |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21374 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21375 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21376 ;; @r{Insert white space.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21377 (- (* symbol-width |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21378 X-axis-label-spacing) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21379 (1- |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21380 (length |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21381 (number-to-string horizontal-step))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21382 2) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21383 ? ) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21384 (number-to-string |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21385 (* number horizontal-step)))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21386 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21387 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21388 ;; @r{Insert remaining numbers.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21389 (setq number (+ number X-axis-label-spacing)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21390 (while (> number-of-X-tics 1) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21391 (insert (X-axis-element |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21392 (* number horizontal-step))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21393 (setq number (+ number X-axis-label-spacing)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21394 (setq number-of-X-tics (1- number-of-X-tics))))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21395 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21396 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21397 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21398 @need 1500 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21399 If you are reading this in Info, you can see the new versions of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21400 @code{print-X-axis} @code{print-graph} and evaluate them. If you are |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21401 reading this in a printed book, you can see the changed lines here |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21402 (the full text is too much to print). |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21403 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21404 @iftex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21405 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21406 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21407 (defun print-X-axis (numbers-list horizontal-step) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21408 @dots{} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21409 (print-X-axis-numbered-line |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21410 tic-number leading-spaces horizontal-step)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21411 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21412 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21413 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21414 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21415 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21416 (defun print-graph |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21417 (numbers-list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21418 &optional vertical-step horizontal-step) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21419 @dots{} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21420 (print-X-axis numbers-list horizontal-step)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21421 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21422 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21423 @end iftex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21424 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21425 @ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21426 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21427 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21428 (defun print-X-axis (numbers-list horizontal-step) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21429 "Print X axis labels to length of NUMBERS-LIST. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21430 Optionally, HORIZONTAL-STEP, a positive integer, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21431 specifies how much an X axis label increments for |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21432 each column." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21433 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21434 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21435 ;; Value of symbol-width and full-Y-label-width |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21436 ;; are passed by `print-graph'. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21437 (let* ((leading-spaces |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21438 (make-string full-Y-label-width ? )) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21439 ;; symbol-width @r{is provided by} graph-body-print |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21440 (tic-width (* symbol-width X-axis-label-spacing)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21441 (X-length (length numbers-list)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21442 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21443 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21444 (X-tic |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21445 (concat |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21446 (make-string |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21447 ;; @r{Make a string of blanks.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21448 (- (* symbol-width X-axis-label-spacing) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21449 (length X-axis-tic-symbol)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21450 ? ) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21451 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21452 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21453 ;; @r{Concatenate blanks with tic symbol.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21454 X-axis-tic-symbol)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21455 (tic-number |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21456 (if (zerop (% X-length tic-width)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21457 (/ X-length tic-width) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21458 (1+ (/ X-length tic-width))))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21459 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21460 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21461 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21462 (print-X-axis-tic-line |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21463 tic-number leading-spaces X-tic) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21464 (insert "\n") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21465 (print-X-axis-numbered-line |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21466 tic-number leading-spaces horizontal-step))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21467 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21468 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21469 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21470 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21471 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21472 (defun print-graph |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21473 (numbers-list &optional vertical-step horizontal-step) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21474 "Print labelled bar graph of the NUMBERS-LIST. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21475 The numbers-list consists of the Y-axis values. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21476 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21477 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21478 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21479 Optionally, VERTICAL-STEP, a positive integer, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21480 specifies how much a Y axis label increments for |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21481 each line. For example, a step of 5 means that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21482 each row is five units. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21483 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21484 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21485 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21486 Optionally, HORIZONTAL-STEP, a positive integer, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21487 specifies how much an X axis label increments for |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21488 each column." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21489 (let* ((symbol-width (length graph-blank)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21490 ;; @code{height} @r{is both the largest number} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21491 ;; @r{and the number with the most digits.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21492 (height (apply 'max numbers-list)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21493 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21494 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21495 (height-of-top-line |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21496 (if (zerop (% height Y-axis-label-spacing)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21497 height |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21498 ;; @r{else} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21499 (* (1+ (/ height Y-axis-label-spacing)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21500 Y-axis-label-spacing))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21501 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21502 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21503 (vertical-step (or vertical-step 1)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21504 (full-Y-label-width |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21505 (length |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21506 (concat |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21507 (number-to-string |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21508 (* height-of-top-line vertical-step)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21509 Y-axis-tic)))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21510 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21511 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21512 (print-Y-axis |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21513 height-of-top-line full-Y-label-width vertical-step) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21514 (graph-body-print |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21515 numbers-list height-of-top-line symbol-width) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21516 (print-X-axis numbers-list horizontal-step))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21517 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21518 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21519 @end ifnottex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21520 |
57334
37199d6ac2c7
Add minor footnotes saying ' is an abbreviation for quote.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
56940
diff
changeset
|
21521 @c qqq |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21522 @ignore |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21523 Graphing Definitions Re-listed |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21524 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21525 @need 1250 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21526 Here are all the graphing definitions in their final form: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21527 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21528 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21529 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21530 (defvar top-of-ranges |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21531 '(10 20 30 40 50 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21532 60 70 80 90 100 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21533 110 120 130 140 150 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21534 160 170 180 190 200 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21535 210 220 230 240 250) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21536 "List specifying ranges for `defuns-per-range'.") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21537 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21538 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21539 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21540 (defvar graph-symbol "*" |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21541 "String used as symbol in graph, usually an asterisk.") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21542 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21543 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21544 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21545 (defvar graph-blank " " |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21546 "String used as blank in graph, usually a blank space. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21547 graph-blank must be the same number of columns wide |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21548 as graph-symbol.") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21549 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21550 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21551 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21552 (defvar Y-axis-tic " - " |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21553 "String that follows number in a Y axis label.") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21554 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21555 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21556 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21557 (defvar Y-axis-label-spacing 5 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21558 "Number of lines from one Y axis label to next.") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21559 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21560 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21561 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21562 (defvar X-axis-tic-symbol "|" |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21563 "String to insert to point to a column in X axis.") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21564 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21565 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21566 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21567 (defvar X-axis-label-spacing |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21568 (if (boundp 'graph-blank) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21569 (* 5 (length graph-blank)) 5) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21570 "Number of units from one X axis label to next.") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21571 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21572 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21573 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21574 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21575 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21576 (defun count-words-in-defun () |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21577 "Return the number of words and symbols in a defun." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21578 (beginning-of-defun) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21579 (let ((count 0) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21580 (end (save-excursion (end-of-defun) (point)))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21581 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21582 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21583 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21584 (while |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21585 (and (< (point) end) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21586 (re-search-forward |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21587 "\\(\\w\\|\\s_\\)+[^ \t\n]*[ \t\n]*" |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21588 end t)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21589 (setq count (1+ count))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21590 count)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21591 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21592 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21593 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21594 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21595 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21596 (defun lengths-list-file (filename) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21597 "Return list of definitions' lengths within FILE. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21598 The returned list is a list of numbers. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21599 Each number is the number of words or |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21600 symbols in one function definition." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21601 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21602 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21603 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21604 (message "Working on `%s' ... " filename) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21605 (save-excursion |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21606 (let ((buffer (find-file-noselect filename)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21607 (lengths-list)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21608 (set-buffer buffer) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21609 (setq buffer-read-only t) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21610 (widen) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21611 (goto-char (point-min)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21612 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21613 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21614 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21615 (while (re-search-forward "^(defun" nil t) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21616 (setq lengths-list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21617 (cons (count-words-in-defun) lengths-list))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21618 (kill-buffer buffer) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21619 lengths-list))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21620 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21621 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21622 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21623 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21624 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21625 (defun lengths-list-many-files (list-of-files) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21626 "Return list of lengths of defuns in LIST-OF-FILES." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21627 (let (lengths-list) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21628 ;;; @r{true-or-false-test} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21629 (while list-of-files |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21630 (setq lengths-list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21631 (append |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21632 lengths-list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21633 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21634 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21635 ;;; @r{Generate a lengths' list.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21636 (lengths-list-file |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21637 (expand-file-name (car list-of-files))))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21638 ;;; @r{Make files' list shorter.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21639 (setq list-of-files (cdr list-of-files))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21640 ;;; @r{Return final value of lengths' list.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21641 lengths-list)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21642 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21643 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21644 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21645 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21646 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21647 (defun defuns-per-range (sorted-lengths top-of-ranges) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21648 "SORTED-LENGTHS defuns in each TOP-OF-RANGES range." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21649 (let ((top-of-range (car top-of-ranges)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21650 (number-within-range 0) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21651 defuns-per-range-list) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21652 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21653 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21654 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21655 ;; @r{Outer loop.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21656 (while top-of-ranges |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21657 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21658 ;; @r{Inner loop.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21659 (while (and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21660 ;; @r{Need number for numeric test.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21661 (car sorted-lengths) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21662 (< (car sorted-lengths) top-of-range)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21663 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21664 ;; @r{Count number of definitions within current range.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21665 (setq number-within-range (1+ number-within-range)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21666 (setq sorted-lengths (cdr sorted-lengths))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21667 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21668 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21669 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21670 ;; @r{Exit inner loop but remain within outer loop.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21671 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21672 (setq defuns-per-range-list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21673 (cons number-within-range defuns-per-range-list)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21674 (setq number-within-range 0) ; @r{Reset count to zero.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21675 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21676 ;; @r{Move to next range.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21677 (setq top-of-ranges (cdr top-of-ranges)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21678 ;; @r{Specify next top of range value.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21679 (setq top-of-range (car top-of-ranges))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21680 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21681 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21682 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21683 ;; @r{Exit outer loop and count the number of defuns larger than} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21684 ;; @r{ the largest top-of-range value.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21685 (setq defuns-per-range-list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21686 (cons |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21687 (length sorted-lengths) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21688 defuns-per-range-list)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21689 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21690 ;; @r{Return a list of the number of definitions within each range,} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21691 ;; @r{ smallest to largest.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21692 (nreverse defuns-per-range-list))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21693 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21694 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21695 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21696 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21697 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21698 (defun column-of-graph (max-graph-height actual-height) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21699 "Return list of MAX-GRAPH-HEIGHT strings; |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21700 ACTUAL-HEIGHT are graph-symbols. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21701 The graph-symbols are contiguous entries at the end |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21702 of the list. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21703 The list will be inserted as one column of a graph. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21704 The strings are either graph-blank or graph-symbol." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21705 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21706 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21707 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21708 (let ((insert-list nil) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21709 (number-of-top-blanks |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21710 (- max-graph-height actual-height))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21711 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21712 ;; @r{Fill in @code{graph-symbols}.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21713 (while (> actual-height 0) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21714 (setq insert-list (cons graph-symbol insert-list)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21715 (setq actual-height (1- actual-height))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21716 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21717 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21718 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21719 ;; @r{Fill in @code{graph-blanks}.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21720 (while (> number-of-top-blanks 0) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21721 (setq insert-list (cons graph-blank insert-list)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21722 (setq number-of-top-blanks |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21723 (1- number-of-top-blanks))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21724 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21725 ;; @r{Return whole list.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21726 insert-list)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21727 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21728 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21729 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21730 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21731 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21732 (defun Y-axis-element (number full-Y-label-width) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21733 "Construct a NUMBERed label element. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21734 A numbered element looks like this ` 5 - ', |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21735 and is padded as needed so all line up with |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21736 the element for the largest number." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21737 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21738 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21739 (let* ((leading-spaces |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21740 (- full-Y-label-width |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21741 (length |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21742 (concat (number-to-string number) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21743 Y-axis-tic))))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21744 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21745 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21746 (concat |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21747 (make-string leading-spaces ? ) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21748 (number-to-string number) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21749 Y-axis-tic))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21750 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21751 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21752 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21753 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21754 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21755 (defun print-Y-axis |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21756 (height full-Y-label-width &optional vertical-step) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21757 "Insert Y axis by HEIGHT and FULL-Y-LABEL-WIDTH. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21758 Height must be the maximum height of the graph. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21759 Full width is the width of the highest label element. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21760 Optionally, print according to VERTICAL-STEP." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21761 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21762 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21763 ;; Value of height and full-Y-label-width |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21764 ;; are passed by `print-graph'. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21765 (let ((start (point))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21766 (insert-rectangle |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21767 (Y-axis-column height full-Y-label-width vertical-step)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21768 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21769 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21770 ;; @r{Place point ready for inserting graph.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21771 (goto-char start) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21772 ;; @r{Move point forward by value of} full-Y-label-width |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21773 (forward-char full-Y-label-width))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21774 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21775 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21776 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21777 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21778 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21779 (defun print-X-axis-tic-line |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21780 (number-of-X-tics X-axis-leading-spaces X-axis-tic-element) |
70609 | 21781 "Print ticks for X axis." |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21782 (insert X-axis-leading-spaces) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21783 (insert X-axis-tic-symbol) ; @r{Under first column.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21784 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21785 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21786 ;; @r{Insert second tic in the right spot.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21787 (insert (concat |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21788 (make-string |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21789 (- (* symbol-width X-axis-label-spacing) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21790 ;; @r{Insert white space up to second tic symbol.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21791 (* 2 (length X-axis-tic-symbol))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21792 ? ) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21793 X-axis-tic-symbol)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21794 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21795 @group |
70609 | 21796 ;; @r{Insert remaining ticks.} |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21797 (while (> number-of-X-tics 1) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21798 (insert X-axis-tic-element) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21799 (setq number-of-X-tics (1- number-of-X-tics)))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21800 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21801 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21802 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21803 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21804 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21805 (defun X-axis-element (number) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21806 "Construct a numbered X axis element." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21807 (let ((leading-spaces |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21808 (- (* symbol-width X-axis-label-spacing) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21809 (length (number-to-string number))))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21810 (concat (make-string leading-spaces ? ) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21811 (number-to-string number)))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21812 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21813 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21814 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21815 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21816 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21817 (defun graph-body-print (numbers-list height symbol-width) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21818 "Print a bar graph of the NUMBERS-LIST. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21819 The numbers-list consists of the Y-axis values. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21820 HEIGHT is maximum height of graph. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21821 SYMBOL-WIDTH is number of each column." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21822 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21823 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21824 (let (from-position) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21825 (while numbers-list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21826 (setq from-position (point)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21827 (insert-rectangle |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21828 (column-of-graph height (car numbers-list))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21829 (goto-char from-position) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21830 (forward-char symbol-width) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21831 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21832 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21833 ;; @r{Draw graph column by column.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21834 (sit-for 0) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21835 (setq numbers-list (cdr numbers-list))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21836 ;; @r{Place point for X axis labels.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21837 (forward-line height) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21838 (insert "\n"))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21839 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21840 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21841 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21842 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21843 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21844 (defun Y-axis-column |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21845 (height width-of-label &optional vertical-step) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21846 "Construct list of labels for Y axis. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21847 HEIGHT is maximum height of graph. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21848 WIDTH-OF-LABEL is maximum width of label. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21849 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21850 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21851 VERTICAL-STEP, an option, is a positive integer |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21852 that specifies how much a Y axis label increments |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21853 for each line. For example, a step of 5 means |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21854 that each line is five units of the graph." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21855 (let (Y-axis |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21856 (number-per-line (or vertical-step 1))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21857 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21858 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21859 (while (> height 1) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21860 (if (zerop (% height Y-axis-label-spacing)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21861 ;; @r{Insert label.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21862 (setq Y-axis |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21863 (cons |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21864 (Y-axis-element |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21865 (* height number-per-line) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21866 width-of-label) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21867 Y-axis)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21868 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21869 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21870 ;; @r{Else, insert blanks.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21871 (setq Y-axis |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21872 (cons |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21873 (make-string width-of-label ? ) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21874 Y-axis))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21875 (setq height (1- height))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21876 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21877 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21878 ;; @r{Insert base line.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21879 (setq Y-axis (cons (Y-axis-element |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21880 (or vertical-step 1) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21881 width-of-label) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21882 Y-axis)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21883 (nreverse Y-axis))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21884 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21885 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21886 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21887 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21888 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21889 (defun print-X-axis-numbered-line |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21890 (number-of-X-tics X-axis-leading-spaces |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21891 &optional horizontal-step) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21892 "Print line of X-axis numbers" |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21893 (let ((number X-axis-label-spacing) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21894 (horizontal-step (or horizontal-step 1))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21895 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21896 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21897 (insert X-axis-leading-spaces) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21898 ;; line up number |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21899 (delete-char (- (1- (length (number-to-string horizontal-step))))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21900 (insert (concat |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21901 (make-string |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21902 ;; @r{Insert white space up to next number.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21903 (- (* symbol-width X-axis-label-spacing) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21904 (1- (length (number-to-string horizontal-step))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21905 2) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21906 ? ) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21907 (number-to-string (* number horizontal-step)))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21908 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21909 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21910 ;; @r{Insert remaining numbers.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21911 (setq number (+ number X-axis-label-spacing)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21912 (while (> number-of-X-tics 1) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21913 (insert (X-axis-element (* number horizontal-step))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21914 (setq number (+ number X-axis-label-spacing)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21915 (setq number-of-X-tics (1- number-of-X-tics))))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21916 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21917 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21918 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21919 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21920 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21921 (defun print-X-axis (numbers-list horizontal-step) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21922 "Print X axis labels to length of NUMBERS-LIST. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21923 Optionally, HORIZONTAL-STEP, a positive integer, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21924 specifies how much an X axis label increments for |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21925 each column." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21926 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21927 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21928 ;; Value of symbol-width and full-Y-label-width |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21929 ;; are passed by `print-graph'. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21930 (let* ((leading-spaces |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21931 (make-string full-Y-label-width ? )) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21932 ;; symbol-width @r{is provided by} graph-body-print |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21933 (tic-width (* symbol-width X-axis-label-spacing)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21934 (X-length (length numbers-list)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21935 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21936 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21937 (X-tic |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21938 (concat |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21939 (make-string |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21940 ;; @r{Make a string of blanks.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21941 (- (* symbol-width X-axis-label-spacing) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21942 (length X-axis-tic-symbol)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21943 ? ) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21944 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21945 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21946 ;; @r{Concatenate blanks with tic symbol.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21947 X-axis-tic-symbol)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21948 (tic-number |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21949 (if (zerop (% X-length tic-width)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21950 (/ X-length tic-width) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21951 (1+ (/ X-length tic-width))))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21952 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21953 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21954 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21955 (print-X-axis-tic-line |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21956 tic-number leading-spaces X-tic) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21957 (insert "\n") |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21958 (print-X-axis-numbered-line |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21959 tic-number leading-spaces horizontal-step))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21960 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21961 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21962 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21963 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21964 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21965 (defun one-fiftieth (full-range) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21966 "Return list, each number of which is 1/50th previous." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21967 (mapcar '(lambda (arg) (/ arg 50)) full-range)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21968 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21969 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21970 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21971 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21972 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21973 (defun print-graph |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21974 (numbers-list &optional vertical-step horizontal-step) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21975 "Print labelled bar graph of the NUMBERS-LIST. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21976 The numbers-list consists of the Y-axis values. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21977 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21978 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21979 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21980 Optionally, VERTICAL-STEP, a positive integer, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21981 specifies how much a Y axis label increments for |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21982 each line. For example, a step of 5 means that |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21983 each row is five units. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21984 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21985 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21986 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21987 Optionally, HORIZONTAL-STEP, a positive integer, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21988 specifies how much an X axis label increments for |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21989 each column." |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21990 (let* ((symbol-width (length graph-blank)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21991 ;; @code{height} @r{is both the largest number} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21992 ;; @r{and the number with the most digits.} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21993 (height (apply 'max numbers-list)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21994 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21995 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21996 (height-of-top-line |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21997 (if (zerop (% height Y-axis-label-spacing)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21998 height |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
21999 ;; @r{else} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22000 (* (1+ (/ height Y-axis-label-spacing)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22001 Y-axis-label-spacing))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22002 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22003 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22004 (vertical-step (or vertical-step 1)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22005 (full-Y-label-width |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22006 (length |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22007 (concat |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22008 (number-to-string |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22009 (* height-of-top-line vertical-step)) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22010 Y-axis-tic)))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22011 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22012 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22013 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22014 (print-Y-axis |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22015 height-of-top-line full-Y-label-width vertical-step) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22016 (graph-body-print |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22017 numbers-list height-of-top-line symbol-width) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22018 (print-X-axis numbers-list horizontal-step))) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22019 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22020 @end smallexample |
57334
37199d6ac2c7
Add minor footnotes saying ' is an abbreviation for quote.
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
56940
diff
changeset
|
22021 @c qqq |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22022 @end ignore |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22023 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22024 @page |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22025 @node Final printed graph, , Another Bug, Print Whole Graph |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22026 @appendixsubsec The Printed Graph |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22027 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22028 When made and installed, you can call the @code{print-graph} command |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22029 like this: |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22030 @sp 1 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22031 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22032 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22033 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22034 (print-graph fiftieth-list-for-graph 50 10) |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22035 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22036 @end smallexample |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22037 @sp 1 |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22038 |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22039 @noindent |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22040 Here is the graph: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22041 @sp 2 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22042 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22043 @smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22044 @group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22045 1000 - * |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22046 ** |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22047 ** |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22048 ** |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22049 ** |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22050 750 - *** |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22051 *** |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22052 *** |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22053 *** |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22054 **** |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22055 500 - ***** |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22056 ****** |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22057 ****** |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22058 ****** |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22059 ******* |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22060 250 - ******** |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22061 ********* * |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22062 *********** * |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22063 ************* * |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22064 50 - ***************** * * |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22065 | | | | | | | | |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22066 10 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22067 @end group |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22068 @end smallexample |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22069 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22070 @sp 2 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22071 |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22072 @noindent |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22073 The largest group of functions contain 10 -- 19 words and symbols each. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22074 |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22075 @node Free Software and Free Manuals, GNU Free Documentation License, Full Graph, Top |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22076 @appendix Free Software and Free Manuals |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22077 |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22078 @strong{by Richard M. Stallman} |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22079 @sp 1 |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22080 |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22081 The biggest deficiency in free operating systems is not in the |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22082 software---it is the lack of good free manuals that we can include in |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22083 these systems. Many of our most important programs do not come with |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22084 full manuals. Documentation is an essential part of any software |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22085 package; when an important free software package does not come with a |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22086 free manual, that is a major gap. We have many such gaps today. |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22087 |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22088 Once upon a time, many years ago, I thought I would learn Perl. I got |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22089 a copy of a free manual, but I found it hard to read. When I asked |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22090 Perl users about alternatives, they told me that there were better |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22091 introductory manuals---but those were not free. |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22092 |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
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22093 Why was this? The authors of the good manuals had written them for |
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22094 O'Reilly Associates, which published them with restrictive terms---no |
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22095 copying, no modification, source files not available---which exclude |
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22096 them from the free software community. |
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22097 |
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22098 That wasn't the first time this sort of thing has happened, and (to |
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22099 our community's great loss) it was far from the last. Proprietary |
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22100 manual publishers have enticed a great many authors to restrict their |
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22101 manuals since then. Many times I have heard a GNU user eagerly tell me |
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22102 about a manual that he is writing, with which he expects to help the |
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22103 GNU project---and then had my hopes dashed, as he proceeded to explain |
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22104 that he had signed a contract with a publisher that would restrict it |
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22105 so that we cannot use it. |
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22106 |
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22107 Given that writing good English is a rare skill among programmers, we |
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22108 can ill afford to lose manuals this way. |
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22109 |
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22110 @c (texinfo)uref |
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22111 (The Free Software Foundation |
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22112 @uref{http://www.gnu.org/doc/doc.html#DescriptionsOfGNUDocumentation, , |
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22113 sells printed copies} of free @uref{http://www.gnu.org/doc/doc.html, |
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22114 GNU manuals}, too.) |
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22115 |
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22116 Free documentation, like free software, is a matter of freedom, not |
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22117 price. The problem with these manuals was not that O'Reilly Associates |
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22118 charged a price for printed copies---that in itself is fine. (The Free |
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22119 Software Foundation sells printed copies of free GNU manuals, too.) |
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22120 But GNU manuals are available in source code form, while these manuals |
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22121 are available only on paper. GNU manuals come with permission to copy |
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22122 and modify; the Perl manuals do not. These restrictions are the |
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22123 problems. |
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22124 |
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22125 The criterion for a free manual is pretty much the same as for free |
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22126 software: it is a matter of giving all users certain |
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22127 freedoms. Redistribution (including commercial redistribution) must be |
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22128 permitted, so that the manual can accompany every copy of the program, |
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22129 on-line or on paper. Permission for modification is crucial too. |
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22130 |
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22131 As a general rule, I don't believe that it is essential for people to |
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22132 have permission to modify all sorts of articles and books. The issues |
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22133 for writings are not necessarily the same as those for software. For |
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22134 example, I don't think you or I are obliged to give permission to |
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22135 modify articles like this one, which describe our actions and our |
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22136 views. |
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22137 |
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22138 But there is a particular reason why the freedom to modify is crucial |
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22139 for documentation for free software. When people exercise their right |
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22140 to modify the software, and add or change its features, if they are |
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22141 conscientious they will change the manual too---so they can provide |
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22142 accurate and usable documentation with the modified program. A manual |
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22143 which forbids programmers to be conscientious and finish the job, or |
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22144 more precisely requires them to write a new manual from scratch if |
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22145 they change the program, does not fill our community's needs. |
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22146 |
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22147 While a blanket prohibition on modification is unacceptable, some |
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22148 kinds of limits on the method of modification pose no problem. For |
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22149 example, requirements to preserve the original author's copyright |
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22150 notice, the distribution terms, or the list of authors, are ok. It is |
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22151 also no problem to require modified versions to include notice that |
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22152 they were modified, even to have entire sections that may not be |
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22153 deleted or changed, as long as these sections deal with nontechnical |
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22154 topics. (Some GNU manuals have them.) |
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22155 |
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22156 These kinds of restrictions are not a problem because, as a practical |
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22157 matter, they don't stop the conscientious programmer from adapting the |
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22158 manual to fit the modified program. In other words, they don't block |
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22159 the free software community from making full use of the manual. |
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22160 |
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22161 However, it must be possible to modify all the technical content of |
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22162 the manual, and then distribute the result in all the usual media, |
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22163 through all the usual channels; otherwise, the restrictions do block |
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22164 the community, the manual is not free, and so we need another manual. |
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22165 |
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22166 Unfortunately, it is often hard to find someone to write another |
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22167 manual when a proprietary manual exists. The obstacle is that many |
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22168 users think that a proprietary manual is good enough---so they don't |
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22169 see the need to write a free manual. They do not see that the free |
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22170 operating system has a gap that needs filling. |
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22171 |
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22172 Why do users think that proprietary manuals are good enough? Some have |
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22173 not considered the issue. I hope this article will do something to |
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22174 change that. |
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22175 |
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22176 Other users consider proprietary manuals acceptable for the same |
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22177 reason so many people consider proprietary software acceptable: they |
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22178 judge in purely practical terms, not using freedom as a |
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22179 criterion. These people are entitled to their opinions, but since |
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22180 those opinions spring from values which do not include freedom, they |
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22181 are no guide for those of us who do value freedom. |
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22182 |
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22183 Please spread the word about this issue. We continue to lose manuals |
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22184 to proprietary publishing. If we spread the word that proprietary |
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22185 manuals are not sufficient, perhaps the next person who wants to help |
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22186 GNU by writing documentation will realize, before it is too late, that |
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22187 he must above all make it free. |
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22188 |
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22189 We can also encourage commercial publishers to sell free, copylefted |
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22190 manuals instead of proprietary ones. One way you can help this is to |
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22191 check the distribution terms of a manual before you buy it, and prefer |
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22192 copylefted manuals to non-copylefted ones. |
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22193 |
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22194 @sp 2 |
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22195 @noindent |
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22196 Note: The Free Software Foundation maintains a page on its Web site |
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22197 that lists free books available from other publishers:@* |
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22198 @uref{http://www.gnu.org/doc/other-free-books.html} |
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22199 |
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|
22200 @node GNU Free Documentation License, Index, Free Software and Free Manuals, Top |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
22201 @appendix GNU Free Documentation License |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
22202 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
22203 @cindex FDL, GNU Free Documentation License |
51945
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Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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50622
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|
22204 @center Version 1.2, November 2002 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
22205 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22206 @display |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
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|
22207 Copyright @copyright{} 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
64091 | 22208 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
22209 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
22210 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
22211 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
22212 @end display |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
22213 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
22214 @enumerate 0 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22215 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22216 PREAMBLE |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22217 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22218 The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
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|
22219 functional and useful document @dfn{free} in the sense of freedom: to |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
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|
22220 assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
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|
22221 with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
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|
22222 Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
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|
22223 to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
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|
22224 for modifications made by others. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22225 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22226 This License is a kind of ``copyleft'', which means that derivative |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22227 works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
22228 complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22229 license designed for free software. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22230 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22231 We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
22232 software, because free software needs free documentation: a free |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22233 program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
22234 software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22235 it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
22236 whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
22237 principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
22238 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
22239 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
22240 APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22241 |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
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|
22242 This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
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|
22243 contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
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|
22244 distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
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|
22245 world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
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|
22246 work under the conditions stated herein. The ``Document'', below, |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
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|
22247 refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
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|
22248 licensee, and is addressed as ``you''. You accept the license if you |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
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|
22249 copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
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|
22250 under copyright law. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22251 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22252 A ``Modified Version'' of the Document means any work containing the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22253 Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22254 modifications and/or translated into another language. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22255 |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
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|
22256 A ``Secondary Section'' is a named appendix or a front-matter section |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
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|
22257 of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
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|
22258 publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
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|
22259 subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
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|
22260 directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
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|
22261 part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
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|
22262 any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
22263 connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
22264 commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22265 them. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
22266 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22267 The ``Invariant Sections'' are certain Secondary Sections whose titles |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22268 are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
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|
22269 that says that the Document is released under this License. If a |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
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|
22270 section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
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|
22271 allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
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|
22272 Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
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|
22273 Sections then there are none. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
22274 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22275 The ``Cover Texts'' are certain short passages of text that are listed, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
22276 as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
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|
22277 the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
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|
22278 be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
22279 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22280 A ``Transparent'' copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
22281 represented in a format whose specification is available to the |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
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|
22282 general public, that is suitable for revising the document |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
22283 straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22284 pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
22285 drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
22286 for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
22287 to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
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|
22288 format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
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|
22289 or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
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|
22290 An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
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|
22291 of text. A copy that is not ``Transparent'' is called ``Opaque''. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
22292 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
22293 Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
22294 @sc{ascii} without markup, Texinfo input format, La@TeX{} input |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
22295 format, @acronym{SGML} or @acronym{XML} using a publicly available |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
22296 @acronym{DTD}, and standard-conforming simple @acronym{HTML}, |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
22297 PostScript or @acronym{PDF} designed for human modification. Examples |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
22298 of transparent image formats include @acronym{PNG}, @acronym{XCF} and |
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Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
22299 @acronym{JPG}. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
22300 read and edited only by proprietary word processors, @acronym{SGML} or |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
22301 @acronym{XML} for which the @acronym{DTD} and/or processing tools are |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
22302 not generally available, and the machine-generated @acronym{HTML}, |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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|
22303 PostScript or @acronym{PDF} produced by some word processors for |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
22304 output purposes only. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
22305 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22306 The ``Title Page'' means, for a printed book, the title page itself, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
22307 plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
22308 this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22309 formats which do not have any title page as such, ``Title Page'' means |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22310 the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22311 preceding the beginning of the body of the text. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
22312 |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22313 A section ``Entitled XYZ'' means a named subunit of the Document whose |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22314 title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22315 text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22316 specific section name mentioned below, such as ``Acknowledgements'', |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22317 ``Dedications'', ``Endorsements'', or ``History''.) To ``Preserve the Title'' |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22318 of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22319 section ``Entitled XYZ'' according to this definition. |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22320 |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22321 The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22322 states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22323 Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22324 License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22325 implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22326 no effect on the meaning of this License. |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22327 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22328 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22329 VERBATIM COPYING |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22330 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22331 You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22332 commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22333 copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22334 to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22335 conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22336 technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22337 copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22338 compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22339 number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22340 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22341 You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22342 you may publicly display copies. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22343 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22344 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22345 COPYING IN QUANTITY |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22346 |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22347 If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22348 printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22349 Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22350 copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22351 Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22352 the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22353 you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22354 the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22355 visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22356 Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22357 the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22358 as verbatim copying in other respects. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22359 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22360 If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22361 legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22362 reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22363 pages. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22364 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22365 If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22366 more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22367 copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22368 a computer-network location from which the general network-using |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22369 public has access to download using public-standard network protocols |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22370 a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22371 If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22372 when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22373 that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22374 location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22375 Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22376 edition to the public. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22377 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22378 It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22379 Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22380 them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22381 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22382 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22383 MODIFICATIONS |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22384 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22385 You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22386 the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22387 the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22388 Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22389 and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22390 of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version: |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22391 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22392 @enumerate A |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22393 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22394 Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22395 from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22396 (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22397 of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22398 if the original publisher of that version gives permission. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22399 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22400 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22401 List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22402 responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22403 Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22404 Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five), |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22405 unless they release you from this requirement. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22406 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22407 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22408 State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22409 Modified Version, as the publisher. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22410 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22411 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22412 Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22413 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22414 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22415 Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22416 adjacent to the other copyright notices. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22417 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22418 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22419 Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22420 giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22421 terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22422 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22423 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22424 Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22425 and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22426 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22427 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22428 Include an unaltered copy of this License. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22429 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22430 @item |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22431 Preserve the section Entitled ``History'', Preserve its Title, and add |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22432 to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22433 publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22434 there is no section Entitled ``History'' in the Document, create one |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22435 stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22436 given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22437 Version as stated in the previous sentence. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22438 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22439 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22440 Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22441 public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22442 the network locations given in the Document for previous versions |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22443 it was based on. These may be placed in the ``History'' section. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22444 You may omit a network location for a work that was published at |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22445 least four years before the Document itself, or if the original |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22446 publisher of the version it refers to gives permission. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22447 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22448 @item |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22449 For any section Entitled ``Acknowledgements'' or ``Dedications'', Preserve |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22450 the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22451 substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22452 dedications given therein. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22453 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22454 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22455 Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22456 unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22457 or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22458 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22459 @item |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22460 Delete any section Entitled ``Endorsements''. Such a section |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22461 may not be included in the Modified Version. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22462 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22463 @item |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22464 Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled ``Endorsements'' or |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22465 to conflict in title with any Invariant Section. |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22466 |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22467 @item |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22468 Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22469 @end enumerate |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22470 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22471 If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22472 appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22473 copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22474 of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22475 list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22476 These titles must be distinct from any other section titles. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22477 |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22478 You may add a section Entitled ``Endorsements'', provided it contains |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22479 nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22480 parties---for example, statements of peer review or that the text has |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22481 been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22482 standard. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22483 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22484 You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22485 passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22486 of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22487 Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22488 through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22489 includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22490 by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22491 you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22492 permission from the previous publisher that added the old one. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22493 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22494 The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22495 give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22496 imply endorsement of any Modified Version. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22497 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22498 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22499 COMBINING DOCUMENTS |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22500 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22501 You may combine the Document with other documents released under this |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22502 License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22503 versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22504 Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22505 list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22506 license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22507 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22508 The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22509 multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22510 copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22511 different contents, make the title of each such section unique by |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22512 adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22513 author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22514 Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22515 Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22516 |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22517 In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled ``History'' |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22518 in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22519 ``History''; likewise combine any sections Entitled ``Acknowledgements'', |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22520 and any sections Entitled ``Dedications''. You must delete all |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22521 sections Entitled ``Endorsements.'' |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22522 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22523 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22524 COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22525 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22526 You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22527 released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22528 License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22529 the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22530 verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22531 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22532 You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22533 it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22534 License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22535 other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22536 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22537 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22538 AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22539 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22540 A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22541 and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22542 distribution medium, is called an ``aggregate'' if the copyright |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22543 resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22544 of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit. |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22545 When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22546 apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22547 derivative works of the Document. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22548 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22549 If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22550 copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22551 the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22552 covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22553 electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
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|
22554 Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22555 aggregate. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22556 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22557 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22558 TRANSLATION |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22559 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22560 Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22561 distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22562 Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22563 permission from their copyright holders, but you may include |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22564 translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22565 original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22566 translation of this License, and all the license notices in the |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22567 Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22568 the original English version of this License and the original versions |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22569 of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22570 the translation and the original version of this License or a notice |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22571 or disclaimer, the original version will prevail. |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22572 |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22573 If a section in the Document is Entitled ``Acknowledgements'', |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22574 ``Dedications'', or ``History'', the requirement (section 4) to Preserve |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
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|
22575 its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22576 title. |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22577 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22578 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22579 TERMINATION |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22580 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22581 You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22582 as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22583 copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22584 automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22585 parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22586 License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22587 parties remain in full compliance. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22588 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22589 @item |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22590 FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22591 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22592 The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22593 of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22594 versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22595 differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22596 @uref{http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/}. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22597 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22598 Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22599 If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22600 License ``or any later version'' applies to it, you have the option of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22601 following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22602 of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22603 Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22604 number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22605 as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22606 @end enumerate |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22607 |
51945
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
22608 @page |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
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|
22609 @appendixsubsec ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
22610 |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22611 To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22612 the License in the document and put the following copyright and |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
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|
22613 license notices just after the title page: |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
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|
22614 |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22615 @smallexample |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22616 @group |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22617 Copyright (C) @var{year} @var{your name}. |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
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|
22618 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22619 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22620 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22621 with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22622 A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22623 Free Documentation License''. |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
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|
22624 @end group |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
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|
22625 @end smallexample |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
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|
22626 |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22627 If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22628 replace the ``with...Texts.'' line with this: |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22629 |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22630 @smallexample |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
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|
22631 @group |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
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|
22632 with the Invariant Sections being @var{list their titles}, with |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22633 the Front-Cover Texts being @var{list}, and with the Back-Cover Texts |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
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|
22634 being @var{list}. |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
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|
22635 @end group |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
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diff
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|
22636 @end smallexample |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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|
22637 |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22638 If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
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|
22639 combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
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|
22640 situation. |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
22641 |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22642 If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
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|
22643 recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
changeset
|
22644 free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
50622
diff
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|
22645 to permit their use in free software. |
bfb22215769d
Revise various segments, fix typos, add GNU Press information,
Robert J. Chassell <bob@rattlesnake.com>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
22646 |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22647 @node Index, About the Author, GNU Free Documentation License, Top |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22648 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22649 @unnumbered Index |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22650 |
41670
b4c633081255
(Index): @ignore extraneous text.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
41499
diff
changeset
|
22651 @ignore |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22652 MENU ENTRY: NODE NAME. |
41670
b4c633081255
(Index): @ignore extraneous text.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
41499
diff
changeset
|
22653 @end ignore |
41421
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22654 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22655 @printindex cp |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22656 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22657 @iftex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22658 @c Place biographical information on right-hand (verso) page |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22659 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22660 @tex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22661 \ifodd\pageno |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22662 \par\vfill\supereject |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22663 \global\evenheadline={\hfil} \global\evenfootline={\hfil} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
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22664 \global\oddheadline={\hfil} \global\oddfootline={\hfil} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22665 \page\hbox{}\page |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22666 \else |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22667 \par\vfill\supereject |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22668 \par\vfill\supereject |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22669 \global\evenheadline={\hfil} \global\evenfootline={\hfil} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22670 \global\oddheadline={\hfil} \global\oddfootline={\hfil} |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22671 \page\hbox{}\page |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22672 \page\hbox{}\page |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
22673 \fi |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
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|
22674 @end tex |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22675 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22676 @page |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22677 @w{ } |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
22678 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
diff
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|
22679 @c ================ Biographical information ================ |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
22680 |
7a66b17d124d
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Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
22681 @w{ } |
7a66b17d124d
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Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
22682 @sp 8 |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
22683 @center About the Author |
7a66b17d124d
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Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
22684 @sp 1 |
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Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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22685 @end iftex |
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Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
22686 |
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Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
22687 @ifnottex |
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Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
22688 @node About the Author, , Index, Top |
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Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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22689 @unnumbered About the Author |
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Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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22690 @end ifnottex |
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Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
22691 |
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Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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22692 @quotation |
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Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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22693 Robert J. Chassell has worked with GNU Emacs since 1985. He writes |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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22694 and edits, teaches Emacs and Emacs Lisp, and speaks throughout the |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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22695 world on software freedom. Chassell was a founding Director and |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
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22696 Treasurer of the Free Software Foundation, Inc. He is co-author of |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
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22697 the @cite{Texinfo} manual, and has edited more than a dozen other |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
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|
22698 books. He graduated from Cambridge University, in England. He has an |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
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parents:
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|
22699 abiding interest in social and economic history and flies his own |
7a66b17d124d
Modified slightly for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
22700 airplane. |
7a66b17d124d
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parents:
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|
22701 @end quotation |
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|
22702 |
7a66b17d124d
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parents:
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|
22703 @page |
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|
22704 @w{ } |
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|
22705 |
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|
22706 @c Prevent page number on blank verso, so eject it first. |
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parents:
diff
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|
22707 @tex |
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|
22708 \par\vfill\supereject |
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|
22709 @end tex |
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|
22710 |
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|
22711 @iftex |
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|
22712 @headings off |
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parents:
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|
22713 @evenheading @thispage @| @| @thistitle |
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|
22714 @oddheading @| @| @thispage |
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parents:
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|
22715 @end iftex |
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|
22716 |
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|
22717 @bye |
52401 | 22718 |
22719 @ignore | |
22720 arch-tag: da1a2154-531f-43a8-8e33-fc7faad10acf | |
22721 @end ignore |