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annotate lispref/positions.texi @ 7898:1d65b2152c4e
Put config.h first.
author | Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org> |
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date | Wed, 15 Jun 1994 03:46:59 +0000 |
parents | 2d4db32cccd5 |
children | 32ae92d81323 |
rev | line source |
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6552 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 Free Software Foundation, Inc. | |
4 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. | |
5 @setfilename ../info/positions | |
6 @node Positions, Markers, Frames, Top | |
7 @chapter Positions | |
8 @cindex position (in buffer) | |
9 | |
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10 A @dfn{position} is the index of a character in the text of a buffer. |
6552 | 11 More precisely, a position identifies the place between two characters |
12 (or before the first character, or after the last character), so we can | |
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13 speak of the character before or after a given position. However, we |
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14 often speak of the character ``at'' a position, meaning the character |
6552 | 15 after that position. |
16 | |
17 Positions are usually represented as integers starting from 1, but can | |
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18 also be represented as @dfn{markers}---special objects that relocate |
6552 | 19 automatically when text is inserted or deleted so they stay with the |
20 surrounding characters. @xref{Markers}. | |
21 | |
22 @menu | |
23 * Point:: The special position where editing takes place. | |
24 * Motion:: Changing point. | |
25 * Excursions:: Temporary motion and buffer changes. | |
26 * Narrowing:: Restricting editing to a portion of the buffer. | |
27 @end menu | |
28 | |
29 @node Point | |
30 @section Point | |
31 @cindex point | |
32 | |
33 @dfn{Point} is a special buffer position used by many editing | |
34 commands, including the self-inserting typed characters and text | |
35 insertion functions. Other commands move point through the text | |
36 to allow editing and insertion at different places. | |
37 | |
38 Like other positions, point designates a place between two characters | |
39 (or before the first character, or after the last character), rather | |
40 than a particular character. Many terminals display the cursor over the | |
41 character that immediately follows point; on such terminals, point is | |
42 actually before the character on which the cursor sits. | |
43 | |
44 @cindex point with narrowing | |
45 The value of point is a number between 1 and the buffer size plus 1. | |
46 If narrowing is in effect (@pxref{Narrowing}), then point is constrained | |
47 to fall within the accessible portion of the buffer (possibly at one end | |
48 of it). | |
49 | |
50 Each buffer has its own value of point, which is independent of the | |
51 value of point in other buffers. Each window also has a value of point, | |
52 which is independent of the value of point in other windows on the same | |
53 buffer. This is why point can have different values in various windows | |
54 that display the same buffer. When a buffer appears in only one window, | |
55 the buffer's point and the window's point normally have the same value, | |
56 so the distinction is rarely important. @xref{Window Point}, for more | |
57 details. | |
58 | |
59 @defun point | |
60 @cindex current buffer position | |
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61 This function returns the value of point in the current buffer, |
6552 | 62 as an integer. |
63 | |
64 @need 700 | |
65 @example | |
66 @group | |
67 (point) | |
68 @result{} 175 | |
69 @end group | |
70 @end example | |
71 @end defun | |
72 | |
73 @defun point-min | |
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74 This function returns the minimum accessible value of point in the |
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75 current buffer. This is normally 1, but if narrowing is in effect, it |
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76 is the position of the start of the region that you narrowed to. |
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77 (@xref{Narrowing}.) |
6552 | 78 @end defun |
79 | |
80 @defun point-max | |
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81 This function returns the maximum accessible value of point in the |
6552 | 82 current buffer. This is @code{(1+ (buffer-size))}, unless narrowing is |
83 in effect, in which case it is the position of the end of the region | |
84 that you narrowed to. (@xref{Narrowing}). | |
85 @end defun | |
86 | |
87 @defun buffer-end flag | |
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88 This function returns @code{(point-min)} if @var{flag} is less than 1, |
6552 | 89 @code{(point-max)} otherwise. The argument @var{flag} must be a number. |
90 @end defun | |
91 | |
92 @defun buffer-size | |
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93 This function returns the total number of characters in the current |
6552 | 94 buffer. In the absence of any narrowing (@pxref{Narrowing}), |
95 @code{point-max} returns a value one larger than this. | |
96 | |
97 @example | |
98 @group | |
99 (buffer-size) | |
100 @result{} 35 | |
101 @end group | |
102 @group | |
103 (point-max) | |
104 @result{} 36 | |
105 @end group | |
106 @end example | |
107 @end defun | |
108 | |
109 @node Motion | |
110 @section Motion | |
111 | |
112 Motion functions change the value of point, either relative to the | |
113 current value of point, relative to the beginning or end of the buffer, | |
114 or relative to the edges of the selected window. @xref{Point}. | |
115 | |
116 @menu | |
117 * Character Motion:: Moving in terms of characters. | |
118 * Word Motion:: Moving in terms of words. | |
119 * Buffer End Motion:: Moving to the beginning or end of the buffer. | |
120 * Text Lines:: Moving in terms of lines of text. | |
121 * Screen Lines:: Moving in terms of lines as displayed. | |
122 * Vertical Motion:: Implementation of @code{next-line} and | |
123 @code{previous-line}. | |
124 * List Motion:: Moving by parsing lists and sexps. | |
125 * Skipping Characters:: Skipping characters belonging to a certain set. | |
126 @end menu | |
127 | |
128 @node Character Motion | |
129 @subsection Motion by Characters | |
130 | |
131 These functions move point based on a count of characters. | |
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132 @code{goto-char} is the fundamental primitive; the other functions use |
6552 | 133 that. |
134 | |
135 @deffn Command goto-char position | |
136 This function sets point in the current buffer to the value | |
137 @var{position}. If @var{position} is less than 1, it moves point to the | |
138 beginning of the buffer. If @var{position} is greater than the length | |
139 of the buffer, it moves point to the end. | |
140 | |
141 If narrowing is in effect, @var{position} still counts from the | |
142 beginning of the buffer, but point cannot go outside the accessible | |
143 portion. If @var{position} is out of range, @code{goto-char} moves | |
144 point to the beginning or the end of the accessible portion. | |
145 | |
146 When this function is called interactively, @var{position} is the | |
147 numeric prefix argument, if provided; otherwise it is read from the | |
148 minibuffer. | |
149 | |
150 @code{goto-char} returns @var{position}. | |
151 @end deffn | |
152 | |
153 @deffn Command forward-char &optional count | |
154 @c @kindex beginning-of-buffer | |
155 @c @kindex end-of-buffer | |
156 This function moves point @var{count} characters forward, towards the | |
157 end of the buffer (or backward, towards the beginning of the buffer, if | |
158 @var{count} is negative). If the function attempts to move point past | |
159 the beginning or end of the buffer (or the limits of the accessible | |
160 portion, when narrowing is in effect), an error is signaled with error | |
161 code @code{beginning-of-buffer} or @code{end-of-buffer}. | |
162 | |
163 In an interactive call, @var{count} is the numeric prefix argument. | |
164 @end deffn | |
165 | |
166 @deffn Command backward-char &optional count | |
167 This function moves point @var{count} characters backward, towards the | |
168 beginning of the buffer (or forward, towards the end of the buffer, if | |
169 @var{count} is negative). If the function attempts to move point past | |
170 the beginning or end of the buffer (or the limits of the accessible | |
171 portion, when narrowing is in effect), an error is signaled with error | |
172 code @code{beginning-of-buffer} or @code{end-of-buffer}. | |
173 | |
174 In an interactive call, @var{count} is the numeric prefix argument. | |
175 @end deffn | |
176 | |
177 @node Word Motion | |
178 @subsection Motion by Words | |
179 | |
180 These functions for parsing words use the syntax table to decide | |
181 whether a given character is part of a word. @xref{Syntax Tables}. | |
182 | |
183 @deffn Command forward-word count | |
184 This function moves point forward @var{count} words (or backward if | |
185 @var{count} is negative). Normally it returns @code{t}. If this motion | |
186 encounters the beginning or end of the buffer, or the limits of the | |
187 accessible portion when narrowing is in effect, point stops there | |
188 and the value is @code{nil}. | |
189 | |
190 In an interactive call, @var{count} is set to the numeric prefix | |
191 argument. | |
192 @end deffn | |
193 | |
194 @deffn Command backward-word count | |
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195 This function is just like @code{forward-word}, except that it moves |
6552 | 196 backward until encountering the front of a word, rather than forward. |
197 | |
198 In an interactive call, @var{count} is set to the numeric prefix | |
199 argument. | |
200 | |
201 This function is rarely used in programs, as it is more efficient to | |
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202 call @code{forward-word} with a negative argument. |
6552 | 203 @end deffn |
204 | |
205 @defvar words-include-escapes | |
206 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
207 This variable affects the behavior of @code{forward-word} and everything | |
208 that uses it. If it is non-@code{nil}, then characters in the | |
209 ``escape'' and ``character quote'' syntax classes count as part of | |
210 words. Otherwise, they do not. | |
211 @end defvar | |
212 | |
213 @node Buffer End Motion | |
214 @subsection Motion to an End of the Buffer | |
215 | |
216 To move point to the beginning of the buffer, write: | |
217 | |
218 @example | |
219 @group | |
220 (goto-char (point-min)) | |
221 @end group | |
222 @end example | |
223 | |
224 @noindent | |
225 Likewise, to move to the end of the buffer, use: | |
226 | |
227 @example | |
228 @group | |
229 (goto-char (point-max)) | |
230 @end group | |
231 @end example | |
232 | |
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233 Here are two commands that users use to do these things. They are |
6552 | 234 documented here to warn you not to use them in Lisp programs, because |
235 they set the mark and display messages in the echo area. | |
236 | |
237 @deffn Command beginning-of-buffer &optional n | |
238 This function moves point to the beginning of the buffer (or the limits | |
239 of the accessible portion, when narrowing is in effect), setting the | |
240 mark at the previous position. If @var{n} is non-@code{nil}, then it | |
241 puts point @var{n} tenths of the way from the beginning of the buffer. | |
242 | |
243 In an interactive call, @var{n} is the numeric prefix argument, | |
244 if provided; otherwise @var{n} defaults to @code{nil}. | |
245 | |
246 Don't use this function in Lisp programs! | |
247 @end deffn | |
248 | |
249 @deffn Command end-of-buffer &optional n | |
250 This function moves point to the end of the buffer (or the limits of | |
251 the accessible portion, when narrowing is in effect), setting the mark | |
252 at the previous position. If @var{n} is non-@code{nil}, then it puts | |
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253 point @var{n} tenths of the way from the end of the buffer. |
6552 | 254 |
255 In an interactive call, @var{n} is the numeric prefix argument, | |
256 if provided; otherwise @var{n} defaults to @code{nil}. | |
257 | |
258 Don't use this function in Lisp programs! | |
259 @end deffn | |
260 | |
261 @node Text Lines | |
262 @subsection Motion by Text Lines | |
263 @cindex lines | |
264 | |
265 Text lines are portions of the buffer delimited by newline characters, | |
266 which are regarded as part of the previous line. The first text line | |
267 begins at the beginning of the buffer, and the last text line ends at | |
268 the end of the buffer whether or not the last character is a newline. | |
269 The division of the buffer into text lines is not affected by the width | |
270 of the window, by line continuation in display, or by how tabs and | |
271 control characters are displayed. | |
272 | |
273 @deffn Command goto-line line | |
274 This function moves point to the front of the @var{line}th line, | |
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275 counting from line 1 at beginning of the buffer. If @var{line} is less |
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276 than 1, it moves point to the beginning of the buffer. If @var{line} is |
6552 | 277 greater than the number of lines in the buffer, it moves point to the |
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278 end of the buffer---that is, the @emph{end of the last line} of the |
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279 buffer. This is the only case in which @code{goto-line} does not |
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280 necessarily move to the beginning of a line. |
6552 | 281 |
282 If narrowing is in effect, then @var{line} still counts from the | |
283 beginning of the buffer, but point cannot go outside the accessible | |
284 portion. So @code{goto-line} moves point to the beginning or end of the | |
285 accessible portion, if the line number specifies an inaccessible | |
286 position. | |
287 | |
288 The return value of @code{goto-line} is the difference between | |
289 @var{line} and the line number of the line to which point actually was | |
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290 able to move (in the full buffer, before taking account of narrowing). |
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291 Thus, the value is positive if the scan encounters the real end of the |
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292 buffer. The value is zero if scan encounters the end of the accessible |
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293 portion but not the real end of the buffer. |
6552 | 294 |
295 In an interactive call, @var{line} is the numeric prefix argument if | |
296 one has been provided. Otherwise @var{line} is read in the minibuffer. | |
297 @end deffn | |
298 | |
299 @deffn Command beginning-of-line &optional count | |
300 This function moves point to the beginning of the current line. With an | |
301 argument @var{count} not @code{nil} or 1, it moves forward | |
302 @var{count}@minus{}1 lines and then to the beginning of the line. | |
303 | |
304 If this function reaches the end of the buffer (or of the accessible | |
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305 portion, if narrowing is in effect), it positions point there. No error |
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306 is signaled. |
6552 | 307 @end deffn |
308 | |
309 @deffn Command end-of-line &optional count | |
310 This function moves point to the end of the current line. With an | |
311 argument @var{count} not @code{nil} or 1, it moves forward | |
312 @var{count}@minus{}1 lines and then to the end of the line. | |
313 | |
314 If this function reaches the end of the buffer (or of the accessible | |
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315 portion, if narrowing is in effect), it positions point there. No error |
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316 is signaled. |
6552 | 317 @end deffn |
318 | |
319 @deffn Command forward-line &optional count | |
320 @cindex beginning of line | |
321 This function moves point forward @var{count} lines, to the beginning of | |
322 the line. If @var{count} is negative, it moves point | |
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323 @minus{}@var{count} lines backward, to the beginning of a line. If |
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324 @var{count} is zero, it moves point to the beginning of the current |
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325 line. |
6552 | 326 |
327 If @code{forward-line} encounters the beginning or end of the buffer (or | |
328 of the accessible portion) before finding that many lines, it sets point | |
329 there. No error is signaled. | |
330 | |
331 @code{forward-line} returns the difference between @var{count} and the | |
332 number of lines actually moved. If you attempt to move down five lines | |
333 from the beginning of a buffer that has only three lines, point stops at | |
334 the end of the last line, and the value will be 2. | |
335 | |
336 In an interactive call, @var{count} is the numeric prefix argument. | |
337 @end deffn | |
338 | |
339 @defun count-lines start end | |
340 @cindex lines in region | |
341 This function returns the number of lines between the positions | |
342 @var{start} and @var{end} in the current buffer. If @var{start} and | |
343 @var{end} are equal, then it returns 0. Otherwise it returns at least | |
344 1, even if @var{start} and @var{end} are on the same line. This is | |
345 because the text between them, considered in isolation, must contain at | |
346 least one line unless it is empty. | |
347 | |
348 Here is an example of using @code{count-lines}: | |
349 | |
350 @example | |
351 @group | |
352 (defun current-line () | |
353 "Return the vertical position of point@dots{}" | |
354 (+ (count-lines (window-start) (point)) | |
355 (if (= (current-column) 0) 1 0) | |
356 -1)) | |
357 @end group | |
358 @end example | |
359 @end defun | |
360 | |
361 @ignore | |
362 @c ================ | |
363 The @code{previous-line} and @code{next-line} commands are functions | |
364 that should not be used in programs. They are for users and are | |
365 mentioned here only for completeness. | |
366 | |
367 @deffn Command previous-line count | |
368 @cindex goal column | |
369 This function moves point up @var{count} lines (down if @var{count} | |
370 is negative). In moving, it attempts to keep point in the ``goal column'' | |
371 (normally the same column that it was at the beginning of the move). | |
372 | |
373 If there is no character in the target line exactly under the current | |
374 column, point is positioned after the character in that line which | |
375 spans this column, or at the end of the line if it is not long enough. | |
376 | |
377 If it attempts to move beyond the top or bottom of the buffer (or clipped | |
378 region), then point is positioned in the goal column in the top or | |
379 bottom line. No error is signaled. | |
380 | |
381 In an interactive call, @var{count} will be the numeric | |
382 prefix argument. | |
383 | |
384 The command @code{set-goal-column} can be used to create a semipermanent | |
385 goal column to which this command always moves. Then it does not try to | |
386 move vertically. | |
387 | |
388 If you are thinking of using this in a Lisp program, consider using | |
389 @code{forward-line} with a negative argument instead. It is usually easier | |
390 to use and more reliable (no dependence on goal column, etc.). | |
391 @end deffn | |
392 | |
393 @deffn Command next-line count | |
394 This function moves point down @var{count} lines (up if @var{count} | |
395 is negative). In moving, it attempts to keep point in the ``goal column'' | |
396 (normally the same column that it was at the beginning of the move). | |
397 | |
398 If there is no character in the target line exactly under the current | |
399 column, point is positioned after the character in that line which | |
400 spans this column, or at the end of the line if it is not long enough. | |
401 | |
402 If it attempts to move beyond the top or bottom of the buffer (or clipped | |
403 region), then point is positioned in the goal column in the top or | |
404 bottom line. No error is signaled. | |
405 | |
406 In the case where the @var{count} is 1, and point is on the last | |
407 line of the buffer (or clipped region), a new empty line is inserted at the | |
408 end of the buffer (or clipped region) and point moved there. | |
409 | |
410 In an interactive call, @var{count} will be the numeric | |
411 prefix argument. | |
412 | |
413 The command @code{set-goal-column} can be used to create a semipermanent | |
414 goal column to which this command always moves. Then it does not try to | |
415 move vertically. | |
416 | |
417 If you are thinking of using this in a Lisp program, consider using | |
418 @code{forward-line} instead. It is usually easier | |
419 to use and more reliable (no dependence on goal column, etc.). | |
420 @end deffn | |
421 | |
422 @c ================ | |
423 @end ignore | |
424 | |
425 Also see the functions @code{bolp} and @code{eolp} in @ref{Near Point}. | |
426 These functions do not move point, but test whether it is already at the | |
427 beginning or end of a line. | |
428 | |
429 @node Screen Lines | |
430 @subsection Motion by Screen Lines | |
431 | |
432 The line functions in the previous section count text lines, delimited | |
433 only by newline characters. By contrast, these functions count screen | |
434 lines, which are defined by the way the text appears on the screen. A | |
435 text line is a single screen line if it is short enough to fit the width | |
436 of the selected window, but otherwise it may occupy several screen | |
437 lines. | |
438 | |
439 In some cases, text lines are truncated on the screen rather than | |
440 continued onto additional screen lines. In these cases, | |
441 @code{vertical-motion} moves point much like @code{forward-line}. | |
442 @xref{Truncation}. | |
443 | |
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444 Because the width of a given string depends on the flags that control |
6552 | 445 the appearance of certain characters, @code{vertical-motion} behaves |
446 differently, for a given piece of text, depending on the buffer it is | |
447 in, and even on the selected window (because the width, the truncation | |
448 flag, and display table may vary between windows). @xref{Usual | |
449 Display}. | |
450 | |
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451 @defun vertical-motion count &optional window |
6552 | 452 This function moves point to the start of the screen line @var{count} |
453 screen lines down from the screen line containing point. If @var{count} | |
454 is negative, it moves up instead. | |
455 | |
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456 @code{vertical-motion} returns the number of lines moved. The value may |
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457 be less in absolute value than @var{count} if the beginning or end of |
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458 the buffer was reached. |
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459 |
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460 The window @var{window} is used for obtaining parameters such as the |
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461 width, the horizontal scrolling, and the display table. But |
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462 @code{vertical-motion} always operates on the current buffer, even if |
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463 @var{window} currently displays some other buffer. |
6552 | 464 @end defun |
465 | |
466 @deffn Command move-to-window-line count | |
467 This function moves point with respect to the text currently displayed | |
468 in the selected window. It moves point to the beginning of the screen | |
469 line @var{count} screen lines from the top of the window. If | |
470 @var{count} is negative, that specifies a position | |
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471 @w{@minus{}@var{count}} lines from the bottom (or the last line of the |
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472 buffer, if the buffer ends above the specified screen position). |
6552 | 473 |
474 If @var{count} is @code{nil}, then point moves to the beginning of the | |
475 line in the middle of the window. If the absolute value of @var{count} | |
476 is greater than the size of the window, then point moves to the place | |
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477 that would appear on that screen line if the window were tall enough. |
6552 | 478 This will probably cause the next redisplay to scroll to bring that |
479 location onto the screen. | |
480 | |
481 In an interactive call, @var{count} is the numeric prefix argument. | |
482 | |
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483 The value returned is the window line number point has moved to, with |
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484 the top line in the window numbered 0. |
6552 | 485 @end deffn |
486 | |
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487 @defun compute-motion from frompos to topos width offsets window |
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488 This function scans the current buffer, calculating screen positions. |
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489 It scans the buffer forward from position @var{from}, assuming that is |
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490 at screen coordinates @var{frompos}, to position @var{to} or coordinates |
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491 @var{topos}, whichever comes first. It returns the ending buffer |
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492 position and screen coordinates. |
6552 | 493 |
494 The coordinate arguments @var{frompos} and @var{topos} are cons cells of | |
495 the form @code{(@var{hpos} . @var{vpos})}. | |
496 | |
497 The argument @var{width} is the number of columns available to display | |
498 text; this affects handling of continuation lines. Use the value | |
499 returned by @code{window-width} for the window of your choice. | |
500 | |
501 The argument @var{offsets} is either @code{nil} or a cons cell of the | |
502 form @code{(@var{hscroll} . @var{tab-offset})}. Here @var{hscroll} is | |
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503 the number of columns not being displayed at the left margin; most |
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504 callers get this from @code{window-hscroll}. Meanwhile, |
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505 @var{tab-offset} is the offset between column numbers on the screen and |
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506 column numbers in the buffer. This can be nonzero in a continuation |
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507 line, when the previous screen lines' widths do not add up to a multiple |
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508 of @code{tab-width}. It is always zero in a non-continuation line. |
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509 |
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510 The window @var{window} serves only to specify which display table to |
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511 use. @code{compute-motion} always operates on the current buffer, |
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512 regardless of what buffer is displayed in @var{window}. |
6552 | 513 |
514 The return value is a list of five elements: | |
515 | |
516 @example | |
517 (@var{pos} @var{vpos} @var{hpos} @var{prevhpos} @var{contin}) | |
518 @end example | |
519 | |
520 @noindent | |
521 Here @var{pos} is the buffer position where the scan stopped, @var{vpos} | |
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522 is the vertical screen position, and @var{hpos} is the horizontal screen |
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523 position. |
6552 | 524 |
525 The result @var{prevhpos} is the horizontal position one character back | |
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526 from @var{pos}. The result @var{contin} is @code{t} if the last line |
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527 was continued after (or within) the previous character. |
6552 | 528 |
529 For example, to find the buffer position of column @var{col} of line | |
530 @var{line} of a certain window, pass the window's display start location | |
531 as @var{from} and the window's upper-left coordinates as @var{frompos}. | |
532 Pass the buffer's @code{(point-max)} as @var{to}, to limit the scan to | |
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533 the end of the accessible portion of the buffer, and pass @var{line} and |
6552 | 534 @var{col} as @var{topos}. Here's a function that does this: |
535 | |
536 @example | |
537 (defun coordinates-of-position (col line) | |
538 (car (compute-motion (window-start) | |
539 '(0 . 0) | |
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540 (point-max) |
6552 | 541 (cons col line) |
542 (window-width) | |
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543 (cons (window-hscroll) 0) |
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544 (selected-window)))) |
6552 | 545 @end example |
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546 |
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547 When you use @code{compute-motion} for the minibuffer, you need to use |
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548 @code{minibuffer-prompt-width} to get the horizontal position of the |
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549 beginning of the first screen line. @xref{Minibuffer Misc}. |
6552 | 550 @end defun |
551 | |
552 @node Vertical Motion | |
553 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
554 @subsection The User-Level Vertical Motion Commands | |
555 @cindex goal column | |
556 @cindex vertical text line motion | |
557 @findex next-line | |
558 @findex previous-line | |
559 | |
560 A goal column is useful if you want to edit text such as a table in | |
561 which you want to move point to a certain column on each line. The goal | |
562 column affects the vertical text line motion commands, @code{next-line} | |
563 and @code{previous-line}. @xref{Basic,, Basic Editing Commands, emacs, | |
564 The GNU Emacs Manual}. | |
565 | |
566 @defopt goal-column | |
567 This variable holds an explicitly specified goal column for vertical | |
568 line motion commands. If it is an integer, it specifies a column, and | |
569 these commands try to move to that column on each line. If it is | |
570 @code{nil}, then the commands set their own goal columns. Any other | |
571 value is invalid. | |
572 @end defopt | |
573 | |
574 @defvar temporary-goal-column | |
575 This variable holds the temporary goal column during a sequence of | |
576 consecutive vertical line motion commands. It is overridden by | |
577 @code{goal-column} if that is non-@code{nil}. It is set each time a | |
578 vertical motion command is invoked, unless the previous command was also | |
579 a vertical motion command. | |
580 @end defvar | |
581 | |
582 @defopt track-eol | |
583 This variable controls how the vertical line motion commands operate | |
584 when starting at the end of a line. If @code{track-eol} is | |
585 non-@code{nil}, then vertical motion starting at the end of a line will | |
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586 keep to the ends of lines (instead of keeping to a particular column). |
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587 This means moving to the end of each line moved onto. The value of |
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588 @code{track-eol} has no effect if point is not at the end of a line when |
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589 the first vertical motion command is given. |
6552 | 590 |
591 @code{track-eol} has its effect by telling line motion commands to set | |
592 @code{temporary-goal-column} to 9999 instead of to the current column. | |
593 @end defopt | |
594 | |
595 @node List Motion | |
596 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
597 @subsection Moving over Balanced Expressions | |
598 @cindex sexp motion | |
599 @cindex Lisp expression motion | |
600 @cindex list motion | |
601 | |
602 Here are several functions concerned with balanced-parenthesis | |
603 expressions (also called @dfn{sexps} in connection with moving across | |
604 them in Emacs). The syntax table controls how these functions interpret | |
605 various characters; see @ref{Syntax Tables}. @xref{Parsing | |
606 Expressions}, for lower-level primitives for scanning sexps or parts of | |
607 sexps. For user-level commands, see @ref{Lists and Sexps,,, emacs, GNU | |
608 Emacs Manual}. | |
609 | |
610 @deffn Command forward-list arg | |
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611 This function moves forward across @var{arg} balanced groups of |
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612 parentheses. (Other syntactic entities such as words or paired string |
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613 quotes are ignored.) |
6552 | 614 @end deffn |
615 | |
616 @deffn Command backward-list arg | |
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617 This function moves backward across @var{arg} balanced groups of |
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618 parentheses. (Other syntactic entities such as words or paired string |
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619 quotes are ignored.) |
6552 | 620 @end deffn |
621 | |
622 @deffn Command up-list arg | |
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623 This function moves forward out of @var{arg} levels of parentheses. |
6552 | 624 A negative argument means move backward but still to a less deep spot. |
625 @end deffn | |
626 | |
627 @deffn Command down-list arg | |
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628 This function moves forward into @var{arg} levels of parentheses. A |
7734 | 629 negative argument means move backward but still go |
630 deeper in parentheses (@minus{}@var{arg} levels). | |
6552 | 631 @end deffn |
632 | |
633 @deffn Command forward-sexp arg | |
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634 This function moves forward across @var{arg} balanced expressions. |
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635 Balanced expressions include both those delimited by parentheses and |
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636 other kinds, such as words and string constants. For example, |
6552 | 637 |
638 @example | |
639 @group | |
640 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
641 (concat@point{} "foo " (car x) y z) | |
642 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
643 @end group | |
644 | |
645 @group | |
646 (forward-sexp 3) | |
647 @result{} nil | |
648 | |
649 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
650 (concat "foo " (car x) y@point{} z) | |
651 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
652 @end group | |
653 @end example | |
654 @end deffn | |
655 | |
656 @deffn Command backward-sexp arg | |
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657 This function moves backward across @var{arg} balanced expressions. |
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658 @end deffn |
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659 |
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660 @deffn Command beginning-of-defun arg |
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661 This function moves back to the @var{arg}th beginning of a defun. If |
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662 @var{arg} is negative, this actually moves forward, but it still moves |
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663 to the beginning of a defun, not to the end of one. |
6552 | 664 @end deffn |
665 | |
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666 @deffn Command end-of-defun arg |
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667 This function moves forward to the @var{arg}th end of a defun. If |
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668 @var{arg} is negative, this actually moves backward, but it still moves |
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669 to the end of a defun, not to the beginning of one. |
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670 @end deffn |
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671 |
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672 @defopt defun-prompt-regexp |
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673 If non-@code{nil}, this variable holds a regular expression that |
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674 specifies what text can appear before the open-parenthesis that starts a |
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675 defun. That is to say, a defun begins on a line that starts with a |
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676 match for this regular expression, followed by a character with |
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677 open-parenthesis syntax. |
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678 @end defopt |
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679 |
6552 | 680 @node Skipping Characters |
681 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
682 @subsection Skipping Characters | |
683 @cindex skipping characters | |
684 | |
685 The following two functions move point over a specified set of | |
686 characters. For example, they are often used to skip whitespace. For | |
687 related functions, see @ref{Motion and Syntax}. | |
688 | |
689 @defun skip-chars-forward character-set &optional limit | |
690 This function moves point in the current buffer forward, skipping over a | |
691 given set of characters. It examines the character following point, | |
692 then advances point if the character matches @var{character-set}. This | |
693 continues until it reaches a character that does not match. The | |
694 function returns @code{nil}. | |
695 | |
696 The argument @var{character-set} is like the inside of a | |
697 @samp{[@dots{}]} in a regular expression except that @samp{]} is never | |
698 special and @samp{\} quotes @samp{^}, @samp{-} or @samp{\}. Thus, | |
699 @code{"a-zA-Z"} skips over all letters, stopping before the first | |
700 nonletter, and @code{"^a-zA-Z}" skips nonletters stopping before the | |
701 first letter. @xref{Regular Expressions}. | |
702 | |
703 If @var{limit} is supplied (it must be a number or a marker), it | |
704 specifies the maximum position in the buffer that point can be skipped | |
705 to. Point will stop at or before @var{limit}. | |
706 | |
707 In the following example, point is initially located directly before the | |
708 @samp{T}. After the form is evaluated, point is located at the end of | |
709 that line (between the @samp{t} of @samp{hat} and the newline). The | |
710 function skips all letters and spaces, but not newlines. | |
711 | |
712 @example | |
713 @group | |
714 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
715 I read "@point{}The cat in the hat | |
716 comes back" twice. | |
717 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
718 @end group | |
719 | |
720 @group | |
721 (skip-chars-forward "a-zA-Z ") | |
722 @result{} nil | |
723 | |
724 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
725 I read "The cat in the hat@point{} | |
726 comes back" twice. | |
727 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
728 @end group | |
729 @end example | |
730 @end defun | |
731 | |
732 @defun skip-chars-backward character-set &optional limit | |
733 This function moves point backward, skipping characters that match | |
734 @var{character-set}, until @var{limit}. It just like | |
735 @code{skip-chars-forward} except for the direction of motion. | |
736 @end defun | |
737 | |
738 @node Excursions | |
739 @section Excursions | |
740 @cindex excursion | |
741 | |
742 It is often useful to move point ``temporarily'' within a localized | |
743 portion of the program, or to switch buffers temporarily. This is | |
744 called an @dfn{excursion}, and it is done with the @code{save-excursion} | |
745 special form. This construct saves the current buffer and its values of | |
746 point and the mark so they can be restored after the completion of the | |
747 excursion. | |
748 | |
749 The forms for saving and restoring the configuration of windows are | |
750 described elsewhere (see @ref{Window Configurations}, and @pxref{Frame | |
751 Configurations}). | |
752 | |
753 @defspec save-excursion forms@dots{} | |
754 @cindex mark excursion | |
755 @cindex point excursion | |
756 @cindex current buffer excursion | |
757 The @code{save-excursion} special form saves the identity of the current | |
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758 buffer and the values of point and the mark in it, evaluates |
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759 @var{forms}, and finally restores the buffer and its saved values of |
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760 point and the mark. All three saved values are restored even in case of |
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761 an abnormal exit via @code{throw} or error (@pxref{Nonlocal Exits}). |
6552 | 762 |
763 The @code{save-excursion} special form is the standard way to switch | |
764 buffers or move point within one part of a program and avoid affecting | |
765 the rest of the program. It is used more than 500 times in the Lisp | |
766 sources of Emacs. | |
767 | |
768 @code{save-excursion} does not save the values of point and the mark for | |
769 other buffers, so changes in other buffers remain in effect after | |
770 @code{save-excursion} exits. | |
771 | |
772 @cindex window excursions | |
773 Likewise, @code{save-excursion} does not restore window-buffer | |
774 correspondences altered by functions such as @code{switch-to-buffer}. | |
775 One way to restore these correspondences, and the selected window, is to | |
776 use @code{save-window-excursion} inside @code{save-excursion} | |
777 (@pxref{Window Configurations}). | |
778 | |
779 The value returned by @code{save-excursion} is the result of the last of | |
780 @var{forms}, or @code{nil} if no @var{forms} are given. | |
781 | |
782 @example | |
783 @group | |
784 (save-excursion | |
785 @var{forms}) | |
786 @equiv{} | |
787 (let ((old-buf (current-buffer)) | |
788 (old-pnt (point-marker)) | |
789 (old-mark (copy-marker (mark-marker)))) | |
790 (unwind-protect | |
791 (progn @var{forms}) | |
792 (set-buffer old-buf) | |
793 (goto-char old-pnt) | |
794 (set-marker (mark-marker) old-mark))) | |
795 @end group | |
796 @end example | |
797 @end defspec | |
798 | |
799 @node Narrowing | |
800 @section Narrowing | |
801 @cindex narrowing | |
802 @cindex restriction (in a buffer) | |
803 @cindex accessible portion (of a buffer) | |
804 | |
805 @dfn{Narrowing} means limiting the text addressable by Emacs editing | |
806 commands to a limited range of characters in a buffer. The text that | |
807 remains addressable is called the @dfn{accessible portion} of the | |
808 buffer. | |
809 | |
810 Narrowing is specified with two buffer positions which become the | |
811 beginning and end of the accessible portion. For most editing commands | |
812 and most Emacs primitives, these positions replace the values of the | |
813 beginning and end of the buffer. While narrowing is in effect, no text | |
814 outside the accessible portion is displayed, and point cannot move | |
815 outside the accessible portion. | |
816 | |
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817 Values such as positions or line numbers, which usually count from the |
6552 | 818 beginning of the buffer, do so despite narrowing, but the functions |
819 which use them refuse to operate on text that is inaccessible. | |
820 | |
821 The commands for saving buffers are unaffected by narrowing; they save | |
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822 the entire buffer regardless of any narrowing. |
6552 | 823 |
824 @deffn Command narrow-to-region start end | |
825 This function sets the accessible portion of the current buffer to start | |
826 at @var{start} and end at @var{end}. Both arguments should be character | |
827 positions. | |
828 | |
829 In an interactive call, @var{start} and @var{end} are set to the bounds | |
830 of the current region (point and the mark, with the smallest first). | |
831 @end deffn | |
832 | |
833 @deffn Command narrow-to-page move-count | |
834 This function sets the accessible portion of the current buffer to | |
835 include just the current page. An optional first argument | |
836 @var{move-count} non-@code{nil} means to move forward or backward by | |
837 @var{move-count} pages and then narrow. The variable | |
838 @code{page-delimiter} specifies where pages start and end | |
839 (@pxref{Standard Regexps}). | |
840 | |
841 In an interactive call, @var{move-count} is set to the numeric prefix | |
842 argument. | |
843 @end deffn | |
844 | |
845 @deffn Command widen | |
846 @cindex widening | |
847 This function cancels any narrowing in the current buffer, so that the | |
848 entire contents are accessible. This is called @dfn{widening}. | |
849 It is equivalent to the following expression: | |
850 | |
851 @example | |
852 (narrow-to-region 1 (1+ (buffer-size))) | |
853 @end example | |
854 @end deffn | |
855 | |
856 @defspec save-restriction body@dots{} | |
857 This special form saves the current bounds of the accessible portion, | |
858 evaluates the @var{body} forms, and finally restores the saved bounds, | |
859 thus restoring the same state of narrowing (or absence thereof) formerly | |
860 in effect. The state of narrowing is restored even in the event of an | |
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861 abnormal exit via @code{throw} or error (@pxref{Nonlocal Exits}). |
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862 Therefore, this construct is a clean way to narrow a buffer temporarily. |
6552 | 863 |
864 The value returned by @code{save-restriction} is that returned by the | |
865 last form in @var{body}, or @code{nil} if no body forms were given. | |
866 | |
867 @c Wordy to avoid overfull hbox. --rjc 16mar92 | |
868 @strong{Caution:} it is easy to make a mistake when using the | |
869 @code{save-restriction} construct. Read the entire description here | |
870 before you try it. | |
871 | |
872 If @var{body} changes the current buffer, @code{save-restriction} still | |
873 restores the restrictions on the original buffer (the buffer whose | |
874 restructions it saved from), but it does not restore the identity of the | |
875 current buffer. | |
876 | |
877 @code{save-restriction} does @emph{not} restore point and the mark; use | |
878 @code{save-excursion} for that. If you use both @code{save-restriction} | |
879 and @code{save-excursion} together, @code{save-excursion} should come | |
880 first (on the outside). Otherwise, the old point value would be | |
881 restored with temporary narrowing still in effect. If the old point | |
882 value were outside the limits of the temporary narrowing, this would | |
883 fail to restore it accurately. | |
884 | |
885 The @code{save-restriction} special form records the values of the | |
886 beginning and end of the accessible portion as distances from the | |
887 beginning and end of the buffer. In other words, it records the amount | |
888 of inaccessible text before and after the accessible portion. | |
889 | |
890 This method yields correct results if @var{body} does further narrowing. | |
891 However, @code{save-restriction} can become confused if the body widens | |
892 and then make changes outside the range of the saved narrowing. When | |
893 this is what you want to do, @code{save-restriction} is not the right | |
894 tool for the job. Here is what you must use instead: | |
895 | |
896 @example | |
897 @group | |
898 (let ((beg (point-min-marker)) | |
899 (end (point-max-marker))) | |
900 (unwind-protect | |
901 (progn @var{body}) | |
902 (save-excursion | |
903 (set-buffer (marker-buffer beg)) | |
904 (narrow-to-region beg end)))) | |
905 @end group | |
906 @end example | |
907 | |
908 Here is a simple example of correct use of @code{save-restriction}: | |
909 | |
910 @example | |
911 @group | |
912 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
913 This is the contents of foo | |
914 This is the contents of foo | |
915 This is the contents of foo@point{} | |
916 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
917 @end group | |
918 | |
919 @group | |
920 (save-excursion | |
921 (save-restriction | |
922 (goto-char 1) | |
923 (forward-line 2) | |
924 (narrow-to-region 1 (point)) | |
925 (goto-char (point-min)) | |
926 (replace-string "foo" "bar"))) | |
927 | |
928 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
929 This is the contents of bar | |
930 This is the contents of bar | |
931 This is the contents of foo@point{} | |
932 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
933 @end group | |
934 @end example | |
935 @end defspec |