Mercurial > emacs
annotate doc/lispref/nonascii.texi @ 104078:2658bfb08516
Better docstring for `called-interactively-p'.
author | Bastien Guerry <bzg@altern.org> |
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date | Mon, 27 Jul 2009 02:02:49 +0000 |
parents | 7470537864c9 |
children | e66828f2d289 |
rev | line source |
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84090 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
3 @c Copyright (C) 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, | |
100974 | 4 @c 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
84090 | 5 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. |
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6 @setfilename ../../info/characters |
84090 | 7 @node Non-ASCII Characters, Searching and Matching, Text, Top |
8 @chapter Non-@acronym{ASCII} Characters | |
9 @cindex multibyte characters | |
10 @cindex characters, multi-byte | |
11 @cindex non-@acronym{ASCII} characters | |
12 | |
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13 This chapter covers the special issues relating to characters and |
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14 how they are stored in strings and buffers. |
84090 | 15 |
16 @menu | |
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17 * Text Representations:: How Emacs represents text. |
84090 | 18 * Converting Representations:: Converting unibyte to multibyte and vice versa. |
19 * Selecting a Representation:: Treating a byte sequence as unibyte or multi. | |
20 * Character Codes:: How unibyte and multibyte relate to | |
21 codes of individual characters. | |
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22 * Character Properties:: Character attributes that define their |
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23 behavior and handling. |
84090 | 24 * Character Sets:: The space of possible character codes |
25 is divided into various character sets. | |
26 * Scanning Charsets:: Which character sets are used in a buffer? | |
27 * Translation of Characters:: Translation tables are used for conversion. | |
28 * Coding Systems:: Coding systems are conversions for saving files. | |
29 * Input Methods:: Input methods allow users to enter various | |
30 non-ASCII characters without special keyboards. | |
31 * Locales:: Interacting with the POSIX locale. | |
32 @end menu | |
33 | |
34 @node Text Representations | |
35 @section Text Representations | |
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36 @cindex text representation |
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37 |
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38 Emacs buffers and strings support a large repertoire of characters |
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39 from many different scripts, allowing users to type and display text |
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40 in most any known written language. |
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41 |
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42 @cindex character codepoint |
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43 @cindex codespace |
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44 @cindex Unicode |
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45 To support this multitude of characters and scripts, Emacs closely |
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46 follows the @dfn{Unicode Standard}. The Unicode Standard assigns a |
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47 unique number, called a @dfn{codepoint}, to each and every character. |
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48 The range of codepoints defined by Unicode, or the Unicode |
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49 @dfn{codespace}, is @code{0..10FFFF} (in hex), inclusive. Emacs |
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50 extends this range with codepoints in the range @code{110000..3FFFFF}, |
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51 which it uses for representing characters that are not unified with |
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52 Unicode and raw 8-bit bytes that cannot be interpreted as characters |
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53 (the latter occupy the range @code{3FFF80..3FFFFF}). Thus, a |
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54 character codepoint in Emacs is a 22-bit integer number. |
84090 | 55 |
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56 @cindex internal representation of characters |
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57 @cindex characters, representation in buffers and strings |
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58 @cindex multibyte text |
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59 To conserve memory, Emacs does not hold fixed-length 22-bit numbers |
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60 that are codepoints of text characters within buffers and strings. |
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61 Rather, Emacs uses a variable-length internal representation of |
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62 characters, that stores each character as a sequence of 1 to 5 8-bit |
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63 bytes, depending on the magnitude of its codepoint@footnote{ |
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64 This internal representation is based on one of the encodings defined |
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65 by the Unicode Standard, called @dfn{UTF-8}, for representing any |
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66 Unicode codepoint, but Emacs extends UTF-8 to represent the additional |
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67 codepoints it uses for raw 8-bit bytes and characters not unified with |
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68 Unicode.}. For example, any @acronym{ASCII} character takes up only 1 |
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69 byte, a Latin-1 character takes up 2 bytes, etc. We call this |
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70 representation of text @dfn{multibyte}. |
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71 |
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72 Outside Emacs, characters can be represented in many different |
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73 encodings, such as ISO-8859-1, GB-2312, Big-5, etc. Emacs converts |
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74 between these external encodings and its internal representation, as |
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75 appropriate, when it reads text into a buffer or a string, or when it |
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76 writes text to a disk file or passes it to some other process. |
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77 |
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78 Occasionally, Emacs needs to hold and manipulate encoded text or |
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79 binary non-text data in its buffers or strings. For example, when |
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80 Emacs visits a file, it first reads the file's text verbatim into a |
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81 buffer, and only then converts it to the internal representation. |
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82 Before the conversion, the buffer holds encoded text. |
84090 | 83 |
84 @cindex unibyte text | |
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85 Encoded text is not really text, as far as Emacs is concerned, but |
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86 rather a sequence of raw 8-bit bytes. We call buffers and strings |
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87 that hold encoded text @dfn{unibyte} buffers and strings, because |
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88 Emacs treats them as a sequence of individual bytes. Usually, Emacs |
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89 displays unibyte buffers and strings as octal codes such as |
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90 @code{\237}. We recommend that you never use unibyte buffers and |
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91 strings except for manipulating encoded text or binary non-text data. |
84090 | 92 |
93 In a buffer, the buffer-local value of the variable | |
94 @code{enable-multibyte-characters} specifies the representation used. | |
95 The representation for a string is determined and recorded in the string | |
96 when the string is constructed. | |
97 | |
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98 @defopt enable-multibyte-characters |
84090 | 99 This variable specifies the current buffer's text representation. |
100 If it is non-@code{nil}, the buffer contains multibyte text; otherwise, | |
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101 it contains unibyte encoded text or binary non-text data. |
84090 | 102 |
103 You cannot set this variable directly; instead, use the function | |
104 @code{set-buffer-multibyte} to change a buffer's representation. | |
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105 @end defopt |
84090 | 106 |
107 @defvar default-enable-multibyte-characters | |
108 This variable's value is entirely equivalent to @code{(default-value | |
109 'enable-multibyte-characters)}, and setting this variable changes that | |
110 default value. Setting the local binding of | |
111 @code{enable-multibyte-characters} in a specific buffer is not allowed, | |
112 but changing the default value is supported, and it is a reasonable | |
113 thing to do, because it has no effect on existing buffers. | |
114 | |
115 The @samp{--unibyte} command line option does its job by setting the | |
116 default value to @code{nil} early in startup. | |
117 @end defvar | |
118 | |
119 @defun position-bytes position | |
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120 Buffer positions are measured in character units. This function |
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121 returns the byte-position corresponding to buffer position |
84090 | 122 @var{position} in the current buffer. This is 1 at the start of the |
123 buffer, and counts upward in bytes. If @var{position} is out of | |
124 range, the value is @code{nil}. | |
125 @end defun | |
126 | |
127 @defun byte-to-position byte-position | |
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128 Return the buffer position, in character units, corresponding to given |
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129 @var{byte-position} in the current buffer. If @var{byte-position} is |
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130 out of range, the value is @code{nil}. In a multibyte buffer, an |
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131 arbitrary value of @var{byte-position} can be not at character |
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132 boundary, but inside a multibyte sequence representing a single |
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133 character; in this case, this function returns the buffer position of |
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134 the character whose multibyte sequence includes @var{byte-position}. |
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135 In other words, the value does not change for all byte positions that |
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136 belong to the same character. |
84090 | 137 @end defun |
138 | |
139 @defun multibyte-string-p string | |
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140 Return @code{t} if @var{string} is a multibyte string, @code{nil} |
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141 otherwise. |
84090 | 142 @end defun |
143 | |
144 @defun string-bytes string | |
145 @cindex string, number of bytes | |
146 This function returns the number of bytes in @var{string}. | |
147 If @var{string} is a multibyte string, this can be greater than | |
148 @code{(length @var{string})}. | |
149 @end defun | |
150 | |
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151 @defun unibyte-string &rest bytes |
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152 This function concatenates all its argument @var{bytes} and makes the |
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153 result a unibyte string. |
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154 @end defun |
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155 |
84090 | 156 @node Converting Representations |
157 @section Converting Text Representations | |
158 | |
159 Emacs can convert unibyte text to multibyte; it can also convert | |
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160 multibyte text to unibyte, provided that the multibyte text contains |
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161 only @acronym{ASCII} and 8-bit raw bytes. In general, these |
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162 conversions happen when inserting text into a buffer, or when putting |
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163 text from several strings together in one string. You can also |
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164 explicitly convert a string's contents to either representation. |
84090 | 165 |
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166 Emacs chooses the representation for a string based on the text from |
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167 which it is constructed. The general rule is to convert unibyte text |
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168 to multibyte text when combining it with other multibyte text, because |
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169 the multibyte representation is more general and can hold whatever |
84090 | 170 characters the unibyte text has. |
171 | |
172 When inserting text into a buffer, Emacs converts the text to the | |
173 buffer's representation, as specified by | |
174 @code{enable-multibyte-characters} in that buffer. In particular, when | |
175 you insert multibyte text into a unibyte buffer, Emacs converts the text | |
176 to unibyte, even though this conversion cannot in general preserve all | |
177 the characters that might be in the multibyte text. The other natural | |
178 alternative, to convert the buffer contents to multibyte, is not | |
179 acceptable because the buffer's representation is a choice made by the | |
180 user that cannot be overridden automatically. | |
181 | |
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182 Converting unibyte text to multibyte text leaves @acronym{ASCII} |
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183 characters unchanged, and converts bytes with codes 128 through 159 to |
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184 the multibyte representation of raw eight-bit bytes. |
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186 Converting multibyte text to unibyte converts all @acronym{ASCII} |
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187 and eight-bit characters to their single-byte form, but loses |
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188 information for non-@acronym{ASCII} characters by discarding all but |
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189 the low 8 bits of each character's codepoint. Converting unibyte text |
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190 to multibyte and back to unibyte reproduces the original unibyte text. |
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192 The next two functions either return the argument @var{string}, or a |
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193 newly created string with no text properties. |
84090 | 194 |
195 @defun string-to-multibyte string | |
196 This function returns a multibyte string containing the same sequence | |
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197 of characters as @var{string}. If @var{string} is a multibyte string, |
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198 it is returned unchanged. The function assumes that @var{string} |
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199 includes only @acronym{ASCII} characters and raw 8-bit bytes; the |
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200 latter are converted to their multibyte representation corresponding |
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201 to the codepoints in the @code{3FFF80..3FFFFF} area (@pxref{Text |
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202 Representations, codepoints}). |
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203 @end defun |
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204 |
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205 @defun string-to-unibyte string |
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206 This function returns a unibyte string containing the same sequence of |
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207 characters as @var{string}. It signals an error if @var{string} |
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208 contains a non-@acronym{ASCII} character. If @var{string} is a |
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209 unibyte string, it is returned unchanged. Use this function for |
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210 @var{string} arguments that contain only @acronym{ASCII} and eight-bit |
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211 characters. |
84090 | 212 @end defun |
213 | |
214 @defun multibyte-char-to-unibyte char | |
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215 This converts the multibyte character @var{char} to a unibyte |
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216 character, and returns that character. If @var{char} is neither |
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217 @acronym{ASCII} nor eight-bit, the function returns -1. |
84090 | 218 @end defun |
219 | |
220 @defun unibyte-char-to-multibyte char | |
221 This convert the unibyte character @var{char} to a multibyte | |
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222 character, assuming @var{char} is either @acronym{ASCII} or raw 8-bit |
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223 byte. |
84090 | 224 @end defun |
225 | |
226 @node Selecting a Representation | |
227 @section Selecting a Representation | |
228 | |
229 Sometimes it is useful to examine an existing buffer or string as | |
230 multibyte when it was unibyte, or vice versa. | |
231 | |
232 @defun set-buffer-multibyte multibyte | |
233 Set the representation type of the current buffer. If @var{multibyte} | |
234 is non-@code{nil}, the buffer becomes multibyte. If @var{multibyte} | |
235 is @code{nil}, the buffer becomes unibyte. | |
236 | |
237 This function leaves the buffer contents unchanged when viewed as a | |
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238 sequence of bytes. As a consequence, it can change the contents |
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239 viewed as characters; for instance, a sequence of three bytes which is |
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240 treated as one character in multibyte representation will count as |
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241 three characters in unibyte representation. Eight-bit characters |
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242 representing raw bytes are an exception. They are represented by one |
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243 byte in a unibyte buffer, but when the buffer is set to multibyte, |
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244 they are converted to two-byte sequences, and vice versa. |
84090 | 245 |
246 This function sets @code{enable-multibyte-characters} to record which | |
247 representation is in use. It also adjusts various data in the buffer | |
248 (including overlays, text properties and markers) so that they cover the | |
249 same text as they did before. | |
250 | |
251 You cannot use @code{set-buffer-multibyte} on an indirect buffer, | |
252 because indirect buffers always inherit the representation of the | |
253 base buffer. | |
254 @end defun | |
255 | |
256 @defun string-as-unibyte string | |
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257 If @var{string} is already a unibyte string, this function returns |
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258 @var{string} itself. Otherwise, it returns a new string with the same |
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259 bytes as @var{string}, but treating each byte as a separate character |
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260 (so that the value may have more characters than @var{string}); as an |
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261 exception, each eight-bit character representing a raw byte is |
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262 converted into a single byte. The newly-created string contains no |
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263 text properties. |
84090 | 264 @end defun |
265 | |
266 @defun string-as-multibyte string | |
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267 If @var{string} is a multibyte string, this function returns |
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268 @var{string} itself. Otherwise, it returns a new string with the same |
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269 bytes as @var{string}, but treating each multibyte sequence as one |
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270 character. This means that the value may have fewer characters than |
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271 @var{string} has. If a byte sequence in @var{string} is invalid as a |
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272 multibyte representation of a single character, each byte in the |
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273 sequence is treated as a raw 8-bit byte. The newly-created string |
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274 contains no text properties. |
84090 | 275 @end defun |
276 | |
277 @node Character Codes | |
278 @section Character Codes | |
279 @cindex character codes | |
280 | |
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281 The unibyte and multibyte text representations use different |
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282 character codes. The valid character codes for unibyte representation |
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283 range from 0 to 255---the values that can fit in one byte. The valid |
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284 character codes for multibyte representation range from 0 to 4194303 |
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285 (#x3FFFFF). In this code space, values 0 through 127 are for |
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286 @acronym{ASCII} charcters, and values 129 through 4194175 (#x3FFF7F) |
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287 are for non-@acronym{ASCII} characters. Values 0 through 1114111 |
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288 (#10FFFF) correspond to Unicode characters of the same codepoint; |
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289 values 1114112 (#110000) through 4194175 (#x3FFF7F) represent |
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290 characters that are not unified with Unicode; and values 4194176 |
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291 (#x3FFF80) through 4194303 (#x3FFFFF) represent eight-bit raw bytes. |
84090 | 292 |
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293 @defun characterp charcode |
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294 This returns @code{t} if @var{charcode} is a valid character, and |
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295 @code{nil} otherwise. |
84090 | 296 |
297 @example | |
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298 @group |
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299 (characterp 65) |
84090 | 300 @result{} t |
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301 @end group |
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302 @group |
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303 (characterp 4194303) |
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304 @result{} t |
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305 @end group |
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306 @group |
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307 (characterp 4194304) |
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308 @result{} nil |
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309 @end group |
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310 @end example |
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311 @end defun |
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312 |
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313 @cindex maximum value of character codepoint |
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314 @cindex codepoint, largest value |
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315 @defun max-char |
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316 This function returns the largest value that a valid character |
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317 codepoint can have. |
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318 |
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319 @example |
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320 @group |
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321 (characterp (max-char)) |
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322 @result{} t |
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323 @end group |
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324 @group |
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325 (characterp (1+ (max-char))) |
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326 @result{} nil |
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327 @end group |
84090 | 328 @end example |
329 @end defun | |
330 | |
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331 @defun get-byte &optional pos string |
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332 This function returns the byte at character position @var{pos} in the |
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333 current buffer. If the current buffer is unibyte, this is literally |
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334 the byte at that position. If the buffer is multibyte, byte values of |
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335 @acronym{ASCII} characters are the same as character codepoints, |
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336 whereas eight-bit raw bytes are converted to their 8-bit codes. The |
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337 function signals an error if the character at @var{pos} is |
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338 non-@acronym{ASCII}. |
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339 |
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340 The optional argument @var{string} means to get a byte value from that |
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341 string instead of the current buffer. |
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342 @end defun |
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343 |
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344 @node Character Properties |
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345 @section Character Properties |
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346 @cindex character properties |
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347 A @dfn{character property} is a named attribute of a character that |
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348 specifies how the character behaves and how it should be handled |
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349 during text processing and display. Thus, character properties are an |
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350 important part of specifying the character's semantics. |
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351 |
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352 On the whole, Emacs follows the Unicode Standard in its implementation |
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353 of character properties. In particular, Emacs supports the |
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354 @uref{http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr23/, Unicode Character Property |
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355 Model}, and the Emacs character property database is derived from the |
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356 Unicode Character Database (@acronym{UCD}). See the |
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357 @uref{http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode5.0.0/ch04.pdf, Character |
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358 Properties chapter of the Unicode Standard}, for a detailed |
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359 description of Unicode character properties and their meaning. This |
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360 section assumes you are already familiar with that chapter of the |
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361 Unicode Standard, and want to apply that knowledge to Emacs Lisp |
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362 programs. |
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363 |
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364 In Emacs, each property has a name, which is a symbol, and a set of |
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365 possible values, whose types depend on the property; if a character |
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366 does not have a certain property, the value is @code{nil}. As a |
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367 general rule, the names of character properties in Emacs are produced |
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368 from the corresponding Unicode properties by downcasing them and |
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369 replacing each @samp{_} character with a dash @samp{-}. For example, |
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370 @code{Canonical_Combining_Class} becomes |
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371 @code{canonical-combining-class}. However, sometimes we shorten the |
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372 names to make their use easier. |
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373 |
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374 Here is the full list of value types for all the character |
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375 properties that Emacs knows about: |
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376 |
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377 @table @code |
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378 @item name |
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379 This property corresponds to the Unicode @code{Name} property. The |
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380 value is a string consisting of upper-case Latin letters A to Z, |
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381 digits, spaces, and hyphen @samp{-} characters. |
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382 |
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383 @item general-category |
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384 This property corresponds to the Unicode @code{General_Category} |
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385 property. The value is a symbol whose name is a 2-letter abbreviation |
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386 of the character's classification. |
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387 |
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388 @item canonical-combining-class |
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389 Corresponds to the Unicode @code{Canonical_Combining_Class} property. |
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390 The value is an integer number. |
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391 |
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392 @item bidi-class |
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393 Corresponds to the Unicode @code{Bidi_Class} property. The value is a |
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394 symbol whose name is the Unicode @dfn{directional type} of the |
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395 character. |
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396 |
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397 @item decomposition |
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398 Corresponds to the Unicode @code{Decomposition_Type} and |
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399 @code{Decomposition_Value} properties. The value is a list, whose |
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400 first element may be a symbol representing a compatibility formatting |
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401 tag, such as @code{small}@footnote{ |
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402 Note that the Unicode spec writes these tag names inside |
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403 @samp{<..>} brackets. The tag names in Emacs do not include the |
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404 brackets; e.g., Unicode specifies @samp{<small>} where Emacs uses |
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405 @samp{small}. |
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406 }; the other elements are characters that give the compatibility |
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407 decomposition sequence of this character. |
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408 |
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409 @item decimal-digit-value |
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410 Corresponds to the Unicode @code{Numeric_Value} property for |
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411 characters whose @code{Numeric_Type} is @samp{Digit}. The value is an |
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412 integer number. |
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413 |
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414 @item digit |
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415 Corresponds to the Unicode @code{Numeric_Value} property for |
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416 characters whose @code{Numeric_Type} is @samp{Decimal}. The value is |
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417 an integer number. Examples of such characters include compatibility |
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418 subscript and superscript digits, for which the value is the |
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419 corresponding number. |
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420 |
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421 @item numeric-value |
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422 Corresponds to the Unicode @code{Numeric_Value} property for |
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423 characters whose @code{Numeric_Type} is @samp{Numeric}. The value of |
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424 this property is an integer or a floating-point number. Examples of |
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425 characters that have this property include fractions, subscripts, |
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426 superscripts, Roman numerals, currency numerators, and encircled |
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427 numbers. For example, the value of this property for the character |
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428 @code{U+2155} (@sc{vulgar fraction one fifth}) is @code{0.2}. |
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429 |
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430 @item mirrored |
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431 Corresponds to the Unicode @code{Bidi_Mirrored} property. The value |
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432 of this property is a symbol, either @code{Y} or @code{N}. |
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433 |
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434 @item old-name |
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435 Corresponds to the Unicode @code{Unicode_1_Name} property. The value |
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436 is a string. |
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437 |
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438 @item iso-10646-comment |
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439 Corresponds to the Unicode @code{ISO_Comment} property. The value is |
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440 a string. |
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441 |
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442 @item uppercase |
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443 Corresponds to the Unicode @code{Simple_Uppercase_Mapping} property. |
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444 The value of this property is a single character. |
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445 |
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446 @item lowercase |
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447 Corresponds to the Unicode @code{Simple_Lowercase_Mapping} property. |
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448 The value of this property is a single character. |
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449 |
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450 @item titlecase |
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451 Corresponds to the Unicode @code{Simple_Titlecase_Mapping} property. |
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452 @dfn{Title case} is a special form of a character used when the first |
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453 character of a word needs to be capitalized. The value of this |
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454 property is a single character. |
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455 @end table |
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456 |
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457 @defun get-char-code-property char propname |
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458 This function returns the value of @var{char}'s @var{propname} property. |
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459 |
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460 @example |
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461 @group |
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462 (get-char-code-property ? 'general-category) |
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463 @result{} Zs |
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464 @end group |
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465 @group |
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466 (get-char-code-property ?1 'general-category) |
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467 @result{} Nd |
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468 @end group |
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469 @group |
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470 (get-char-code-property ?\u2084 'digit-value) ; subscript 4 |
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471 @result{} 4 |
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472 @end group |
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473 @group |
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474 (get-char-code-property ?\u2155 'numeric-value) ; one fifth |
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475 @result{} 1/5 |
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476 @end group |
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477 @group |
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478 (get-char-code-property ?\u2163 'numeric-value) ; Roman IV |
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479 @result{} \4 |
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480 @end group |
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481 @end example |
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482 @end defun |
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483 |
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484 @defun char-code-property-description prop value |
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485 This function returns the description string of property @var{prop}'s |
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486 @var{value}, or @code{nil} if @var{value} has no description. |
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487 |
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488 @example |
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489 @group |
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490 (char-code-property-description 'general-category 'Zs) |
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491 @result{} "Separator, Space" |
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492 @end group |
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493 @group |
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494 (char-code-property-description 'general-category 'Nd) |
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495 @result{} "Number, Decimal Digit" |
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496 @end group |
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497 @group |
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498 (char-code-property-description 'numeric-value '1/5) |
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499 @result{} nil |
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500 @end group |
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501 @end example |
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502 @end defun |
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503 |
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504 @defun put-char-code-property char propname value |
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505 This function stores @var{value} as the value of the property |
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506 @var{propname} for the character @var{char}. |
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507 @end defun |
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508 |
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509 @defvar char-script-table |
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510 The value of this variable is a char-table (@pxref{Char-Tables}) that |
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511 specifies, for each character, a symbol whose name is the script to |
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512 which the character belongs, according to the Unicode Standard |
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513 classification of the Unicode code space into script-specific blocks. |
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514 This char-table has a single extra slot whose value is the list of all |
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515 script symbols. |
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516 @end defvar |
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517 |
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518 @defvar char-width-table |
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519 The value of this variable is a char-table that specifies the width of |
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520 each character in columns that it will occupy on the screen. |
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521 @end defvar |
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522 |
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523 @defvar printable-chars |
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524 The value of this variable is a char-table that specifies, for each |
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525 character, whether it is printable or not. That is, if evaluating |
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526 @code{(aref printable-chars char)} results in @code{t}, the character |
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527 is printable, and if it results in @code{nil}, it is not. |
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528 @end defvar |
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529 |
84090 | 530 @node Character Sets |
531 @section Character Sets | |
532 @cindex character sets | |
533 | |
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534 @cindex charset |
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535 @cindex coded character set |
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536 An Emacs @dfn{character set}, or @dfn{charset}, is a set of characters |
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537 in which each character is assigned a numeric code point. (The |
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538 Unicode Standard calls this a @dfn{coded character set}.) Each Emacs |
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539 charset has a name which is a symbol. A single character can belong |
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540 to any number of different character sets, but it will generally have |
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541 a different code point in each charset. Examples of character sets |
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542 include @code{ascii}, @code{iso-8859-1}, @code{greek-iso8859-7}, and |
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543 @code{windows-1255}. The code point assigned to a character in a |
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544 charset is usually different from its code point used in Emacs buffers |
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545 and strings. |
84090 | 546 |
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547 @cindex @code{emacs}, a charset |
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548 @cindex @code{unicode}, a charset |
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549 @cindex @code{eight-bit}, a charset |
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550 Emacs defines several special character sets. The character set |
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551 @code{unicode} includes all the characters whose Emacs code points are |
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552 in the range @code{0..10FFFF}. The character set @code{emacs} |
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553 includes all @acronym{ASCII} and non-@acronym{ASCII} characters. |
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554 Finally, the @code{eight-bit} charset includes the 8-bit raw bytes; |
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555 Emacs uses it to represent raw bytes encountered in text. |
84090 | 556 |
557 @defun charsetp object | |
558 Returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a symbol that names a character set, | |
559 @code{nil} otherwise. | |
560 @end defun | |
561 | |
562 @defvar charset-list | |
563 The value is a list of all defined character set names. | |
564 @end defvar | |
565 | |
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566 @defun charset-priority-list &optional highestp |
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567 This functions returns a list of all defined character sets ordered by |
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568 their priority. If @var{highestp} is non-@code{nil}, the function |
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569 returns a single character set of the highest priority. |
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570 @end defun |
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571 |
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572 @defun set-charset-priority &rest charsets |
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573 This function makes @var{charsets} the highest priority character sets. |
84090 | 574 @end defun |
575 | |
103264
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* syntax.texi (Position Parse): Document rationale for ignored
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576 @defun char-charset character &optional restriction |
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(Character Codes, Character Sets)
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parents:
99313
diff
changeset
|
577 This function returns the name of the character set of highest |
512ddf0d1748
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
578 priority that @var{character} belongs to. @acronym{ASCII} characters |
512ddf0d1748
(Character Codes, Character Sets)
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parents:
99313
diff
changeset
|
579 are an exception: for them, this function always returns @code{ascii}. |
103264
b269cabac20c
* syntax.texi (Position Parse): Document rationale for ignored
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|
580 |
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* syntax.texi (Position Parse): Document rationale for ignored
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
581 If @var{restriction} is non-@code{nil}, it should be a list of |
b269cabac20c
* syntax.texi (Position Parse): Document rationale for ignored
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parents:
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diff
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|
582 charsets to search. Alternatively, it can be a coding system, in |
b269cabac20c
* syntax.texi (Position Parse): Document rationale for ignored
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
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diff
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|
583 which case the returned charset must be supported by that coding |
b269cabac20c
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diff
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|
584 system (@pxref{Coding Systems}). |
84090 | 585 @end defun |
586 | |
587 @defun charset-plist charset | |
99802
512ddf0d1748
(Character Codes, Character Sets)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
588 This function returns the property list of the character set |
512ddf0d1748
(Character Codes, Character Sets)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
99313
diff
changeset
|
589 @var{charset}. Although @var{charset} is a symbol, this is not the |
512ddf0d1748
(Character Codes, Character Sets)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
99313
diff
changeset
|
590 same as the property list of that symbol. Charset properties include |
512ddf0d1748
(Character Codes, Character Sets)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
99313
diff
changeset
|
591 important information about the charset, such as its documentation |
512ddf0d1748
(Character Codes, Character Sets)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
592 string, short name, etc. |
512ddf0d1748
(Character Codes, Character Sets)
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parents:
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diff
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|
593 @end defun |
512ddf0d1748
(Character Codes, Character Sets)
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
594 |
512ddf0d1748
(Character Codes, Character Sets)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
99313
diff
changeset
|
595 @defun put-charset-property charset propname value |
512ddf0d1748
(Character Codes, Character Sets)
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
596 This function sets the @var{propname} property of @var{charset} to the |
512ddf0d1748
(Character Codes, Character Sets)
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parents:
99313
diff
changeset
|
597 given @var{value}. |
512ddf0d1748
(Character Codes, Character Sets)
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
598 @end defun |
512ddf0d1748
(Character Codes, Character Sets)
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
599 |
512ddf0d1748
(Character Codes, Character Sets)
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
600 @defun get-charset-property charset propname |
512ddf0d1748
(Character Codes, Character Sets)
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
601 This function returns the value of @var{charset}s property |
512ddf0d1748
(Character Codes, Character Sets)
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parents:
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602 @var{propname}. |
84090 | 603 @end defun |
604 | |
605 @deffn Command list-charset-chars charset | |
606 This command displays a list of characters in the character set | |
607 @var{charset}. | |
608 @end deffn | |
609 | |
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(Text Representations, Converting Representations, Character Sets,
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parents:
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|
610 Emacs can convert between its internal representation of a character |
527cfe29292e
(Text Representations, Converting Representations, Character Sets,
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
611 and the character's codepoint in a specific charset. The following |
527cfe29292e
(Text Representations, Converting Representations, Character Sets,
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
612 two functions support these conversions. |
527cfe29292e
(Text Representations, Converting Representations, Character Sets,
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diff
changeset
|
613 |
527cfe29292e
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|
614 @c FIXME: decode-char and encode-char accept and ignore an additional |
527cfe29292e
(Text Representations, Converting Representations, Character Sets,
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
615 @c argument @var{restriction}. When that argument actually makes a |
527cfe29292e
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parents:
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|
616 @c difference, it should be documented here. |
99802
512ddf0d1748
(Character Codes, Character Sets)
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|
617 @defun decode-char charset code-point |
512ddf0d1748
(Character Codes, Character Sets)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
618 This function decodes a character that is assigned a @var{code-point} |
512ddf0d1748
(Character Codes, Character Sets)
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
619 in @var{charset}, to the corresponding Emacs character, and returns |
100006
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(Text Representations, Converting Representations, Character Sets,
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
620 it. If @var{charset} doesn't contain a character of that code point, |
527cfe29292e
(Text Representations, Converting Representations, Character Sets,
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parents:
99802
diff
changeset
|
621 the value is @code{nil}. If @var{code-point} doesn't fit in a Lisp |
527cfe29292e
(Text Representations, Converting Representations, Character Sets,
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parents:
99802
diff
changeset
|
622 integer (@pxref{Integer Basics, most-positive-fixnum}), it can be |
527cfe29292e
(Text Representations, Converting Representations, Character Sets,
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
99802
diff
changeset
|
623 specified as a cons cell @code{(@var{high} . @var{low})}, where |
99802
512ddf0d1748
(Character Codes, Character Sets)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
99313
diff
changeset
|
624 @var{low} are the lower 16 bits of the value and @var{high} are the |
512ddf0d1748
(Character Codes, Character Sets)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
99313
diff
changeset
|
625 high 16 bits. |
84090 | 626 @end defun |
627 | |
99802
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(Character Codes, Character Sets)
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parents:
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changeset
|
628 @defun encode-char char charset |
512ddf0d1748
(Character Codes, Character Sets)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
99313
diff
changeset
|
629 This function returns the code point assigned to the character |
100006
527cfe29292e
(Text Representations, Converting Representations, Character Sets,
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parents:
99802
diff
changeset
|
630 @var{char} in @var{charset}. If the result does not fit in a Lisp |
527cfe29292e
(Text Representations, Converting Representations, Character Sets,
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
99802
diff
changeset
|
631 integer, it is returned as a cons cell @code{(@var{high} . @var{low})} |
527cfe29292e
(Text Representations, Converting Representations, Character Sets,
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
99802
diff
changeset
|
632 that fits the second argument of @code{decode-char} above. If |
527cfe29292e
(Text Representations, Converting Representations, Character Sets,
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parents:
99802
diff
changeset
|
633 @var{charset} doesn't have a codepoint for @var{char}, the value is |
527cfe29292e
(Text Representations, Converting Representations, Character Sets,
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
634 @code{nil}. |
84090 | 635 @end defun |
636 | |
100248
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(Character Sets): Document `map-charset-chars'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
100246
diff
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|
637 The following function comes in handy for applying a certain |
3d8b80bc42ba
(Character Sets): Document `map-charset-chars'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
100246
diff
changeset
|
638 function to all or part of the characters in a charset: |
3d8b80bc42ba
(Character Sets): Document `map-charset-chars'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
100246
diff
changeset
|
639 |
3d8b80bc42ba
(Character Sets): Document `map-charset-chars'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
100246
diff
changeset
|
640 @defun map-charset-chars function charset &optional arg from to |
3d8b80bc42ba
(Character Sets): Document `map-charset-chars'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
100246
diff
changeset
|
641 Call @var{function} for characters in @var{charset}. @var{function} |
3d8b80bc42ba
(Character Sets): Document `map-charset-chars'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
100246
diff
changeset
|
642 is called with two arguments. The first one is a cons cell |
3d8b80bc42ba
(Character Sets): Document `map-charset-chars'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
100246
diff
changeset
|
643 @code{(@var{from} . @var{to})}, where @var{from} and @var{to} |
3d8b80bc42ba
(Character Sets): Document `map-charset-chars'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
100246
diff
changeset
|
644 indicate a range of characters contained in charset. The second |
3d8b80bc42ba
(Character Sets): Document `map-charset-chars'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
100246
diff
changeset
|
645 argument is the optional argument @var{arg}. |
3d8b80bc42ba
(Character Sets): Document `map-charset-chars'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
100246
diff
changeset
|
646 |
3d8b80bc42ba
(Character Sets): Document `map-charset-chars'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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100246
diff
changeset
|
647 By default, the range of codepoints passed to @var{function} includes |
103358 | 648 all the characters in @var{charset}, but optional arguments |
649 @var{from-code} and @var{to-code} limit that to the range of | |
650 characters between these two codepoints of @var{charset}. If either | |
651 of them is @code{nil}, it defaults to the first or last codepoint of | |
652 @var{charset}, respectively. | |
100248
3d8b80bc42ba
(Character Sets): Document `map-charset-chars'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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100246
diff
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|
653 @end defun |
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(Character Sets): Document `map-charset-chars'.
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diff
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|
654 |
84090 | 655 @node Scanning Charsets |
656 @section Scanning for Character Sets | |
657 | |
102916
e36cab721439
* nonascii.texi (Text Representations): Copyedits.
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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102036
diff
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|
658 Sometimes it is useful to find out which character set a particular |
e36cab721439
* nonascii.texi (Text Representations): Copyedits.
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
102036
diff
changeset
|
659 character belongs to. One use for this is in determining which coding |
e36cab721439
* nonascii.texi (Text Representations): Copyedits.
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
102036
diff
changeset
|
660 systems (@pxref{Coding Systems}) are capable of representing all of |
e36cab721439
* nonascii.texi (Text Representations): Copyedits.
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
102036
diff
changeset
|
661 the text in question; another is to determine the font(s) for |
e36cab721439
* nonascii.texi (Text Representations): Copyedits.
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
102036
diff
changeset
|
662 displaying that text. |
84090 | 663 |
664 @defun charset-after &optional pos | |
99802
512ddf0d1748
(Character Codes, Character Sets)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
99313
diff
changeset
|
665 This function returns the charset of highest priority containing the |
102916
e36cab721439
* nonascii.texi (Text Representations): Copyedits.
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
102036
diff
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|
666 character at position @var{pos} in the current buffer. If @var{pos} |
99802
512ddf0d1748
(Character Codes, Character Sets)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
99313
diff
changeset
|
667 is omitted or @code{nil}, it defaults to the current value of point. |
512ddf0d1748
(Character Codes, Character Sets)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
99313
diff
changeset
|
668 If @var{pos} is out of range, the value is @code{nil}. |
84090 | 669 @end defun |
670 | |
671 @defun find-charset-region beg end &optional translation | |
99802
512ddf0d1748
(Character Codes, Character Sets)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
672 This function returns a list of the character sets of highest priority |
100006
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(Text Representations, Converting Representations, Character Sets,
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parents:
99802
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|
673 that contain characters in the current buffer between positions |
99802
512ddf0d1748
(Character Codes, Character Sets)
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99313
diff
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|
674 @var{beg} and @var{end}. |
84090 | 675 |
102916
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Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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diff
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|
676 The optional argument @var{translation} specifies a translation table |
e36cab721439
* nonascii.texi (Text Representations): Copyedits.
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
102036
diff
changeset
|
677 to use for scanning the text (@pxref{Translation of Characters}). If |
e36cab721439
* nonascii.texi (Text Representations): Copyedits.
Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
102036
diff
changeset
|
678 it is non-@code{nil}, then each character in the region is translated |
84090 | 679 through this table, and the value returned describes the translated |
680 characters instead of the characters actually in the buffer. | |
681 @end defun | |
682 | |
683 @defun find-charset-string string &optional translation | |
102916
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Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents:
102036
diff
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|
684 This function returns a list of character sets of highest priority |
99802
512ddf0d1748
(Character Codes, Character Sets)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
99313
diff
changeset
|
685 that contain characters in @var{string}. It is just like |
512ddf0d1748
(Character Codes, Character Sets)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
99313
diff
changeset
|
686 @code{find-charset-region}, except that it applies to the contents of |
512ddf0d1748
(Character Codes, Character Sets)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
99313
diff
changeset
|
687 @var{string} instead of part of the current buffer. |
84090 | 688 @end defun |
689 | |
690 @node Translation of Characters | |
691 @section Translation of Characters | |
692 @cindex character translation tables | |
693 @cindex translation tables | |
694 | |
99802
512ddf0d1748
(Character Codes, Character Sets)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
99313
diff
changeset
|
695 A @dfn{translation table} is a char-table (@pxref{Char-Tables}) that |
512ddf0d1748
(Character Codes, Character Sets)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
99313
diff
changeset
|
696 specifies a mapping of characters into characters. These tables are |
512ddf0d1748
(Character Codes, Character Sets)
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parents:
99313
diff
changeset
|
697 used in encoding and decoding, and for other purposes. Some coding |
512ddf0d1748
(Character Codes, Character Sets)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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99313
diff
changeset
|
698 systems specify their own particular translation tables; there are |
512ddf0d1748
(Character Codes, Character Sets)
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parents:
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diff
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|
699 also default translation tables which apply to all other coding |
512ddf0d1748
(Character Codes, Character Sets)
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diff
changeset
|
700 systems. |
84090 | 701 |
99802
512ddf0d1748
(Character Codes, Character Sets)
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diff
changeset
|
702 A translation table has two extra slots. The first is either |
512ddf0d1748
(Character Codes, Character Sets)
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diff
changeset
|
703 @code{nil} or a translation table that performs the reverse |
512ddf0d1748
(Character Codes, Character Sets)
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diff
changeset
|
704 translation; the second is the maximum number of characters to look up |
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99802
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|
705 for translating sequences of characters (see the description of |
527cfe29292e
(Text Representations, Converting Representations, Character Sets,
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99802
diff
changeset
|
706 @code{make-translation-table-from-alist} below). |
84090 | 707 |
708 @defun make-translation-table &rest translations | |
709 This function returns a translation table based on the argument | |
710 @var{translations}. Each element of @var{translations} should be a | |
711 list of elements of the form @code{(@var{from} . @var{to})}; this says | |
712 to translate the character @var{from} into @var{to}. | |
713 | |
714 The arguments and the forms in each argument are processed in order, | |
715 and if a previous form already translates @var{to} to some other | |
716 character, say @var{to-alt}, @var{from} is also translated to | |
717 @var{to-alt}. | |
718 @end defun | |
719 | |
99802
512ddf0d1748
(Character Codes, Character Sets)
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diff
changeset
|
720 During decoding, the translation table's translations are applied to |
512ddf0d1748
(Character Codes, Character Sets)
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parents:
99313
diff
changeset
|
721 the characters that result from ordinary decoding. If a coding system |
102916
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Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
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102036
diff
changeset
|
722 has the property @code{:decode-translation-table}, that specifies the |
99802
512ddf0d1748
(Character Codes, Character Sets)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
99313
diff
changeset
|
723 translation table to use, or a list of translation tables to apply in |
512ddf0d1748
(Character Codes, Character Sets)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
99313
diff
changeset
|
724 sequence. (This is a property of the coding system, as returned by |
512ddf0d1748
(Character Codes, Character Sets)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
99313
diff
changeset
|
725 @code{coding-system-get}, not a property of the symbol that is the |
512ddf0d1748
(Character Codes, Character Sets)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
99313
diff
changeset
|
726 coding system's name. @xref{Coding System Basics,, Basic Concepts of |
512ddf0d1748
(Character Codes, Character Sets)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
99313
diff
changeset
|
727 Coding Systems}.) Finally, if |
512ddf0d1748
(Character Codes, Character Sets)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
99313
diff
changeset
|
728 @code{standard-translation-table-for-decode} is non-@code{nil}, the |
512ddf0d1748
(Character Codes, Character Sets)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
99313
diff
changeset
|
729 resulting characters are translated by that table. |
84090 | 730 |
99802
512ddf0d1748
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Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
731 During encoding, the translation table's translations are applied to |
512ddf0d1748
(Character Codes, Character Sets)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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99313
diff
changeset
|
732 the characters in the buffer, and the result of translation is |
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733 actually encoded. If a coding system has property |
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|
734 @code{:encode-translation-table}, that specifies the translation table |
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735 to use, or a list of translation tables to apply in sequence. In |
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|
736 addition, if the variable @code{standard-translation-table-for-encode} |
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737 is non-@code{nil}, it specifies the translation table to use for |
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|
738 translating the result. |
84090 | 739 |
740 @defvar standard-translation-table-for-decode | |
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741 This is the default translation table for decoding. If a coding |
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742 systems specifies its own translation tables, the table that is the |
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743 value of this variable, if non-@code{nil}, is applied after them. |
84090 | 744 @end defvar |
745 | |
746 @defvar standard-translation-table-for-encode | |
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747 This is the default translation table for encoding. If a coding |
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748 systems specifies its own translation tables, the table that is the |
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|
749 value of this variable, if non-@code{nil}, is applied after them. |
84090 | 750 @end defvar |
751 | |
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752 @defvar translation-table-for-input |
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753 Self-inserting characters are translated through this translation |
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754 table before they are inserted. Search commands also translate their |
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755 input through this table, so they can compare more reliably with |
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756 what's in the buffer. |
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757 |
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758 This variable automatically becomes buffer-local when set. |
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759 @end defvar |
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760 |
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761 @defun make-translation-table-from-vector vec |
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762 This function returns a translation table made from @var{vec} that is |
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763 an array of 256 elements to map byte values 0 through 255 to |
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764 characters. Elements may be @code{nil} for untranslated bytes. The |
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765 returned table has a translation table for reverse mapping in the |
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766 first extra slot, and the value @code{1} in the second extra slot. |
99802
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|
767 |
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768 This function provides an easy way to make a private coding system |
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769 that maps each byte to a specific character. You can specify the |
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770 returned table and the reverse translation table using the properties |
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|
771 @code{:decode-translation-table} and @code{:encode-translation-table} |
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772 respectively in the @var{props} argument to |
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|
773 @code{define-coding-system}. |
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774 @end defun |
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|
775 |
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776 @defun make-translation-table-from-alist alist |
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777 This function is similar to @code{make-translation-table} but returns |
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778 a complex translation table rather than a simple one-to-one mapping. |
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779 Each element of @var{alist} is of the form @code{(@var{from} |
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* nonascii.texi (Text Representations): Copyedits.
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780 . @var{to})}, where @var{from} and @var{to} are either characters or |
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781 vectors specifying a sequence of characters. If @var{from} is a |
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782 character, that character is translated to @var{to} (i.e.@: to a |
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783 character or a character sequence). If @var{from} is a vector of |
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784 characters, that sequence is translated to @var{to}. The returned |
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785 table has a translation table for reverse mapping in the first extra |
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786 slot, and the maximum length of all the @var{from} character sequences |
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787 in the second extra slot. |
99802
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788 @end defun |
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789 |
84090 | 790 @node Coding Systems |
791 @section Coding Systems | |
792 | |
793 @cindex coding system | |
794 When Emacs reads or writes a file, and when Emacs sends text to a | |
795 subprocess or receives text from a subprocess, it normally performs | |
796 character code conversion and end-of-line conversion as specified | |
797 by a particular @dfn{coding system}. | |
798 | |
799 How to define a coding system is an arcane matter, and is not | |
800 documented here. | |
801 | |
802 @menu | |
803 * Coding System Basics:: Basic concepts. | |
804 * Encoding and I/O:: How file I/O functions handle coding systems. | |
805 * Lisp and Coding Systems:: Functions to operate on coding system names. | |
806 * User-Chosen Coding Systems:: Asking the user to choose a coding system. | |
807 * Default Coding Systems:: Controlling the default choices. | |
808 * Specifying Coding Systems:: Requesting a particular coding system | |
809 for a single file operation. | |
810 * Explicit Encoding:: Encoding or decoding text without doing I/O. | |
811 * Terminal I/O Encoding:: Use of encoding for terminal I/O. | |
812 * MS-DOS File Types:: How DOS "text" and "binary" files | |
813 relate to coding systems. | |
814 @end menu | |
815 | |
816 @node Coding System Basics | |
817 @subsection Basic Concepts of Coding Systems | |
818 | |
819 @cindex character code conversion | |
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820 @dfn{Character code conversion} involves conversion between the |
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821 internal representation of characters used inside Emacs and some other |
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822 encoding. Emacs supports many different encodings, in that it can |
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|
823 convert to and from them. For example, it can convert text to or from |
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824 encodings such as Latin 1, Latin 2, Latin 3, Latin 4, Latin 5, and |
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825 several variants of ISO 2022. In some cases, Emacs supports several |
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|
826 alternative encodings for the same characters; for example, there are |
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|
827 three coding systems for the Cyrillic (Russian) alphabet: ISO, |
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|
828 Alternativnyj, and KOI8. |
84090 | 829 |
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|
830 Every coding system specifies a particular set of character code |
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(Coding System Basics): Rewrite @ignore'd paragraph to speak about `undecided'.
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|
831 conversions, but the coding system @code{undecided} is special: it |
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|
832 leaves the choice unspecified, to be chosen heuristically for each |
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|
833 file, based on the file's data. |
84090 | 834 |
835 In general, a coding system doesn't guarantee roundtrip identity: | |
836 decoding a byte sequence using coding system, then encoding the | |
837 resulting text in the same coding system, can produce a different byte | |
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|
838 sequence. But some coding systems do guarantee that the byte sequence |
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|
839 will be the same as what you originally decoded. Here are a few |
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840 examples: |
84090 | 841 |
842 @quotation | |
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|
843 iso-8859-1, utf-8, big5, shift_jis, euc-jp |
84090 | 844 @end quotation |
845 | |
846 Encoding buffer text and then decoding the result can also fail to | |
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|
847 reproduce the original text. For instance, if you encode a character |
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|
848 with a coding system which does not support that character, the result |
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|
849 is unpredictable, and thus decoding it using the same coding system |
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|
850 may produce a different text. Currently, Emacs can't report errors |
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|
851 that result from encoding unsupported characters. |
84090 | 852 |
853 @cindex EOL conversion | |
854 @cindex end-of-line conversion | |
855 @cindex line end conversion | |
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|
856 @dfn{End of line conversion} handles three different conventions |
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changeset
|
857 used on various systems for representing end of line in files. The |
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|
858 Unix convention, used on GNU and Unix systems, is to use the linefeed |
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|
859 character (also called newline). The DOS convention, used on |
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|
860 MS-Windows and MS-DOS systems, is to use a carriage-return and a |
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|
861 linefeed at the end of a line. The Mac convention is to use just |
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|
862 carriage-return. |
84090 | 863 |
864 @cindex base coding system | |
865 @cindex variant coding system | |
866 @dfn{Base coding systems} such as @code{latin-1} leave the end-of-line | |
867 conversion unspecified, to be chosen based on the data. @dfn{Variant | |
868 coding systems} such as @code{latin-1-unix}, @code{latin-1-dos} and | |
869 @code{latin-1-mac} specify the end-of-line conversion explicitly as | |
870 well. Most base coding systems have three corresponding variants whose | |
871 names are formed by adding @samp{-unix}, @samp{-dos} and @samp{-mac}. | |
872 | |
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|
873 @vindex raw-text@r{ coding system} |
84090 | 874 The coding system @code{raw-text} is special in that it prevents |
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|
875 character code conversion, and causes the buffer visited with this |
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|
876 coding system to be a unibyte buffer. For historical reasons, you can |
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|
877 save both unibyte and multibyte text with this coding system. When |
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|
878 you use @code{raw-text} to encode multibyte text, it does perform one |
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|
879 character code conversion: it converts eight-bit characters to their |
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|
880 single-byte external representation. @code{raw-text} does not specify |
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|
881 the end-of-line conversion, allowing that to be determined as usual by |
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|
882 the data, and has the usual three variants which specify the |
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883 end-of-line conversion. |
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884 |
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|
885 @vindex no-conversion@r{ coding system} |
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886 @vindex binary@r{ coding system} |
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|
887 @code{no-conversion} (and its alias @code{binary}) is equivalent to |
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|
888 @code{raw-text-unix}: it specifies no conversion of either character |
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|
889 codes or end-of-line. |
84090 | 890 |
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|
891 @vindex emacs-internal@r{ coding system} |
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892 @vindex utf-8-emacs@r{ coding system} |
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893 The coding system @code{utf-8-emacs} specifies that the data is |
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894 represented in the internal Emacs encoding (@pxref{Text |
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895 Representations}). This is like @code{raw-text} in that no code |
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896 conversion happens, but different in that the result is multibyte |
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897 data. The name @code{emacs-internal} is an alias for |
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898 @code{utf-8-emacs}. |
84090 | 899 |
900 @defun coding-system-get coding-system property | |
901 This function returns the specified property of the coding system | |
902 @var{coding-system}. Most coding system properties exist for internal | |
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903 purposes, but one that you might find useful is @code{:mime-charset}. |
84090 | 904 That property's value is the name used in MIME for the character coding |
905 which this coding system can read and write. Examples: | |
906 | |
907 @example | |
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908 (coding-system-get 'iso-latin-1 :mime-charset) |
84090 | 909 @result{} iso-8859-1 |
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910 (coding-system-get 'iso-2022-cn :mime-charset) |
84090 | 911 @result{} iso-2022-cn |
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912 (coding-system-get 'cyrillic-koi8 :mime-charset) |
84090 | 913 @result{} koi8-r |
914 @end example | |
915 | |
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916 The value of the @code{:mime-charset} property is also defined |
84090 | 917 as an alias for the coding system. |
918 @end defun | |
919 | |
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920 @defun coding-system-aliases coding-system |
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921 This function returns the list of aliases of @var{coding-system}. |
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922 @end defun |
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923 |
84090 | 924 @node Encoding and I/O |
925 @subsection Encoding and I/O | |
926 | |
927 The principal purpose of coding systems is for use in reading and | |
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928 writing files. The function @code{insert-file-contents} uses a coding |
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929 system to decode the file data, and @code{write-region} uses one to |
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930 encode the buffer contents. |
84090 | 931 |
932 You can specify the coding system to use either explicitly | |
933 (@pxref{Specifying Coding Systems}), or implicitly using a default | |
934 mechanism (@pxref{Default Coding Systems}). But these methods may not | |
935 completely specify what to do. For example, they may choose a coding | |
936 system such as @code{undefined} which leaves the character code | |
937 conversion to be determined from the data. In these cases, the I/O | |
938 operation finishes the job of choosing a coding system. Very often | |
939 you will want to find out afterwards which coding system was chosen. | |
940 | |
941 @defvar buffer-file-coding-system | |
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942 This buffer-local variable records the coding system used for saving the |
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943 buffer and for writing part of the buffer with @code{write-region}. If |
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944 the text to be written cannot be safely encoded using the coding system |
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945 specified by this variable, these operations select an alternative |
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946 encoding by calling the function @code{select-safe-coding-system} |
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947 (@pxref{User-Chosen Coding Systems}). If selecting a different encoding |
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948 requires to ask the user to specify a coding system, |
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949 @code{buffer-file-coding-system} is updated to the newly selected coding |
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950 system. |
84090 | 951 |
952 @code{buffer-file-coding-system} does @emph{not} affect sending text | |
953 to a subprocess. | |
954 @end defvar | |
955 | |
956 @defvar save-buffer-coding-system | |
957 This variable specifies the coding system for saving the buffer (by | |
958 overriding @code{buffer-file-coding-system}). Note that it is not used | |
959 for @code{write-region}. | |
960 | |
961 When a command to save the buffer starts out to use | |
962 @code{buffer-file-coding-system} (or @code{save-buffer-coding-system}), | |
963 and that coding system cannot handle | |
964 the actual text in the buffer, the command asks the user to choose | |
965 another coding system (by calling @code{select-safe-coding-system}). | |
966 After that happens, the command also updates | |
967 @code{buffer-file-coding-system} to represent the coding system that | |
968 the user specified. | |
969 @end defvar | |
970 | |
971 @defvar last-coding-system-used | |
972 I/O operations for files and subprocesses set this variable to the | |
973 coding system name that was used. The explicit encoding and decoding | |
974 functions (@pxref{Explicit Encoding}) set it too. | |
975 | |
976 @strong{Warning:} Since receiving subprocess output sets this variable, | |
977 it can change whenever Emacs waits; therefore, you should copy the | |
978 value shortly after the function call that stores the value you are | |
979 interested in. | |
980 @end defvar | |
981 | |
982 The variable @code{selection-coding-system} specifies how to encode | |
983 selections for the window system. @xref{Window System Selections}. | |
984 | |
985 @defvar file-name-coding-system | |
986 The variable @code{file-name-coding-system} specifies the coding | |
987 system to use for encoding file names. Emacs encodes file names using | |
988 that coding system for all file operations. If | |
989 @code{file-name-coding-system} is @code{nil}, Emacs uses a default | |
990 coding system determined by the selected language environment. In the | |
991 default language environment, any non-@acronym{ASCII} characters in | |
992 file names are not encoded specially; they appear in the file system | |
993 using the internal Emacs representation. | |
994 @end defvar | |
995 | |
996 @strong{Warning:} if you change @code{file-name-coding-system} (or | |
997 the language environment) in the middle of an Emacs session, problems | |
998 can result if you have already visited files whose names were encoded | |
999 using the earlier coding system and are handled differently under the | |
1000 new coding system. If you try to save one of these buffers under the | |
1001 visited file name, saving may use the wrong file name, or it may get | |
1002 an error. If such a problem happens, use @kbd{C-x C-w} to specify a | |
1003 new file name for that buffer. | |
1004 | |
1005 @node Lisp and Coding Systems | |
1006 @subsection Coding Systems in Lisp | |
1007 | |
1008 Here are the Lisp facilities for working with coding systems: | |
1009 | |
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1010 @cindex list all coding systems |
84090 | 1011 @defun coding-system-list &optional base-only |
1012 This function returns a list of all coding system names (symbols). If | |
1013 @var{base-only} is non-@code{nil}, the value includes only the | |
1014 base coding systems. Otherwise, it includes alias and variant coding | |
1015 systems as well. | |
1016 @end defun | |
1017 | |
1018 @defun coding-system-p object | |
1019 This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a coding system | |
1020 name or @code{nil}. | |
1021 @end defun | |
1022 | |
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1023 @cindex validity of coding system |
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1024 @cindex coding system, validity check |
84090 | 1025 @defun check-coding-system coding-system |
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1026 This function checks the validity of @var{coding-system}. If that is |
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1027 valid, it returns @var{coding-system}. If @var{coding-system} is |
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1028 @code{nil}, the function return @code{nil}. For any other values, it |
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1029 signals an error whose @code{error-symbol} is @code{coding-system-error} |
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1030 (@pxref{Signaling Errors, signal}). |
84090 | 1031 @end defun |
1032 | |
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1033 @cindex eol type of coding system |
84090 | 1034 @defun coding-system-eol-type coding-system |
1035 This function returns the type of end-of-line (a.k.a.@: @dfn{eol}) | |
1036 conversion used by @var{coding-system}. If @var{coding-system} | |
1037 specifies a certain eol conversion, the return value is an integer 0, | |
1038 1, or 2, standing for @code{unix}, @code{dos}, and @code{mac}, | |
1039 respectively. If @var{coding-system} doesn't specify eol conversion | |
1040 explicitly, the return value is a vector of coding systems, each one | |
1041 with one of the possible eol conversion types, like this: | |
1042 | |
1043 @lisp | |
1044 (coding-system-eol-type 'latin-1) | |
1045 @result{} [latin-1-unix latin-1-dos latin-1-mac] | |
1046 @end lisp | |
1047 | |
1048 @noindent | |
1049 If this function returns a vector, Emacs will decide, as part of the | |
1050 text encoding or decoding process, what eol conversion to use. For | |
1051 decoding, the end-of-line format of the text is auto-detected, and the | |
1052 eol conversion is set to match it (e.g., DOS-style CRLF format will | |
1053 imply @code{dos} eol conversion). For encoding, the eol conversion is | |
1054 taken from the appropriate default coding system (e.g., | |
1055 @code{default-buffer-file-coding-system} for | |
1056 @code{buffer-file-coding-system}), or from the default eol conversion | |
1057 appropriate for the underlying platform. | |
1058 @end defun | |
1059 | |
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1060 @cindex eol conversion of coding system |
84090 | 1061 @defun coding-system-change-eol-conversion coding-system eol-type |
1062 This function returns a coding system which is like @var{coding-system} | |
1063 except for its eol conversion, which is specified by @code{eol-type}. | |
1064 @var{eol-type} should be @code{unix}, @code{dos}, @code{mac}, or | |
1065 @code{nil}. If it is @code{nil}, the returned coding system determines | |
1066 the end-of-line conversion from the data. | |
1067 | |
1068 @var{eol-type} may also be 0, 1 or 2, standing for @code{unix}, | |
1069 @code{dos} and @code{mac}, respectively. | |
1070 @end defun | |
1071 | |
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1072 @cindex text conversion of coding system |
84090 | 1073 @defun coding-system-change-text-conversion eol-coding text-coding |
1074 This function returns a coding system which uses the end-of-line | |
1075 conversion of @var{eol-coding}, and the text conversion of | |
1076 @var{text-coding}. If @var{text-coding} is @code{nil}, it returns | |
1077 @code{undecided}, or one of its variants according to @var{eol-coding}. | |
1078 @end defun | |
1079 | |
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1080 @cindex safely encode region |
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1081 @cindex coding systems for encoding region |
84090 | 1082 @defun find-coding-systems-region from to |
1083 This function returns a list of coding systems that could be used to | |
1084 encode a text between @var{from} and @var{to}. All coding systems in | |
1085 the list can safely encode any multibyte characters in that portion of | |
1086 the text. | |
1087 | |
1088 If the text contains no multibyte characters, the function returns the | |
1089 list @code{(undecided)}. | |
1090 @end defun | |
1091 | |
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1092 @cindex safely encode a string |
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1093 @cindex coding systems for encoding a string |
84090 | 1094 @defun find-coding-systems-string string |
1095 This function returns a list of coding systems that could be used to | |
1096 encode the text of @var{string}. All coding systems in the list can | |
1097 safely encode any multibyte characters in @var{string}. If the text | |
1098 contains no multibyte characters, this returns the list | |
1099 @code{(undecided)}. | |
1100 @end defun | |
1101 | |
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1102 @cindex charset, coding systems to encode |
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1103 @cindex safely encode characters in a charset |
84090 | 1104 @defun find-coding-systems-for-charsets charsets |
1105 This function returns a list of coding systems that could be used to | |
1106 encode all the character sets in the list @var{charsets}. | |
1107 @end defun | |
1108 | |
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1109 @defun check-coding-systems-region start end coding-system-list |
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1110 This function checks whether coding systems in the list |
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1111 @code{coding-system-list} can encode all the characters in the region |
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1112 between @var{start} and @var{end}. If all of the coding systems in |
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1113 the list can encode the specified text, the function returns |
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1114 @code{nil}. If some coding systems cannot encode some of the |
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1115 characters, the value is an alist, each element of which has the form |
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1116 @code{(@var{coding-system1} @var{pos1} @var{pos2} @dots{})}, meaning |
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1117 that @var{coding-system1} cannot encode characters at buffer positions |
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1118 @var{pos1}, @var{pos2}, @enddots{}. |
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1119 |
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1120 @var{start} may be a string, in which case @var{end} is ignored and |
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1121 the returned value references string indices instead of buffer |
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1122 positions. |
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1123 @end defun |
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1124 |
84090 | 1125 @defun detect-coding-region start end &optional highest |
1126 This function chooses a plausible coding system for decoding the text | |
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1127 from @var{start} to @var{end}. This text should be a byte sequence, |
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1128 i.e.@: unibyte text or multibyte text with only @acronym{ASCII} and |
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1129 eight-bit characters (@pxref{Explicit Encoding}). |
84090 | 1130 |
1131 Normally this function returns a list of coding systems that could | |
1132 handle decoding the text that was scanned. They are listed in order of | |
1133 decreasing priority. But if @var{highest} is non-@code{nil}, then the | |
1134 return value is just one coding system, the one that is highest in | |
1135 priority. | |
1136 | |
1137 If the region contains only @acronym{ASCII} characters except for such | |
1138 ISO-2022 control characters ISO-2022 as @code{ESC}, the value is | |
1139 @code{undecided} or @code{(undecided)}, or a variant specifying | |
1140 end-of-line conversion, if that can be deduced from the text. | |
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1141 |
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1142 If the region contains null bytes, the value is @code{no-conversion}, |
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1143 even if the region contains text encoded in some coding system. |
84090 | 1144 @end defun |
1145 | |
1146 @defun detect-coding-string string &optional highest | |
1147 This function is like @code{detect-coding-region} except that it | |
1148 operates on the contents of @var{string} instead of bytes in the buffer. | |
1149 @end defun | |
1150 | |
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1151 @cindex null bytes, and decoding text |
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1152 @defvar inhibit-null-byte-detection |
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1153 If this variable has a non-@code{nil} value, null bytes are ignored |
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1154 when detecting the encoding of a region or a string. This allows to |
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1155 correctly detect the encoding of text that contains null bytes, such |
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1156 as Info files with Index nodes. |
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1157 @end defvar |
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1158 |
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1159 @defvar inhibit-iso-escape-detection |
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1160 If this variable has a non-@code{nil} value, ISO-2022 escape sequences |
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1161 are ignored when detecting the encoding of a region or a string. The |
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1162 result is that no text is ever detected as encoded in some ISO-2022 |
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1163 encoding, and all escape sequences become visible in a buffer. |
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1164 @strong{Warning:} @emph{Use this variable with extreme caution, |
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1165 because many files in the Emacs distribution use ISO-2022 encoding.} |
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1166 @end defvar |
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1167 |
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1168 @cindex charsets supported by a coding system |
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1169 @defun coding-system-charset-list coding-system |
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1170 This function returns the list of character sets (@pxref{Character |
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1171 Sets}) supported by @var{coding-system}. Some coding systems that |
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1172 support too many character sets to list them all yield special values: |
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1173 @itemize @bullet |
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1174 @item |
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1175 If @var{coding-system} supports all the ISO-2022 charsets, the value |
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1176 is @code{iso-2022}. |
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1177 @item |
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1178 If @var{coding-system} supports all Emacs characters, the value is |
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1179 @code{(emacs)}. |
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1180 @item |
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1181 If @var{coding-system} supports all emacs-mule characters, the value |
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1182 is @code{emacs-mule}. |
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1183 @item |
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1184 If @var{coding-system} supports all Unicode characters, the value is |
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1185 @code{(unicode)}. |
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1186 @end itemize |
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1187 @end defun |
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1188 |
84090 | 1189 @xref{Coding systems for a subprocess,, Process Information}, in |
1190 particular the description of the functions | |
1191 @code{process-coding-system} and @code{set-process-coding-system}, for | |
1192 how to examine or set the coding systems used for I/O to a subprocess. | |
1193 | |
1194 @node User-Chosen Coding Systems | |
1195 @subsection User-Chosen Coding Systems | |
1196 | |
1197 @cindex select safe coding system | |
1198 @defun select-safe-coding-system from to &optional default-coding-system accept-default-p file | |
1199 This function selects a coding system for encoding specified text, | |
1200 asking the user to choose if necessary. Normally the specified text | |
1201 is the text in the current buffer between @var{from} and @var{to}. If | |
1202 @var{from} is a string, the string specifies the text to encode, and | |
1203 @var{to} is ignored. | |
1204 | |
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1205 If the specified text includes raw bytes (@pxref{Text |
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1206 Representations}), @code{select-safe-coding-system} suggests |
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1207 @code{raw-text} for its encoding. |
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1208 |
84090 | 1209 If @var{default-coding-system} is non-@code{nil}, that is the first |
1210 coding system to try; if that can handle the text, | |
1211 @code{select-safe-coding-system} returns that coding system. It can | |
1212 also be a list of coding systems; then the function tries each of them | |
1213 one by one. After trying all of them, it next tries the current | |
1214 buffer's value of @code{buffer-file-coding-system} (if it is not | |
1215 @code{undecided}), then the value of | |
1216 @code{default-buffer-file-coding-system} and finally the user's most | |
1217 preferred coding system, which the user can set using the command | |
1218 @code{prefer-coding-system} (@pxref{Recognize Coding,, Recognizing | |
1219 Coding Systems, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}). | |
1220 | |
1221 If one of those coding systems can safely encode all the specified | |
1222 text, @code{select-safe-coding-system} chooses it and returns it. | |
1223 Otherwise, it asks the user to choose from a list of coding systems | |
1224 which can encode all the text, and returns the user's choice. | |
1225 | |
1226 @var{default-coding-system} can also be a list whose first element is | |
1227 t and whose other elements are coding systems. Then, if no coding | |
1228 system in the list can handle the text, @code{select-safe-coding-system} | |
1229 queries the user immediately, without trying any of the three | |
1230 alternatives described above. | |
1231 | |
1232 The optional argument @var{accept-default-p}, if non-@code{nil}, | |
1233 should be a function to determine whether a coding system selected | |
1234 without user interaction is acceptable. @code{select-safe-coding-system} | |
1235 calls this function with one argument, the base coding system of the | |
1236 selected coding system. If @var{accept-default-p} returns @code{nil}, | |
1237 @code{select-safe-coding-system} rejects the silently selected coding | |
1238 system, and asks the user to select a coding system from a list of | |
1239 possible candidates. | |
1240 | |
1241 @vindex select-safe-coding-system-accept-default-p | |
1242 If the variable @code{select-safe-coding-system-accept-default-p} is | |
1243 non-@code{nil}, its value overrides the value of | |
1244 @var{accept-default-p}. | |
1245 | |
1246 As a final step, before returning the chosen coding system, | |
1247 @code{select-safe-coding-system} checks whether that coding system is | |
1248 consistent with what would be selected if the contents of the region | |
1249 were read from a file. (If not, this could lead to data corruption in | |
1250 a file subsequently re-visited and edited.) Normally, | |
1251 @code{select-safe-coding-system} uses @code{buffer-file-name} as the | |
1252 file for this purpose, but if @var{file} is non-@code{nil}, it uses | |
1253 that file instead (this can be relevant for @code{write-region} and | |
1254 similar functions). If it detects an apparent inconsistency, | |
1255 @code{select-safe-coding-system} queries the user before selecting the | |
1256 coding system. | |
1257 @end defun | |
1258 | |
1259 Here are two functions you can use to let the user specify a coding | |
1260 system, with completion. @xref{Completion}. | |
1261 | |
1262 @defun read-coding-system prompt &optional default | |
1263 This function reads a coding system using the minibuffer, prompting with | |
1264 string @var{prompt}, and returns the coding system name as a symbol. If | |
1265 the user enters null input, @var{default} specifies which coding system | |
1266 to return. It should be a symbol or a string. | |
1267 @end defun | |
1268 | |
1269 @defun read-non-nil-coding-system prompt | |
1270 This function reads a coding system using the minibuffer, prompting with | |
1271 string @var{prompt}, and returns the coding system name as a symbol. If | |
1272 the user tries to enter null input, it asks the user to try again. | |
1273 @xref{Coding Systems}. | |
1274 @end defun | |
1275 | |
1276 @node Default Coding Systems | |
1277 @subsection Default Coding Systems | |
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1278 @cindex default coding system |
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1279 @cindex coding system, automatically determined |
84090 | 1280 |
1281 This section describes variables that specify the default coding | |
1282 system for certain files or when running certain subprograms, and the | |
1283 function that I/O operations use to access them. | |
1284 | |
1285 The idea of these variables is that you set them once and for all to the | |
1286 defaults you want, and then do not change them again. To specify a | |
1287 particular coding system for a particular operation in a Lisp program, | |
1288 don't change these variables; instead, override them using | |
1289 @code{coding-system-for-read} and @code{coding-system-for-write} | |
1290 (@pxref{Specifying Coding Systems}). | |
1291 | |
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1292 @cindex file contents, and default coding system |
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1293 @defopt auto-coding-regexp-alist |
84090 | 1294 This variable is an alist of text patterns and corresponding coding |
1295 systems. Each element has the form @code{(@var{regexp} | |
1296 . @var{coding-system})}; a file whose first few kilobytes match | |
1297 @var{regexp} is decoded with @var{coding-system} when its contents are | |
1298 read into a buffer. The settings in this alist take priority over | |
1299 @code{coding:} tags in the files and the contents of | |
1300 @code{file-coding-system-alist} (see below). The default value is set | |
1301 so that Emacs automatically recognizes mail files in Babyl format and | |
1302 reads them with no code conversions. | |
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1303 @end defopt |
84090 | 1304 |
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1305 @cindex file name, and default coding system |
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1306 @defopt file-coding-system-alist |
84090 | 1307 This variable is an alist that specifies the coding systems to use for |
1308 reading and writing particular files. Each element has the form | |
1309 @code{(@var{pattern} . @var{coding})}, where @var{pattern} is a regular | |
1310 expression that matches certain file names. The element applies to file | |
1311 names that match @var{pattern}. | |
1312 | |
1313 The @sc{cdr} of the element, @var{coding}, should be either a coding | |
1314 system, a cons cell containing two coding systems, or a function name (a | |
1315 symbol with a function definition). If @var{coding} is a coding system, | |
1316 that coding system is used for both reading the file and writing it. If | |
1317 @var{coding} is a cons cell containing two coding systems, its @sc{car} | |
1318 specifies the coding system for decoding, and its @sc{cdr} specifies the | |
1319 coding system for encoding. | |
1320 | |
1321 If @var{coding} is a function name, the function should take one | |
1322 argument, a list of all arguments passed to | |
1323 @code{find-operation-coding-system}. It must return a coding system | |
1324 or a cons cell containing two coding systems. This value has the same | |
1325 meaning as described above. | |
1326 | |
1327 If @var{coding} (or what returned by the above function) is | |
1328 @code{undecided}, the normal code-detection is performed. | |
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1329 @end defopt |
84090 | 1330 |
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1331 @defopt auto-coding-alist |
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1332 This variable is an alist that specifies the coding systems to use for |
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1333 reading and writing particular files. Its form is like that of |
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1334 @code{file-coding-system-alist}, but, unlike the latter, this variable |
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1335 takes priority over any @code{coding:} tags in the file. |
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1336 @end defopt |
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1337 |
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1338 @cindex program name, and default coding system |
84090 | 1339 @defvar process-coding-system-alist |
1340 This variable is an alist specifying which coding systems to use for a | |
1341 subprocess, depending on which program is running in the subprocess. It | |
1342 works like @code{file-coding-system-alist}, except that @var{pattern} is | |
1343 matched against the program name used to start the subprocess. The coding | |
1344 system or systems specified in this alist are used to initialize the | |
1345 coding systems used for I/O to the subprocess, but you can specify | |
1346 other coding systems later using @code{set-process-coding-system}. | |
1347 @end defvar | |
1348 | |
1349 @strong{Warning:} Coding systems such as @code{undecided}, which | |
1350 determine the coding system from the data, do not work entirely reliably | |
1351 with asynchronous subprocess output. This is because Emacs handles | |
1352 asynchronous subprocess output in batches, as it arrives. If the coding | |
1353 system leaves the character code conversion unspecified, or leaves the | |
1354 end-of-line conversion unspecified, Emacs must try to detect the proper | |
1355 conversion from one batch at a time, and this does not always work. | |
1356 | |
1357 Therefore, with an asynchronous subprocess, if at all possible, use a | |
1358 coding system which determines both the character code conversion and | |
1359 the end of line conversion---that is, one like @code{latin-1-unix}, | |
1360 rather than @code{undecided} or @code{latin-1}. | |
1361 | |
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1362 @cindex port number, and default coding system |
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1363 @cindex network service name, and default coding system |
84090 | 1364 @defvar network-coding-system-alist |
1365 This variable is an alist that specifies the coding system to use for | |
1366 network streams. It works much like @code{file-coding-system-alist}, | |
1367 with the difference that the @var{pattern} in an element may be either a | |
1368 port number or a regular expression. If it is a regular expression, it | |
1369 is matched against the network service name used to open the network | |
1370 stream. | |
1371 @end defvar | |
1372 | |
1373 @defvar default-process-coding-system | |
1374 This variable specifies the coding systems to use for subprocess (and | |
1375 network stream) input and output, when nothing else specifies what to | |
1376 do. | |
1377 | |
1378 The value should be a cons cell of the form @code{(@var{input-coding} | |
1379 . @var{output-coding})}. Here @var{input-coding} applies to input from | |
1380 the subprocess, and @var{output-coding} applies to output to it. | |
1381 @end defvar | |
1382 | |
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1383 @cindex default coding system, functions to determine |
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1384 @defopt auto-coding-functions |
84090 | 1385 This variable holds a list of functions that try to determine a |
1386 coding system for a file based on its undecoded contents. | |
1387 | |
1388 Each function in this list should be written to look at text in the | |
1389 current buffer, but should not modify it in any way. The buffer will | |
1390 contain undecoded text of parts of the file. Each function should | |
1391 take one argument, @var{size}, which tells it how many characters to | |
1392 look at, starting from point. If the function succeeds in determining | |
1393 a coding system for the file, it should return that coding system. | |
1394 Otherwise, it should return @code{nil}. | |
1395 | |
1396 If a file has a @samp{coding:} tag, that takes precedence, so these | |
1397 functions won't be called. | |
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1398 @end defopt |
84090 | 1399 |
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1400 @defun find-auto-coding filename size |
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1401 This function tries to determine a suitable coding system for |
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1402 @var{filename}. It examines the buffer visiting the named file, using |
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1403 the variables documented above in sequence, until it finds a match for |
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1404 one of the rules specified by these variables. It then returns a cons |
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1405 cell of the form @code{(@var{coding} . @var{source})}, where |
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1406 @var{coding} is the coding system to use and @var{source} is a symbol, |
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1407 one of @code{auto-coding-alist}, @code{auto-coding-regexp-alist}, |
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|
1408 @code{:coding}, or @code{auto-coding-functions}, indicating which one |
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1409 supplied the matching rule. The value @code{:coding} means the coding |
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|
1410 system was specified by the @code{coding:} tag in the file |
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|
1411 (@pxref{Specify Coding,, coding tag, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}). |
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|
1412 The order of looking for a matching rule is @code{auto-coding-alist} |
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1413 first, then @code{auto-coding-regexp-alist}, then the @code{coding:} |
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|
1414 tag, and lastly @code{auto-coding-functions}. If no matching rule was |
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1415 found, the function returns @code{nil}. |
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1416 |
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1417 The second argument @var{size} is the size of text, in characters, |
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1418 following point. The function examines text only within @var{size} |
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1419 characters after point. Normally, the buffer should be positioned at |
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1420 the beginning when this function is called, because one of the places |
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1421 for the @code{coding:} tag is the first one or two lines of the file; |
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1422 in that case, @var{size} should be the size of the buffer. |
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|
1423 @end defun |
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1424 |
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1425 @defun set-auto-coding filename size |
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1426 This function returns a suitable coding system for file |
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|
1427 @var{filename}. It uses @code{find-auto-coding} to find the coding |
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|
1428 system. If no coding system could be determined, the function returns |
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|
1429 @code{nil}. The meaning of the argument @var{size} is like in |
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|
1430 @code{find-auto-coding}. |
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|
1431 @end defun |
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|
1432 |
84090 | 1433 @defun find-operation-coding-system operation &rest arguments |
1434 This function returns the coding system to use (by default) for | |
1435 performing @var{operation} with @var{arguments}. The value has this | |
1436 form: | |
1437 | |
1438 @example | |
1439 (@var{decoding-system} . @var{encoding-system}) | |
1440 @end example | |
1441 | |
1442 The first element, @var{decoding-system}, is the coding system to use | |
1443 for decoding (in case @var{operation} does decoding), and | |
1444 @var{encoding-system} is the coding system for encoding (in case | |
1445 @var{operation} does encoding). | |
1446 | |
1447 The argument @var{operation} is a symbol, one of @code{write-region}, | |
1448 @code{start-process}, @code{call-process}, @code{call-process-region}, | |
1449 @code{insert-file-contents}, or @code{open-network-stream}. These are | |
1450 the names of the Emacs I/O primitives that can do character code and | |
1451 eol conversion. | |
1452 | |
1453 The remaining arguments should be the same arguments that might be given | |
1454 to the corresponding I/O primitive. Depending on the primitive, one | |
1455 of those arguments is selected as the @dfn{target}. For example, if | |
1456 @var{operation} does file I/O, whichever argument specifies the file | |
1457 name is the target. For subprocess primitives, the process name is the | |
1458 target. For @code{open-network-stream}, the target is the service name | |
1459 or port number. | |
1460 | |
1461 Depending on @var{operation}, this function looks up the target in | |
1462 @code{file-coding-system-alist}, @code{process-coding-system-alist}, | |
1463 or @code{network-coding-system-alist}. If the target is found in the | |
1464 alist, @code{find-operation-coding-system} returns its association in | |
1465 the alist; otherwise it returns @code{nil}. | |
1466 | |
1467 If @var{operation} is @code{insert-file-contents}, the argument | |
1468 corresponding to the target may be a cons cell of the form | |
1469 @code{(@var{filename} . @var{buffer})}). In that case, @var{filename} | |
1470 is a file name to look up in @code{file-coding-system-alist}, and | |
1471 @var{buffer} is a buffer that contains the file's contents (not yet | |
1472 decoded). If @code{file-coding-system-alist} specifies a function to | |
1473 call for this file, and that function needs to examine the file's | |
1474 contents (as it usually does), it should examine the contents of | |
1475 @var{buffer} instead of reading the file. | |
1476 @end defun | |
1477 | |
1478 @node Specifying Coding Systems | |
1479 @subsection Specifying a Coding System for One Operation | |
1480 | |
1481 You can specify the coding system for a specific operation by binding | |
1482 the variables @code{coding-system-for-read} and/or | |
1483 @code{coding-system-for-write}. | |
1484 | |
1485 @defvar coding-system-for-read | |
1486 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, it specifies the coding system to | |
1487 use for reading a file, or for input from a synchronous subprocess. | |
1488 | |
1489 It also applies to any asynchronous subprocess or network stream, but in | |
1490 a different way: the value of @code{coding-system-for-read} when you | |
1491 start the subprocess or open the network stream specifies the input | |
1492 decoding method for that subprocess or network stream. It remains in | |
1493 use for that subprocess or network stream unless and until overridden. | |
1494 | |
1495 The right way to use this variable is to bind it with @code{let} for a | |
1496 specific I/O operation. Its global value is normally @code{nil}, and | |
1497 you should not globally set it to any other value. Here is an example | |
1498 of the right way to use the variable: | |
1499 | |
1500 @example | |
1501 ;; @r{Read the file with no character code conversion.} | |
1502 ;; @r{Assume @acronym{crlf} represents end-of-line.} | |
1503 (let ((coding-system-for-read 'emacs-mule-dos)) | |
1504 (insert-file-contents filename)) | |
1505 @end example | |
1506 | |
1507 When its value is non-@code{nil}, this variable takes precedence over | |
1508 all other methods of specifying a coding system to use for input, | |
1509 including @code{file-coding-system-alist}, | |
1510 @code{process-coding-system-alist} and | |
1511 @code{network-coding-system-alist}. | |
1512 @end defvar | |
1513 | |
1514 @defvar coding-system-for-write | |
1515 This works much like @code{coding-system-for-read}, except that it | |
1516 applies to output rather than input. It affects writing to files, | |
1517 as well as sending output to subprocesses and net connections. | |
1518 | |
1519 When a single operation does both input and output, as do | |
1520 @code{call-process-region} and @code{start-process}, both | |
1521 @code{coding-system-for-read} and @code{coding-system-for-write} | |
1522 affect it. | |
1523 @end defvar | |
1524 | |
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1525 @defopt inhibit-eol-conversion |
84090 | 1526 When this variable is non-@code{nil}, no end-of-line conversion is done, |
1527 no matter which coding system is specified. This applies to all the | |
1528 Emacs I/O and subprocess primitives, and to the explicit encoding and | |
1529 decoding functions (@pxref{Explicit Encoding}). | |
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|
1530 @end defopt |
84090 | 1531 |
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1532 @cindex priority order of coding systems |
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1533 @cindex coding systems, priority |
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1534 Sometimes, you need to prefer several coding systems for some |
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|
1535 operation, rather than fix a single one. Emacs lets you specify a |
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1536 priority order for using coding systems. This ordering affects the |
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|
1537 sorting of lists of coding sysems returned by functions such as |
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|
1538 @code{find-coding-systems-region} (@pxref{Lisp and Coding Systems}). |
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|
1539 |
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|
1540 @defun coding-system-priority-list &optional highestp |
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|
1541 This function returns the list of coding systems in the order of their |
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|
1542 current priorities. Optional argument @var{highestp}, if |
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|
1543 non-@code{nil}, means return only the highest priority coding system. |
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|
1544 @end defun |
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|
1545 |
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|
1546 @defun set-coding-system-priority &rest coding-systems |
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1547 This function puts @var{coding-systems} at the beginning of the |
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1548 priority list for coding systems, thus making their priority higher |
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|
1549 than all the rest. |
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|
1550 @end defun |
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|
1551 |
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|
1552 @defmac with-coding-priority coding-systems &rest body@dots{} |
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|
1553 This macro execute @var{body}, like @code{progn} does |
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|
1554 (@pxref{Sequencing, progn}), with @var{coding-systems} at the front of |
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|
1555 the priority list for coding systems. @var{coding-systems} should be |
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|
1556 a list of coding systems to prefer during execution of @var{body}. |
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|
1557 @end defmac |
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|
1558 |
84090 | 1559 @node Explicit Encoding |
1560 @subsection Explicit Encoding and Decoding | |
1561 @cindex encoding in coding systems | |
1562 @cindex decoding in coding systems | |
1563 | |
1564 All the operations that transfer text in and out of Emacs have the | |
1565 ability to use a coding system to encode or decode the text. | |
1566 You can also explicitly encode and decode text using the functions | |
1567 in this section. | |
1568 | |
1569 The result of encoding, and the input to decoding, are not ordinary | |
1570 text. They logically consist of a series of byte values; that is, a | |
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1571 series of @acronym{ASCII} and eight-bit characters. In unibyte |
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|
1572 buffers and strings, these characters have codes in the range 0 |
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|
1573 through 255. In a multibyte buffer or string, eight-bit characters |
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|
1574 have character codes higher than 255 (@pxref{Text Representations}), |
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|
1575 but Emacs transparently converts them to their single-byte values when |
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|
1576 you encode or decode such text. |
84090 | 1577 |
1578 The usual way to read a file into a buffer as a sequence of bytes, so | |
1579 you can decode the contents explicitly, is with | |
1580 @code{insert-file-contents-literally} (@pxref{Reading from Files}); | |
1581 alternatively, specify a non-@code{nil} @var{rawfile} argument when | |
1582 visiting a file with @code{find-file-noselect}. These methods result in | |
1583 a unibyte buffer. | |
1584 | |
1585 The usual way to use the byte sequence that results from explicitly | |
1586 encoding text is to copy it to a file or process---for example, to write | |
1587 it with @code{write-region} (@pxref{Writing to Files}), and suppress | |
1588 encoding by binding @code{coding-system-for-write} to | |
1589 @code{no-conversion}. | |
1590 | |
1591 Here are the functions to perform explicit encoding or decoding. The | |
1592 encoding functions produce sequences of bytes; the decoding functions | |
1593 are meant to operate on sequences of bytes. All of these functions | |
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|
1594 discard text properties. They also set @code{last-coding-system-used} |
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|
1595 to the precise coding system they used. |
84090 | 1596 |
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|
1597 @deffn Command encode-coding-region start end coding-system &optional destination |
84090 | 1598 This command encodes the text from @var{start} to @var{end} according |
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|
1599 to coding system @var{coding-system}. Normally, the encoded text |
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|
1600 replaces the original text in the buffer, but the optional argument |
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(Explicit Encoding): Update for Emacs 23.
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|
1601 @var{destination} can change that. If @var{destination} is a buffer, |
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(Explicit Encoding): Update for Emacs 23.
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diff
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|
1602 the encoded text is inserted in that buffer after point (point does |
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(Explicit Encoding): Update for Emacs 23.
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diff
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|
1603 not move); if it is @code{t}, the command returns the encoded text as |
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(Explicit Encoding): Update for Emacs 23.
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diff
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|
1604 a unibyte string without inserting it. |
84090 | 1605 |
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(Explicit Encoding): Update for Emacs 23.
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|
1606 If encoded text is inserted in some buffer, this command returns the |
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(Explicit Encoding): Update for Emacs 23.
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|
1607 length of the encoded text. |
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(Explicit Encoding): Update for Emacs 23.
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|
1608 |
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(Explicit Encoding): Update for Emacs 23.
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|
1609 The result of encoding is logically a sequence of bytes, but the |
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(Explicit Encoding): Update for Emacs 23.
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|
1610 buffer remains multibyte if it was multibyte before, and any 8-bit |
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(Explicit Encoding): Update for Emacs 23.
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|
1611 bytes are converted to their multibyte representation (@pxref{Text |
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(Explicit Encoding): Update for Emacs 23.
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|
1612 Representations}). |
102036
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|
1613 |
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|
1614 @cindex @code{undecided} coding-system, when encoding |
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(User-Chosen Coding Systems): Document that select-safe-coding-system
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|
1615 Do @emph{not} use @code{undecided} for @var{coding-system} when |
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(User-Chosen Coding Systems): Document that select-safe-coding-system
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|
1616 encoding text, since that may lead to unexpected results. Instead, |
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|
1617 use @code{select-safe-coding-system} (@pxref{User-Chosen Coding |
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|
1618 Systems, select-safe-coding-system}) to suggest a suitable encoding, |
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|
1619 if there's no obvious pertinent value for @var{coding-system}. |
84090 | 1620 @end deffn |
1621 | |
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|
1622 @defun encode-coding-string string coding-system &optional nocopy buffer |
84090 | 1623 This function encodes the text in @var{string} according to coding |
1624 system @var{coding-system}. It returns a new string containing the | |
1625 encoded text, except when @var{nocopy} is non-@code{nil}, in which | |
1626 case the function may return @var{string} itself if the encoding | |
1627 operation is trivial. The result of encoding is a unibyte string. | |
1628 @end defun | |
1629 | |
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1630 @deffn Command decode-coding-region start end coding-system &optional destination |
84090 | 1631 This command decodes the text from @var{start} to @var{end} according |
100025
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(Explicit Encoding): Update for Emacs 23.
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|
1632 to coding system @var{coding-system}. To make explicit decoding |
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(Explicit Encoding): Update for Emacs 23.
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|
1633 useful, the text before decoding ought to be a sequence of byte |
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(Explicit Encoding): Update for Emacs 23.
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|
1634 values, but both multibyte and unibyte buffers are acceptable (in the |
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(Explicit Encoding): Update for Emacs 23.
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|
1635 multibyte case, the raw byte values should be represented as eight-bit |
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(Explicit Encoding): Update for Emacs 23.
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|
1636 characters). Normally, the decoded text replaces the original text in |
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(Explicit Encoding): Update for Emacs 23.
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|
1637 the buffer, but the optional argument @var{destination} can change |
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(Explicit Encoding): Update for Emacs 23.
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|
1638 that. If @var{destination} is a buffer, the decoded text is inserted |
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(Explicit Encoding): Update for Emacs 23.
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|
1639 in that buffer after point (point does not move); if it is @code{t}, |
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(Explicit Encoding): Update for Emacs 23.
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|
1640 the command returns the decoded text as a multibyte string without |
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(Explicit Encoding): Update for Emacs 23.
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|
1641 inserting it. |
84090 | 1642 |
100025
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(Explicit Encoding): Update for Emacs 23.
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|
1643 If decoded text is inserted in some buffer, this command returns the |
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(Explicit Encoding): Update for Emacs 23.
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|
1644 length of the decoded text. |
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(Explicit Encoding): Document the `charset' text property produced by
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|
1645 |
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(Explicit Encoding): Document the `charset' text property produced by
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|
1646 This command puts a @code{charset} text property on the decoded text. |
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(Explicit Encoding): Document the `charset' text property produced by
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|
1647 The value of the property states the character set used to decode the |
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(Explicit Encoding): Document the `charset' text property produced by
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|
1648 original text. |
84090 | 1649 @end deffn |
1650 | |
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|
1651 @defun decode-coding-string string coding-system &optional nocopy buffer |
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(Explicit Encoding): Update for Emacs 23.
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|
1652 This function decodes the text in @var{string} according to |
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(Explicit Encoding): Update for Emacs 23.
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|
1653 @var{coding-system}. It returns a new string containing the decoded |
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(Explicit Encoding): Update for Emacs 23.
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|
1654 text, except when @var{nocopy} is non-@code{nil}, in which case the |
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(Explicit Encoding): Update for Emacs 23.
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|
1655 function may return @var{string} itself if the decoding operation is |
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(Explicit Encoding): Update for Emacs 23.
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parents:
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diff
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|
1656 trivial. To make explicit decoding useful, the contents of |
4015958e8d9d
(Explicit Encoding): Update for Emacs 23.
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1657 @var{string} ought to be a unibyte string with a sequence of byte |
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(Explicit Encoding): Update for Emacs 23.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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|
1658 values, but a multibyte string is also acceptable (assuming it |
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(Explicit Encoding): Update for Emacs 23.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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|
1659 contains 8-bit bytes in their multibyte form). |
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(Explicit Encoding): Update for Emacs 23.
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|
1660 |
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|
1661 If optional argument @var{buffer} specifies a buffer, the decoded text |
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(Explicit Encoding): Update for Emacs 23.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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|
1662 is inserted in that buffer after point (point does not move). In this |
4015958e8d9d
(Explicit Encoding): Update for Emacs 23.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1663 case, the return value is the length of the decoded text. |
101865
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(Explicit Encoding): Document the `charset' text property produced by
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|
1664 |
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(Explicit Encoding): Document the `charset' text property produced by
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|
1665 @cindex @code{charset}, text property |
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(Explicit Encoding): Document the `charset' text property produced by
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|
1666 This function puts a @code{charset} text property on the decoded text. |
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(Explicit Encoding): Document the `charset' text property produced by
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1667 The value of the property states the character set used to decode the |
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(Explicit Encoding): Document the `charset' text property produced by
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|
1668 original text: |
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(Explicit Encoding): Document the `charset' text property produced by
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|
1669 |
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(Explicit Encoding): Document the `charset' text property produced by
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|
1670 @example |
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|
1671 @group |
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|
1672 (decode-coding-string "Gr\374ss Gott" 'latin-1) |
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|
1673 @result{} #("Gr@"uss Gott" 0 9 (charset iso-8859-1)) |
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|
1674 @end group |
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|
1675 @end example |
84090 | 1676 @end defun |
1677 | |
1678 @defun decode-coding-inserted-region from to filename &optional visit beg end replace | |
1679 This function decodes the text from @var{from} to @var{to} as if | |
1680 it were being read from file @var{filename} using @code{insert-file-contents} | |
1681 using the rest of the arguments provided. | |
1682 | |
1683 The normal way to use this function is after reading text from a file | |
1684 without decoding, if you decide you would rather have decoded it. | |
1685 Instead of deleting the text and reading it again, this time with | |
1686 decoding, you can call this function. | |
1687 @end defun | |
1688 | |
1689 @node Terminal I/O Encoding | |
1690 @subsection Terminal I/O Encoding | |
1691 | |
1692 Emacs can decode keyboard input using a coding system, and encode | |
100025
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(Explicit Encoding): Update for Emacs 23.
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|
1693 terminal output. This is useful for terminals that transmit or |
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(Explicit Encoding): Update for Emacs 23.
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|
1694 display text using a particular encoding such as Latin-1. Emacs does |
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(Explicit Encoding): Update for Emacs 23.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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|
1695 not set @code{last-coding-system-used} for encoding or decoding of |
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(Explicit Encoding): Update for Emacs 23.
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|
1696 terminal I/O. |
84090 | 1697 |
101264
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(Terminal I/O Encoding): `keyboard-coding-system' and
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|
1698 @defun keyboard-coding-system &optional terminal |
84090 | 1699 This function returns the coding system that is in use for decoding |
101264
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|
1700 keyboard input from @var{terminal}---or @code{nil} if no coding system |
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(Terminal I/O Encoding): `keyboard-coding-system' and
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|
1701 is to be used for that terminal. If @var{terminal} is omitted or |
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(Terminal I/O Encoding): `keyboard-coding-system' and
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|
1702 @code{nil}, it means the selected frame's terminal. @xref{Multiple |
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|
1703 Terminals}. |
84090 | 1704 @end defun |
1705 | |
101264
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|
1706 @deffn Command set-keyboard-coding-system coding-system &optional terminal |
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(Terminal I/O Encoding): `keyboard-coding-system' and
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|
1707 This command specifies @var{coding-system} as the coding system to use |
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|
1708 for decoding keyboard input from @var{terminal}. If |
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(Terminal I/O Encoding): `keyboard-coding-system' and
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|
1709 @var{coding-system} is @code{nil}, that means do not decode keyboard |
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|
1710 input. If @var{terminal} is a frame, it means that frame's terminal; |
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|
1711 if it is @code{nil}, that means the currently selected frame's |
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|
1712 terminal. @xref{Multiple Terminals}. |
84090 | 1713 @end deffn |
1714 | |
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|
1715 @defun terminal-coding-system &optional terminal |
84090 | 1716 This function returns the coding system that is in use for encoding |
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|
1717 terminal output from @var{terminal}---or @code{nil} if the output is |
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|
1718 not encoded. If @var{terminal} is a frame, it means that frame's |
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|
1719 terminal; if it is @code{nil}, that means the currently selected |
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|
1720 frame's terminal. |
84090 | 1721 @end defun |
1722 | |
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|
1723 @deffn Command set-terminal-coding-system coding-system &optional terminal |
84090 | 1724 This command specifies @var{coding-system} as the coding system to use |
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|
1725 for encoding terminal output from @var{terminal}. If |
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|
1726 @var{coding-system} is @code{nil}, terminal output is not encoded. If |
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|
1727 @var{terminal} is a frame, it means that frame's terminal; if it is |
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|
1728 @code{nil}, that means the currently selected frame's terminal. |
84090 | 1729 @end deffn |
1730 | |
1731 @node MS-DOS File Types | |
1732 @subsection MS-DOS File Types | |
1733 @cindex DOS file types | |
1734 @cindex MS-DOS file types | |
1735 @cindex Windows file types | |
1736 @cindex file types on MS-DOS and Windows | |
1737 @cindex text files and binary files | |
1738 @cindex binary files and text files | |
1739 | |
1740 On MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows, Emacs guesses the appropriate | |
1741 end-of-line conversion for a file by looking at the file's name. This | |
1742 feature classifies files as @dfn{text files} and @dfn{binary files}. By | |
1743 ``binary file'' we mean a file of literal byte values that are not | |
1744 necessarily meant to be characters; Emacs does no end-of-line conversion | |
1745 and no character code conversion for them. On the other hand, the bytes | |
1746 in a text file are intended to represent characters; when you create a | |
1747 new file whose name implies that it is a text file, Emacs uses DOS | |
1748 end-of-line conversion. | |
1749 | |
1750 @defvar buffer-file-type | |
1751 This variable, automatically buffer-local in each buffer, records the | |
1752 file type of the buffer's visited file. When a buffer does not specify | |
1753 a coding system with @code{buffer-file-coding-system}, this variable is | |
1754 used to determine which coding system to use when writing the contents | |
1755 of the buffer. It should be @code{nil} for text, @code{t} for binary. | |
1756 If it is @code{t}, the coding system is @code{no-conversion}. | |
1757 Otherwise, @code{undecided-dos} is used. | |
1758 | |
1759 Normally this variable is set by visiting a file; it is set to | |
1760 @code{nil} if the file was visited without any actual conversion. | |
1761 @end defvar | |
1762 | |
1763 @defopt file-name-buffer-file-type-alist | |
1764 This variable holds an alist for recognizing text and binary files. | |
1765 Each element has the form (@var{regexp} . @var{type}), where | |
1766 @var{regexp} is matched against the file name, and @var{type} may be | |
1767 @code{nil} for text, @code{t} for binary, or a function to call to | |
1768 compute which. If it is a function, then it is called with a single | |
1769 argument (the file name) and should return @code{t} or @code{nil}. | |
1770 | |
1771 When running on MS-DOS or MS-Windows, Emacs checks this alist to decide | |
1772 which coding system to use when reading a file. For a text file, | |
1773 @code{undecided-dos} is used. For a binary file, @code{no-conversion} | |
1774 is used. | |
1775 | |
1776 If no element in this alist matches a given file name, then | |
1777 @code{default-buffer-file-type} says how to treat the file. | |
1778 @end defopt | |
1779 | |
1780 @defopt default-buffer-file-type | |
1781 This variable says how to handle files for which | |
1782 @code{file-name-buffer-file-type-alist} says nothing about the type. | |
1783 | |
1784 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, then these files are treated as | |
1785 binary: the coding system @code{no-conversion} is used. Otherwise, | |
1786 nothing special is done for them---the coding system is deduced solely | |
1787 from the file contents, in the usual Emacs fashion. | |
1788 @end defopt | |
1789 | |
1790 @node Input Methods | |
1791 @section Input Methods | |
1792 @cindex input methods | |
1793 | |
1794 @dfn{Input methods} provide convenient ways of entering non-@acronym{ASCII} | |
1795 characters from the keyboard. Unlike coding systems, which translate | |
1796 non-@acronym{ASCII} characters to and from encodings meant to be read by | |
1797 programs, input methods provide human-friendly commands. (@xref{Input | |
1798 Methods,,, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}, for information on how users | |
1799 use input methods to enter text.) How to define input methods is not | |
1800 yet documented in this manual, but here we describe how to use them. | |
1801 | |
1802 Each input method has a name, which is currently a string; | |
1803 in the future, symbols may also be usable as input method names. | |
1804 | |
1805 @defvar current-input-method | |
1806 This variable holds the name of the input method now active in the | |
1807 current buffer. (It automatically becomes local in each buffer when set | |
1808 in any fashion.) It is @code{nil} if no input method is active in the | |
1809 buffer now. | |
1810 @end defvar | |
1811 | |
1812 @defopt default-input-method | |
1813 This variable holds the default input method for commands that choose an | |
1814 input method. Unlike @code{current-input-method}, this variable is | |
1815 normally global. | |
1816 @end defopt | |
1817 | |
1818 @deffn Command set-input-method input-method | |
1819 This command activates input method @var{input-method} for the current | |
1820 buffer. It also sets @code{default-input-method} to @var{input-method}. | |
1821 If @var{input-method} is @code{nil}, this command deactivates any input | |
1822 method for the current buffer. | |
1823 @end deffn | |
1824 | |
1825 @defun read-input-method-name prompt &optional default inhibit-null | |
1826 This function reads an input method name with the minibuffer, prompting | |
1827 with @var{prompt}. If @var{default} is non-@code{nil}, that is returned | |
1828 by default, if the user enters empty input. However, if | |
1829 @var{inhibit-null} is non-@code{nil}, empty input signals an error. | |
1830 | |
1831 The returned value is a string. | |
1832 @end defun | |
1833 | |
1834 @defvar input-method-alist | |
1835 This variable defines all the supported input methods. | |
1836 Each element defines one input method, and should have the form: | |
1837 | |
1838 @example | |
1839 (@var{input-method} @var{language-env} @var{activate-func} | |
1840 @var{title} @var{description} @var{args}...) | |
1841 @end example | |
1842 | |
1843 Here @var{input-method} is the input method name, a string; | |
1844 @var{language-env} is another string, the name of the language | |
1845 environment this input method is recommended for. (That serves only for | |
1846 documentation purposes.) | |
1847 | |
1848 @var{activate-func} is a function to call to activate this method. The | |
1849 @var{args}, if any, are passed as arguments to @var{activate-func}. All | |
1850 told, the arguments to @var{activate-func} are @var{input-method} and | |
1851 the @var{args}. | |
1852 | |
1853 @var{title} is a string to display in the mode line while this method is | |
1854 active. @var{description} is a string describing this method and what | |
1855 it is good for. | |
1856 @end defvar | |
1857 | |
1858 The fundamental interface to input methods is through the | |
1859 variable @code{input-method-function}. @xref{Reading One Event}, | |
1860 and @ref{Invoking the Input Method}. | |
1861 | |
1862 @node Locales | |
1863 @section Locales | |
1864 @cindex locale | |
1865 | |
1866 POSIX defines a concept of ``locales'' which control which language | |
1867 to use in language-related features. These Emacs variables control | |
1868 how Emacs interacts with these features. | |
1869 | |
1870 @defvar locale-coding-system | |
1871 @cindex keyboard input decoding on X | |
1872 This variable specifies the coding system to use for decoding system | |
1873 error messages and---on X Window system only---keyboard input, for | |
1874 encoding the format argument to @code{format-time-string}, and for | |
1875 decoding the return value of @code{format-time-string}. | |
1876 @end defvar | |
1877 | |
1878 @defvar system-messages-locale | |
1879 This variable specifies the locale to use for generating system error | |
1880 messages. Changing the locale can cause messages to come out in a | |
1881 different language or in a different orthography. If the variable is | |
1882 @code{nil}, the locale is specified by environment variables in the | |
1883 usual POSIX fashion. | |
1884 @end defvar | |
1885 | |
1886 @defvar system-time-locale | |
1887 This variable specifies the locale to use for formatting time values. | |
1888 Changing the locale can cause messages to appear according to the | |
1889 conventions of a different language. If the variable is @code{nil}, the | |
1890 locale is specified by environment variables in the usual POSIX fashion. | |
1891 @end defvar | |
1892 | |
1893 @defun locale-info item | |
1894 This function returns locale data @var{item} for the current POSIX | |
1895 locale, if available. @var{item} should be one of these symbols: | |
1896 | |
1897 @table @code | |
1898 @item codeset | |
1899 Return the character set as a string (locale item @code{CODESET}). | |
1900 | |
1901 @item days | |
1902 Return a 7-element vector of day names (locale items | |
1903 @code{DAY_1} through @code{DAY_7}); | |
1904 | |
1905 @item months | |
1906 Return a 12-element vector of month names (locale items @code{MON_1} | |
1907 through @code{MON_12}). | |
1908 | |
1909 @item paper | |
1910 Return a list @code{(@var{width} @var{height})} for the default paper | |
1911 size measured in millimeters (locale items @code{PAPER_WIDTH} and | |
1912 @code{PAPER_HEIGHT}). | |
1913 @end table | |
1914 | |
1915 If the system can't provide the requested information, or if | |
1916 @var{item} is not one of those symbols, the value is @code{nil}. All | |
1917 strings in the return value are decoded using | |
1918 @code{locale-coding-system}. @xref{Locales,,, libc, The GNU Libc Manual}, | |
1919 for more information about locales and locale items. | |
1920 @end defun | |
1921 | |
1922 @ignore | |
1923 arch-tag: be705bf8-941b-4c35-84fc-ad7d20ddb7cb | |
1924 @end ignore |