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annotate man/emacs.texi @ 30110:23cb074f9d88
Change author's mail address.
author | Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org> |
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date | Fri, 07 Jul 2000 13:01:49 +0000 |
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2 | |
3 @setchapternewpage odd | |
4 @settitle GNU Emacs Manual | |
5 @setfilename ../info/emacs | |
6 @synindex pg cp | |
7 | |
8 @ifinfo | |
9 @c The edition number appears in several places in this file | |
10 This is the thirteenth edition of the @cite{GNU Emacs Manual}, | |
11 updated for Emacs version 20.4 | |
12 @c Please REMEMBER to update edition number in *three* places in this file. | |
13 | |
30009 | 14 @dircategory Emacs |
24093 | 15 @direntry |
16 * Emacs: (emacs). The extensible self-documenting text editor. | |
17 @end direntry | |
18 | |
19 Published by the Free Software Foundation | |
20 59 Temple Place, Suite 330 | |
21 Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA | |
22 | |
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23 Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999 |
24093 | 24 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25 | |
26 Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of | |
27 this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice | |
28 are preserved on all copies. | |
29 | |
30 @ignore | |
31 Permission is granted to process this file through Tex and print the | |
32 results, provided the printed document carries copying permission | |
33 notice identical to this one except for the removal of this paragraph | |
34 (this paragraph not being relevant to the printed manual). | |
35 | |
36 @end ignore | |
37 Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this | |
38 manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the | |
39 sections entitled ``The GNU Manifesto'', ``Distribution'' and ``GNU | |
40 General Public License'' are included exactly as in the original, and | |
41 provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the | |
42 terms of a permission notice identical to this one. | |
43 | |
44 Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual | |
45 into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, | |
46 except that the sections entitled ``The GNU Manifesto'', | |
47 ``Distribution'' and ``GNU General Public License'' may be included in a | |
48 translation approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the | |
49 original English. | |
50 @end ifinfo | |
51 | |
52 @c in general, keep the following line commented out, unless doing a | |
53 @c copy of this manual that will be published. the manual should go | |
54 @c onto the distribution in the full, 8.5 x 11" size. | |
55 | |
56 @smallbook | |
57 | |
58 @iftex | |
59 @kbdinputstyle code | |
60 | |
61 @shorttitlepage GNU Emacs Manual | |
62 @end iftex | |
63 @titlepage | |
64 @sp 6 | |
65 @center @titlefont{GNU Emacs Manual} | |
66 @sp 4 | |
67 @center Thirteenth Edition, Updated for Emacs Version 20.4 | |
68 @sp 5 | |
69 @center Richard Stallman | |
70 @page | |
71 @vskip 0pt plus 1filll | |
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72 Copyright @copyright{} 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999 |
24093 | 73 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
74 @sp 2 | |
75 Thirteenth Edition @* | |
76 Updated for Emacs Version 20.4, @* | |
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77 February 1999 |
24093 | 78 |
79 ISBN 1-882114-06-X | |
80 @sp 1 | |
81 Published by the Free Software Foundation @* | |
82 59 Temple Place, Suite 330 @* | |
83 Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA | |
84 @sp 1 | |
85 Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of | |
86 this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice | |
87 are preserved on all copies. | |
88 | |
89 Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this | |
90 manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the | |
91 sections entitled ``The GNU Manifesto'', ``Distribution'' and ``GNU | |
92 General Public License'' are included exactly as in the original, and | |
93 provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the | |
94 terms of a permission notice identical to this one. | |
95 | |
96 Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual | |
97 into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, | |
98 except that the sections entitled ``The GNU Manifesto'', | |
99 ``Distribution'' and ``GNU General Public License'' may be included in a | |
100 translation approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the | |
101 original English. | |
102 | |
103 @sp 2 | |
104 Cover art by Etienne Suvasa. | |
105 | |
106 @end titlepage | |
107 @page | |
108 @ifinfo | |
109 @node Top, Distrib, (dir), (dir) | |
110 @top The Emacs Editor | |
111 | |
112 Emacs is the extensible, customizable, self-documenting real-time | |
113 display editor. This Info file describes how to edit with Emacs and | |
114 some of how to customize it; it corresponds to GNU Emacs version 20.4. | |
115 For information on extending Emacs, see @ref{,Emacs Lisp,, elisp, The | |
116 Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. | |
117 @end ifinfo | |
118 | |
119 @ignore | |
120 These subcategories have been deleted for simplicity | |
121 and to avoid conflicts. | |
122 Completion | |
123 Backup Files | |
124 Auto-Saving: Protection Against Disasters | |
125 Snapshots | |
126 Text Mode | |
127 Outline Mode | |
128 @TeX{} Mode | |
129 Formatted Text | |
130 Fortran Mode | |
131 Fortran Indentation | |
132 Shell Command History | |
133 | |
134 The ones for Dired and Rmail have had the items turned into :: items | |
135 to avoid conflicts. | |
136 Also Running Shell Commands from Emacs | |
137 and Sending Mail and Registers and Minibuffer. | |
138 @end ignore | |
139 | |
140 @menu | |
141 * Distrib:: How to get the latest Emacs distribution. | |
142 * Copying:: The GNU General Public License gives you permission | |
143 to redistribute GNU Emacs on certain terms; | |
144 it also explains that there is no warranty. | |
145 * Intro:: An introduction to Emacs concepts. | |
146 * Glossary:: The glossary. | |
147 * Antinews:: Information about Emacs version 19. | |
148 * MS-DOS:: Using Emacs on MS-DOS (otherwise known as "MS-DOG"). | |
149 * Manifesto:: What's GNU? Gnu's Not Unix! | |
150 * Acknowledgments:: Major contributors to GNU Emacs. | |
151 | |
152 Indexes (nodes containing large menus) | |
153 * Key Index:: An item for each standard Emacs key sequence. | |
154 * Command Index:: An item for each command name. | |
155 * Variable Index:: An item for each documented variable. | |
156 * Concept Index:: An item for each concept. | |
157 | |
158 Important General Concepts | |
159 * Screen:: How to interpret what you see on the screen. | |
160 * User Input:: Kinds of input events (characters, buttons, | |
161 function keys). | |
162 * Keys:: Key sequences: what you type to request one | |
163 editing action. | |
164 * Commands:: Named functions run by key sequences to do editing. | |
165 * Text Characters:: Character set for text (the contents of buffers | |
166 and strings). | |
167 * Entering Emacs:: Starting Emacs from the shell. | |
168 * Exiting:: Stopping or killing Emacs. | |
169 * Command Arguments:: Hairy startup options. | |
170 | |
171 Fundamental Editing Commands | |
172 * Basic:: The most basic editing commands. | |
173 * Minibuffer:: Entering arguments that are prompted for. | |
174 * M-x:: Invoking commands by their names. | |
175 * Help:: Commands for asking Emacs about its commands. | |
176 | |
177 Important Text-Changing Commands | |
178 * Mark:: The mark: how to delimit a ``region'' of text. | |
179 * Killing:: Killing text. | |
180 * Yanking:: Recovering killed text. Moving text. | |
181 * Accumulating Text:: Other ways of copying text. | |
182 * Rectangles:: Operating on the text inside a rectangle on the screen. | |
183 * Registers:: Saving a text string or a location in the buffer. | |
184 * Display:: Controlling what text is displayed. | |
185 * Search:: Finding or replacing occurrences of a string. | |
186 * Fixit:: Commands especially useful for fixing typos. | |
187 | |
188 Major Structures of Emacs | |
189 * Files:: All about handling files. | |
190 * Buffers:: Multiple buffers; editing several files at once. | |
191 * Windows:: Viewing two pieces of text at once. | |
192 * Frames:: Running the same Emacs session in multiple X windows. | |
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193 * International:: Using non-ASCII character sets (the MULE features). |
24093 | 194 |
195 Advanced Features | |
196 * Major Modes:: Text mode vs. Lisp mode vs. C mode ... | |
197 * Indentation:: Editing the white space at the beginnings of lines. | |
198 * Text:: Commands and modes for editing English. | |
199 * Programs:: Commands and modes for editing programs. | |
200 * Building:: Compiling, running and debugging programs. | |
201 * Abbrevs:: How to define text abbreviations to reduce | |
202 the number of characters you must type. | |
203 * Picture:: Editing pictures made up of characters | |
204 using the quarter-plane screen model. | |
205 * Sending Mail:: Sending mail in Emacs. | |
206 * Rmail:: Reading mail in Emacs. | |
207 * Dired:: You can ``edit'' a directory to manage files in it. | |
208 * Calendar/Diary:: The calendar and diary facilities. | |
209 * Gnus:: How to read netnews with Emacs. | |
210 * Shell:: Executing shell commands from Emacs. | |
211 * Emacs Server:: Using Emacs as an editing server for @code{mail}, etc. | |
212 * Hardcopy:: Printing buffers or regions. | |
27212 | 213 * PostScript:: Printing buffers or regions as PostScript. |
214 * PostScript Variables:: | |
215 Customizing the PostScript printing commands. | |
24093 | 216 * Sorting:: Sorting lines, paragraphs or pages within Emacs. |
217 * Narrowing:: Restricting display and editing to a portion | |
218 of the buffer. | |
219 * Two-Column:: Splitting apart columns to edit them | |
220 in side-by-side windows. | |
221 * Editing Binary Files:: | |
222 Using Hexl mode to edit binary files. | |
223 * Saving Emacs Sessions:: | |
224 Saving Emacs state from one session to the next. | |
225 * Recursive Edit:: A command can allow you to do editing | |
226 "within the command". This is called a | |
227 `recursive editing level'. | |
228 * Emulation:: Emulating some other editors with Emacs. | |
28449 | 229 * Hyperlinking:: |
24093 | 230 * Dissociated Press:: Dissociating text for fun. |
231 * Amusements:: Various games and hacks. | |
232 * Customization:: Modifying the behavior of Emacs. | |
233 | |
234 Recovery from Problems | |
235 * Quitting:: Quitting and aborting. | |
236 * Lossage:: What to do if Emacs is hung or malfunctioning. | |
237 * Bugs:: How and when to report a bug. | |
238 * Contributing:: How to contribute improvements to Emacs. | |
239 * Service:: How to get help for your own Emacs needs. | |
240 | |
241 Here are some other nodes which are really inferiors of the ones | |
242 already listed, mentioned here so you can get to them in one step: | |
243 | |
244 --- The Detailed Node Listing --- | |
245 | |
246 The Organization of the Screen | |
247 | |
248 * Point:: The place in the text where editing commands operate. | |
249 * Echo Area:: Short messages appear at the bottom of the screen. | |
250 * Mode Line:: Interpreting the mode line. | |
251 * Menu Bar:: How to use the menu bar. | |
252 | |
253 Basic Editing Commands | |
254 | |
255 * Inserting Text:: Inserting text by simply typing it. | |
256 * Moving Point:: How to move the cursor to the place where you want to | |
257 change something. | |
258 * Erasing:: Deleting and killing text. | |
259 * Undo:: Undoing recent changes in the text. | |
260 * Files: Basic Files. Visiting, creating, and saving files. | |
261 * Help: Basic Help. Asking what a character does. | |
262 * Blank Lines:: Commands to make or delete blank lines. | |
263 * Continuation Lines:: Lines too wide for the screen. | |
264 * Position Info:: What page, line, row, or column is point on? | |
265 * Arguments:: Numeric arguments for repeating a command. | |
266 | |
267 The Minibuffer | |
268 | |
269 * Minibuffer File:: Entering file names with the minibuffer. | |
270 * Minibuffer Edit:: How to edit in the minibuffer. | |
271 * Completion:: An abbreviation facility for minibuffer input. | |
272 * Minibuffer History:: Reusing recent minibuffer arguments. | |
273 * Repetition:: Re-executing commands that used the minibuffer. | |
274 | |
275 Help | |
276 | |
277 * Help Summary:: Brief list of all Help commands. | |
278 * Key Help:: Asking what a key does in Emacs. | |
279 * Name Help:: Asking about a command, variable or function name. | |
280 * Apropos:: Asking what pertains to a given topic. | |
281 * Library Keywords:: Finding Lisp libraries by keywords (topics). | |
282 * Language Help:: Help relating to international language support. | |
283 * Misc Help:: Other help commands. | |
284 | |
285 The Mark and the Region | |
286 | |
287 * Setting Mark:: Commands to set the mark. | |
288 * Transient Mark:: How to make Emacs highlight the region-- | |
289 when there is one. | |
290 * Using Region:: Summary of ways to operate on contents of the region. | |
291 * Marking Objects:: Commands to put region around textual units. | |
292 * Mark Ring:: Previous mark positions saved so you can go back there. | |
293 * Global Mark Ring:: Previous mark positions in various buffers. | |
294 | |
295 Deletion and Killing | |
296 | |
297 * Deletion:: Commands for deleting small amounts of text and | |
298 blank areas. | |
299 * Killing by Lines:: How to kill entire lines of text at one time. | |
300 * Other Kill Commands:: Commands to kill large regions of text and | |
301 syntactic units such as words and sentences. | |
302 | |
303 Yanking | |
304 | |
305 * Kill Ring:: Where killed text is stored. Basic yanking. | |
306 * Appending Kills:: Several kills in a row all yank together. | |
307 * Earlier Kills:: Yanking something killed some time ago. | |
308 | |
309 Registers | |
310 | |
311 * RegPos:: Saving positions in registers. | |
312 * RegText:: Saving text in registers. | |
313 * RegRect:: Saving rectangles in registers. | |
314 * RegConfig:: Saving window configurations in registers. | |
315 * RegFiles:: File names in registers. | |
316 * Bookmarks:: Bookmarks are like registers, but persistent. | |
317 | |
318 Controlling the Display | |
319 | |
320 * Scrolling:: Moving text up and down in a window. | |
321 * Horizontal Scrolling:: Moving text left and right in a window. | |
322 * Follow Mode:: Follow mode lets two windows scroll as one. | |
323 * Selective Display:: Hiding lines with lots of indentation. | |
324 * Optional Mode Line:: Optional mode line display features. | |
325 * Text Display:: How text is normally displayed. | |
326 * Display Vars:: Information on variables for customizing display. | |
327 | |
328 Searching and Replacement | |
329 | |
330 * Incremental Search:: Search happens as you type the string. | |
331 * Nonincremental Search:: Specify entire string and then search. | |
332 * Word Search:: Search for sequence of words. | |
333 * Regexp Search:: Search for match for a regexp. | |
334 * Regexps:: Syntax of regular expressions. | |
335 * Search Case:: To ignore case while searching, or not. | |
336 * Replace:: Search, and replace some or all matches. | |
337 * Other Repeating Search:: Operating on all matches for some regexp. | |
338 | |
339 Replacement Commands | |
340 | |
341 * Unconditional Replace:: Replacing all matches for a string. | |
342 * Regexp Replace:: Replacing all matches for a regexp. | |
343 * Replacement and Case:: How replacements preserve case of letters. | |
344 * Query Replace:: How to use querying. | |
345 | |
346 Commands for Fixing Typos | |
347 | |
348 * Kill Errors:: Commands to kill a batch of recently entered text. | |
349 * Transpose:: Exchanging two characters, words, lines, lists... | |
350 * Fixing Case:: Correcting case of last word entered. | |
351 * Spelling:: Apply spelling checker to a word or a whole buffer. | |
352 | |
353 File Handling | |
354 | |
355 * File Names:: How to type and edit file-name arguments. | |
356 * Visiting:: Visiting a file prepares Emacs to edit the file. | |
357 * Saving:: Saving makes your changes permanent. | |
358 * Reverting:: Reverting cancels all the changes not saved. | |
359 * Auto Save:: Auto Save periodically protects against loss of data. | |
360 * File Aliases:: Handling multiple names for one file. | |
361 * Version Control:: Version control systems (RCS, CVS and SCCS). | |
362 * Directories:: Creating, deleting, and listing file directories. | |
363 * Comparing Files:: Finding where two files differ. | |
364 * Misc File Ops:: Other things you can do on files. | |
365 * Compressed Files:: Accessing compressed files. | |
366 * Remote Files:: Accessing files on other sites. | |
367 * Quoted File Names:: Quoting special characters in file names. | |
368 | |
369 Saving Files | |
370 | |
371 * Backup:: How Emacs saves the old version of your file. | |
372 * Interlocking:: How Emacs protects against simultaneous editing | |
373 of one file by two users. | |
374 | |
375 Version Control | |
376 | |
377 * Introduction to VC:: How version control works in general. | |
378 * VC Mode Line:: How the mode line shows version control status. | |
379 * Basic VC Editing:: How to edit a file under version control. | |
380 * Old Versions:: Examining and comparing old versions. | |
381 * Secondary VC Commands:: The commands used a little less frequently. | |
382 * Branches:: Multiple lines of development. | |
383 * Snapshots:: Sets of file versions treated as a unit. | |
384 * Miscellaneous VC:: Various other commands and features of VC. | |
385 * Customizing VC:: Variables that change VC's behavior. | |
386 | |
387 Using Multiple Buffers | |
388 | |
389 * Select Buffer:: Creating a new buffer or reselecting an old one. | |
390 * List Buffers:: Getting a list of buffers that exist. | |
391 * Misc Buffer:: Renaming; changing read-onlyness; copying text. | |
392 * Kill Buffer:: Killing buffers you no longer need. | |
393 * Several Buffers:: How to go through the list of all buffers | |
394 and operate variously on several of them. | |
395 * Indirect Buffers:: An indirect buffer shares the text of another buffer. | |
396 | |
397 Multiple Windows | |
398 | |
399 * Basic Window:: Introduction to Emacs windows. | |
400 * Split Window:: New windows are made by splitting existing windows. | |
401 * Other Window:: Moving to another window or doing something to it. | |
402 * Pop Up Window:: Finding a file or buffer in another window. | |
403 * Force Same Window:: Forcing certain buffers to appear in the selected | |
404 window rather than in another window. | |
405 * Change Window:: Deleting windows and changing their sizes. | |
406 | |
407 Frames and X Windows | |
408 | |
409 * Mouse Commands:: Moving, cutting, and pasting, with the mouse. | |
410 * Secondary Selection:: Cutting without altering point and mark. | |
411 * Mouse References:: Using the mouse to select an item from a list. | |
412 * Menu Mouse Clicks:: Mouse clicks that bring up menus. | |
413 * Mode Line Mouse:: Mouse clicks on the mode line. | |
414 * Creating Frames:: Creating additional Emacs frames with various contents. | |
415 * Multiple Displays:: How one Emacs job can talk to several displays. | |
416 * Special Buffer Frames:: You can make certain buffers have their own frames. | |
417 * Frame Parameters:: Changing the colors and other modes of frames. | |
418 * Scroll Bars:: How to enable and disable scroll bars; how to use them. | |
419 * Menu Bars:: Enabling and disabling the menu bar. | |
420 * Faces:: How to change the display style using faces. | |
421 * Font Lock:: Minor mode for syntactic highlighting using faces. | |
422 * Support Modes:: Font Lock support modes make Font Lock faster. | |
423 * Misc X:: Iconifying and deleting frames. Region highlighting. | |
424 * Non-Window Terminals:: Multiple frames on terminals that show only one. | |
425 | |
426 Font Lock Support Modes | |
427 | |
428 * Fast Lock Mode:: Saving font information in files. | |
429 * Lazy Lock Mode:: Fontifying only text that is actually displayed. | |
430 * Fast or Lazy:: Which support mode is best for you? | |
431 | |
432 International Character Set Support | |
433 | |
434 * International Intro:: Basic concepts of multibyte characters. | |
435 * Enabling Multibyte:: Controlling whether to use multibyte characters. | |
436 * Language Environments:: Setting things up for the language you use. | |
437 * Input Methods:: Entering text characters not on your keyboard. | |
438 * Select Input Method:: Specifying your choice of input methods. | |
439 * Coding Systems:: Character set conversion when you read and | |
440 write files, and so on. | |
441 * Recognize Coding:: How Emacs figures out which conversion to use. | |
442 * Specify Coding:: Various ways to choose which conversion to use. | |
443 * Fontsets:: Fontsets are collections of fonts | |
444 that cover the whole spectrum of characters. | |
445 * Defining Fontsets:: Defining a new fontset. | |
27212 | 446 * Single-Byte Character Support:: |
24093 | 447 You can pick one European character set |
448 to use without multibyte characters. | |
449 | |
450 Major Modes | |
451 | |
452 * Choosing Modes:: How major modes are specified or chosen. | |
453 | |
454 Indentation | |
455 | |
456 * Indentation Commands:: Various commands and techniques for indentation. | |
457 * Tab Stops:: You can set arbitrary "tab stops" and then | |
458 indent to the next tab stop when you want to. | |
459 * Just Spaces:: You can request indentation using just spaces. | |
460 | |
461 Commands for Human Languages | |
462 | |
463 * Words:: Moving over and killing words. | |
464 * Sentences:: Moving over and killing sentences. | |
465 * Paragraphs:: Moving over paragraphs. | |
466 * Pages:: Moving over pages. | |
467 * Filling:: Filling or justifying text. | |
468 * Case:: Changing the case of text. | |
469 * Text Mode:: The major modes for editing text files. | |
470 * Outline Mode:: Editing outlines. | |
471 * TeX Mode:: Editing input to the formatter TeX. | |
472 * Nroff Mode:: Editing input to the formatter nroff. | |
473 * Formatted Text:: Editing formatted text directly in WYSIWYG fashion. | |
474 | |
475 Filling Text | |
476 | |
477 * Auto Fill:: Auto Fill mode breaks long lines automatically. | |
478 * Fill Commands:: Commands to refill paragraphs and center lines. | |
479 * Fill Prefix:: Filling paragraphs that are indented | |
480 or in a comment, etc. | |
481 * Adaptive Fill:: How Emacs can determine the fill prefix automatically. | |
482 | |
483 Editing Programs | |
484 | |
485 * Program Modes:: Major modes for editing programs. | |
486 * Lists:: Expressions with balanced parentheses. | |
487 * List Commands:: The commands for working with list and sexps. | |
488 * Defuns:: Each program is made up of separate functions. | |
489 There are editing commands to operate on them. | |
490 * Program Indent:: Adjusting indentation to show the nesting. | |
491 * Matching:: Insertion of a close-delimiter flashes matching open. | |
492 * Comments:: Inserting, killing, and aligning comments. | |
493 * Balanced Editing:: Inserting two matching parentheses at once, etc. | |
494 * Symbol Completion:: Completion on symbol names of your program or language. | |
495 * Documentation:: Getting documentation of functions you plan to call. | |
496 * Change Log:: Maintaining a change history for your program. | |
497 * Tags:: Go directly to any function in your program in one | |
498 command. Tags remembers which file it is in. | |
499 * Emerge:: A convenient way of merging two versions of a program. | |
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500 * C Modes:: Special commands of C, C++, Objective-C and Java modes. |
24093 | 501 * Fortran:: Fortran mode and its special features. |
502 * Asm Mode:: Asm mode and its special features. | |
503 | |
504 Indentation for Programs | |
505 | |
506 * Basic Indent:: Indenting a single line. | |
507 * Multi-line Indent:: Commands to reindent many lines at once. | |
508 * Lisp Indent:: Specifying how each Lisp function should be indented. | |
509 * C Indent:: Choosing an indentation style for C code. | |
510 | |
511 Tags Tables | |
512 | |
513 * Tag Syntax:: Tag syntax for various types of code and text files. | |
514 * Create Tags Table:: Creating a tags table with @code{etags}. | |
515 * Select Tags Table:: How to visit a tags table. | |
516 * Find Tag:: Commands to find the definition of a specific tag. | |
517 * Tags Search:: Using a tags table for searching and replacing. | |
518 * List Tags:: Listing and finding tags defined in a file. | |
519 | |
520 Merging Files with Emerge | |
521 | |
522 * Overview of Emerge:: How to start Emerge. Basic concepts. | |
523 * Submodes of Emerge:: Fast mode vs. Edit mode. | |
524 Skip Prefers mode and Auto Advance mode. | |
525 * State of Difference:: You do the merge by specifying state A or B | |
526 for each difference. | |
527 * Merge Commands:: Commands for selecting a difference, | |
528 changing states of differences, etc. | |
529 * Exiting Emerge:: What to do when you've finished the merge. | |
530 * Combining in Emerge:: How to keep both alternatives for a difference. | |
531 * Fine Points of Emerge:: Misc. | |
532 | |
533 Compiling and Testing Programs | |
534 | |
535 * Compilation:: Compiling programs in languages other | |
536 than Lisp (C, Pascal, etc.). | |
537 * Compilation Mode:: The mode for visiting compiler errors. | |
538 * Compilation Shell:: Customizing your shell properly | |
539 for use in the compilation buffer. | |
540 * Debuggers:: Running symbolic debuggers for non-Lisp programs. | |
541 * Executing Lisp:: Various modes for editing Lisp programs, | |
542 with different facilities for running | |
543 the Lisp programs. | |
544 * Lisp Libraries:: Creating Lisp programs to run in Emacs. | |
545 * Lisp Interaction:: Executing Lisp in an Emacs buffer. | |
546 * Lisp Eval:: Executing a single Lisp expression in Emacs. | |
547 * External Lisp:: Communicating through Emacs with a separate Lisp. | |
548 | |
549 Running Debuggers Under Emacs | |
550 | |
551 * Starting GUD:: How to start a debugger subprocess. | |
552 * Debugger Operation:: Connection between the debugger and source buffers. | |
553 * Commands of GUD:: Key bindings for common commands. | |
554 * GUD Customization:: Defining your own commands for GUD. | |
555 | |
556 Abbrevs | |
557 | |
558 * Abbrev Concepts:: Fundamentals of defined abbrevs. | |
559 * Defining Abbrevs:: Defining an abbrev, so it will expand when typed. | |
560 * Expanding Abbrevs:: Controlling expansion: prefixes, canceling expansion. | |
561 * Editing Abbrevs:: Viewing or editing the entire list of defined abbrevs. | |
562 * Saving Abbrevs:: Saving the entire list of abbrevs for another session. | |
563 * Dynamic Abbrevs:: Abbreviations for words already in the buffer. | |
564 | |
565 Editing Pictures | |
566 | |
567 * Basic Picture:: Basic concepts and simple commands of Picture Mode. | |
568 * Insert in Picture:: Controlling direction of cursor motion | |
569 after "self-inserting" characters. | |
570 * Tabs in Picture:: Various features for tab stops and indentation. | |
571 * Rectangles in Picture:: Clearing and superimposing rectangles. | |
572 | |
573 Sending Mail | |
574 | |
575 * Mail Format:: Format of the mail being composed. | |
576 * Mail Headers:: Details of permitted mail header fields. | |
577 * Mail Aliases:: Abbreviating and grouping mail addresses. | |
578 * Mail Mode:: Special commands for editing mail being composed. | |
579 * Distracting NSA:: How to distract the NSA's attention. | |
580 * Mail Methods:: Using alternative mail-composition methods. | |
581 | |
582 Reading Mail with Rmail | |
583 | |
584 * Rmail Basics:: Basic concepts of Rmail, and simple use. | |
585 * Rmail Scrolling:: Scrolling through a message. | |
586 * Rmail Motion:: Moving to another message. | |
587 * Rmail Deletion:: Deleting and expunging messages. | |
588 * Rmail Inbox:: How mail gets into the Rmail file. | |
589 * Rmail Files:: Using multiple Rmail files. | |
590 * Rmail Output:: Copying message out to files. | |
591 * Rmail Labels:: Classifying messages by labeling them. | |
592 * Rmail Attributes:: Certain standard labels, called attributes. | |
593 * Rmail Reply:: Sending replies to messages you are viewing. | |
594 * Rmail Summary:: Summaries show brief info on many messages. | |
595 * Rmail Sorting:: Sorting messages in Rmail. | |
596 * Rmail Display:: How Rmail displays a message; customization. | |
597 * Rmail Editing:: Editing message text and headers in Rmail. | |
598 * Rmail Digest:: Extracting the messages from a digest message. | |
599 * Out of Rmail:: Converting an Rmail file to mailbox format. | |
600 * Rmail Rot13:: Reading messages encoded in the rot13 code. | |
601 * Movemail:: More details of fetching new mail. | |
602 | |
603 Dired, the Directory Editor | |
604 | |
605 * Dired Enter:: How to invoke Dired. | |
606 * Dired Commands:: Commands in the Dired buffer. | |
607 * Dired Deletion:: Deleting files with Dired. | |
608 * Flagging Many Files:: Flagging files based on their names. | |
609 * Dired Visiting:: Other file operations through Dired. | |
610 * Marks vs Flags:: Flagging for deletion vs marking. | |
611 * Operating on Files:: How to copy, rename, print, compress, etc. | |
612 either one file or several files. | |
613 * Shell Commands in Dired:: Running a shell command on the marked files. | |
614 * Transforming File Names:: Using patterns to rename multiple files. | |
615 * Comparison in Dired:: Running `diff' by way of Dired. | |
616 * Subdirectories in Dired:: Adding subdirectories to the Dired buffer. | |
617 * Subdirectory Motion:: Moving across subdirectories, and up and down. | |
618 * Hiding Subdirectories:: Making subdirectories visible or invisible. | |
619 * Dired Updating:: Discarding lines for files of no interest. | |
620 * Dired and Find:: Using `find' to choose the files for Dired. | |
621 | |
622 The Calendar and the Diary | |
623 | |
624 * Calendar Motion:: Moving through the calendar; selecting a date. | |
625 * Scroll Calendar:: Bringing earlier or later months onto the screen. | |
626 * Counting Days:: How many days are there between two dates? | |
627 * General Calendar:: Exiting or recomputing the calendar. | |
628 * LaTeX Calendar:: Print a calendar using LaTeX. | |
629 * Holidays:: Displaying dates of holidays. | |
630 * Sunrise/Sunset:: Displaying local times of sunrise and sunset. | |
631 * Lunar Phases:: Displaying phases of the moon. | |
632 * Other Calendars:: Converting dates to other calendar systems. | |
633 * Diary:: Displaying events from your diary. | |
634 * Appointments:: Reminders when it's time to do something. | |
635 * Daylight Savings:: How to specify when daylight savings time is active. | |
636 | |
637 Movement in the Calendar | |
638 | |
639 * Calendar Unit Motion:: Moving by days, weeks, months, and years. | |
640 * Move to Beginning or End:: Moving to start/end of weeks, months, and years. | |
641 * Specified Dates:: Moving to the current date or another | |
642 specific date. | |
643 | |
644 Conversion To and From Other Calendars | |
645 | |
646 * Calendar Systems:: The calendars Emacs understands | |
647 (aside from Gregorian). | |
648 * To Other Calendar:: Converting the selected date to various calendars. | |
649 * From Other Calendar:: Moving to a date specified in another calendar. | |
650 * Mayan Calendar:: Moving to a date specified in a Mayan calendar. | |
651 | |
652 The Diary | |
653 | |
654 * Diary Commands:: Viewing diary entries and associated calendar dates. | |
655 * Format of Diary File:: Entering events in your diary. | |
656 * Date Formats:: Various ways you can specify dates. | |
657 * Adding to Diary:: Commands to create diary entries. | |
658 * Special Diary Entries:: Anniversaries, blocks of dates, cyclic entries, etc. | |
659 | |
660 @sc{Gnus} | |
661 | |
662 * Buffers of Gnus:: The group, summary, and article buffers. | |
663 * Gnus Startup:: What you should know about starting Gnus. | |
664 * Summary of Gnus:: A short description of the basic Gnus commands. | |
665 | |
666 Running Shell Commands from Emacs | |
667 | |
668 * Single Shell:: How to run one shell command and return. | |
669 * Interactive Shell:: Permanent shell taking input via Emacs. | |
670 * Shell Mode:: Special Emacs commands used with permanent shell. | |
671 * Shell History:: Repeating previous commands in a shell buffer. | |
672 * Shell Options:: Options for customizing Shell mode. | |
673 * Remote Host:: Connecting to another computer. | |
674 | |
675 Customization | |
676 | |
677 * Minor Modes:: Each minor mode is one feature you can turn on | |
678 independently of any others. | |
679 * Variables:: Many Emacs commands examine Emacs variables | |
680 to decide what to do; by setting variables, | |
681 you can control their functioning. | |
682 * Keyboard Macros:: A keyboard macro records a sequence of | |
683 keystrokes to be replayed with a single command. | |
684 * Key Bindings:: The keymaps say what command each key runs. | |
685 By changing them, you can "redefine keys". | |
686 * Keyboard Translations:: | |
687 If your keyboard passes an undesired code | |
688 for a key, you can tell Emacs to | |
689 substitute another code. | |
690 * Syntax:: The syntax table controls how words and | |
691 expressions are parsed. | |
692 * Init File:: How to write common customizations in the | |
693 @file{.emacs} file. | |
694 | |
695 Variables | |
696 | |
697 * Examining:: Examining or setting one variable's value. | |
698 * Easy Customization:: | |
699 Convenient and easy customization of variables. | |
700 * Hooks:: Hook variables let you specify programs for parts | |
701 of Emacs to run on particular occasions. | |
702 * Locals:: Per-buffer values of variables. | |
703 * File Variables:: How files can specify variable values. | |
704 | |
705 Keyboard Macros | |
706 | |
707 * Basic Kbd Macro:: Defining and running keyboard macros. | |
708 * Save Kbd Macro:: Giving keyboard macros names; saving them in files. | |
709 * Kbd Macro Query:: Making keyboard macros do different things each time. | |
710 | |
711 Customizing Key Bindings | |
712 | |
713 * Keymaps:: Generalities. The global keymap. | |
714 * Prefix Keymaps:: Keymaps for prefix keys. | |
715 * Local Keymaps:: Major and minor modes have their own keymaps. | |
716 * Minibuffer Maps:: The minibuffer uses its own local keymaps. | |
717 * Rebinding:: How to redefine one key's meaning conveniently. | |
718 * Init Rebinding:: Rebinding keys with your init file, @file{.emacs}. | |
719 * Function Keys:: Rebinding terminal function keys. | |
720 * Named ASCII Chars:: Distinguishing @key{TAB} from @kbd{C-i}, and so on. | |
721 * Mouse Buttons:: Rebinding mouse buttons in Emacs. | |
722 * Disabling:: Disabling a command means confirmation is required | |
723 before it can be executed. This is done to protect | |
724 beginners from surprises. | |
725 | |
726 The Init File, @file{~/.emacs} | |
727 | |
728 * Init Syntax:: Syntax of constants in Emacs Lisp. | |
729 * Init Examples:: How to do some things with an init file. | |
730 * Terminal Init:: Each terminal type can have an init file. | |
731 * Find Init:: How Emacs finds the init file. | |
732 | |
733 Dealing with Emacs Trouble | |
734 | |
735 * DEL Gets Help:: What to do if @key{DEL} doesn't delete. | |
736 * Stuck Recursive:: `[...]' in mode line around the parentheses. | |
737 * Screen Garbled:: Garbage on the screen. | |
738 * Text Garbled:: Garbage in the text. | |
739 * Unasked-for Search:: Spontaneous entry to incremental search. | |
740 * Memory Full:: How to cope when you run out of memory. | |
741 * Emergency Escape:: Emergency escape--- | |
742 What to do if Emacs stops responding. | |
743 * Total Frustration:: When you are at your wits' end. | |
744 | |
745 Reporting Bugs | |
746 | |
747 * Criteria: Bug Criteria. Have you really found a bug? | |
748 * Understanding Bug Reporting:: How to report a bug effectively. | |
749 * Checklist:: Steps to follow for a good bug report. | |
750 * Sending Patches:: How to send a patch for GNU Emacs. | |
751 | |
752 Command Line Options and Arguments | |
753 | |
754 * Action Arguments:: Arguments to visit files, load libraries, | |
755 and call functions. | |
756 * Initial Options:: Arguments that take effect while starting Emacs. | |
757 * Command Example:: Examples of using command line arguments. | |
758 * Resume Arguments:: Specifying arguments when you resume a running Emacs. | |
759 * Environment:: Environment variables that Emacs uses. | |
760 | |
761 * Display X:: Changing the default display and using remote login. | |
762 * Font X:: Choosing a font for text, under X. | |
763 * Colors X:: Choosing colors, under X. | |
764 * Window Size X:: Start-up window size, under X. | |
765 * Borders X:: Internal and external borders, under X. | |
766 * Title X:: Specifying the initial frame's title. | |
767 * Icons X:: Choosing what sort of icon to use, under X. | |
768 * Resources X:: Advanced use of classes and resources, under X. | |
769 * Lucid Resources:: X resources for Lucid menus. | |
770 * Motif Resources:: X resources for Motif menus. | |
771 | |
772 Environment Variables | |
773 | |
774 * General Variables:: Environment variables that all versions of Emacs use. | |
775 * Misc Variables:: Certain system specific variables. | |
776 | |
24094
1a575df191bb
(Top): Include Windows 98 in the MS-DOS section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
24093
diff
changeset
|
777 MS-DOS and Windows 95/98/NT |
24093 | 778 |
779 * MS-DOS Input:: Keyboard and mouse usage on MS-DOS. | |
780 * MS-DOS Display:: Fonts, frames and display size on MS-DOS. | |
781 * MS-DOS File Names:: File-name conventions on MS-DOS. | |
782 * Text and Binary:: Text files on MS-DOS use CRLF to separate lines. | |
783 * MS-DOS Printing:: How to specify the printer on MS-DOS. | |
784 * MS-DOS Processes:: Running subprocesses on MS-DOS. | |
785 * Windows Processes:: Running subprocesses on Windows. | |
786 * Windows System Menu:: Controlling what the ALT key does. | |
787 @end menu | |
788 | |
789 @iftex | |
790 @unnumbered Preface | |
791 | |
792 This manual documents the use and simple customization of the Emacs | |
793 editor. The reader is not expected to be a programmer; simple | |
794 customizations do not require programming skill. But the user who is not | |
795 interested in customizing can ignore the scattered customization hints. | |
796 | |
797 This is primarily a reference manual, but can also be used as a | |
798 primer. For complete beginners, it is a good idea to start with the | |
799 on-line, learn-by-doing tutorial, before reading the manual. To run the | |
800 tutorial, start Emacs and type @kbd{C-h t}. This way you can learn | |
801 Emacs by using Emacs on a specially designed file which describes | |
802 commands, tells you when to try them, and then explains the results you | |
803 see. | |
804 | |
805 On first reading, just skim chapters 1 and 2, which describe the | |
806 notational conventions of the manual and the general appearance of the | |
807 Emacs display screen. Note which questions are answered in these | |
808 chapters, so you can refer back later. After reading chapter 4, you | |
809 should practice the commands there. The next few chapters describe | |
810 fundamental techniques and concepts that are used constantly. You need | |
811 to understand them thoroughly, experimenting with them if necessary. | |
812 | |
813 Chapters 14 through 19 describe intermediate-level features that are | |
814 useful for all kinds of editing. Chapter 20 and following chapters | |
815 describe features that you may or may not want to use; read those | |
816 chapters when you need them. | |
817 | |
818 Read the Trouble chapter if Emacs does not seem to be working | |
819 properly. It explains how to cope with some common problems | |
820 (@pxref{Lossage}), as well as when and how to report Emacs bugs | |
821 (@pxref{Bugs}). | |
822 | |
823 To find the documentation on a particular command, look in the index. | |
824 Keys (character commands) and command names have separate indexes. There | |
825 is also a glossary, with a cross reference for each term. | |
826 | |
827 This manual is available as a printed book and also as an Info file. | |
828 The Info file is for on-line perusal with the Info program, which will | |
829 be the principal way of viewing documentation on-line in the GNU system. | |
830 Both the Info file and the Info program itself are distributed along | |
831 with GNU Emacs. The Info file and the printed book contain | |
832 substantially the same text and are generated from the same source | |
833 files, which are also distributed along with GNU Emacs. | |
834 | |
835 GNU Emacs is a member of the Emacs editor family. There are many Emacs | |
836 editors, all sharing common principles of organization. For information on | |
837 the underlying philosophy of Emacs and the lessons learned from its | |
838 development, write for a copy of AI memo 519a, ``Emacs, the Extensible, | |
839 Customizable Self-Documenting Display Editor,'' to Publications Department, | |
840 Artificial Intelligence Lab, 545 Tech Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA@. At | |
841 last report they charge $2.25 per copy. Another useful publication is LCS | |
842 TM-165, ``A Cookbook for an Emacs,'' by Craig Finseth, available from | |
843 Publications Department, Laboratory for Computer Science, 545 Tech Square, | |
844 Cambridge, MA 02139, USA@. The price today is $3. | |
845 | |
846 This edition of the manual is intended for use with GNU Emacs installed | |
847 on GNU and Unix systems. GNU Emacs can also be used on VMS, MS-DOS | |
848 (also called MS-DOG), Windows NT, and Windows 95 systems. Those systems use | |
849 different file name syntax; in addition, VMS and MS-DOS do not support | |
850 all GNU Emacs features. We don't try to describe VMS usage in this | |
851 manual. @xref{MS-DOS}, for information about using Emacs on MS-DOS. | |
852 @end iftex | |
853 | |
854 @node Distrib, Copying, Top, Top | |
855 @unnumbered Distribution | |
856 | |
857 GNU Emacs is @dfn{free software}; this means that everyone is free to | |
858 use it and free to redistribute it on certain conditions. GNU Emacs is | |
859 not in the public domain; it is copyrighted and there are restrictions | |
860 on its distribution, but these restrictions are designed to permit | |
861 everything that a good cooperating citizen would want to do. What is | |
862 not allowed is to try to prevent others from further sharing any version | |
863 of GNU Emacs that they might get from you. The precise conditions are | |
864 found in the GNU General Public License that comes with Emacs and also | |
865 appears following this section. | |
866 | |
867 One way to get a copy of GNU Emacs is from someone else who has it. You | |
868 need not ask for our permission to do so, or tell any one else; just | |
869 copy it. If you have access to the Internet, you can get the latest | |
870 distribution version of GNU Emacs by anonymous FTP; see the file | |
871 @file{etc/FTP} in the Emacs distribution for more information. | |
872 | |
873 You may also receive GNU Emacs when you buy a computer. Computer | |
874 manufacturers are free to distribute copies on the same terms that apply to | |
875 everyone else. These terms require them to give you the full sources, | |
876 including whatever changes they may have made, and to permit you to | |
877 redistribute the GNU Emacs received from them under the usual terms of the | |
878 General Public License. In other words, the program must be free for you | |
879 when you get it, not just free for the manufacturer. | |
880 | |
881 You can also order copies of GNU Emacs from the Free Software Foundation | |
882 on CD-ROM@. This is a convenient and reliable way to get a copy; it is | |
883 also a good way to help fund our work. (The Foundation has always | |
884 received most of its funds in this way.) An order form is included in | |
885 the file @file{etc/ORDERS} in the Emacs distribution, and on our web | |
886 site in @url{http://www.gnu.org/order/order.html}. For further | |
887 information, write to | |
888 | |
889 @display | |
890 Free Software Foundation | |
891 59 Temple Place, Suite 330 | |
892 Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA | |
893 USA | |
894 @end display | |
895 | |
896 The income from distribution fees goes to support the foundation's | |
897 purpose: the development of new free software, and improvements to our | |
898 existing programs including GNU Emacs. | |
899 | |
900 If you find GNU Emacs useful, please @strong{send a donation} to the | |
901 Free Software Foundation to support our work. Donations to the Free | |
902 Software Foundation are tax deductible in the US. If you use GNU Emacs | |
903 at your workplace, please suggest that the company make a donation. If | |
904 company policy is unsympathetic to the idea of donating to charity, you | |
905 might instead suggest ordering a CD-ROM from the Foundation | |
906 occasionally, or subscribing to periodic updates. | |
907 | |
908 @iftex | |
909 Contributors to GNU Emacs include Per Abrahamsen, Jay K. Adams, Joe | |
910 Arceneaux, Boaz Ben-Zvi, Jim Blandy, Terrence Brannon, Frank Bresz, | |
911 Peter Breton, Kevin Broadey, Vincent Broman, David M. Brown, Bill | |
912 Carpenter, Hans Chalupsky, Bob Chassell, James Clark, Mike Clarkson, | |
913 Glynn Clements, Andrew Csillag, Doug Cutting, Michael DeCorte, Gary | |
914 Delp, Matthieu Devin, Eri Ding, Carsten Dominik, Scott Draves, Viktor | |
915 Dukhovni, John Eaton, Rolf Ebert, Stephen Eglen, Torbj@"orn Einarsson, | |
916 Tsugumoto Enami, Hans Henrik Eriksen, Michael Ernst, Ata Etemadi, | |
917 Frederick Farnback, Fred Fish, Karl Fogel, Gary Foster, Noah Friedman, | |
918 Keith Gabryelski, Kevin Gallagher, Kevin Gallo, Howard Gayle, Stephen | |
919 Gildea, David Gillespie, Bob Glickstein, Boris Goldowsky, Michelangelo | |
24882 | 920 Grigni, Michael Gschwind, Henry Guillaume, Doug Gwyn, Ken'ichi Handa, |
24093 | 921 Chris Hanson, K. Shane Hartman, John Heidemann, Markus Heritsch, Karl |
922 Heuer, Manabu Higashida, Anders Holst, Kurt Hornik, Tom Houlder, Lars | |
923 Ingebrigtsen, Andrew Innes, Michael K. Johnson, Kyle Jones, Tomoji | |
924 Kagatani, Brewster Kahle, David Kaufman, Henry Kautz, Howard Kaye, | |
925 Michael Kifer, Richard King, Larry K. Kolodney, Robert Krawitz, | |
926 Sebastian Kremer, Geoff Kuenning, David K@aa gedal, Daniel LaLiberte, | |
927 Aaron Larson, James R. Larus, Frederic Lepied, Lars Lindberg, Eric | |
928 Ludlam, Neil M. Mager, Ken Manheimer, Bill Mann, Brian Marick, Simon | |
929 Marshall, Bengt Martensson, Charlie Martin, Thomas May, Roland McGrath, | |
930 David Megginson, Wayne Mesard, Richard Mlynarik, Keith Moore, Erik | |
931 Naggum, Thomas Neumann, Mike Newton, Jurgen Nickelsen, Jeff Norden, | |
932 Andrew Norman, Jeff Peck, Damon Anton Permezel, Tom Perrine, Jens | |
933 Petersen, Daniel Pfeiffer, Fred Pierresteguy, Christian Plaunt, | |
934 Francesco A. Potorti, Michael D. Prange, Ashwin Ram, Eric S. Raymond, | |
935 Paul Reilly, Edward M. Reingold, Rob Riepel, Roland B. Roberts, John | |
936 Robinson, Danny Roozendaal, William Rosenblatt, Guillermo J. Rozas, Ivar | |
937 Rummelhoff, Wolfgang Rupprecht, James B. Salem, Masahiko Sato, William | |
938 Schelter, Ralph Schleicher, Gregor Schmid, Michael Schmidt, Ronald | |
939 S. Schnell, Philippe Schnoebelen, Stephen Schoef, Randal Schwartz, | |
940 Manuel Serrano, Stanislav Shalunov, Mark Shapiro, Richard Sharman, Olin | |
941 Shivers, Espen Skoglund, Rick Sladkey, Lynn Slater, Chris Smith, David | |
942 Smith, Paul D. Smith, William Sommerfeld, Michael Staats, Sam Steingold, | |
943 Ake Stenhoff, Peter Stephenson, Jonathan Stigelman, Steve Strassman, | |
944 Jens T. Berger Thielemann, Spencer Thomas, Jim Thompson, Masanobu Umeda, | |
945 Neil W. Van Dyke, Ulrik Vieth, Geoffrey Voelker, Johan Vromans, Barry | |
946 Warsaw, Morten Welinder, Joseph Brian Wells, Rodney Whitby, Ed | |
947 Wilkinson, Mike Williams, Steven A. Wood, Dale R. Worley, Felix | |
948 S. T. Wu, Tom Wurgler, Eli Zaretskii, Jamie Zawinski, Ian T. Zimmermann, | |
949 Reto Zimmermann, and Neal Ziring. | |
950 @end iftex | |
951 | |
952 @node Copying, Intro, Distrib, Top | |
953 @unnumbered GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE | |
954 @center Version 2, June 1991 | |
955 | |
956 @display | |
957 Copyright @copyright{} 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. | |
958 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA | |
959 | |
960 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies | |
961 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. | |
962 @end display | |
963 | |
964 @unnumberedsec Preamble | |
965 | |
966 The licenses for most software are designed to take away your | |
967 freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public | |
968 License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free | |
969 software---to make sure the software is free for all its users. This | |
970 General Public License applies to most of the Free Software | |
971 Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to | |
972 using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by | |
973 the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to | |
974 your programs, too. | |
975 | |
976 When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not | |
977 price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you | |
978 have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for | |
979 this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it | |
980 if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it | |
981 in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things. | |
982 | |
983 To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid | |
984 anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. | |
985 These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you | |
986 distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it. | |
987 | |
988 For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether | |
989 gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that | |
990 you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the | |
991 source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their | |
992 rights. | |
993 | |
994 We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and | |
995 (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, | |
996 distribute and/or modify the software. | |
997 | |
998 Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain | |
999 that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free | |
1000 software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we | |
1001 want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so | |
1002 that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original | |
1003 authors' reputations. | |
1004 | |
1005 Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software | |
1006 patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free | |
1007 program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the | |
1008 program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any | |
1009 patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all. | |
1010 | |
1011 The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and | |
1012 modification follow. | |
1013 | |
1014 @iftex | |
1015 @unnumberedsec TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION | |
1016 @end iftex | |
1017 @ifinfo | |
1018 @center TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION | |
1019 @end ifinfo | |
1020 | |
1021 @enumerate 0 | |
1022 @item | |
1023 This License applies to any program or other work which contains | |
1024 a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed | |
1025 under the terms of this General Public License. The ``Program'', below, | |
1026 refers to any such program or work, and a ``work based on the Program'' | |
1027 means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law: | |
1028 that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it, | |
1029 either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another | |
1030 language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in | |
1031 the term ``modification''.) Each licensee is addressed as ``you''. | |
1032 | |
1033 Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not | |
1034 covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of | |
1035 running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program | |
1036 is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the | |
1037 Program (independent of having been made by running the Program). | |
1038 Whether that is true depends on what the Program does. | |
1039 | |
1040 @item | |
1041 You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's | |
1042 source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you | |
1043 conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate | |
1044 copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the | |
1045 notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty; | |
1046 and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License | |
1047 along with the Program. | |
1048 | |
1049 You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and | |
1050 you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee. | |
1051 | |
1052 @item | |
1053 You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion | |
1054 of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and | |
1055 distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 | |
1056 above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions: | |
1057 | |
1058 @enumerate a | |
1059 @item | |
1060 You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices | |
1061 stating that you changed the files and the date of any change. | |
1062 | |
1063 @item | |
1064 You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in | |
1065 whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any | |
1066 part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third | |
1067 parties under the terms of this License. | |
1068 | |
1069 @item | |
1070 If the modified program normally reads commands interactively | |
1071 when run, you must cause it, when started running for such | |
1072 interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an | |
1073 announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a | |
1074 notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide | |
1075 a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under | |
1076 these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this | |
1077 License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but | |
1078 does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on | |
1079 the Program is not required to print an announcement.) | |
1080 @end enumerate | |
1081 | |
1082 These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If | |
1083 identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program, | |
1084 and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in | |
1085 themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those | |
1086 sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you | |
1087 distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based | |
1088 on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of | |
1089 this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the | |
1090 entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it. | |
1091 | |
1092 Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest | |
1093 your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to | |
1094 exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or | |
1095 collective works based on the Program. | |
1096 | |
1097 In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program | |
1098 with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of | |
1099 a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under | |
1100 the scope of this License. | |
1101 | |
1102 @item | |
1103 You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, | |
1104 under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of | |
1105 Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following: | |
1106 | |
1107 @enumerate a | |
1108 @item | |
1109 Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable | |
1110 source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections | |
1111 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or, | |
1112 | |
1113 @item | |
1114 Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three | |
1115 years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your | |
1116 cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete | |
1117 machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be | |
1118 distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium | |
1119 customarily used for software interchange; or, | |
1120 | |
1121 @item | |
1122 Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer | |
1123 to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is | |
1124 allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you | |
1125 received the program in object code or executable form with such | |
1126 an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.) | |
1127 @end enumerate | |
1128 | |
1129 The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for | |
1130 making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source | |
1131 code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any | |
1132 associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to | |
1133 control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a | |
1134 special exception, the source code distributed need not include | |
1135 anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary | |
1136 form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the | |
1137 operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component | |
1138 itself accompanies the executable. | |
1139 | |
1140 If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering | |
1141 access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent | |
1142 access to copy the source code from the same place counts as | |
1143 distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not | |
1144 compelled to copy the source along with the object code. | |
1145 | |
1146 @item | |
1147 You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program | |
1148 except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt | |
1149 otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is | |
1150 void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. | |
1151 However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under | |
1152 this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such | |
1153 parties remain in full compliance. | |
1154 | |
1155 @item | |
1156 You are not required to accept this License, since you have not | |
1157 signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or | |
1158 distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are | |
1159 prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by | |
1160 modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the | |
1161 Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and | |
1162 all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying | |
1163 the Program or works based on it. | |
1164 | |
1165 @item | |
1166 Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the | |
1167 Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the | |
1168 original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to | |
1169 these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further | |
1170 restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein. | |
1171 You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to | |
1172 this License. | |
1173 | |
1174 @item | |
1175 If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent | |
1176 infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues), | |
1177 conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or | |
1178 otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not | |
1179 excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot | |
1180 distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this | |
1181 License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you | |
1182 may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent | |
1183 license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by | |
1184 all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then | |
1185 the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to | |
1186 refrain entirely from distribution of the Program. | |
1187 | |
1188 If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under | |
1189 any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to | |
1190 apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other | |
1191 circumstances. | |
1192 | |
1193 It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any | |
1194 patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any | |
1195 such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the | |
1196 integrity of the free software distribution system, which is | |
1197 implemented by public license practices. Many people have made | |
1198 generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed | |
1199 through that system in reliance on consistent application of that | |
1200 system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing | |
1201 to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot | |
1202 impose that choice. | |
1203 | |
1204 This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to | |
1205 be a consequence of the rest of this License. | |
1206 | |
1207 @item | |
1208 If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in | |
1209 certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the | |
1210 original copyright holder who places the Program under this License | |
1211 may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding | |
1212 those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among | |
1213 countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates | |
1214 the limitation as if written in the body of this License. | |
1215 | |
1216 @item | |
1217 The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions | |
1218 of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will | |
1219 be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to | |
1220 address new problems or concerns. | |
1221 | |
1222 Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program | |
1223 specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and ``any | |
1224 later version'', you have the option of following the terms and conditions | |
1225 either of that version or of any later version published by the Free | |
1226 Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of | |
1227 this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software | |
1228 Foundation. | |
1229 | |
1230 @item | |
1231 If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free | |
1232 programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author | |
1233 to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free | |
1234 Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes | |
1235 make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals | |
1236 of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and | |
1237 of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally. | |
1238 | |
1239 @iftex | |
1240 @heading NO WARRANTY | |
1241 @end iftex | |
1242 @ifinfo | |
1243 @center NO WARRANTY | |
1244 @end ifinfo | |
1245 | |
1246 @item | |
1247 BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY | |
1248 FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW@. EXCEPT WHEN | |
1249 OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES | |
1250 PROVIDE THE PROGRAM ``AS IS'' WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED | |
1251 OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF | |
1252 MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE@. THE ENTIRE RISK AS | |
1253 TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU@. SHOULD THE | |
1254 PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, | |
1255 REPAIR OR CORRECTION. | |
1256 | |
1257 @item | |
1258 IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING | |
1259 WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR | |
1260 REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, | |
1261 INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING | |
1262 OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED | |
1263 TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY | |
1264 YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER | |
1265 PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE | |
1266 POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. | |
1267 @end enumerate | |
1268 | |
1269 @iftex | |
1270 @heading END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS | |
1271 @end iftex | |
1272 @ifinfo | |
1273 @center END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS | |
1274 @end ifinfo | |
1275 | |
1276 @page | |
1277 @unnumberedsec How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs | |
1278 | |
1279 If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest | |
1280 possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it | |
1281 free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms. | |
1282 | |
1283 To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest | |
1284 to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively | |
1285 convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least | |
1286 the ``copyright'' line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. | |
1287 | |
1288 @smallexample | |
1289 @var{one line to give the program's name and an idea of what it does.} | |
1290 Copyright (C) 19@var{yy} @var{name of author} | |
1291 | |
1292 This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or | |
1293 modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License | |
1294 as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 | |
1295 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. | |
1296 | |
1297 This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, | |
1298 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of | |
1299 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE@. See the | |
1300 GNU General Public License for more details. | |
1301 | |
1302 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along | |
1303 with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., | |
1304 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. | |
1305 @end smallexample | |
1306 | |
1307 Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. | |
1308 | |
1309 If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this | |
1310 when it starts in an interactive mode: | |
1311 | |
1312 @smallexample | |
1313 Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 19@var{yy} @var{name of author} | |
1314 Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details | |
1315 type `show w'. This is free software, and you are welcome | |
1316 to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c' | |
1317 for details. | |
1318 @end smallexample | |
1319 | |
1320 The hypothetical commands @samp{show w} and @samp{show c} should show | |
1321 the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the | |
1322 commands you use may be called something other than @samp{show w} and | |
1323 @samp{show c}; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items---whatever | |
1324 suits your program. | |
1325 | |
1326 You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your | |
1327 school, if any, to sign a ``copyright disclaimer'' for the program, if | |
1328 necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names: | |
1329 | |
1330 @smallexample | |
1331 @group | |
1332 Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright | |
1333 interest in the program `Gnomovision' | |
1334 (which makes passes at compilers) written | |
1335 by James Hacker. | |
1336 | |
1337 @var{signature of Ty Coon}, 1 April 1989 | |
1338 Ty Coon, President of Vice | |
1339 @end group | |
1340 @end smallexample | |
1341 | |
1342 This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into | |
1343 proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may | |
1344 consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the | |
1345 library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General | |
1346 Public License instead of this License. | |
1347 | |
1348 @node Intro, Glossary, Copying, Top | |
1349 @unnumbered Introduction | |
1350 | |
1351 You are reading about GNU Emacs, the GNU incarnation of the advanced, | |
1352 self-documenting, customizable, extensible real-time display editor Emacs. | |
1353 (The `G' in `GNU' is not silent.) | |
1354 | |
1355 We say that Emacs is a @dfn{display} editor because normally the text | |
1356 being edited is visible on the screen and is updated automatically as you | |
1357 type your commands. @xref{Screen,Display}. | |
1358 | |
1359 We call it a @dfn{real-time} editor because the display is updated very | |
1360 frequently, usually after each character or pair of characters you | |
1361 type. This minimizes the amount of information you must keep in your | |
1362 head as you edit. @xref{Basic,Real-time,Basic Editing}. | |
1363 | |
1364 We call Emacs advanced because it provides facilities that go beyond | |
1365 simple insertion and deletion: controlling subprocesses; automatic | |
1366 indentation of programs; viewing two or more files at once; editing | |
1367 formatted text; and dealing in terms of characters, words, lines, | |
1368 sentences, paragraphs, and pages, as well as expressions and comments in | |
1369 several different programming languages. | |
1370 | |
1371 @dfn{Self-documenting} means that at any time you can type a special | |
1372 character, @kbd{Control-h}, to find out what your options are. You can | |
1373 also use it to find out what any command does, or to find all the commands | |
1374 that pertain to a topic. @xref{Help}. | |
1375 | |
1376 @dfn{Customizable} means that you can change the definitions of Emacs | |
1377 commands in little ways. For example, if you use a programming language in | |
1378 which comments start with @samp{<**} and end with @samp{**>}, you can tell | |
1379 the Emacs comment manipulation commands to use those strings | |
1380 (@pxref{Comments}). Another sort of customization is rearrangement of the | |
1381 command set. For example, if you prefer the four basic cursor motion | |
1382 commands (up, down, left and right) on keys in a diamond pattern on the | |
1383 keyboard, you can rebind the keys that way. @xref{Customization}. | |
1384 | |
1385 @dfn{Extensible} means that you can go beyond simple customization and | |
1386 write entirely new commands, programs in the Lisp language to be run by | |
1387 Emacs's own Lisp interpreter. Emacs is an ``on-line extensible'' | |
1388 system, which means that it is divided into many functions that call | |
1389 each other, any of which can be redefined in the middle of an editing | |
1390 session. Almost any part of Emacs can be replaced without making a | |
1391 separate copy of all of Emacs. Most of the editing commands of Emacs | |
1392 are written in Lisp already; the few exceptions could have been written | |
1393 in Lisp but are written in C for efficiency. Although only a programmer | |
1394 can write an extension, anybody can use it afterward. If you want to | |
1395 learn Emacs Lisp programming, we recommend the @cite{Introduction to | |
1396 Emacs Lisp} by Robert J. Chassell, also published by the Free Software | |
1397 Foundation. | |
1398 | |
1399 When run under the X Window System, Emacs provides its own menus and | |
1400 convenient bindings to mouse buttons. But Emacs can provide many of the | |
1401 benefits of a window system on a text-only terminal. For instance, you | |
1402 can look at or edit several files at once, move text between files, and | |
1403 edit files while running shell commands. | |
1404 | |
1405 @include screen.texi | |
1406 @include commands.texi | |
1407 @include entering.texi | |
1408 @include basic.texi | |
1409 @include mini.texi | |
1410 @include m-x.texi | |
1411 @include help.texi | |
1412 @include mark.texi | |
1413 @include killing.texi | |
1414 @include regs.texi | |
1415 @include display.texi | |
1416 @include search.texi | |
1417 @include fixit.texi | |
1418 @include files.texi | |
1419 @include buffers.texi | |
1420 @include windows.texi | |
1421 @include frames.texi | |
1422 @include mule.texi | |
1423 @include major.texi | |
1424 @include indent.texi | |
1425 @include text.texi | |
1426 @include programs.texi | |
1427 @include building.texi | |
1428 @include abbrevs.texi | |
1429 @include picture.texi | |
1430 @include sending.texi | |
1431 @include rmail.texi | |
1432 @include dired.texi | |
1433 @include calendar.texi | |
1434 @include misc.texi | |
1435 @include custom.texi | |
1436 @include trouble.texi | |
1437 @include cmdargs.texi | |
1438 | |
1439 @include anti.texi | |
1440 @include msdog.texi | |
1441 @include gnu.texi | |
1442 @include glossary.texi | |
1443 @ifinfo | |
1444 @include ack.texi | |
1445 @end ifinfo | |
1446 | |
1447 @node Key Index, Command Index, Glossary, Top | |
1448 @unnumbered Key (Character) Index | |
1449 @printindex ky | |
1450 | |
1451 @node Command Index, Variable Index, Key Index, Top | |
1452 @unnumbered Command and Function Index | |
1453 @printindex fn | |
1454 | |
1455 @node Variable Index, Concept Index, Command Index, Top | |
1456 @unnumbered Variable Index | |
1457 @printindex vr | |
1458 | |
1459 @node Concept Index, Acknowledgments, Variable Index, Top | |
1460 @unnumbered Concept Index | |
1461 @printindex cp | |
1462 | |
1463 @summarycontents | |
1464 @contents | |
1465 @bye | |
1466 |