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annotate man/dired.texi @ 29714:2557d0472f9b
(srcdir): Edit this variable.
author | Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org> |
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date | Sun, 18 Jun 2000 10:06:00 +0000 |
parents | e7cf77f27506 |
children | 50c69ce6e1b0 |
rev | line source |
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25829 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
28126 | 2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 86, 87, 93, 94, 95, 97, 2000 |
3 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc. | |
25829 | 4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
5 @node Dired, Calendar/Diary, Rmail, Top | |
6 @chapter Dired, the Directory Editor | |
7 @cindex Dired | |
8 | |
9 Dired makes an Emacs buffer containing a listing of a directory, and | |
10 optionally some of its subdirectories as well. You can use the normal | |
11 Emacs commands to move around in this buffer, and special Dired commands | |
12 to operate on the files listed. | |
13 | |
14 @menu | |
15 * Enter: Dired Enter. How to invoke Dired. | |
16 * Commands: Dired Commands. Commands in the Dired buffer. | |
17 * Deletion: Dired Deletion. Deleting files with Dired. | |
18 * Flagging Many Files:: Flagging files based on their names. | |
19 * Visit: Dired Visiting. Other file operations through Dired. | |
20 * Marks vs Flags:: Flagging for deletion vs marking. | |
21 * Operating on Files:: How to copy, rename, print, compress, etc. | |
22 either one file or several files. | |
23 * Shell Commands in Dired:: Running a shell command on the marked files. | |
24 * Transforming File Names:: Using patterns to rename multiple files. | |
25 * Comparison in Dired:: Running `diff' by way of Dired. | |
26 * Subdirectories in Dired:: Adding subdirectories to the Dired buffer. | |
27 * Subdirectory Motion:: Moving across subdirectories, and up and down. | |
28 * Hiding Subdirectories:: Making subdirectories visible or invisible. | |
29 * Updating: Dired Updating. Discarding lines for files of no interest. | |
30 * Find: Dired and Find. Using `find' to choose the files for Dired. | |
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31 * Extra Features for Dired:: Dired-X provides more features. |
25829 | 32 @end menu |
33 | |
34 @node Dired Enter | |
35 @section Entering Dired | |
36 | |
37 @findex dired | |
38 @kindex C-x d | |
39 @vindex dired-listing-switches | |
40 To invoke Dired, do @kbd{C-x d} or @kbd{M-x dired}. The command reads | |
41 a directory name or wildcard file name pattern as a minibuffer argument | |
42 to specify which files to list. Where @code{dired} differs from | |
43 @code{list-directory} is in putting the buffer into Dired mode so that | |
44 the special commands of Dired are available. | |
45 | |
46 The variable @code{dired-listing-switches} specifies the options to | |
47 give to @code{ls} for listing directory; this string @emph{must} contain | |
48 @samp{-l}. If you use a numeric prefix argument with the @code{dired} | |
49 command, you can specify the @code{ls} switches with the minibuffer | |
50 before you enter the directory specification. | |
51 | |
52 @findex dired-other-window | |
53 @kindex C-x 4 d | |
54 @findex dired-other-frame | |
55 @kindex C-x 5 d | |
56 To display the Dired buffer in another window rather than in the | |
57 selected window, use @kbd{C-x 4 d} (@code{dired-other-window}) instead | |
58 of @kbd{C-x d}. @kbd{C-x 5 d} (@code{dired-other-frame}) uses a | |
59 separate frame to display the Dired buffer. | |
60 | |
61 @node Dired Commands | |
62 @section Commands in the Dired Buffer | |
63 | |
64 The Dired buffer is ``read-only,'' and inserting text in it is not | |
65 useful, so ordinary printing characters such as @kbd{d} and @kbd{x} are | |
66 used for special Dired commands. Some Dired commands @dfn{mark} or | |
67 @dfn{flag} the @dfn{current file} (that is, the file on the current | |
68 line); other commands operate on the marked files or on the flagged | |
69 files. | |
70 | |
71 @kindex C-n @r{(Dired)} | |
72 @kindex C-p @r{(Dired)} | |
73 All the usual Emacs cursor motion commands are available in Dired | |
74 buffers. Some special-purpose cursor motion commands are also | |
75 provided. The keys @kbd{C-n} and @kbd{C-p} are redefined to put the | |
76 cursor at the beginning of the file name on the line, rather than at the | |
77 beginning of the line. | |
78 | |
79 @kindex SPC @r{(Dired)} | |
80 For extra convenience, @key{SPC} and @kbd{n} in Dired are equivalent | |
81 to @kbd{C-n}. @kbd{p} is equivalent to @kbd{C-p}. (Moving by lines is | |
82 so common in Dired that it deserves to be easy to type.) @key{DEL} | |
83 (move up and unflag) is often useful simply for moving up. | |
84 | |
85 @node Dired Deletion | |
86 @section Deleting Files with Dired | |
87 @cindex flagging files (in Dired) | |
88 @cindex deleting files (in Dired) | |
89 | |
90 The primary use of Dired is to @dfn{flag} files for deletion and then | |
91 delete the files previously flagged. | |
92 | |
93 @table @kbd | |
94 @item d | |
95 Flag this file for deletion. | |
96 @item u | |
97 Remove deletion flag on this line. | |
98 @item @key{DEL} | |
99 Move point to previous line and remove the deletion flag on that line. | |
100 @item x | |
101 Delete the files that are flagged for deletion. | |
102 @end table | |
103 | |
104 @kindex d @r{(Dired)} | |
105 @findex dired-flag-file-deletion | |
106 You can flag a file for deletion by moving to the line describing the | |
107 file and typing @kbd{d} (@code{dired-flag-file-deletion}). The deletion flag is visible as a @samp{D} at | |
108 the beginning of the line. This command moves point to the next line, | |
109 so that repeated @kbd{d} commands flag successive files. A numeric | |
110 argument serves as a repeat count. | |
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111 @vindex dired-recursive-deletes |
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112 The variable @code{dired-recursive-deletes} determines if the delete |
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113 command will delete non-empty directories recursively. The default |
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114 is to delete only empty directories. |
25829 | 115 |
116 @kindex u @r{(Dired deletion)} | |
117 @kindex DEL @r{(Dired)} | |
118 The files are flagged for deletion rather than deleted immediately to | |
119 reduce the danger of deleting a file accidentally. Until you direct | |
120 Dired to expunge the flagged files, you can remove deletion flags using | |
121 the commands @kbd{u} and @key{DEL}. @kbd{u} (@code{dired-unmark}) works | |
122 just like @kbd{d}, but removes flags rather than making flags. | |
123 @key{DEL} (@code{dired-unmark-backward}) moves upward, removing flags; | |
124 it is like @kbd{u} with argument @minus{}1. | |
125 | |
126 @kindex x @r{(Dired)} | |
127 @findex dired-expunge | |
128 @cindex expunging (Dired) | |
129 To delete the flagged files, type @kbd{x} (@code{dired-expunge}). | |
130 This command first displays a list of all the file names flagged for | |
131 deletion, and requests confirmation with @kbd{yes}. If you confirm, | |
132 Dired deletes the flagged files, then deletes their lines from the text | |
133 of the Dired buffer. The shortened Dired buffer remains selected. | |
134 | |
135 If you answer @kbd{no} or quit with @kbd{C-g} when asked to confirm, you | |
136 return immediately to Dired, with the deletion flags still present in | |
137 the buffer, and no files actually deleted. | |
138 | |
139 @node Flagging Many Files | |
140 @section Flagging Many Files at Once | |
141 | |
142 @table @kbd | |
143 @item # | |
144 Flag all auto-save files (files whose names start and end with @samp{#}) | |
145 for deletion (@pxref{Auto Save}). | |
146 | |
147 @item ~ | |
148 Flag all backup files (files whose names end with @samp{~}) for deletion | |
149 (@pxref{Backup}). | |
150 | |
151 @item & | |
152 Flag for deletion all files with certain kinds of names, names that | |
153 suggest you could easily create the files again. | |
154 | |
155 @item .@: @r{(Period)} | |
156 Flag excess numeric backup files for deletion. The oldest and newest | |
157 few backup files of any one file are exempt; the middle ones are | |
158 flagged. | |
159 | |
160 @item % d @var{regexp} @key{RET} | |
161 Flag for deletion all files whose names match the regular expression | |
162 @var{regexp}. | |
163 @end table | |
164 | |
165 The @kbd{#}, @kbd{~}, @kbd{&}, and @kbd{.} commands flag many files for | |
166 deletion, based on their file names. These commands are useful | |
167 precisely because they do not themselves delete any files; you can | |
168 remove the deletion flags from any flagged files that you really wish to | |
169 keep.@refill | |
170 | |
171 @kindex & @r{(Dired)} | |
172 @findex dired-flag-garbage-files | |
173 @vindex dired-garbage-files-regexp | |
174 @kbd{&} (@code{dired-flag-garbage-files}) flags files whose names | |
175 match the regular expression specified by the variable | |
176 @code{dired-garbage-files-regexp}. By default, this matches certain | |
177 files produced by @TeX{}, and the @samp{.orig} and @samp{.rej} files | |
178 produced by @code{patch}. | |
179 | |
180 @kindex # @r{(Dired)} | |
181 @kindex ~ @r{(Dired)} | |
182 @findex dired-flag-auto-save-files | |
183 @findex dired-flag-backup-files | |
184 @kbd{#} (@code{dired-flag-auto-save-files}) flags for deletion all | |
185 files whose names look like auto-save files (@pxref{Auto Save})---that | |
186 is, files whose names begin and end with @samp{#}. @kbd{~} | |
187 (@code{dired-flag-backup-files}) flags for deletion all files whose | |
188 names say they are backup files (@pxref{Backup})---that is, whose names | |
189 end in @samp{~}. | |
190 | |
191 @kindex . @r{(Dired)} | |
192 @vindex dired-kept-versions | |
193 @findex dired-clean-directory | |
194 @kbd{.} (period, @code{dired-clean-directory}) flags just some of the | |
195 backup files for deletion: all but the oldest few and newest few backups | |
196 of any one file. Normally @code{dired-kept-versions} (@strong{not} | |
197 @code{kept-new-versions}; that applies only when saving) specifies the | |
198 number of newest versions of each file to keep, and | |
199 @code{kept-old-versions} specifies the number of oldest versions to | |
200 keep. | |
201 | |
202 Period with a positive numeric argument, as in @kbd{C-u 3 .}, | |
203 specifies the number of newest versions to keep, overriding | |
204 @code{dired-kept-versions}. A negative numeric argument overrides | |
205 @code{kept-old-versions}, using minus the value of the argument to | |
206 specify the number of oldest versions of each file to keep. | |
207 | |
208 @findex dired-flag-files-regexp | |
209 @kindex % d @r{(Dired)} | |
210 The @kbd{% d} command flags all files whose names match a specified | |
211 regular expression (@code{dired-flag-files-regexp}). Only the | |
212 non-directory part of the file name is used in matching. You can use | |
213 @samp{^} and @samp{$} to anchor matches. You can exclude subdirectories | |
214 by hiding them (@pxref{Hiding Subdirectories}). | |
215 | |
216 @node Dired Visiting | |
217 @section Visiting Files in Dired | |
218 | |
219 There are several Dired commands for visiting or examining the files | |
220 listed in the Dired buffer. All of them apply to the current line's | |
221 file; if that file is really a directory, these commands invoke Dired on | |
222 that subdirectory (making a separate Dired buffer). | |
223 | |
224 @table @kbd | |
225 @item f | |
226 @kindex f @r{(Dired)} | |
227 @findex dired-find-file | |
228 Visit the file described on the current line, like typing @kbd{C-x C-f} | |
229 and supplying that file name (@code{dired-find-file}). @xref{Visiting}. | |
230 | |
231 @item @key{RET} | |
232 @kindex RET @r{(Dired)} | |
233 Equivalent to @kbd{f}. | |
234 | |
235 @item o | |
236 @kindex o @r{(Dired)} | |
237 @findex dired-find-file-other-window | |
238 Like @kbd{f}, but uses another window to display the file's buffer | |
239 (@code{dired-find-file-other-window}). The Dired buffer remains visible | |
240 in the first window. This is like using @kbd{C-x 4 C-f} to visit the | |
241 file. @xref{Windows}. | |
242 | |
243 @item C-o | |
244 @kindex C-o @r{(Dired)} | |
245 @findex dired-display-file | |
246 Visit the file described on the current line, and display the buffer in | |
247 another window, but do not select that window (@code{dired-display-file}). | |
248 | |
249 @item Mouse-2 | |
250 @findex dired-mouse-find-file-other-window | |
251 Visit the file named by the line you click on | |
252 (@code{dired-mouse-find-file-other-window}). This uses another window | |
253 to display the file, like the @kbd{o} command. | |
254 | |
255 @item v | |
256 @kindex v @r{(Dired)} | |
257 @findex dired-view-file | |
258 View the file described on the current line, using @kbd{M-x view-file} | |
259 (@code{dired-view-file}). | |
260 | |
261 Viewing a file is like visiting it, but is slanted toward moving around | |
262 in the file conveniently and does not allow changing the file. | |
263 @xref{Misc File Ops,View File}. | |
264 @end table | |
265 | |
266 @node Marks vs Flags | |
267 @section Dired Marks vs. Flags | |
268 | |
269 @cindex marking in Dired | |
270 Instead of flagging a file with @samp{D}, you can @dfn{mark} the file | |
271 with some other character (usually @samp{*}). Most Dired commands to | |
272 operate on files, aside from ``expunge'' (@kbd{x}), look for files | |
273 marked with @samp{*}. | |
274 | |
275 Here are some commands for marking with @samp{*}, or for unmarking or | |
276 operating on marks. (@xref{Dired Deletion}, for commands to flag and | |
277 unflag files.) | |
278 | |
279 @table @kbd | |
280 @item m | |
281 @itemx * m | |
282 @kindex m @r{(Dired)} | |
283 @kindex * m @r{(Dired)} | |
284 @findex dired-mark | |
285 Mark the current file with @samp{*} (@code{dired-mark}). With a numeric | |
286 argument @var{n}, mark the next @var{n} files starting with the current | |
287 file. (If @var{n} is negative, mark the previous @minus{}@var{n} | |
288 files.) | |
289 | |
290 @item * * | |
291 @kindex * * @r{(Dired)} | |
292 @findex dired-mark-executables | |
293 Mark all executable files with @samp{*} | |
294 (@code{dired-mark-executables}). With a numeric argument, unmark all | |
295 those files. | |
296 | |
297 @item * @@ | |
298 @kindex * @@ @r{(Dired)} | |
299 @findex dired-mark-symlinks | |
300 Mark all symbolic links with @samp{*} (@code{dired-mark-symlinks}). | |
301 With a numeric argument, unmark all those files. | |
302 | |
303 @item * / | |
304 @kindex * / @r{(Dired)} | |
305 @findex dired-mark-directories | |
306 Mark with @samp{*} all files which are actually directories, except for | |
307 @file{.} and @file{..} (@code{dired-mark-directories}). With a numeric | |
308 argument, unmark all those files. | |
309 | |
310 @item * s | |
311 @kindex * s @r{(Dired)} | |
312 @findex dired-mark-subdir-files | |
313 Mark all the files in the current subdirectory, aside from @file{.} | |
314 and @file{..} (@code{dired-mark-subdir-files}). | |
315 | |
316 @item u | |
317 @itemx * u | |
318 @kindex u @r{(Dired)} | |
319 @kindex * u @r{(Dired)} | |
320 @findex dired-unmark | |
321 Remove any mark on this line (@code{dired-unmark}). | |
322 | |
323 @item @key{DEL} | |
324 @itemx * @key{DEL} | |
325 @kindex * DEL @r{(Dired)} | |
326 @findex dired-unmark-backward | |
327 Move point to previous line and remove any mark on that line | |
328 (@code{dired-unmark-backward}). | |
329 | |
330 @item * ! | |
331 @kindex * ! @r{(Dired)} | |
332 @findex dired-unmark-all-files-no-query | |
333 Remove all marks from all the files in this Dired buffer | |
334 (@code{dired-unmark-all-files-no-query}). | |
335 | |
336 @item * ? @var{markchar} | |
337 @kindex * ? @r{(Dired)} | |
338 @findex dired-unmark-all-files | |
339 Remove all marks that use the character @var{markchar} | |
340 (@code{dired-unmark-all-files}). The argument is a single | |
341 character---do not use @key{RET} to terminate it. | |
342 | |
343 With a numeric argument, this command queries about each marked file, | |
344 asking whether to remove its mark. You can answer @kbd{y} meaning yes, | |
345 @kbd{n} meaning no, or @kbd{!} to remove the marks from the remaining | |
346 files without asking about them. | |
347 | |
348 @item * C-n | |
349 @findex dired-next-marked-file | |
350 @kindex * C-n @r{(Dired)} | |
351 Move down to the next marked file (@code{dired-next-marked-file}) | |
352 A file is ``marked'' if it has any kind of mark. | |
353 | |
354 @item * C-p | |
355 @findex dired-prev-marked-file | |
356 @kindex * C-p @r{(Dired)} | |
357 Move up to the previous marked file (@code{dired-prev-marked-file}) | |
358 | |
359 @item * t | |
360 @kindex * t @r{(Dired)} | |
361 @findex dired-do-toggle | |
362 Toggle all marks (@code{dired-do-toggle}): files marked with @samp{*} | |
363 become unmarked, and unmarked files are marked with @samp{*}. Files | |
364 marked in any other way are not affected. | |
365 | |
366 @item * c @var{old} @var{new} | |
367 @kindex * c @r{(Dired)} | |
368 @findex dired-change-marks | |
369 Replace all marks that use the character @var{old} with marks that use | |
370 the character @var{new} (@code{dired-change-marks}). This command is | |
371 the primary way to create or use marks other than @samp{*} or @samp{D}. | |
372 The arguments are single characters---do not use @key{RET} to terminate | |
373 them. | |
374 | |
375 You can use almost any character as a mark character by means of this | |
376 command, to distinguish various classes of files. If @var{old} is a | |
377 space (@samp{ }), then the command operates on all unmarked files; if | |
378 @var{new} is a space, then the command unmarks the files it acts on. | |
379 | |
380 To illustrate the power of this command, here is how to put @samp{D} | |
381 flags on all the files that have no marks, while unflagging all those | |
382 that already have @samp{D} flags: | |
383 | |
384 @example | |
385 * c D t * c SPC D * c t SPC | |
386 @end example | |
387 | |
388 This assumes that no files are marked with @samp{t}. | |
389 | |
390 @item % m @var{regexp} @key{RET} | |
391 @itemx * % @var{regexp} @key{RET} | |
392 @findex dired-mark-files-regexp | |
393 @kindex % m @r{(Dired)} | |
394 @kindex * % @r{(Dired)} | |
395 Mark (with @samp{*}) all files whose names match the regular expression | |
396 @var{regexp} (@code{dired-mark-files-regexp}). This command is like | |
397 @kbd{% d}, except that it marks files with @samp{*} instead of flagging | |
398 with @samp{D}. @xref{Flagging Many Files}. | |
399 | |
400 Only the non-directory part of the file name is used in matching. Use | |
401 @samp{^} and @samp{$} to anchor matches. Exclude subdirectories by | |
402 hiding them (@pxref{Hiding Subdirectories}). | |
403 | |
404 @item % g @var{regexp} @key{RET} | |
405 @findex dired-mark-files-containing-regexp | |
406 @kindex % m @r{(Dired)} | |
407 Mark (with @samp{*}) all files whose @emph{contents} contain a match for | |
408 the regular expression @var{regexp} | |
409 (@code{dired-mark-files-containing-regexp}). This command is like | |
410 @kbd{% m}, except that it searches the file contents instead of the file | |
411 name. | |
412 | |
413 @item C-_ | |
414 @kindex C-_ @r{(Dired)} | |
415 @findex dired-undo | |
416 Undo changes in the Dired buffer, such as adding or removing | |
417 marks (@code{dired-undo}). | |
418 @end table | |
419 | |
420 @node Operating on Files | |
421 @section Operating on Files | |
422 @cindex operating on files in Dired | |
423 | |
424 This section describes the basic Dired commands to operate on one file | |
425 or several files. All of these commands are capital letters; all of | |
426 them use the minibuffer, either to read an argument or to ask for | |
427 confirmation, before they act. All of them give you several ways to | |
428 specify which files to manipulate: | |
429 | |
430 @itemize @bullet | |
431 @item | |
432 If you give the command a numeric prefix argument @var{n}, it operates | |
433 on the next @var{n} files, starting with the current file. (If @var{n} | |
434 is negative, the command operates on the @minus{}@var{n} files preceding | |
435 the current line.) | |
436 | |
437 @item | |
438 Otherwise, if some files are marked with @samp{*}, the command operates | |
439 on all those files. | |
440 | |
441 @item | |
442 Otherwise, the command operates on the current file only. | |
443 @end itemize | |
444 | |
445 Here are the file-manipulating commands that operate on files in this | |
446 way. (Some other Dired commands, such as @kbd{!} and the @samp{%} | |
447 commands, also use these conventions to decide which files to work on.) | |
448 | |
449 @table @kbd | |
450 @findex dired-do-copy | |
451 @kindex C @r{(Dired)} | |
452 @item C @var{new} @key{RET} | |
453 Copy the specified files (@code{dired-do-copy}). The argument @var{new} | |
454 is the directory to copy into, or (if copying a single file) the new | |
455 name. | |
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456 @vindex dired-recursive-copies |
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457 The variable @code{dired-recursive-copies} determines if directories are |
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458 copied recursively. The default is to not copy recursively. |
25829 | 459 |
460 @vindex dired-copy-preserve-time | |
461 If @code{dired-copy-preserve-time} is non-@code{nil}, then copying with | |
462 this command sets the modification time of the new file to be the same | |
463 as that of the old file. | |
464 | |
465 @item D | |
466 @findex dired-do-delete | |
467 @kindex D @r{(Dired)} | |
468 Delete the specified files (@code{dired-do-delete}). Like the other | |
469 commands in this section, this command operates on the @emph{marked} | |
470 files, or the next @var{n} files. By contrast, @kbd{x} | |
471 (@code{dired-expunge}) deletes all @dfn{flagged} files. | |
472 | |
473 @findex dired-do-rename | |
474 @kindex R @r{(Dired)} | |
475 @item R @var{new} @key{RET} | |
476 Rename the specified files (@code{dired-do-rename}). The argument | |
477 @var{new} is the directory to rename into, or (if renaming a single | |
478 file) the new name. | |
479 | |
480 Dired automatically changes the visited file name of buffers associated | |
481 with renamed files so that they refer to the new names. | |
482 | |
483 @findex dired-do-hardlink | |
484 @kindex H @r{(Dired)} | |
485 @item H @var{new} @key{RET} | |
486 Make hard links to the specified files (@code{dired-do-hardlink}). The | |
487 argument @var{new} is the directory to make the links in, or (if making | |
488 just one link) the name to give the link. | |
489 | |
490 @findex dired-do-symlink | |
491 @kindex S @r{(Dired)} | |
492 @item S @var{new} @key{RET} | |
493 Make symbolic links to the specified files (@code{dired-do-symlink}). | |
494 The argument @var{new} is the directory to make the links in, or (if | |
495 making just one link) the name to give the link. | |
496 | |
497 @findex dired-do-chmod | |
498 @kindex M @r{(Dired)} | |
499 @item M @var{modespec} @key{RET} | |
500 Change the mode (also called ``permission bits'') of the specified files | |
501 (@code{dired-do-chmod}). This uses the @code{chmod} program, so | |
502 @var{modespec} can be any argument that @code{chmod} can handle. | |
503 | |
504 @findex dired-do-chgrp | |
505 @kindex G @r{(Dired)} | |
506 @item G @var{newgroup} @key{RET} | |
507 Change the group of the specified files to @var{newgroup} | |
508 (@code{dired-do-chgrp}). | |
509 | |
510 @findex dired-do-chown | |
511 @kindex O @r{(Dired)} | |
512 @item O @var{newowner} @key{RET} | |
513 Change the owner of the specified files to @var{newowner} | |
514 (@code{dired-do-chown}). (On most systems, only the superuser can do | |
515 this.) | |
516 | |
517 @vindex dired-chown-program | |
518 The variable @code{dired-chown-program} specifies the name of the | |
519 program to use to do the work (different systems put @code{chown} in | |
520 different places). | |
521 | |
522 @findex dired-do-print | |
523 @kindex P @r{(Dired)} | |
524 @item P @var{command} @key{RET} | |
525 Print the specified files (@code{dired-do-print}). You must specify the | |
526 command to print them with, but the minibuffer starts out with a | |
527 suitable guess made using the variables @code{lpr-command} and | |
528 @code{lpr-switches} (the same variables that @code{lpr-buffer} uses; | |
529 @pxref{Hardcopy}). | |
530 | |
531 @findex dired-do-compress | |
532 @kindex Z @r{(Dired)} | |
533 @item Z | |
534 Compress the specified files (@code{dired-do-compress}). If the file | |
535 appears to be a compressed file already, it is uncompressed instead. | |
536 | |
537 @findex dired-do-load | |
538 @kindex L @r{(Dired)} | |
539 @item L | |
540 Load the specified Emacs Lisp files (@code{dired-do-load}). | |
541 @xref{Lisp Libraries}. | |
542 | |
543 @findex dired-do-byte-compile | |
544 @kindex B @r{(Dired)} | |
545 @item B | |
546 Byte compile the specified Emacs Lisp files | |
547 (@code{dired-do-byte-compile}). @xref{Byte Compilation,, Byte | |
548 Compilation, elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. | |
549 | |
550 @kindex A @r{(Dired)} | |
551 @findex dired-do-search | |
552 @item A @var{regexp} @key{RET} | |
553 Search all the specified files for the regular expression @var{regexp} | |
554 (@code{dired-do-search}). | |
555 | |
556 This command is a variant of @code{tags-search}. The search stops at | |
557 the first match it finds; use @kbd{M-,} to resume the search and find | |
558 the next match. @xref{Tags Search}. | |
559 | |
560 @kindex Q @r{(Dired)} | |
561 @findex dired-do-query-replace | |
562 @item Q @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET} | |
563 Perform @code{query-replace-regexp} on each of the specified files, | |
564 replacing matches for @var{from} (a regular expression) with the string | |
565 @var{to} (@code{dired-do-query-replace}). | |
566 | |
567 This command is a variant of @code{tags-query-replace}. If you exit the | |
568 query replace loop, you can use @kbd{M-,} to resume the scan and replace | |
569 more matches. @xref{Tags Search}. | |
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570 |
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571 @kindex a @r{(Dired)} |
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572 @findex dired-do-apply |
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573 @item a @var{function} @kbd{RET} |
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574 Apply an arbitrary Lisp function to the name of each marked file |
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575 (@code{dired-do-apply}). |
25829 | 576 @end table |
577 | |
578 @kindex + @r{(Dired)} | |
579 @findex dired-create-directory | |
580 One special file-operation command is @kbd{+} | |
581 (@code{dired-create-directory}). This command reads a directory name and | |
582 creates the directory if it does not already exist. | |
583 | |
584 @node Shell Commands in Dired | |
585 @section Shell Commands in Dired | |
586 @cindex shell commands, Dired | |
587 | |
588 @findex dired-do-shell-command | |
589 @kindex ! @r{(Dired)} | |
590 The dired command @kbd{!} (@code{dired-do-shell-command}) reads a shell | |
591 command string in the minibuffer and runs that shell command on all the | |
592 specified files. You can specify the files to operate on in the usual | |
593 ways for Dired commands (@pxref{Operating on Files}). There are two | |
594 ways of applying a shell command to multiple files: | |
595 | |
596 @itemize @bullet | |
597 @item | |
598 If you use @samp{*} in the shell command, then it runs just once, with | |
599 the list of file names substituted for the @samp{*}. The order of file | |
600 names is the order of appearance in the Dired buffer. | |
601 | |
602 Thus, @kbd{! tar cf foo.tar * @key{RET}} runs @code{tar} on the entire | |
603 list of file names, putting them into one tar file @file{foo.tar}. | |
604 | |
605 @item | |
606 If the command string doesn't contain @samp{*}, then it runs once | |
607 @emph{for each file}, with the file name added at the end. | |
608 | |
609 For example, @kbd{! uudecode @key{RET}} runs @code{uudecode} on each | |
610 file. | |
611 @end itemize | |
612 | |
613 What if you want to run the shell command once for each file but with | |
614 the file name inserted in the middle? Or if you want to use the file | |
615 names in a more complicated fashion? Use a shell loop. For example, | |
616 this shell command would run @code{uuencode} on each of the specified | |
617 files, writing the output into a corresponding @file{.uu} file: | |
618 | |
619 @example | |
620 for file in *; do uuencode $file $file >$file.uu; done | |
621 @end example | |
622 | |
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623 @noindent |
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624 In simple cases you can instead use @samp{?} in the command. This is |
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625 similar to @samp{*} but the command will be run on each file |
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626 individually. |
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627 |
25829 | 628 The working directory for the shell command is the top-level directory |
629 of the Dired buffer. | |
630 | |
631 The @kbd{!} command does not attempt to update the Dired buffer to show | |
632 new or modified files, because it doesn't really understand shell | |
633 commands, and does not know what files the shell command changed. Use | |
634 the @kbd{g} command to update the Dired buffer (@pxref{Dired | |
635 Updating}). | |
636 | |
637 @node Transforming File Names | |
638 @section Transforming File Names in Dired | |
639 | |
640 Here are commands that alter file names in a systematic way: | |
641 | |
642 @table @kbd | |
643 @findex dired-upcase | |
644 @kindex % u @r{(Dired)} | |
645 @item % u | |
646 Rename each of the selected files to an upper-case name | |
647 (@code{dired-upcase}). If the old file names are @file{Foo} | |
648 and @file{bar}, the new names are @file{FOO} and @file{BAR}. | |
649 | |
650 @item % l | |
651 @findex dired-downcase | |
652 @kindex % l @r{(Dired)} | |
653 Rename each of the selected files to a lower-case name | |
654 (@code{dired-downcase}). If the old file names are @file{Foo} and | |
655 @file{bar}, the new names are @file{foo} and @file{bar}. | |
656 | |
657 @item % R @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET} | |
658 @kindex % R @r{(Dired)} | |
659 @findex dired-do-rename-regexp | |
660 @itemx % C @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET} | |
661 @kindex % C @r{(Dired)} | |
662 @findex dired-do-copy-regexp | |
663 @itemx % H @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET} | |
664 @kindex % H @r{(Dired)} | |
665 @findex dired-do-hardlink-regexp | |
666 @itemx % S @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET} | |
667 @kindex % S @r{(Dired)} | |
668 @findex dired-do-symlink-regexp | |
669 These four commands rename, copy, make hard links and make soft links, | |
670 in each case computing the new name by regular-expression substitution | |
671 from the name of the old file. | |
672 @end table | |
673 | |
674 The four regular-expression substitution commands effectively perform | |
675 a search-and-replace on the selected file names in the Dired buffer. | |
676 They read two arguments: a regular expression @var{from}, and a | |
677 substitution pattern @var{to}. | |
678 | |
679 The commands match each ``old'' file name against the regular | |
680 expression @var{from}, and then replace the matching part with @var{to}. | |
681 You can use @samp{\&} and @samp{\@var{digit}} in @var{to} to refer to | |
682 all or part of what the pattern matched in the old file name, as in | |
683 @code{replace-regexp} (@pxref{Regexp Replace}). If the regular expression | |
684 matches more than once in a file name, only the first match is replaced. | |
685 | |
686 For example, @kbd{% R ^.*$ @key{RET} x-\& @key{RET}} renames each | |
687 selected file by prepending @samp{x-} to its name. The inverse of this, | |
688 removing @samp{x-} from the front of each file name, is also possible: | |
689 one method is @kbd{% R ^x-\(.*\)$ @key{RET} \1 @key{RET}}; another is | |
690 @kbd{% R ^x- @key{RET} @key{RET}}. (Use @samp{^} and @samp{$} to anchor | |
691 matches that should span the whole filename.) | |
692 | |
693 Normally, the replacement process does not consider the files' | |
694 directory names; it operates on the file name within the directory. If | |
695 you specify a numeric argument of zero, then replacement affects the | |
696 entire absolute file name including directory name. | |
697 | |
698 Often you will want to select the set of files to operate on using the | |
699 same @var{regexp} that you will use to operate on them. To do this, | |
700 mark those files with @kbd{% m @var{regexp} @key{RET}}, then use the | |
701 same regular expression in the command to operate on the files. To make | |
702 this easier, the @kbd{%} commands to operate on files use the last | |
703 regular expression specified in any @kbd{%} command as a default. | |
704 | |
705 @node Comparison in Dired | |
706 @section File Comparison with Dired | |
707 | |
708 Here are two Dired commands that compare specified files using | |
709 @code{diff}. | |
710 | |
711 @table @kbd | |
712 @item = | |
713 @findex dired-diff | |
714 @kindex = @r{(Dired)} | |
715 Compare the current file (the file at point) with another file (the file | |
716 at the mark) using the @code{diff} program (@code{dired-diff}). The | |
717 file at the mark is the first argument of @code{diff}, and the file at | |
718 point is the second argument. | |
719 | |
720 @findex dired-backup-diff | |
721 @kindex M-= @r{(Dired)} | |
722 @item M-= | |
723 Compare the current file with its latest backup file | |
724 (@code{dired-backup-diff}). If the current file is itself a backup, | |
725 compare it with the file it is a backup of; this way, you can compare | |
726 a file with any backup version of your choice. | |
727 | |
728 The backup file is the first file given to @code{diff}. | |
729 @end table | |
730 | |
731 @node Subdirectories in Dired | |
732 @section Subdirectories in Dired | |
733 @cindex subdirectories in Dired | |
734 @cindex expanding subdirectories in Dired | |
735 | |
736 A Dired buffer displays just one directory in the normal case; | |
737 but you can optionally include its subdirectories as well. | |
738 | |
739 The simplest way to include multiple directories in one Dired buffer is | |
740 to specify the options @samp{-lR} for running @code{ls}. (If you give a | |
741 numeric argument when you run Dired, then you can specify these options | |
742 in the minibuffer.) That produces a recursive directory listing showing | |
743 all subdirectories at all levels. | |
744 | |
745 But usually all the subdirectories are too many; usually you will | |
746 prefer to include specific subdirectories only. You can do this with | |
747 the @kbd{i} command: | |
748 | |
749 @table @kbd | |
750 @findex dired-maybe-insert-subdir | |
751 @kindex i @r{(Dired)} | |
752 @item i | |
753 @cindex inserted subdirectory (Dired) | |
754 @cindex in-situ subdirectory (Dired) | |
755 Insert the contents of a subdirectory later in the buffer. | |
756 @end table | |
757 | |
758 Use the @kbd{i} (@code{dired-maybe-insert-subdir}) command on a line | |
759 that describes a file which is a directory. It inserts the contents of | |
760 that directory into the same Dired buffer, and moves there. Inserted | |
761 subdirectory contents follow the top-level directory of the Dired | |
762 buffer, just as they do in @samp{ls -lR} output. | |
763 | |
764 If the subdirectory's contents are already present in the buffer, the | |
765 @kbd{i} command just moves to it. | |
766 | |
767 In either case, @kbd{i} sets the Emacs mark before moving, so @kbd{C-u | |
768 C-@key{SPC}} takes you back to the old position in the buffer (the line | |
769 describing that subdirectory). | |
770 | |
771 Use the @kbd{l} command (@code{dired-do-redisplay}) to update the | |
772 subdirectory's contents. Use @kbd{k} to delete the subdirectory. | |
773 @xref{Dired Updating}. | |
774 | |
775 @node Subdirectory Motion | |
776 @section Moving Over Subdirectories | |
777 | |
778 When a Dired buffer lists subdirectories, you can use the page motion | |
779 commands @kbd{C-x [} and @kbd{C-x ]} to move by entire directories. | |
780 | |
781 @cindex header line (Dired) | |
782 @cindex directory header lines | |
783 The following commands move across, up and down in the tree of | |
784 directories within one Dired buffer. They move to @dfn{directory header | |
785 lines}, which are the lines that give a directory's name, at the | |
786 beginning of the directory's contents. | |
787 | |
788 @table @kbd | |
789 @findex dired-next-subdir | |
790 @kindex C-M-n @r{(Dired)} | |
791 @item C-M-n | |
792 Go to next subdirectory header line, regardless of level | |
793 (@code{dired-next-subdir}). | |
794 | |
795 @findex dired-prev-subdir | |
796 @kindex C-M-p @r{(Dired)} | |
797 @item C-M-p | |
798 Go to previous subdirectory header line, regardless of level | |
799 (@code{dired-prev-subdir}). | |
800 | |
801 @findex dired-tree-up | |
802 @kindex C-M-u @r{(Dired)} | |
803 @item C-M-u | |
804 Go up to the parent directory's header line (@code{dired-tree-up}). | |
805 | |
806 @findex dired-tree-down | |
807 @kindex C-M-d @r{(Dired)} | |
808 @item C-M-d | |
809 Go down in the directory tree, to the first subdirectory's header line | |
810 (@code{dired-tree-down}). | |
811 | |
812 @findex dired-prev-dirline | |
813 @kindex < @r{(Dired)} | |
814 @item < | |
815 Move up to the previous directory-file line (@code{dired-prev-dirline}). | |
816 These lines are the ones that describe a directory as a file in its | |
817 parent directory. | |
818 | |
819 @findex dired-next-dirline | |
820 @kindex > @r{(Dired)} | |
821 @item > | |
822 Move down to the next directory-file line (@code{dired-prev-dirline}). | |
823 @end table | |
824 | |
825 @node Hiding Subdirectories | |
826 @section Hiding Subdirectories | |
827 | |
828 @cindex hiding in Dired (Dired) | |
829 @dfn{Hiding} a subdirectory means to make it invisible, except for its | |
830 header line, via selective display (@pxref{Selective Display}). | |
831 | |
832 @table @kbd | |
833 @item $ | |
834 @findex dired-hide-subdir | |
835 @kindex $ @r{(Dired)} | |
836 Hide or reveal the subdirectory that point is in, and move point to the | |
837 next subdirectory (@code{dired-hide-subdir}). A numeric argument serves | |
838 as a repeat count. | |
839 | |
840 @item M-$ | |
841 @findex dired-hide-all | |
842 @kindex M-$ @r{(Dired)} | |
843 Hide all subdirectories in this Dired buffer, leaving only their header | |
844 lines (@code{dired-hide-all}). Or, if any subdirectory is currently | |
845 hidden, make all subdirectories visible again. You can use this command | |
846 to get an overview in very deep directory trees or to move quickly to | |
847 subdirectories far away. | |
848 @end table | |
849 | |
850 Ordinary Dired commands never consider files inside a hidden | |
851 subdirectory. For example, the commands to operate on marked files | |
852 ignore files in hidden directories even if they are marked. Thus you | |
853 can use hiding to temporarily exclude subdirectories from operations | |
854 without having to remove the markers. | |
855 | |
856 The subdirectory hiding commands toggle; that is, they hide what was | |
857 visible, and show what was hidden. | |
858 | |
859 @node Dired Updating | |
860 @section Updating the Dired Buffer | |
861 | |
862 This section describes commands to update the Dired buffer to reflect | |
863 outside (non-Dired) changes in the directories and files, and to delete | |
864 part of the Dired buffer. | |
865 | |
866 @table @kbd | |
867 @item g | |
868 Update the entire contents of the Dired buffer (@code{revert-buffer}). | |
869 | |
870 @item l | |
871 Update the specified files (@code{dired-do-redisplay}). | |
872 | |
873 @item k | |
874 Delete the specified @emph{file lines}---not the files, just the lines | |
875 (@code{dired-do-kill-lines}). | |
876 | |
877 @item s | |
878 Toggle between alphabetical order and date/time order | |
879 (@code{dired-sort-toggle-or-edit}). | |
880 | |
881 @item C-u s @var{switches} @key{RET} | |
882 Refresh the Dired buffer using @var{switches} as | |
883 @code{dired-listing-switches}. | |
884 @end table | |
885 | |
886 @kindex g @r{(Dired)} | |
887 @findex revert-buffer @r{(Dired)} | |
888 Type @kbd{g} (@code{revert-buffer}) to update the contents of the | |
889 Dired buffer, based on changes in the files and directories listed. | |
890 This preserves all marks except for those on files that have vanished. | |
891 Hidden subdirectories are updated but remain hidden. | |
892 | |
893 @kindex l @r{(Dired)} | |
894 @findex dired-do-redisplay | |
895 To update only some of the files, type @kbd{l} | |
896 (@code{dired-do-redisplay}). This command applies to the next @var{n} | |
897 files, or to the marked files if any, or to the current file. Updating | |
898 them means reading their current status from the file system and | |
899 changing the buffer to reflect it properly. | |
900 | |
901 If you use @kbd{l} on a subdirectory header line, it updates the | |
902 contents of the corresponding subdirectory. | |
903 | |
904 @kindex k @r{(Dired)} | |
905 @findex dired-do-kill-lines | |
906 To delete the specified @emph{file lines}---not the files, just the | |
907 lines---type @kbd{k} (@code{dired-do-kill-lines}). With a numeric | |
908 argument @var{n}, this command applies to the next @var{n} files; | |
909 otherwise, it applies to the marked files. | |
910 | |
911 If you kill the line for a file that is a directory, the directory's | |
912 contents are also deleted from the buffer. Typing @kbd{C-u k} on the | |
913 header line for a subdirectory is another way to delete a subdirectory | |
914 from the Dired buffer. | |
915 | |
916 The @kbd{g} command brings back any individual lines that you have | |
917 killed in this way, but not subdirectories---you must use @kbd{i} to | |
918 reinsert each subdirectory. | |
919 | |
920 @cindex Dired sorting | |
921 @cindex sorting Dired buffer | |
922 @kindex s @r{(Dired)} | |
923 @findex dired-sort-toggle-or-edit | |
924 The files in a Dired buffers are normally listed in alphabetical order | |
925 by file names. Alternatively Dired can sort them by date/time. The | |
926 Dired command @kbd{s} (@code{dired-sort-toggle-or-edit}) switches | |
927 between these two sorting modes. The mode line in a Dired buffer | |
928 indicates which way it is currently sorted---by name, or by date. | |
929 | |
930 @kbd{C-u s @var{switches} @key{RET}} lets you specify a new value for | |
931 @code{dired-listing-switches}. | |
932 | |
933 @node Dired and Find | |
934 @section Dired and @code{find} | |
935 @cindex @code{find} and Dired | |
936 | |
937 You can select a set of files for display in a Dired buffer more | |
938 flexibly by using the @code{find} utility to choose the files. | |
939 | |
940 @findex find-name-dired | |
941 To search for files with names matching a wildcard pattern use | |
942 @kbd{M-x find-name-dired}. It reads arguments @var{directory} and | |
943 @var{pattern}, and chooses all the files in @var{directory} or its | |
944 subdirectories whose individual names match @var{pattern}. | |
945 | |
946 The files thus chosen are displayed in a Dired buffer in which the | |
947 ordinary Dired commands are available. | |
948 | |
949 @findex find-grep-dired | |
950 If you want to test the contents of files, rather than their names, | |
951 use @kbd{M-x find-grep-dired}. This command reads two minibuffer | |
952 arguments, @var{directory} and @var{regexp}; it chooses all the files in | |
953 @var{directory} or its subdirectories that contain a match for | |
954 @var{regexp}. It works by running the programs @code{find} and | |
955 @code{grep}. See also @kbd{M-x grep-find}, in @ref{Compilation}. | |
956 Remember to write the regular expression for @code{grep}, not for Emacs. | |
957 | |
958 @findex find-dired | |
959 The most general command in this series is @kbd{M-x find-dired}, which | |
960 lets you specify any condition that @code{find} can test. It takes two | |
961 minibuffer arguments, @var{directory} and @var{find-args}; it runs | |
962 @code{find} in @var{directory}, passing @var{find-args} to tell | |
963 @code{find} what condition to test. To use this command, you need to | |
964 know how to use @code{find}. | |
965 | |
966 @vindex find-ls-option | |
967 The format of listing produced by these commands is controlled by the | |
968 variable @code{find-ls-option}, whose default value specifies using | |
969 options @samp{-ld} for @code{ls}. If your listings are corrupted, you | |
970 may need to change the value of this variable. | |
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971 |
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972 @node Extra Features for Dired |
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973 @section Extra Features for Dired---The Dired-X Package |
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974 |
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975 The Dired-X package provides various extra features for Dired mode. You |
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976 can load it with @code{M-x load-library} or customize |
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977 @code{dired-load-hook} to add @samp{(require@w{ }'dired-x)}. |
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978 @xref{Top, Introduction, Dired Extra Version 2 User's Manual, dired-x}. |