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1 \input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*-
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2 @c %**start of header
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3 @setfilename elisp
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4 @settitle GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual
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5 @c %**end of header
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6
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7 @c Version of the manual and of Emacs.
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8 @c Please remember to update the edition number in README as well.
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9 @set VERSION 2.9
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10 @set EMACSVER 23.0.50
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11
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12 @dircategory Emacs
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13 @direntry
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14 * Elisp: (elisp). The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual.
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15 @end direntry
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16
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17 @c in general, keep the following line commented out, unless doing a
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18 @c copy of this manual that will be published. The manual should go
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19 @c onto the distribution in the full, 8.5 x 11" size.
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20 @c set smallbook
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21
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22 @ifset smallbook
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23 @smallbook
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24 @end ifset
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25
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26 @c per rms and peterb, use 10pt fonts for the main text, mostly to
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27 @c save on paper cost.
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28 @c Do this inside @tex for now, so current makeinfo does not complain.
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29 @tex
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30 @ifset smallbook
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31 @fonttextsize 10
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32 @set EMACSVER 22.1
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33 \global\let\urlcolor=\Black % don't print links in grayscale
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34 \global\let\linkcolor=\Black
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35 @end ifset
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36 \global\hbadness=6666 % don't worry about not-too-underfull boxes
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37 @end tex
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38
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39 @c Combine indices.
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40 @synindex cp fn
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41 @syncodeindex vr fn
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42 @syncodeindex ky fn
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43 @syncodeindex pg fn
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44 @c We use the "type index" to index new functions and variables.
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45 @c @syncodeindex tp fn
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46
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47 @copying
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48 This is edition @value{VERSION} of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual,@*
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49 corresponding to Emacs version @value{EMACSVER}.
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50
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51 Copyright @copyright{} 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998,
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52 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 Free Software
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53 Foundation, Inc.
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54
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55 @quotation
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56 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
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57 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or
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58 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the
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59 Invariant Sections being ``GNU General Public License,'' with the
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60 Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU Manual,'' and with the Back-Cover
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61 Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the
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62 section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License.''
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63
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64 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You are free to copy and modify
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65 this GNU Manual. Buying copies from GNU Press supports the FSF in
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66 developing GNU and promoting software freedom.''
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67 @end quotation
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68 @end copying
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69
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70 @titlepage
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71 @title GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual
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72 @subtitle For Emacs Version @value{EMACSVER}
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73 @subtitle Revision @value{VERSION}, April 2007
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74
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75 @author by Bil Lewis, Dan LaLiberte, Richard Stallman
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76 @author and the GNU Manual Group
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77 @page
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78 @vskip 0pt plus 1filll
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79 @insertcopying
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80
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81 @sp 2
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82 Published by the Free Software Foundation @*
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83 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor @*
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84 Boston, MA 02110-1301 @*
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85 USA @*
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86 ISBN 1-882114-74-4
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87
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88 @sp 2
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89 Cover art by Etienne Suvasa.
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90 @end titlepage
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91
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92
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93 @c Print the tables of contents
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94 @summarycontents
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95 @contents
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96
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97
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98 @ifnottex
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99 @node Top, Introduction, (dir), (dir)
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100 @top Emacs Lisp
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101
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102 This Info file contains edition @value{VERSION} of the GNU Emacs Lisp
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103 Reference Manual, corresponding to GNU Emacs version @value{EMACSVER}.
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104 @end ifnottex
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105
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106 @menu
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107 * Introduction:: Introduction and conventions used.
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108
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109 * Lisp Data Types:: Data types of objects in Emacs Lisp.
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110 * Numbers:: Numbers and arithmetic functions.
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111 * Strings and Characters:: Strings, and functions that work on them.
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112 * Lists:: Lists, cons cells, and related functions.
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113 * Sequences Arrays Vectors:: Lists, strings and vectors are called sequences.
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114 Certain functions act on any kind of sequence.
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115 The description of vectors is here as well.
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116 * Hash Tables:: Very fast lookup-tables.
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117 * Symbols:: Symbols represent names, uniquely.
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118
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119 * Evaluation:: How Lisp expressions are evaluated.
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120 * Control Structures:: Conditionals, loops, nonlocal exits.
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121 * Variables:: Using symbols in programs to stand for values.
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122 * Functions:: A function is a Lisp program
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123 that can be invoked from other functions.
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124 * Macros:: Macros are a way to extend the Lisp language.
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125 * Customization:: Writing customization declarations.
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126
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127 * Loading:: Reading files of Lisp code into Lisp.
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128 * Byte Compilation:: Compilation makes programs run faster.
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129 * Advising Functions:: Adding to the definition of a function.
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130 * Debugging:: Tools and tips for debugging Lisp programs.
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131
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132 * Read and Print:: Converting Lisp objects to text and back.
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133 * Minibuffers:: Using the minibuffer to read input.
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134 * Command Loop:: How the editor command loop works,
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135 and how you can call its subroutines.
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136 * Keymaps:: Defining the bindings from keys to commands.
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137 * Modes:: Defining major and minor modes.
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138 * Documentation:: Writing and using documentation strings.
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139
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140 * Files:: Accessing files.
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141 * Backups and Auto-Saving:: Controlling how backups and auto-save
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142 files are made.
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143 * Buffers:: Creating and using buffer objects.
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144 * Windows:: Manipulating windows and displaying buffers.
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145 * Frames:: Making multiple system-level windows.
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146 * Positions:: Buffer positions and motion functions.
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147 * Markers:: Markers represent positions and update
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148 automatically when the text is changed.
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149
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150 * Text:: Examining and changing text in buffers.
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151 * Non-ASCII Characters:: Non-ASCII text in buffers and strings.
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152 * Searching and Matching:: Searching buffers for strings or regexps.
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153 * Syntax Tables:: The syntax table controls word and list parsing.
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154 * Abbrevs:: How Abbrev mode works, and its data structures.
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155
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156 * Processes:: Running and communicating with subprocesses.
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157 * Display:: Features for controlling the screen display.
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158 * System Interface:: Getting the user id, system type, environment
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159 variables, and other such things.
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160
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161 Appendices
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162
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163 * Antinews:: Info for users downgrading to Emacs 21.
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164 * GNU Free Documentation License:: The license for this documentation
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165 * GPL:: Conditions for copying and changing GNU Emacs.
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166 * Tips:: Advice and coding conventions for Emacs Lisp.
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167 * GNU Emacs Internals:: Building and dumping Emacs;
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168 internal data structures.
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169 * Standard Errors:: List of all error symbols.
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170 * Standard Buffer-Local Variables::
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171 List of variables buffer-local in all buffers.
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172 * Standard Keymaps:: List of standard keymaps.
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173 * Standard Hooks:: List of standard hook variables.
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174
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175 * Index:: Index including concepts, functions, variables,
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176 and other terms.
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177
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178 @ignore
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179 * New Symbols:: New functions and variables in Emacs @value{EMACSVER}.
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180 @end ignore
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181
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182 @c Do NOT modify the following 3 lines! They must have this form to
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183 @c be correctly identified by `texinfo-multiple-files-update'. In
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184 @c particular, the detailed menu header line MUST be identical to the
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185 @c value of `texinfo-master-menu-header'. See texnfo-upd.el.
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186
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187 @detailmenu
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188 --- The Detailed Node Listing ---
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189 ---------------------------------
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190
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191 Here are other nodes that are inferiors of those already listed,
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192 mentioned here so you can get to them in one step:
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193
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194 Introduction
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195
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196 * Caveats:: Flaws and a request for help.
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197 * Lisp History:: Emacs Lisp is descended from Maclisp.
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198 * Conventions:: How the manual is formatted.
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199 * Version Info:: Which Emacs version is running?
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200 * Acknowledgements:: The authors, editors, and sponsors of this manual.
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201
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202 Conventions
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203
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204 * Some Terms:: Explanation of terms we use in this manual.
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205 * nil and t:: How the symbols @code{nil} and @code{t} are used.
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206 * Evaluation Notation:: The format we use for examples of evaluation.
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207 * Printing Notation:: The format we use for examples that print output.
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208 * Error Messages:: The format we use for examples of errors.
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209 * Buffer Text Notation:: The format we use for buffer contents in examples.
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210 * Format of Descriptions:: Notation for describing functions, variables, etc.
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211
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212 Format of Descriptions
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213
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214 * A Sample Function Description:: A description of an imaginary
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215 function, @code{foo}.
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216 * A Sample Variable Description:: A description of an imaginary
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217 variable, @code{electric-future-map}.
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218
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219 Lisp Data Types
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220
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221 * Printed Representation:: How Lisp objects are represented as text.
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222 * Comments:: Comments and their formatting conventions.
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223 * Programming Types:: Types found in all Lisp systems.
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224 * Editing Types:: Types specific to Emacs.
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225 * Circular Objects:: Read syntax for circular structure.
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226 * Type Predicates:: Tests related to types.
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227 * Equality Predicates:: Tests of equality between any two objects.
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228
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229 Programming Types
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230
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231 * Integer Type:: Numbers without fractional parts.
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232 * Floating Point Type:: Numbers with fractional parts and with a large range.
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233 * Character Type:: The representation of letters, numbers and
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234 control characters.
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235 * Symbol Type:: A multi-use object that refers to a function,
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236 variable, property list, or itself.
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237 * Sequence Type:: Both lists and arrays are classified as sequences.
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238 * Cons Cell Type:: Cons cells, and lists (which are made from cons cells).
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239 * Array Type:: Arrays include strings and vectors.
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240 * String Type:: An (efficient) array of characters.
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241 * Vector Type:: One-dimensional arrays.
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242 * Char-Table Type:: One-dimensional sparse arrays indexed by characters.
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243 * Bool-Vector Type:: One-dimensional arrays of @code{t} or @code{nil}.
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244 * Hash Table Type:: Super-fast lookup tables.
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245 * Function Type:: A piece of executable code you can call from elsewhere.
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246 * Macro Type:: A method of expanding an expression into another
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247 expression, more fundamental but less pretty.
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248 * Primitive Function Type:: A function written in C, callable from Lisp.
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249 * Byte-Code Type:: A function written in Lisp, then compiled.
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250 * Autoload Type:: A type used for automatically loading seldom-used
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251 functions.
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252
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253 Character Type
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254
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255 * Basic Char Syntax:: Syntax for regular characters.
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256 * General Escape Syntax:: How to specify characters by their codes.
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257 * Ctl-Char Syntax:: Syntax for control characters.
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258 * Meta-Char Syntax:: Syntax for meta-characters.
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259 * Other Char Bits:: Syntax for hyper-, super-, and alt-characters.
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260
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261 Cons Cell and List Types
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262
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263 * Box Diagrams:: Drawing pictures of lists.
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264 * Dotted Pair Notation:: An alternative syntax for lists.
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265 * Association List Type:: A specially constructed list.
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266
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267 String Type
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268
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269 * Syntax for Strings:: How to specify Lisp strings.
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270 * Non-ASCII in Strings:: International characters in strings.
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271 * Nonprinting Characters:: Literal unprintable characters in strings.
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272 * Text Props and Strings:: Strings with text properties.
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273
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274 Editing Types
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275
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276 * Buffer Type:: The basic object of editing.
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277 * Marker Type:: A position in a buffer.
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278 * Window Type:: What makes buffers visible.
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279 * Frame Type:: Windows subdivide frames.
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280 * Window Configuration Type:: Recording the way a frame is subdivided.
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281 * Frame Configuration Type:: Recording the status of all frames.
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282 * Process Type:: A process running on the underlying OS.
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283 * Stream Type:: Receive or send characters.
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284 * Keymap Type:: What function a keystroke invokes.
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285 * Overlay Type:: How an overlay is represented.
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286
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287 Numbers
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288
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289 * Integer Basics:: Representation and range of integers.
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290 * Float Basics:: Representation and range of floating point.
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291 * Predicates on Numbers:: Testing for numbers.
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292 * Comparison of Numbers:: Equality and inequality predicates.
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293 * Numeric Conversions:: Converting float to integer and vice versa.
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294 * Arithmetic Operations:: How to add, subtract, multiply and divide.
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295 * Rounding Operations:: Explicitly rounding floating point numbers.
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296 * Bitwise Operations:: Logical and, or, not, shifting.
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297 * Math Functions:: Trig, exponential and logarithmic functions.
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298 * Random Numbers:: Obtaining random integers, predictable or not.
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299
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300 Strings and Characters
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301
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302 * String Basics:: Basic properties of strings and characters.
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303 * Predicates for Strings:: Testing whether an object is a string or char.
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304 * Creating Strings:: Functions to allocate new strings.
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305 * Modifying Strings:: Altering the contents of an existing string.
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306 * Text Comparison:: Comparing characters or strings.
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307 * String Conversion:: Converting characters to strings and vice versa.
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308 * Formatting Strings:: @code{format}: Emacs's analogue of @code{printf}.
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309 * Case Conversion:: Case conversion functions.
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310 * Case Tables:: Customizing case conversion.
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311
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312 Lists
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313
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314 * Cons Cells:: How lists are made out of cons cells.
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315 * List-related Predicates:: Is this object a list? Comparing two lists.
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316 * List Elements:: Extracting the pieces of a list.
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317 * Building Lists:: Creating list structure.
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318 * List Variables:: Modifying lists stored in variables.
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319 * Modifying Lists:: Storing new pieces into an existing list.
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320 * Sets And Lists:: A list can represent a finite mathematical set.
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321 * Association Lists:: A list can represent a finite relation or mapping.
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322 * Rings:: Managing a fixed-size ring of objects.
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323
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324 Modifying Existing List Structure
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325
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326 * Setcar:: Replacing an element in a list.
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327 * Setcdr:: Replacing part of the list backbone.
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328 This can be used to remove or add elements.
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329 * Rearrangement:: Reordering the elements in a list; combining lists.
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330
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331 Sequences, Arrays, and Vectors
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332
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333 * Sequence Functions:: Functions that accept any kind of sequence.
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334 * Arrays:: Characteristics of arrays in Emacs Lisp.
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335 * Array Functions:: Functions specifically for arrays.
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336 * Vectors:: Special characteristics of Emacs Lisp vectors.
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337 * Vector Functions:: Functions specifically for vectors.
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338 * Char-Tables:: How to work with char-tables.
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339 * Bool-Vectors:: How to work with bool-vectors.
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340
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341 Hash Tables
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342
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343 * Creating Hash:: Functions to create hash tables.
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344 * Hash Access:: Reading and writing the hash table contents.
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345 * Defining Hash:: Defining new comparison methods
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346 * Other Hash:: Miscellaneous.
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347
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348 Symbols
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349
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350 * Symbol Components:: Symbols have names, values, function definitions
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351 and property lists.
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352 * Definitions:: A definition says how a symbol will be used.
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353 * Creating Symbols:: How symbols are kept unique.
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354 * Property Lists:: Each symbol has a property list
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355 for recording miscellaneous information.
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356
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357 Property Lists
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358
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359 * Plists and Alists:: Comparison of the advantages of property
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360 lists and association lists.
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361 * Symbol Plists:: Functions to access symbols' property lists.
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362 * Other Plists:: Accessing property lists stored elsewhere.
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363
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364 Evaluation
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365
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366 * Intro Eval:: Evaluation in the scheme of things.
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367 * Forms:: How various sorts of objects are evaluated.
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368 * Quoting:: Avoiding evaluation (to put constants in
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369 the program).
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370 * Eval:: How to invoke the Lisp interpreter explicitly.
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371
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372 Kinds of Forms
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373
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374 * Self-Evaluating Forms:: Forms that evaluate to themselves.
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375 * Symbol Forms:: Symbols evaluate as variables.
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376 * Classifying Lists:: How to distinguish various sorts of list forms.
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377 * Function Indirection:: When a symbol appears as the car of a list,
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378 we find the real function via the symbol.
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379 * Function Forms:: Forms that call functions.
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380 * Macro Forms:: Forms that call macros.
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381 * Special Forms:: "Special forms" are idiosyncratic primitives,
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382 most of them extremely important.
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383 * Autoloading:: Functions set up to load files
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384 containing their real definitions.
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385
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386 Control Structures
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387
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388 * Sequencing:: Evaluation in textual order.
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389 * Conditionals:: @code{if}, @code{cond}, @code{when}, @code{unless}.
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390 * Combining Conditions:: @code{and}, @code{or}, @code{not}.
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391 * Iteration:: @code{while} loops.
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392 * Nonlocal Exits:: Jumping out of a sequence.
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393
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394 Nonlocal Exits
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395
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396 * Catch and Throw:: Nonlocal exits for the program's own purposes.
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397 * Examples of Catch:: Showing how such nonlocal exits can be written.
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398 * Errors:: How errors are signaled and handled.
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399 * Cleanups:: Arranging to run a cleanup form if an
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400 error happens.
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401
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402 Errors
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403
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404 * Signaling Errors:: How to report an error.
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405 * Processing of Errors:: What Emacs does when you report an error.
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406 * Handling Errors:: How you can trap errors and continue execution.
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407 * Error Symbols:: How errors are classified for trapping them.
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408 * Standard Errors:: List of all error symbols.
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409
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410 Variables
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411
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412 * Global Variables:: Variable values that exist permanently, everywhere.
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413 * Constant Variables:: Certain "variables" have values that never change.
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414 * Local Variables:: Variable values that exist only temporarily.
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415 * Void Variables:: Symbols that lack values.
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416 * Defining Variables:: A definition says a symbol is used as a variable.
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417 * Tips for Defining:: Things you should think about when you
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418 define a variable.
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419 * Accessing Variables:: Examining values of variables whose names
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420 are known only at run time.
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421 * Setting Variables:: Storing new values in variables.
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422 * Variable Scoping:: How Lisp chooses among local and global values.
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423 * Buffer-Local Variables:: Variable values in effect only in one buffer.
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424 * Frame-Local Variables:: Variable values in effect only in one frame.
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425 * Future Local Variables:: New kinds of local values we might add some day.
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426 * File Local Variables:: Handling local variable lists in files.
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427 * Variable Aliases:: Variables that are aliases for other variables.
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428 * Variables with Restricted Values:: Non-constant variables whose value can
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429 @emph{not} be an arbitrary Lisp object.
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430 * Standard Buffer-Local Variables::
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431 List of variables buffer-local in all buffers.
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432
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433 Scoping Rules for Variable Bindings
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434
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435 * Scope:: Scope means where in the program a value
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436 is visible. Comparison with other languages.
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437 * Extent:: Extent means how long in time a value exists.
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438 * Impl of Scope:: Two ways to implement dynamic scoping.
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439 * Using Scoping:: How to use dynamic scoping carefully and
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440 avoid problems.
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441
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442 Buffer-Local Variables
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443
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444 * Intro to Buffer-Local:: Introduction and concepts.
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445 * Creating Buffer-Local:: Creating and destroying buffer-local bindings.
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446 * Default Value:: The default value is seen in buffers
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447 that don't have their own buffer-local values.
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448
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449 Functions
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450
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451 * What Is a Function:: Lisp functions vs primitives; terminology.
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452 * Lambda Expressions:: How functions are expressed as Lisp objects.
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453 * Function Names:: A symbol can serve as the name of a function.
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454 * Defining Functions:: Lisp expressions for defining functions.
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455 * Calling Functions:: How to use an existing function.
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456 * Mapping Functions:: Applying a function to each element of a list, etc.
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457 * Anonymous Functions:: Lambda-expressions are functions with no names.
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458 * Function Cells:: Accessing or setting the function definition
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459 of a symbol.
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460 * Obsolete Functions:: Declaring functions obsolete.
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|
461 * Inline Functions:: Defining functions that the compiler will open code.
|
|
462 * Function Safety:: Determining whether a function is safe to call.
|
|
463 * Related Topics:: Cross-references to specific Lisp primitives
|
|
464 that have a special bearing on how
|
|
465 functions work.
|
|
466
|
|
467 Lambda Expressions
|
|
468
|
|
469 * Lambda Components:: The parts of a lambda expression.
|
|
470 * Simple Lambda:: A simple example.
|
|
471 * Argument List:: Details and special features of argument lists.
|
|
472 * Function Documentation:: How to put documentation in a function.
|
|
473
|
|
474 Macros
|
|
475
|
|
476 * Simple Macro:: A basic example.
|
|
477 * Expansion:: How, when and why macros are expanded.
|
|
478 * Compiling Macros:: How macros are expanded by the compiler.
|
|
479 * Defining Macros:: How to write a macro definition.
|
|
480 * Backquote:: Easier construction of list structure.
|
|
481 * Problems with Macros:: Don't evaluate the macro arguments too many times.
|
|
482 Don't hide the user's variables.
|
|
483 * Indenting Macros:: Specifying how to indent macro calls.
|
|
484
|
|
485 Common Problems Using Macros
|
|
486
|
|
487 * Wrong Time:: Do the work in the expansion, not in the macro.
|
|
488 * Argument Evaluation:: The expansion should evaluate each macro arg once.
|
|
489 * Surprising Local Vars:: Local variable bindings in the expansion
|
|
490 require special care.
|
|
491 * Eval During Expansion:: Don't evaluate them; put them in the expansion.
|
|
492 * Repeated Expansion:: Avoid depending on how many times expansion is done.
|
|
493
|
|
494 Writing Customization Definitions
|
|
495
|
|
496 * Common Keywords:: Common keyword arguments for all kinds of
|
|
497 customization declarations.
|
|
498 * Group Definitions:: Writing customization group definitions.
|
|
499 * Variable Definitions:: Declaring user options.
|
|
500 * Customization Types:: Specifying the type of a user option.
|
|
501
|
|
502 Customization Types
|
|
503
|
|
504 * Simple Types:: Simple customization types: sexp, integer, number,
|
|
505 string, file, directory, alist.
|
|
506 * Composite Types:: Build new types from other types or data.
|
|
507 * Splicing into Lists:: Splice elements into list with @code{:inline}.
|
|
508 * Type Keywords:: Keyword-argument pairs in a customization type.
|
|
509 * Defining New Types:: Give your type a name.
|
|
510
|
|
511 Loading
|
|
512
|
|
513 * How Programs Do Loading:: The @code{load} function and others.
|
|
514 * Load Suffixes:: Details about the suffixes that @code{load} tries.
|
|
515 * Library Search:: Finding a library to load.
|
|
516 * Loading Non-ASCII:: Non-@acronym{ASCII} characters in Emacs Lisp files.
|
|
517 * Autoload:: Setting up a function to autoload.
|
|
518 * Repeated Loading:: Precautions about loading a file twice.
|
|
519 * Named Features:: Loading a library if it isn't already loaded.
|
|
520 * Where Defined:: Finding which file defined a certain symbol.
|
|
521 * Unloading:: How to "unload" a library that was loaded.
|
|
522 * Hooks for Loading:: Providing code to be run when
|
|
523 particular libraries are loaded.
|
|
524
|
|
525 Byte Compilation
|
|
526
|
|
527 * Speed of Byte-Code:: An example of speedup from byte compilation.
|
|
528 * Compilation Functions:: Byte compilation functions.
|
|
529 * Docs and Compilation:: Dynamic loading of documentation strings.
|
|
530 * Dynamic Loading:: Dynamic loading of individual functions.
|
|
531 * Eval During Compile:: Code to be evaluated when you compile.
|
|
532 * Compiler Errors:: Handling compiler error messages.
|
|
533 * Byte-Code Objects:: The data type used for byte-compiled functions.
|
|
534 * Disassembly:: Disassembling byte-code; how to read byte-code.
|
|
535
|
|
536 Advising Emacs Lisp Functions
|
|
537
|
|
538 * Simple Advice:: A simple example to explain the basics of advice.
|
|
539 * Defining Advice:: Detailed description of @code{defadvice}.
|
|
540 * Around-Advice:: Wrapping advice around a function's definition.
|
|
541 * Computed Advice:: ...is to @code{defadvice} as @code{fset} is to @code{defun}.
|
|
542 * Activation of Advice:: Advice doesn't do anything until you activate it.
|
|
543 * Enabling Advice:: You can enable or disable each piece of advice.
|
|
544 * Preactivation:: Preactivation is a way of speeding up the
|
|
545 loading of compiled advice.
|
|
546 * Argument Access in Advice:: How advice can access the function's arguments.
|
|
547 * Advising Primitives:: Accessing arguments when advising a primitive.
|
|
548 * Combined Definition:: How advice is implemented.
|
|
549
|
|
550 Debugging Lisp Programs
|
|
551
|
|
552 * Debugger:: How the Emacs Lisp debugger is implemented.
|
|
553 * Edebug:: A source-level Emacs Lisp debugger.
|
|
554 * Syntax Errors:: How to find syntax errors.
|
|
555 * Test Coverage:: Ensuring you have tested all branches in your code.
|
|
556 * Compilation Errors:: How to find errors that show up in
|
|
557 byte compilation.
|
|
558
|
|
559 The Lisp Debugger
|
|
560
|
|
561 * Error Debugging:: Entering the debugger when an error happens.
|
|
562 * Infinite Loops:: Stopping and debugging a program that doesn't exit.
|
|
563 * Function Debugging:: Entering it when a certain function is called.
|
|
564 * Explicit Debug:: Entering it at a certain point in the program.
|
|
565 * Using Debugger:: What the debugger does; what you see while in it.
|
|
566 * Debugger Commands:: Commands used while in the debugger.
|
|
567 * Invoking the Debugger:: How to call the function @code{debug}.
|
|
568 * Internals of Debugger:: Subroutines of the debugger, and global variables.
|
|
569
|
|
570 Edebug
|
|
571
|
|
572 * Using Edebug:: Introduction to use of Edebug.
|
|
573 * Instrumenting:: You must instrument your code
|
|
574 in order to debug it with Edebug.
|
|
575 * Edebug Execution Modes:: Execution modes, stopping more or less often.
|
|
576 * Jumping:: Commands to jump to a specified place.
|
|
577 * Edebug Misc:: Miscellaneous commands.
|
|
578 * Breaks:: Setting breakpoints to make the program stop.
|
|
579 * Trapping Errors:: Trapping errors with Edebug.
|
|
580 * Edebug Views:: Views inside and outside of Edebug.
|
|
581 * Edebug Eval:: Evaluating expressions within Edebug.
|
|
582 * Eval List:: Expressions whose values are displayed
|
|
583 each time you enter Edebug.
|
|
584 * Printing in Edebug:: Customization of printing.
|
|
585 * Trace Buffer:: How to produce trace output in a buffer.
|
|
586 * Coverage Testing:: How to test evaluation coverage.
|
|
587 * The Outside Context:: Data that Edebug saves and restores.
|
|
588 * Edebug and Macros:: Specifying how to handle macro calls.
|
|
589 * Edebug Options:: Option variables for customizing Edebug.
|
|
590
|
|
591 Debugging Invalid Lisp Syntax
|
|
592
|
|
593 * Excess Open:: How to find a spurious open paren or missing close.
|
|
594 * Excess Close:: How to find a spurious close paren or missing open.
|
|
595
|
|
596 Reading and Printing Lisp Objects
|
|
597
|
|
598 * Streams Intro:: Overview of streams, reading and printing.
|
|
599 * Input Streams:: Various data types that can be used as
|
|
600 input streams.
|
|
601 * Input Functions:: Functions to read Lisp objects from text.
|
|
602 * Output Streams:: Various data types that can be used as
|
|
603 output streams.
|
|
604 * Output Functions:: Functions to print Lisp objects as text.
|
|
605 * Output Variables:: Variables that control what the printing
|
|
606 functions do.
|
|
607
|
|
608 Minibuffers
|
|
609
|
|
610 * Intro to Minibuffers:: Basic information about minibuffers.
|
|
611 * Text from Minibuffer:: How to read a straight text string.
|
|
612 * Object from Minibuffer:: How to read a Lisp object or expression.
|
|
613 * Minibuffer History:: Recording previous minibuffer inputs
|
|
614 so the user can reuse them.
|
|
615 * Initial Input:: Specifying initial contents for the minibuffer.
|
|
616 * Completion:: How to invoke and customize completion.
|
|
617 * Yes-or-No Queries:: Asking a question with a simple answer.
|
|
618 * Multiple Queries:: Asking a series of similar questions.
|
|
619 * Reading a Password:: Reading a password from the terminal.
|
|
620 * Minibuffer Commands:: Commands used as key bindings in minibuffers.
|
|
621 * Minibuffer Contents:: How such commands access the minibuffer text.
|
|
622 * Minibuffer Windows:: Operating on the special minibuffer windows.
|
|
623 * Recursive Mini:: Whether recursive entry to minibuffer is allowed.
|
|
624 * Minibuffer Misc:: Various customization hooks and variables.
|
|
625
|
|
626 Completion
|
|
627
|
|
628 * Basic Completion:: Low-level functions for completing strings.
|
|
629 (These are too low level to use the minibuffer.)
|
|
630 * Minibuffer Completion:: Invoking the minibuffer with completion.
|
|
631 * Completion Commands:: Minibuffer commands that do completion.
|
|
632 * High-Level Completion:: Convenient special cases of completion
|
|
633 (reading buffer name, file name, etc.)
|
|
634 * Reading File Names:: Using completion to read file names.
|
|
635 * Programmed Completion:: Finding the completions for a given file name.
|
|
636
|
|
637 Command Loop
|
|
638
|
|
639 * Command Overview:: How the command loop reads commands.
|
|
640 * Defining Commands:: Specifying how a function should read arguments.
|
|
641 * Interactive Call:: Calling a command, so that it will read arguments.
|
|
642 * Command Loop Info:: Variables set by the command loop for you to examine.
|
|
643 * Adjusting Point:: Adjustment of point after a command.
|
|
644 * Input Events:: What input looks like when you read it.
|
|
645 * Reading Input:: How to read input events from the keyboard or mouse.
|
|
646 * Special Events:: Events processed immediately and individually.
|
|
647 * Waiting:: Waiting for user input or elapsed time.
|
|
648 * Quitting:: How @kbd{C-g} works. How to catch or defer quitting.
|
|
649 * Prefix Command Arguments:: How the commands to set prefix args work.
|
|
650 * Recursive Editing:: Entering a recursive edit,
|
|
651 and why you usually shouldn't.
|
|
652 * Disabling Commands:: How the command loop handles disabled commands.
|
|
653 * Command History:: How the command history is set up, and how accessed.
|
|
654 * Keyboard Macros:: How keyboard macros are implemented.
|
|
655
|
|
656 Defining Commands
|
|
657
|
|
658 * Using Interactive:: General rules for @code{interactive}.
|
|
659 * Interactive Codes:: The standard letter-codes for reading arguments
|
|
660 in various ways.
|
|
661 * Interactive Examples:: Examples of how to read interactive arguments.
|
|
662
|
|
663 Input Events
|
|
664
|
|
665 * Keyboard Events:: Ordinary characters--keys with symbols on them.
|
|
666 * Function Keys:: Function keys--keys with names, not symbols.
|
|
667 * Mouse Events:: Overview of mouse events.
|
|
668 * Click Events:: Pushing and releasing a mouse button.
|
|
669 * Drag Events:: Moving the mouse before releasing the button.
|
|
670 * Button-Down Events:: A button was pushed and not yet released.
|
|
671 * Repeat Events:: Double and triple click (or drag, or down).
|
|
672 * Motion Events:: Just moving the mouse, not pushing a button.
|
|
673 * Focus Events:: Moving the mouse between frames.
|
|
674 * Misc Events:: Other events the system can generate.
|
|
675 * Event Examples:: Examples of the lists for mouse events.
|
|
676 * Classifying Events:: Finding the modifier keys in an event symbol.
|
|
677 * Accessing Events:: Functions to extract info from events.
|
|
678 * Strings of Events:: Special considerations for putting
|
|
679 keyboard character events in a string.
|
|
680
|
|
681 Reading Input
|
|
682
|
|
683 * Key Sequence Input:: How to read one key sequence.
|
|
684 * Reading One Event:: How to read just one event.
|
|
685 * Event Mod:: How Emacs modifies events as they are read.
|
|
686 * Invoking the Input Method:: How reading an event uses the input method.
|
|
687 * Quoted Character Input:: Asking the user to specify a character.
|
|
688 * Event Input Misc:: How to reread or throw away input events.
|
|
689
|
|
690 Keymaps
|
|
691
|
|
692 * Key Sequences:: Key sequences as Lisp objects.
|
|
693 * Keymap Basics:: Basic concepts of keymaps.
|
|
694 * Format of Keymaps:: What a keymap looks like as a Lisp object.
|
|
695 * Creating Keymaps:: Functions to create and copy keymaps.
|
|
696 * Inheritance and Keymaps:: How one keymap can inherit the bindings
|
|
697 of another keymap.
|
|
698 * Prefix Keys:: Defining a key with a keymap as its definition.
|
|
699 * Active Keymaps:: How Emacs searches the active keymaps
|
|
700 for a key binding.
|
|
701 * Searching Keymaps:: A pseudo-Lisp summary of searching active maps.
|
|
702 * Controlling Active Maps:: Each buffer has a local keymap
|
|
703 to override the standard (global) bindings.
|
|
704 A minor mode can also override them.
|
|
705 * Key Lookup:: How extracting elements from keymaps works.
|
|
706 * Functions for Key Lookup:: How to request key lookup.
|
|
707 * Changing Key Bindings:: Redefining a key in a keymap.
|
|
708 * Remapping Commands:: A keymap can translate one command to another.
|
|
709 * Translation Keymaps:: Keymaps for translating sequences of events.
|
|
710 * Key Binding Commands:: Interactive interfaces for redefining keys.
|
|
711 * Scanning Keymaps:: Looking through all keymaps, for printing help.
|
|
712 * Menu Keymaps:: A keymap can define a menu for X
|
|
713 or for use from the terminal.
|
|
714 * Standard Keymaps:: List of standard keymaps.
|
|
715
|
|
716 Major and Minor Modes
|
|
717
|
|
718 * Hooks:: How to use hooks; how to write code that
|
|
719 provides hooks.
|
|
720 * Major Modes:: Defining major modes.
|
|
721 * Minor Modes:: Defining minor modes.
|
|
722 * Mode Line Format:: Customizing the text that appears in the mode line.
|
|
723 * Imenu:: How a mode can provide a menu
|
|
724 of definitions in the buffer.
|
|
725 * Font Lock Mode:: How modes can highlight text according to syntax.
|
|
726 * Desktop Save Mode:: How modes can have buffer state saved between
|
|
727 Emacs sessions.
|
|
728
|
|
729 Menu Keymaps
|
|
730
|
|
731 * Defining Menus:: How to make a keymap that defines a menu.
|
|
732 * Mouse Menus:: How users actuate the menu with the mouse.
|
|
733 * Keyboard Menus:: How users actuate the menu with the keyboard.
|
|
734 * Menu Example:: Making a simple menu.
|
|
735 * Menu Bar:: How to customize the menu bar.
|
|
736 * Tool Bar:: A tool bar is a row of images.
|
|
737 * Modifying Menus:: How to add new items to a menu.
|
|
738
|
|
739 Defining Menus
|
|
740
|
|
741 * Simple Menu Items:: A simple kind of menu key binding,
|
|
742 limited in capabilities.
|
|
743 * Extended Menu Items:: More powerful menu item definitions
|
|
744 let you specify keywords to enable
|
|
745 various features.
|
|
746 * Menu Separators:: Drawing a horizontal line through a menu.
|
|
747 * Alias Menu Items:: Using command aliases in menu items.
|
|
748
|
|
749 Major and Minor Modes
|
|
750
|
|
751 * Hooks:: How to use hooks; how to write code that provides hooks.
|
|
752 * Major Modes:: Defining major modes.
|
|
753 * Minor Modes:: Defining minor modes.
|
|
754 * Mode Line Format:: Customizing the text that appears in the mode line.
|
|
755 * Imenu:: How a mode can provide a menu
|
|
756 of definitions in the buffer.
|
|
757 * Font Lock Mode:: How modes can highlight text according to syntax.
|
|
758 * Desktop Save Mode:: How modes can have buffer state saved between
|
|
759 Emacs sessions.
|
|
760
|
|
761 Major Modes
|
|
762
|
|
763 * Major Mode Basics::
|
|
764 * Major Mode Conventions:: Coding conventions for keymaps, etc.
|
|
765 * Example Major Modes:: Text mode and Lisp modes.
|
|
766 * Auto Major Mode:: How Emacs chooses the major mode automatically.
|
|
767 * Mode Help:: Finding out how to use a mode.
|
|
768 * Derived Modes:: Defining a new major mode based on another major
|
|
769 mode.
|
|
770 * Generic Modes:: Defining a simple major mode that supports
|
|
771 comment syntax and Font Lock mode.
|
|
772 * Mode Hooks:: Hooks run at the end of major mode functions.
|
|
773
|
|
774 Minor Modes
|
|
775
|
|
776 * Minor Mode Conventions:: Tips for writing a minor mode.
|
|
777 * Keymaps and Minor Modes:: How a minor mode can have its own keymap.
|
|
778 * Defining Minor Modes:: A convenient facility for defining minor modes.
|
|
779
|
|
780 Mode Line Format
|
|
781
|
|
782 * Mode Line Basics::
|
|
783 * Mode Line Data:: The data structure that controls the mode line.
|
|
784 * Mode Line Variables:: Variables used in that data structure.
|
|
785 * %-Constructs:: Putting information into a mode line.
|
|
786 * Properties in Mode:: Using text properties in the mode line.
|
|
787 * Header Lines:: Like a mode line, but at the top.
|
|
788 * Emulating Mode Line:: Formatting text as the mode line would.
|
|
789
|
|
790 Font Lock Mode
|
|
791
|
|
792 * Font Lock Basics:: Overview of customizing Font Lock.
|
|
793 * Search-based Fontification:: Fontification based on regexps.
|
|
794 * Customizing Keywords:: Customizing search-based fontification.
|
|
795 * Other Font Lock Variables:: Additional customization facilities.
|
|
796 * Levels of Font Lock:: Each mode can define alternative levels
|
|
797 so that the user can select more or less.
|
|
798 * Precalculated Fontification:: How Lisp programs that produce the buffer
|
|
799 contents can also specify how to fontify it.
|
|
800 * Faces for Font Lock:: Special faces specifically for Font Lock.
|
|
801 * Syntactic Font Lock:: Fontification based on syntax tables.
|
|
802 * Setting Syntax Properties:: Defining character syntax based on context
|
|
803 using the Font Lock mechanism.
|
|
804 * Multiline Font Lock:: How to coerce Font Lock into properly
|
|
805 highlighting multiline constructs.
|
|
806
|
|
807 Multiline Font Lock Constructs
|
|
808
|
|
809 * Font Lock Multiline:: Marking multiline chunks with a text property
|
|
810 * Region to Fontify:: Controlling which region gets refontified
|
|
811 after a buffer change.
|
|
812
|
|
813 Documentation
|
|
814
|
|
815 * Documentation Basics:: Good style for doc strings.
|
|
816 Where to put them. How Emacs stores them.
|
|
817 * Accessing Documentation:: How Lisp programs can access doc strings.
|
|
818 * Keys in Documentation:: Substituting current key bindings.
|
|
819 * Describing Characters:: Making printable descriptions of
|
|
820 non-printing characters and key sequences.
|
|
821 * Help Functions:: Subroutines used by Emacs help facilities.
|
|
822
|
|
823 Files
|
|
824
|
|
825 * Visiting Files:: Reading files into Emacs buffers for editing.
|
|
826 * Saving Buffers:: Writing changed buffers back into files.
|
|
827 * Reading from Files:: Reading files into other buffers.
|
|
828 * Writing to Files:: Writing new files from parts of buffers.
|
|
829 * File Locks:: Locking and unlocking files, to prevent
|
|
830 simultaneous editing by two people.
|
|
831 * Information about Files:: Testing existence, accessibility, size of files.
|
|
832 * Changing Files:: Renaming files, changing protection, etc.
|
|
833 * File Names:: Decomposing and expanding file names.
|
|
834 * Contents of Directories:: Getting a list of the files in a directory.
|
|
835 * Create/Delete Dirs:: Creating and Deleting Directories.
|
|
836 * Magic File Names:: Defining "magic" special handling
|
|
837 for certain file names.
|
|
838 * Format Conversion:: Conversion to and from various file formats.
|
|
839
|
|
840 Visiting Files
|
|
841
|
|
842 * Visiting Functions:: The usual interface functions for visiting.
|
|
843 * Subroutines of Visiting:: Lower-level subroutines that they use.
|
|
844
|
|
845 Information about Files
|
|
846
|
|
847 * Testing Accessibility:: Is a given file readable? Writable?
|
|
848 * Kinds of Files:: Is it a directory? A symbolic link?
|
|
849 * Truenames:: Eliminating symbolic links from a file name.
|
|
850 * File Attributes:: How large is it? Any other names? Etc.
|
|
851 * Locating Files:: How to find a file in standard places.
|
|
852
|
|
853 File Names
|
|
854
|
|
855 * File Name Components:: The directory part of a file name, and the rest.
|
|
856 * Relative File Names:: Some file names are relative to a
|
|
857 current directory.
|
|
858 * Directory Names:: A directory's name as a directory
|
|
859 is different from its name as a file.
|
|
860 * File Name Expansion:: Converting relative file names to absolute ones.
|
|
861 * Unique File Names:: Generating names for temporary files.
|
|
862 * File Name Completion:: Finding the completions for a given file name.
|
|
863 * Standard File Names:: If your package uses a fixed file name,
|
|
864 how to handle various operating systems simply.
|
|
865
|
|
866 Backups and Auto-Saving
|
|
867
|
|
868 * Backup Files:: How backup files are made; how their names
|
|
869 are chosen.
|
|
870 * Auto-Saving:: How auto-save files are made; how their
|
|
871 names are chosen.
|
|
872 * Reverting:: @code{revert-buffer}, and how to customize
|
|
873 what it does.
|
|
874
|
|
875 Backup Files
|
|
876
|
|
877 * Making Backups:: How Emacs makes backup files, and when.
|
|
878 * Rename or Copy:: Two alternatives: renaming the old file
|
|
879 or copying it.
|
|
880 * Numbered Backups:: Keeping multiple backups for each source file.
|
|
881 * Backup Names:: How backup file names are computed; customization.
|
|
882
|
|
883 Buffers
|
|
884
|
|
885 * Buffer Basics:: What is a buffer?
|
|
886 * Current Buffer:: Designating a buffer as current
|
|
887 so primitives will access its contents.
|
|
888 * Buffer Names:: Accessing and changing buffer names.
|
|
889 * Buffer File Name:: The buffer file name indicates which file
|
|
890 is visited.
|
|
891 * Buffer Modification:: A buffer is @dfn{modified} if it needs to be saved.
|
|
892 * Modification Time:: Determining whether the visited file was changed
|
|
893 ``behind Emacs's back''.
|
|
894 * Read Only Buffers:: Modifying text is not allowed in a
|
|
895 read-only buffer.
|
|
896 * The Buffer List:: How to look at all the existing buffers.
|
|
897 * Creating Buffers:: Functions that create buffers.
|
|
898 * Killing Buffers:: Buffers exist until explicitly killed.
|
|
899 * Indirect Buffers:: An indirect buffer shares text with some
|
|
900 other buffer.
|
|
901 * Buffer Gap:: The gap in the buffer.
|
|
902
|
|
903 Windows
|
|
904
|
|
905 * Basic Windows:: Basic information on using windows.
|
|
906 * Splitting Windows:: Splitting one window into two windows.
|
|
907 * Deleting Windows:: Deleting a window gives its space to other windows.
|
|
908 * Selecting Windows:: The selected window is the one that you edit in.
|
|
909 * Cyclic Window Ordering:: Moving around the existing windows.
|
|
910 * Buffers and Windows:: Each window displays the contents of a buffer.
|
|
911 * Displaying Buffers:: Higher-level functions for displaying a buffer
|
|
912 and choosing a window for it.
|
|
913 * Choosing Window:: How to choose a window for displaying a buffer.
|
|
914 * Window Point:: Each window has its own location of point.
|
|
915 * Window Start:: The display-start position controls which text
|
|
916 is on-screen in the window.
|
|
917 * Textual Scrolling:: Moving text up and down through the window.
|
|
918 * Vertical Scrolling:: Moving the contents up and down on the window.
|
|
919 * Horizontal Scrolling:: Moving the contents sideways on the window.
|
|
920 * Size of Window:: Accessing the size of a window.
|
|
921 * Resizing Windows:: Changing the size of a window.
|
|
922 * Coordinates and Windows:: Converting coordinates to windows.
|
|
923 * Window Tree:: The layout and sizes of all windows in a frame.
|
|
924 * Window Configurations:: Saving and restoring the state of the screen.
|
|
925 * Window Hooks:: Hooks for scrolling, window size changes,
|
|
926 redisplay going past a certain point,
|
|
927 or window configuration changes.
|
|
928
|
|
929 Frames
|
|
930
|
|
931 * Creating Frames:: Creating additional frames.
|
|
932 * Multiple Displays:: Creating frames on other displays.
|
|
933 * Frame Parameters:: Controlling frame size, position, font, etc.
|
|
934 * Frame Titles:: Automatic updating of frame titles.
|
|
935 * Deleting Frames:: Frames last until explicitly deleted.
|
|
936 * Finding All Frames:: How to examine all existing frames.
|
|
937 * Frames and Windows:: A frame contains windows;
|
|
938 display of text always works through windows.
|
|
939 * Minibuffers and Frames:: How a frame finds the minibuffer to use.
|
|
940 * Input Focus:: Specifying the selected frame.
|
|
941 * Visibility of Frames:: Frames may be visible or invisible, or icons.
|
|
942 * Raising and Lowering:: Raising a frame makes it hide other windows;
|
|
943 lowering it puts it underneath the others.
|
|
944 * Frame Configurations:: Saving the state of all frames.
|
|
945 * Mouse Tracking:: Getting events that say when the mouse moves.
|
|
946 * Mouse Position:: Asking where the mouse is, or moving it.
|
|
947 * Pop-Up Menus:: Displaying a menu for the user to select from.
|
|
948 * Dialog Boxes:: Displaying a box to ask yes or no.
|
|
949 * Pointer Shape:: Specifying the shape of the mouse pointer.
|
|
950 * Window System Selections::Transferring text to and from other windows.
|
|
951 * Drag and Drop:: Internals of Drag-and-Drop implementation.
|
|
952 * Color Names:: Getting the definitions of color names.
|
|
953 * Text Terminal Colors:: Defining colors for text-only terminals.
|
|
954 * Resources:: Getting resource values from the server.
|
|
955 * Display Feature Testing:: Determining the features of a terminal.
|
|
956
|
|
957 Frame Parameters
|
|
958
|
|
959 * Parameter Access:: How to change a frame's parameters.
|
|
960 * Initial Parameters:: Specifying frame parameters when you make a frame.
|
|
961 * Window Frame Parameters:: List of frame parameters for window systems.
|
|
962 * Size and Position:: Changing the size and position of a frame.
|
|
963 * Geometry:: Parsing geometry specifications.
|
|
964
|
|
965 Window Frame Parameters
|
|
966
|
|
967 * Basic Parameters:: Parameters that are fundamental.
|
|
968 * Position Parameters:: The position of the frame on the screen.
|
|
969 * Size Parameters:: Frame's size.
|
|
970 * Layout Parameters:: Size of parts of the frame, and
|
|
971 enabling or disabling some parts.
|
|
972 * Buffer Parameters:: Which buffers have been or should be shown.
|
|
973 * Management Parameters:: Communicating with the window manager.
|
|
974 * Cursor Parameters:: Controlling the cursor appearance.
|
|
975 * Color Parameters:: Colors of various parts of the frame.
|
|
976
|
|
977 Positions
|
|
978
|
|
979 * Point:: The special position where editing takes place.
|
|
980 * Motion:: Changing point.
|
|
981 * Excursions:: Temporary motion and buffer changes.
|
|
982 * Narrowing:: Restricting editing to a portion of the buffer.
|
|
983
|
|
984 Motion
|
|
985
|
|
986 * Character Motion:: Moving in terms of characters.
|
|
987 * Word Motion:: Moving in terms of words.
|
|
988 * Buffer End Motion:: Moving to the beginning or end of the buffer.
|
|
989 * Text Lines:: Moving in terms of lines of text.
|
|
990 * Screen Lines:: Moving in terms of lines as displayed.
|
|
991 * List Motion:: Moving by parsing lists and sexps.
|
|
992 * Skipping Characters:: Skipping characters belonging to a certain set.
|
|
993
|
|
994 Markers
|
|
995
|
|
996 * Overview of Markers:: The components of a marker, and how it relocates.
|
|
997 * Predicates on Markers:: Testing whether an object is a marker.
|
|
998 * Creating Markers:: Making empty markers or markers at certain places.
|
|
999 * Information from Markers::Finding the marker's buffer or character
|
|
1000 position.
|
|
1001 * Marker Insertion Types:: Two ways a marker can relocate when you
|
|
1002 insert where it points.
|
|
1003 * Moving Markers:: Moving the marker to a new buffer or position.
|
|
1004 * The Mark:: How "the mark" is implemented with a marker.
|
|
1005 * The Region:: How to access "the region".
|
|
1006
|
|
1007 Text
|
|
1008
|
|
1009 * Near Point:: Examining text in the vicinity of point.
|
|
1010 * Buffer Contents:: Examining text in a general fashion.
|
|
1011 * Comparing Text:: Comparing substrings of buffers.
|
|
1012 * Insertion:: Adding new text to a buffer.
|
|
1013 * Commands for Insertion:: User-level commands to insert text.
|
|
1014 * Deletion:: Removing text from a buffer.
|
|
1015 * User-Level Deletion:: User-level commands to delete text.
|
|
1016 * The Kill Ring:: Where removed text sometimes is saved for
|
|
1017 later use.
|
|
1018 * Undo:: Undoing changes to the text of a buffer.
|
|
1019 * Maintaining Undo:: How to enable and disable undo information.
|
|
1020 How to control how much information is kept.
|
|
1021 * Filling:: Functions for explicit filling.
|
|
1022 * Margins:: How to specify margins for filling commands.
|
|
1023 * Adaptive Fill:: Adaptive Fill mode chooses a fill prefix
|
|
1024 from context.
|
|
1025 * Auto Filling:: How auto-fill mode is implemented to break lines.
|
|
1026 * Sorting:: Functions for sorting parts of the buffer.
|
|
1027 * Columns:: Computing horizontal positions, and using them.
|
|
1028 * Indentation:: Functions to insert or adjust indentation.
|
|
1029 * Case Changes:: Case conversion of parts of the buffer.
|
|
1030 * Text Properties:: Assigning Lisp property lists to text characters.
|
|
1031 * Substitution:: Replacing a given character wherever it appears.
|
|
1032 * Transposition:: Swapping two portions of a buffer.
|
|
1033 * Registers:: How registers are implemented. Accessing
|
|
1034 the text or position stored in a register.
|
|
1035 * Base 64:: Conversion to or from base 64 encoding.
|
|
1036 * MD5 Checksum:: Compute the MD5 "message digest"/"checksum".
|
|
1037 * Atomic Changes:: Installing several buffer changes "atomically".
|
|
1038 * Change Hooks:: Supplying functions to be run when text is changed.
|
|
1039
|
|
1040 The Kill Ring
|
|
1041
|
|
1042 * Kill Ring Concepts:: What text looks like in the kill ring.
|
|
1043 * Kill Functions:: Functions that kill text.
|
|
1044 * Yanking:: How yanking is done.
|
|
1045 * Yank Commands:: Commands that access the kill ring.
|
|
1046 * Low-Level Kill Ring:: Functions and variables for kill ring access.
|
|
1047 * Internals of Kill Ring:: Variables that hold kill-ring data.
|
|
1048
|
|
1049 Indentation
|
|
1050
|
|
1051 * Primitive Indent:: Functions used to count and insert indentation.
|
|
1052 * Mode-Specific Indent:: Customize indentation for different modes.
|
|
1053 * Region Indent:: Indent all the lines in a region.
|
|
1054 * Relative Indent:: Indent the current line based on previous lines.
|
|
1055 * Indent Tabs:: Adjustable, typewriter-like tab stops.
|
|
1056 * Motion by Indent:: Move to first non-blank character.
|
|
1057
|
|
1058 Text Properties
|
|
1059
|
|
1060 * Examining Properties:: Looking at the properties of one character.
|
|
1061 * Changing Properties:: Setting the properties of a range of text.
|
|
1062 * Property Search:: Searching for where a property changes value.
|
|
1063 * Special Properties:: Particular properties with special meanings.
|
|
1064 * Format Properties:: Properties for representing formatting of text.
|
|
1065 * Sticky Properties:: How inserted text gets properties from
|
|
1066 neighboring text.
|
|
1067 * Lazy Properties:: Computing text properties in a lazy fashion
|
|
1068 only when text is examined.
|
|
1069 * Clickable Text:: Using text properties to make regions of text
|
|
1070 do something when you click on them.
|
|
1071 * Links and Mouse-1:: How to make @key{Mouse-1} follow a link.
|
|
1072 * Fields:: The @code{field} property defines
|
|
1073 fields within the buffer.
|
|
1074 * Not Intervals:: Why text properties do not use
|
|
1075 Lisp-visible text intervals.
|
|
1076
|
|
1077 Non-ASCII Characters
|
|
1078
|
|
1079 * Text Representations:: Unibyte and multibyte representations
|
|
1080 * Converting Representations:: Converting unibyte to multibyte and vice versa.
|
|
1081 * Selecting a Representation:: Treating a byte sequence as unibyte or multi.
|
|
1082 * Character Codes:: How unibyte and multibyte relate to
|
|
1083 codes of individual characters.
|
|
1084 * Character Sets:: The space of possible character codes
|
|
1085 is divided into various character sets.
|
|
1086 * Chars and Bytes:: More information about multibyte encodings.
|
|
1087 * Splitting Characters:: Converting a character to its byte sequence.
|
|
1088 * Scanning Charsets:: Which character sets are used in a buffer?
|
|
1089 * Translation of Characters:: Translation tables are used for conversion.
|
|
1090 * Coding Systems:: Coding systems are conversions for saving files.
|
|
1091 * Input Methods:: Input methods allow users to enter various
|
|
1092 non-ASCII characters without special keyboards.
|
|
1093 * Locales:: Interacting with the POSIX locale.
|
|
1094
|
|
1095 Coding Systems
|
|
1096
|
|
1097 * Coding System Basics:: Basic concepts.
|
|
1098 * Encoding and I/O:: How file I/O functions handle coding systems.
|
|
1099 * Lisp and Coding Systems:: Functions to operate on coding system names.
|
|
1100 * User-Chosen Coding Systems:: Asking the user to choose a coding system.
|
|
1101 * Default Coding Systems:: Controlling the default choices.
|
|
1102 * Specifying Coding Systems:: Requesting a particular coding system
|
|
1103 for a single file operation.
|
|
1104 * Explicit Encoding:: Encoding or decoding text without doing I/O.
|
|
1105 * Terminal I/O Encoding:: Use of encoding for terminal I/O.
|
|
1106 * MS-DOS File Types:: How DOS "text" and "binary" files
|
|
1107 relate to coding systems.
|
|
1108
|
|
1109 Searching and Matching
|
|
1110
|
|
1111 * String Search:: Search for an exact match.
|
|
1112 * Searching and Case:: Case-independent or case-significant searching.
|
|
1113 * Regular Expressions:: Describing classes of strings.
|
|
1114 * Regexp Search:: Searching for a match for a regexp.
|
|
1115 * POSIX Regexps:: Searching POSIX-style for the longest match.
|
|
1116 * Match Data:: Finding out which part of the text matched,
|
|
1117 after a string or regexp search.
|
|
1118 * Search and Replace:: Commands that loop, searching and replacing.
|
|
1119 * Standard Regexps:: Useful regexps for finding sentences, pages,...
|
|
1120
|
|
1121 Regular Expressions
|
|
1122
|
|
1123 * Syntax of Regexps:: Rules for writing regular expressions.
|
|
1124 * Regexp Example:: Illustrates regular expression syntax.
|
|
1125 * Regexp Functions:: Functions for operating on regular expressions.
|
|
1126
|
|
1127 Syntax of Regular Expressions
|
|
1128
|
|
1129 * Regexp Special:: Special characters in regular expressions.
|
|
1130 * Char Classes:: Character classes used in regular expressions.
|
|
1131 * Regexp Backslash:: Backslash-sequences in regular expressions.
|
|
1132
|
|
1133 The Match Data
|
|
1134
|
|
1135 * Replacing Match:: Replacing a substring that was matched.
|
|
1136 * Simple Match Data:: Accessing single items of match data,
|
|
1137 such as where a particular subexpression started.
|
|
1138 * Entire Match Data:: Accessing the entire match data at once, as a list.
|
|
1139 * Saving Match Data:: Saving and restoring the match data.
|
|
1140
|
|
1141 Syntax Tables
|
|
1142
|
|
1143 * Syntax Basics:: Basic concepts of syntax tables.
|
|
1144 * Syntax Descriptors:: How characters are classified.
|
|
1145 * Syntax Table Functions:: How to create, examine and alter syntax tables.
|
|
1146 * Syntax Properties:: Overriding syntax with text properties.
|
|
1147 * Motion and Syntax:: Moving over characters with certain syntaxes.
|
|
1148 * Parsing Expressions:: Parsing balanced expressions
|
|
1149 using the syntax table.
|
|
1150 * Standard Syntax Tables:: Syntax tables used by various major modes.
|
|
1151 * Syntax Table Internals:: How syntax table information is stored.
|
|
1152 * Categories:: Another way of classifying character syntax.
|
|
1153
|
|
1154 Syntax Descriptors
|
|
1155
|
|
1156 * Syntax Class Table:: Table of syntax classes.
|
|
1157 * Syntax Flags:: Additional flags each character can have.
|
|
1158
|
|
1159 Parsing Expressions
|
|
1160
|
|
1161 * Motion via Parsing:: Motion functions that work by parsing.
|
|
1162 * Position Parse:: Determining the syntactic state of a position.
|
|
1163 * Parser State:: How Emacs represents a syntactic state.
|
|
1164 * Low-Level Parsing:: Parsing across a specified region.
|
|
1165 * Control Parsing:: Parameters that affect parsing.
|
|
1166
|
|
1167 Abbrevs And Abbrev Expansion
|
|
1168
|
|
1169 * Abbrev Mode:: Setting up Emacs for abbreviation.
|
|
1170 * Abbrev Tables:: Creating and working with abbrev tables.
|
|
1171 * Defining Abbrevs:: Specifying abbreviations and their expansions.
|
|
1172 * Abbrev Files:: Saving abbrevs in files.
|
|
1173 * Abbrev Expansion:: Controlling expansion; expansion subroutines.
|
|
1174 * Standard Abbrev Tables:: Abbrev tables used by various major modes.
|
|
1175
|
|
1176 Processes
|
|
1177
|
|
1178 * Subprocess Creation:: Functions that start subprocesses.
|
|
1179 * Shell Arguments:: Quoting an argument to pass it to a shell.
|
|
1180 * Synchronous Processes:: Details of using synchronous subprocesses.
|
|
1181 * Asynchronous Processes:: Starting up an asynchronous subprocess.
|
|
1182 * Deleting Processes:: Eliminating an asynchronous subprocess.
|
|
1183 * Process Information:: Accessing run-status and other attributes.
|
|
1184 * Input to Processes:: Sending input to an asynchronous subprocess.
|
|
1185 * Signals to Processes:: Stopping, continuing or interrupting
|
|
1186 an asynchronous subprocess.
|
|
1187 * Output from Processes:: Collecting output from an asynchronous subprocess.
|
|
1188 * Sentinels:: Sentinels run when process run-status changes.
|
|
1189 * Query Before Exit:: Whether to query if exiting will kill a process.
|
|
1190 * Transaction Queues:: Transaction-based communication with subprocesses.
|
|
1191 * Network:: Opening network connections.
|
|
1192 * Network Servers:: Network servers let Emacs accept net connections.
|
|
1193 * Datagrams:: UDP network connections.
|
|
1194 * Low-Level Network:: Lower-level but more general function
|
|
1195 to create connections and servers.
|
|
1196 * Misc Network:: Additional relevant functions for network connections.
|
|
1197 * Byte Packing:: Using bindat to pack and unpack binary data.
|
|
1198
|
|
1199 Receiving Output from Processes
|
|
1200
|
|
1201 * Process Buffers:: If no filter, output is put in a buffer.
|
|
1202 * Filter Functions:: Filter functions accept output from the process.
|
|
1203 * Decoding Output:: Filters can get unibyte or multibyte strings.
|
|
1204 * Accepting Output:: How to wait until process output arrives.
|
|
1205
|
|
1206 Low-Level Network Access
|
|
1207
|
|
1208 * Proc: Network Processes. Using @code{make-network-process}.
|
|
1209 * Options: Network Options. Further control over network connections.
|
|
1210 * Features: Network Feature Testing.
|
|
1211 Determining which network features work on
|
|
1212 the machine you are using.
|
|
1213
|
|
1214 Packing and Unpacking Byte Arrays
|
|
1215
|
|
1216 * Bindat Spec:: Describing data layout.
|
|
1217 * Bindat Functions:: Doing the unpacking and packing.
|
|
1218 * Bindat Examples:: Samples of what bindat.el can do for you!
|
|
1219
|
|
1220 Emacs Display
|
|
1221
|
|
1222 * Refresh Screen:: Clearing the screen and redrawing everything on it.
|
|
1223 * Forcing Redisplay:: Forcing redisplay.
|
|
1224 * Truncation:: Folding or wrapping long text lines.
|
|
1225 * The Echo Area:: Displaying messages at the bottom of the screen.
|
|
1226 * Warnings:: Displaying warning messages for the user.
|
|
1227 * Invisible Text:: Hiding part of the buffer text.
|
|
1228 * Selective Display:: Hiding part of the buffer text (the old way).
|
|
1229 * Temporary Displays:: Displays that go away automatically.
|
|
1230 * Overlays:: Use overlays to highlight parts of the buffer.
|
|
1231 * Width:: How wide a character or string is on the screen.
|
|
1232 * Line Height:: Controlling the height of lines.
|
|
1233 * Faces:: A face defines a graphics style
|
|
1234 for text characters: font, colors, etc.
|
|
1235 * Fringes:: Controlling window fringes.
|
|
1236 * Scroll Bars:: Controlling vertical scroll bars.
|
|
1237 * Display Property:: Enabling special display features.
|
|
1238 * Images:: Displaying images in Emacs buffers.
|
|
1239 * Buttons:: Adding clickable buttons to Emacs buffers.
|
|
1240 * Abstract Display:: Emacs' Widget for Object Collections.
|
|
1241 * Blinking:: How Emacs shows the matching open parenthesis.
|
|
1242 * Usual Display:: The usual conventions for displaying nonprinting chars.
|
|
1243 * Display Tables:: How to specify other conventions.
|
|
1244 * Beeping:: Audible signal to the user.
|
|
1245 * Window Systems:: Which window system is being used.
|
|
1246
|
|
1247 The Echo Area
|
|
1248
|
|
1249 * Displaying Messages:: Explicitly displaying text in the echo area.
|
|
1250 * Progress:: Informing user about progress of a long operation.
|
|
1251 * Logging Messages:: Echo area messages are logged for the user.
|
|
1252 * Echo Area Customization:: Controlling the echo area.
|
|
1253
|
|
1254 Reporting Warnings
|
|
1255
|
|
1256 * Warning Basics:: Warnings concepts and functions to report them.
|
|
1257 * Warning Variables:: Variables programs bind to customize their warnings.
|
|
1258 * Warning Options:: Variables users set to control display of warnings.
|
|
1259
|
|
1260 Overlays
|
|
1261
|
|
1262 * Managing Overlays:: Creating and moving overlays.
|
|
1263 * Overlay Properties:: How to read and set properties.
|
|
1264 What properties do to the screen display.
|
|
1265 * Finding Overlays:: Searching for overlays.
|
|
1266
|
|
1267 Faces
|
|
1268
|
|
1269 * Defining Faces:: How to define a face with @code{defface}.
|
|
1270 * Face Attributes:: What is in a face?
|
|
1271 * Attribute Functions:: Functions to examine and set face attributes.
|
|
1272 * Displaying Faces:: How Emacs combines the faces specified for
|
|
1273 a character.
|
|
1274 * Font Selection:: Finding the best available font for a face.
|
|
1275 * Face Functions:: How to define and examine faces.
|
|
1276 * Auto Faces:: Hook for automatic face assignment.
|
|
1277 * Font Lookup:: Looking up the names of available fonts
|
|
1278 and information about them.
|
|
1279 * Fontsets:: A fontset is a collection of fonts
|
|
1280 that handle a range of character sets.
|
|
1281
|
|
1282 Fringes
|
|
1283
|
|
1284 * Fringe Size/Pos:: Specifying where to put the window fringes.
|
|
1285 * Fringe Indicators:: Displaying indicator icons in the window fringes.
|
|
1286 * Fringe Cursors:: Displaying cursors in the right fringe.
|
|
1287 * Fringe Bitmaps:: Specifying bitmaps for fringe indicators.
|
|
1288 * Customizing Bitmaps:: Specifying your own bitmaps to use in the fringes.
|
|
1289 * Overlay Arrow:: Display of an arrow to indicate position.
|
|
1290
|
|
1291 The @code{display} Property
|
|
1292
|
|
1293 * Specified Space:: Displaying one space with a specified width.
|
|
1294 * Pixel Specification:: Specifying space width or height in pixels.
|
|
1295 * Other Display Specs:: Displaying an image; magnifying text; moving it
|
|
1296 up or down on the page; adjusting the width
|
|
1297 of spaces within text.
|
|
1298 * Display Margins:: Displaying text or images to the side of
|
|
1299 the main text.
|
|
1300
|
|
1301 Images
|
|
1302
|
|
1303 * Image Descriptors:: How to specify an image for use in @code{:display}.
|
|
1304 * XBM Images:: Special features for XBM format.
|
|
1305 * XPM Images:: Special features for XPM format.
|
|
1306 * GIF Images:: Special features for GIF format.
|
|
1307 * PostScript Images:: Special features for PostScript format.
|
|
1308 * Other Image Types:: Various other formats are supported.
|
|
1309 * Defining Images:: Convenient ways to define an image for later use.
|
|
1310 * Showing Images:: Convenient ways to display an image once
|
|
1311 it is defined.
|
|
1312 * Image Cache:: Internal mechanisms of image display.
|
|
1313
|
|
1314 Buttons
|
|
1315
|
|
1316 * Button Properties:: Button properties with special meanings.
|
|
1317 * Button Types:: Defining common properties for classes of buttons.
|
|
1318 * Making Buttons:: Adding buttons to Emacs buffers.
|
|
1319 * Manipulating Buttons:: Getting and setting properties of buttons.
|
|
1320 * Button Buffer Commands:: Buffer-wide commands and bindings for buttons.
|
|
1321
|
|
1322 Abstract Display
|
|
1323
|
|
1324 * Abstract Display Functions:: Functions in the Ewoc package.
|
|
1325 * Abstract Display Example:: Example of using Ewoc.
|
|
1326
|
|
1327 Display Tables
|
|
1328
|
|
1329 * Display Table Format:: What a display table consists of.
|
|
1330 * Active Display Table:: How Emacs selects a display table to use.
|
|
1331 * Glyphs:: How to define a glyph, and what glyphs mean.
|
|
1332
|
|
1333 Operating System Interface
|
|
1334
|
|
1335 * Starting Up:: Customizing Emacs start-up processing.
|
|
1336 * Getting Out:: How exiting works (permanent or temporary).
|
|
1337 * System Environment:: Distinguish the name and kind of system.
|
|
1338 * User Identification:: Finding the name and user id of the user.
|
|
1339 * Time of Day:: Getting the current time.
|
|
1340 * Time Conversion:: Converting a time from numeric form to a string, or
|
|
1341 to calendrical data (or vice versa).
|
|
1342 * Time Parsing:: Converting a time from numeric form to text
|
|
1343 and vice versa.
|
|
1344 * Processor Run Time:: Getting the run time used by Emacs.
|
|
1345 * Time Calculations:: Adding, subtracting, comparing times, etc.
|
|
1346 * Timers:: Setting a timer to call a function at a certain time.
|
|
1347 * Idle Timers:: Setting a timer to call a function when Emacs has
|
|
1348 been idle for a certain length of time.
|
|
1349 * Terminal Input:: Accessing and recording terminal input.
|
|
1350 * Terminal Output:: Controlling and recording terminal output.
|
|
1351 * Sound Output:: Playing sounds on the computer's speaker.
|
|
1352 * X11 Keysyms:: Operating on key symbols for X Windows
|
|
1353 * Batch Mode:: Running Emacs without terminal interaction.
|
|
1354 * Session Management:: Saving and restoring state with X Session Management.
|
|
1355
|
|
1356 Starting Up Emacs
|
|
1357
|
|
1358 * Startup Summary:: Sequence of actions Emacs performs at start-up.
|
|
1359 * Init File:: Details on reading the init file (@file{.emacs}).
|
|
1360 * Terminal-Specific:: How the terminal-specific Lisp file is read.
|
|
1361 * Command-Line Arguments:: How command-line arguments are processed,
|
|
1362 and how you can customize them.
|
|
1363
|
|
1364 Getting Out of Emacs
|
|
1365
|
|
1366 * Killing Emacs:: Exiting Emacs irreversibly.
|
|
1367 * Suspending Emacs:: Exiting Emacs reversibly.
|
|
1368
|
|
1369 Terminal Input
|
|
1370
|
|
1371 * Input Modes:: Options for how input is processed.
|
|
1372 * Recording Input:: Saving histories of recent or all input events.
|
|
1373
|
|
1374 Tips and Conventions
|
|
1375
|
|
1376 * Coding Conventions:: Conventions for clean and robust programs.
|
|
1377 * Key Binding Conventions:: Which keys should be bound by which programs.
|
|
1378 * Programming Tips:: Making Emacs code fit smoothly in Emacs.
|
|
1379 * Compilation Tips:: Making compiled code run fast.
|
|
1380 * Warning Tips:: Turning off compiler warnings.
|
|
1381 * Documentation Tips:: Writing readable documentation strings.
|
|
1382 * Comment Tips:: Conventions for writing comments.
|
|
1383 * Library Headers:: Standard headers for library packages.
|
|
1384
|
|
1385 GNU Emacs Internals
|
|
1386
|
|
1387 * Building Emacs:: How the dumped Emacs is made.
|
|
1388 * Pure Storage:: A kludge to make preloaded Lisp functions sharable.
|
|
1389 * Garbage Collection:: Reclaiming space for Lisp objects no longer used.
|
|
1390 * Memory Usage:: Info about total size of Lisp objects made so far.
|
|
1391 * Writing Emacs Primitives:: Writing C code for Emacs.
|
|
1392 * Object Internals:: Data formats of buffers, windows, processes.
|
|
1393
|
|
1394 Object Internals
|
|
1395
|
|
1396 * Buffer Internals:: Components of a buffer structure.
|
|
1397 * Window Internals:: Components of a window structure.
|
|
1398 * Process Internals:: Components of a process structure.
|
|
1399 @end detailmenu
|
|
1400 @end menu
|
|
1401
|
|
1402 @include intro.texi
|
|
1403 @include objects.texi
|
|
1404 @include numbers.texi
|
|
1405 @include strings.texi
|
|
1406
|
|
1407 @include lists.texi
|
|
1408 @include sequences.texi
|
|
1409 @include hash.texi
|
|
1410 @include symbols.texi
|
|
1411 @include eval.texi
|
|
1412
|
|
1413 @include control.texi
|
|
1414 @include variables.texi
|
|
1415 @include functions.texi
|
|
1416 @include macros.texi
|
|
1417
|
|
1418 @include customize.texi
|
|
1419 @include loading.texi
|
|
1420 @include compile.texi
|
|
1421 @include advice.texi
|
|
1422
|
|
1423 @include debugging.texi
|
|
1424 @include streams.texi
|
|
1425 @include minibuf.texi
|
|
1426 @include commands.texi
|
|
1427
|
|
1428 @include keymaps.texi
|
|
1429 @include modes.texi
|
|
1430 @include help.texi
|
|
1431 @include files.texi
|
|
1432
|
|
1433 @include backups.texi
|
|
1434 @include buffers.texi
|
|
1435 @include windows.texi
|
|
1436 @include frames.texi
|
|
1437
|
|
1438 @include positions.texi
|
|
1439 @include markers.texi
|
|
1440 @include text.texi
|
|
1441 @include nonascii.texi
|
|
1442
|
|
1443 @include searching.texi
|
|
1444 @include syntax.texi
|
|
1445 @include abbrevs.texi
|
|
1446 @include processes.texi
|
|
1447
|
|
1448 @include display.texi
|
|
1449 @include os.texi
|
|
1450
|
|
1451 @c MOVE to Emacs Manual: include misc-modes.texi
|
|
1452
|
|
1453 @c appendices
|
|
1454
|
|
1455 @c REMOVE this: include non-hacker.texi
|
|
1456
|
|
1457 @include anti.texi
|
|
1458 @include doclicense.texi
|
|
1459 @include gpl.texi
|
|
1460 @include tips.texi
|
|
1461 @include internals.texi
|
|
1462 @include errors.texi
|
|
1463 @include locals.texi
|
|
1464 @include maps.texi
|
|
1465 @include hooks.texi
|
|
1466
|
|
1467 @include index.texi
|
|
1468
|
|
1469 @ignore
|
|
1470 @node New Symbols, , Index, Top
|
|
1471 @unnumbered New Symbols Since the Previous Edition
|
|
1472
|
|
1473 @printindex tp
|
|
1474 @end ignore
|
|
1475
|
|
1476 @bye
|
|
1477
|
|
1478
|
|
1479 These words prevent "local variables" above from confusing Emacs.
|
|
1480
|
|
1481 @ignore
|
|
1482 arch-tag: f7e9a219-a0e1-4776-b631-08eaa1d49b34
|
|
1483 @end ignore
|