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annotate doc/lispref/os.texi @ 104394:266cbf0b20df
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author | Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org> |
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date | Fri, 21 Aug 2009 14:55:56 +0000 |
parents | 1cb014ed78de |
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rev | line source |
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84093 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, 1999, 2001, | |
100974 | 4 @c 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
84093 | 5 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. |
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6 @setfilename ../../info/os |
84093 | 7 @node System Interface, Antinews, Display, Top |
8 @chapter Operating System Interface | |
9 | |
10 This chapter is about starting and getting out of Emacs, access to | |
11 values in the operating system environment, and terminal input, output, | |
12 and flow control. | |
13 | |
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14 @xref{Building Emacs}, for related information. @xref{Display}, for |
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15 additional operating system status information pertaining to the |
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16 terminal and the screen. |
84093 | 17 |
18 @menu | |
19 * Starting Up:: Customizing Emacs startup processing. | |
20 * Getting Out:: How exiting works (permanent or temporary). | |
21 * System Environment:: Distinguish the name and kind of system. | |
22 * User Identification:: Finding the name and user id of the user. | |
23 * Time of Day:: Getting the current time. | |
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24 * Time Conversion:: Converting a time from numeric form to |
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25 calendrical data and vice versa. |
84093 | 26 * Time Parsing:: Converting a time from numeric form to text |
27 and vice versa. | |
28 * Processor Run Time:: Getting the run time used by Emacs. | |
29 * Time Calculations:: Adding, subtracting, comparing times, etc. | |
30 * Timers:: Setting a timer to call a function at a certain time. | |
31 * Idle Timers:: Setting a timer to call a function when Emacs has | |
32 been idle for a certain length of time. | |
33 * Terminal Input:: Accessing and recording terminal input. | |
34 * Terminal Output:: Controlling and recording terminal output. | |
35 * Sound Output:: Playing sounds on the computer's speaker. | |
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36 * X11 Keysyms:: Operating on key symbols for X Windows. |
84093 | 37 * Batch Mode:: Running Emacs without terminal interaction. |
38 * Session Management:: Saving and restoring state with X Session Management. | |
39 @end menu | |
40 | |
41 @node Starting Up | |
42 @section Starting Up Emacs | |
43 | |
44 This section describes what Emacs does when it is started, and how you | |
45 can customize these actions. | |
46 | |
47 @menu | |
48 * Startup Summary:: Sequence of actions Emacs performs at startup. | |
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49 * Init File:: Details on reading the init file. |
84093 | 50 * Terminal-Specific:: How the terminal-specific Lisp file is read. |
51 * Command-Line Arguments:: How command-line arguments are processed, | |
52 and how you can customize them. | |
53 @end menu | |
54 | |
55 @node Startup Summary | |
56 @subsection Summary: Sequence of Actions at Startup | |
57 @cindex initialization of Emacs | |
58 @cindex startup of Emacs | |
59 @cindex @file{startup.el} | |
60 | |
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61 When Emacs is started up, it performs the following operations |
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62 (which are defined in @file{startup.el}): |
84093 | 63 |
64 @enumerate | |
65 @item | |
66 It adds subdirectories to @code{load-path}, by running the file named | |
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67 @file{subdirs.el} in each directory in the list. Normally, this file |
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68 adds the directory's subdirectories to the list, and those are scanned |
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69 in their turn. The files @file{subdirs.el} are normally generated |
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70 automatically when Emacs is installed. |
84093 | 71 |
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72 @vindex before-init-time |
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73 @item |
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74 It sets the variable @code{before-init-time} to the value of |
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75 @code{current-time} (@pxref{Time of Day}). It also sets |
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76 @code{after-init-time} to @code{nil}, which signals to Lisp programs |
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77 that Emacs is being initialized. |
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78 |
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79 @vindex initial-window-system@r{, and startup} |
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80 @vindex window-system-initialization-alist |
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81 @item |
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82 It loads the initialization library for the window system specified by |
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83 the variable @code{initial-window-system} (@pxref{Window Systems, |
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84 initial-window-system}). This library's name is |
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85 @file{term/@var{windowsystem}-win.el}, where @var{windowsystem} is the |
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86 value of @code{initial-window-system}. From that library, it calls |
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87 the appropriate initialization function. The initialization function |
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88 for each supported window system is specified by |
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89 @code{window-system-initialization-alist}. |
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90 |
84093 | 91 @item |
92 It sets the language environment and the terminal coding system, | |
93 if requested by environment variables such as @code{LANG}. | |
94 | |
95 @item | |
96 It processes the initial options. (Some of them are handled | |
97 even earlier than this.) | |
98 | |
99 @item | |
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100 It runs the normal hook @code{before-init-hook}. |
84093 | 101 |
102 @item | |
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103 It initializes the window frame and faces, if appropriate, and turns |
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104 on the menu bar and tool bar, if the initial frame needs them. |
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105 |
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106 @item |
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107 It loads the library @file{site-start}, if it exists. This is not |
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108 done if the options @samp{-Q} or @samp{--no-site-file} were specified. |
84093 | 109 @cindex @file{site-start.el} |
110 | |
111 @item | |
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112 It loads your init file (@pxref{Init File}). This is not done if the |
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113 options @samp{-q}, @samp{-Q}, or @samp{--batch} were specified. If |
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114 the @samp{-u} option was specified, Emacs looks for the init file in |
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115 that user's home directory instead. |
84093 | 116 |
117 @item | |
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118 It loads the library @file{default}, if it exists. This is not done |
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119 if @code{inhibit-default-init} is non-@code{nil}, nor if the options |
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120 @samp{-q}, @samp{-Q}, or @samp{--batch} were specified. |
84093 | 121 @cindex @file{default.el} |
122 | |
123 @item | |
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124 It loads your abbrevs from the file specified by |
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125 @code{abbrev-file-name}, if that file exists and can be read |
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126 (@pxref{Abbrev Files, abbrev-file-name}). This is not done if the |
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127 option @samp{--batch} was specified. |
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128 |
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129 @vindex after-init-time |
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130 @item |
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131 It sets the variable @code{after-init-time} to the value of |
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132 @code{current-time}. This variable was set to @code{nil} earlier; |
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133 setting it to the current time signals that the initialization phase |
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134 is over, and, together with @code{before-init-time}, provides the |
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135 measurement of how long it took. |
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136 |
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137 @item |
84093 | 138 It runs the normal hook @code{after-init-hook}. |
139 | |
140 @item | |
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141 If the buffer @samp{*scratch*} exists and is still in Fundamental mode |
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142 (as it should be by default), it sets its major mode according to |
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143 @code{initial-major-mode}. |
84093 | 144 |
145 @item | |
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146 If started on a text-only terminal, it loads the terminal-specific |
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147 Lisp library, which is specified by the variable |
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148 @code{term-file-prefix} (@pxref{Terminal-Specific}). This is not done |
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149 in @code{--batch} mode, nor if @code{term-file-prefix} is @code{nil}. |
84093 | 150 |
151 @item | |
152 It displays the initial echo area message, unless you have suppressed | |
153 that with @code{inhibit-startup-echo-area-message}. | |
154 | |
155 @item | |
156 It processes the action arguments from the command line. | |
157 | |
158 @item | |
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159 It now exits if the option @code{--batch} was specified. |
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160 |
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161 @item |
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162 If @code{initial-buffer-choice} is a string, it visits the file with |
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163 that name. Furthermore, if the @samp{*scratch*} buffer exists and is |
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164 empty, it inserts @code{initial-scratch-message} into that buffer. |
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165 |
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166 @item |
84093 | 167 It runs @code{emacs-startup-hook} and then @code{term-setup-hook}. |
168 | |
169 @item | |
170 It calls @code{frame-notice-user-settings}, which modifies the | |
171 parameters of the selected frame according to whatever the init files | |
172 specify. | |
173 | |
174 @item | |
175 It runs @code{window-setup-hook}. @xref{Window Systems}. | |
176 | |
177 @item | |
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178 If the option @code{--daemon} was specified, it calls |
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179 @code{server-start} and detaches from the controlling terminal. |
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180 @xref{Emacs Server,,, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}. |
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181 |
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182 @item |
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183 It displays the @dfn{startup screen}, which is a special buffer that |
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184 contains information about copyleft and basic Emacs usage. This is |
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185 not done if @code{initial-buffer-choice} or |
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186 @code{inhibit-startup-screen} are @code{nil}, nor if the |
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187 @samp{--no-splash} or @samp{-Q} command-line options were specified. |
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188 |
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189 @item |
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190 If started by the X session manager, it calls |
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191 @code{emacs-session-restore} passing it as argument the ID of the |
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192 previous session. @xref{Session Management}. |
84093 | 193 @end enumerate |
194 | |
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195 @defopt inhibit-startup-screen |
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196 This variable, if non-@code{nil}, inhibits the startup screen. In |
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197 that case, Emacs typically displays the @samp{*scratch*} buffer; but |
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198 see @code{initial-buffer-choice}, below. |
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199 |
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200 Do not set this variable in the init file of a new user, or in a way |
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201 that affects more than one user, as that would prevent new users from |
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202 receiving information about copyleft and basic Emacs usage. |
84093 | 203 |
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204 @code{inhibit-startup-message} and @code{inhibit-splash-screen} are |
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205 aliases for this variable. |
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206 @end defopt |
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207 |
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208 @defopt initial-buffer-choice |
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209 This variable, if non-@code{nil}, determines a file or buffer for |
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210 Emacs to display after starting up, instead of the startup screen. If |
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211 its value is @code{t}, Emacs displays the @samp{*scratch*} buffer. If |
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212 its value is a string, that specifies the name of a file for Emacs to |
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213 visit. |
84093 | 214 @end defopt |
215 | |
216 @defopt inhibit-startup-echo-area-message | |
217 This variable controls the display of the startup echo area message. | |
218 You can suppress the startup echo area message by adding text with this | |
219 form to your init file: | |
220 | |
221 @example | |
222 (setq inhibit-startup-echo-area-message | |
223 "@var{your-login-name}") | |
224 @end example | |
225 | |
226 Emacs explicitly checks for an expression as shown above in your init | |
227 file; your login name must appear in the expression as a Lisp string | |
228 constant. Other methods of setting | |
229 @code{inhibit-startup-echo-area-message} to the same value do not | |
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230 inhibit the startup message. This way, you can easily inhibit the |
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231 message for yourself if you wish, but thoughtless copying of your init |
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232 file will not inhibit the message for someone else. |
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233 @end defopt |
84093 | 234 |
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235 @defopt initial-scratch-message |
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236 This variable, if non-@code{nil}, should be a string, which is |
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237 inserted into the @samp{*scratch*} buffer when Emacs starts up. If it |
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238 is @code{nil}, the @samp{*scratch*} buffer is empty. |
84093 | 239 @end defopt |
240 | |
241 @node Init File | |
242 @subsection The Init File, @file{.emacs} | |
243 @cindex init file | |
244 @cindex @file{.emacs} | |
245 | |
246 When you start Emacs, it normally attempts to load your @dfn{init | |
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247 file}. This is either a file named @file{.emacs} or @file{.emacs.el} |
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248 in your home directory, or a file named @file{init.el} in a |
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249 subdirectory named @file{.emacs.d} in your home directory. Whichever |
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250 place you use, you can also compile the file (@pxref{Byte |
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251 Compilation}); then the actual file loaded will be @file{.emacs.elc} |
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252 or @file{init.elc}. |
84093 | 253 |
254 The command-line switches @samp{-q}, @samp{-Q}, and @samp{-u} | |
255 control whether and where to find the init file; @samp{-q} (and the | |
256 stronger @samp{-Q}) says not to load an init file, while @samp{-u | |
257 @var{user}} says to load @var{user}'s init file instead of yours. | |
258 @xref{Entering Emacs,,, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}. If neither | |
259 option is specified, Emacs uses the @code{LOGNAME} environment | |
260 variable, or the @code{USER} (most systems) or @code{USERNAME} (MS | |
261 systems) variable, to find your home directory and thus your init | |
262 file; this way, even if you have su'd, Emacs still loads your own init | |
263 file. If those environment variables are absent, though, Emacs uses | |
264 your user-id to find your home directory. | |
265 | |
266 @cindex default init file | |
267 A site may have a @dfn{default init file}, which is the library | |
268 named @file{default.el}. Emacs finds the @file{default.el} file | |
269 through the standard search path for libraries (@pxref{How Programs Do | |
270 Loading}). The Emacs distribution does not come with this file; sites | |
271 may provide one for local customizations. If the default init file | |
272 exists, it is loaded whenever you start Emacs, except in batch mode or | |
273 if @samp{-q} (or @samp{-Q}) is specified. But your own personal init | |
274 file, if any, is loaded first; if it sets @code{inhibit-default-init} | |
275 to a non-@code{nil} value, then Emacs does not subsequently load the | |
276 @file{default.el} file. | |
277 | |
278 Another file for site-customization is @file{site-start.el}. Emacs | |
279 loads this @emph{before} the user's init file. You can inhibit the | |
280 loading of this file with the option @samp{--no-site-file}. | |
281 | |
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282 @defopt site-run-file |
84093 | 283 This variable specifies the site-customization file to load before the |
284 user's init file. Its normal value is @code{"site-start"}. The only | |
285 way you can change it with real effect is to do so before dumping | |
286 Emacs. | |
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287 @end defopt |
84093 | 288 |
289 @xref{Init Examples,, Init File Examples, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}, for | |
290 examples of how to make various commonly desired customizations in your | |
291 @file{.emacs} file. | |
292 | |
293 @defopt inhibit-default-init | |
294 This variable prevents Emacs from loading the default initialization | |
295 library file for your session of Emacs. If its value is non-@code{nil}, | |
296 then the default library is not loaded. The default value is | |
297 @code{nil}. | |
298 @end defopt | |
299 | |
300 @defvar before-init-hook | |
301 This normal hook is run, once, just before loading all the init files | |
302 (the user's init file, @file{default.el}, and/or @file{site-start.el}). | |
303 (The only way to change it with real effect is before dumping Emacs.) | |
304 @end defvar | |
305 | |
306 @defvar after-init-hook | |
307 This normal hook is run, once, just after loading all the init files | |
308 (the user's init file, @file{default.el}, and/or @file{site-start.el}), | |
309 before loading the terminal-specific library and processing the | |
310 command-line action arguments. | |
311 @end defvar | |
312 | |
313 @defvar emacs-startup-hook | |
314 This normal hook is run, once, just after handling the command line | |
315 arguments, just before @code{term-setup-hook}. | |
316 @end defvar | |
317 | |
318 @defvar user-init-file | |
319 This variable holds the absolute file name of the user's init file. If the | |
320 actual init file loaded is a compiled file, such as @file{.emacs.elc}, | |
321 the value refers to the corresponding source file. | |
322 @end defvar | |
323 | |
324 @defvar user-emacs-directory | |
325 This variable holds the name of the @file{.emacs.d} directory. It is | |
326 ordinarily @file{~/.emacs.d}, but differs on some platforms. | |
327 @end defvar | |
328 | |
329 @node Terminal-Specific | |
330 @subsection Terminal-Specific Initialization | |
331 @cindex terminal-specific initialization | |
332 | |
333 Each terminal type can have its own Lisp library that Emacs loads when | |
334 run on that type of terminal. The library's name is constructed by | |
335 concatenating the value of the variable @code{term-file-prefix} and the | |
336 terminal type (specified by the environment variable @code{TERM}). | |
337 Normally, @code{term-file-prefix} has the value | |
338 @code{"term/"}; changing this is not recommended. Emacs finds the file | |
339 in the normal manner, by searching the @code{load-path} directories, and | |
340 trying the @samp{.elc} and @samp{.el} suffixes. | |
341 | |
342 @cindex Termcap | |
343 The usual function of a terminal-specific library is to enable | |
344 special keys to send sequences that Emacs can recognize. It may also | |
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345 need to set or add to @code{input-decode-map} if the Termcap or |
84093 | 346 Terminfo entry does not specify all the terminal's function keys. |
347 @xref{Terminal Input}. | |
348 | |
349 When the name of the terminal type contains a hyphen, and no library | |
350 is found whose name is identical to the terminal's name, Emacs strips | |
351 from the terminal's name the last hyphen and everything that follows | |
352 it, and tries again. This process is repeated until Emacs finds a | |
353 matching library or until there are no more hyphens in the name (the | |
354 latter means the terminal doesn't have any library specific to it). | |
355 Thus, for example, if there are no @samp{aaa-48} and @samp{aaa-30} | |
356 libraries, Emacs will try the same library @file{term/aaa.el} for | |
357 terminal types @samp{aaa-48} and @samp{aaa-30-rv}. If necessary, the | |
358 library can evaluate @code{(getenv "TERM")} to find the full name of | |
359 the terminal type.@refill | |
360 | |
361 Your init file can prevent the loading of the | |
362 terminal-specific library by setting the variable | |
363 @code{term-file-prefix} to @code{nil}. This feature is useful when | |
364 experimenting with your own peculiar customizations. | |
365 | |
366 You can also arrange to override some of the actions of the | |
367 terminal-specific library by setting the variable | |
368 @code{term-setup-hook}. This is a normal hook which Emacs runs using | |
369 @code{run-hooks} at the end of Emacs initialization, after loading both | |
370 your init file and any terminal-specific libraries. You can | |
371 use this variable to define initializations for terminals that do not | |
372 have their own libraries. @xref{Hooks}. | |
373 | |
374 @defvar term-file-prefix | |
375 @cindex @code{TERM} environment variable | |
376 If the @code{term-file-prefix} variable is non-@code{nil}, Emacs loads | |
377 a terminal-specific initialization file as follows: | |
378 | |
379 @example | |
380 (load (concat term-file-prefix (getenv "TERM"))) | |
381 @end example | |
382 | |
383 @noindent | |
384 You may set the @code{term-file-prefix} variable to @code{nil} in your | |
385 init file if you do not wish to load the | |
386 terminal-initialization file. To do this, put the following in | |
387 your init file: @code{(setq term-file-prefix nil)}. | |
388 | |
389 On MS-DOS, if the environment variable @code{TERM} is not set, Emacs | |
390 uses @samp{internal} as the terminal type. | |
391 @end defvar | |
392 | |
393 @defvar term-setup-hook | |
394 This variable is a normal hook that Emacs runs after loading your | |
395 init file, the default initialization file (if any) and the | |
396 terminal-specific Lisp file. | |
397 | |
398 You can use @code{term-setup-hook} to override the definitions made by a | |
399 terminal-specific file. | |
400 @end defvar | |
401 | |
402 See @code{window-setup-hook} in @ref{Window Systems}, for a related | |
403 feature. | |
404 | |
405 @node Command-Line Arguments | |
406 @subsection Command-Line Arguments | |
407 @cindex command-line arguments | |
408 | |
409 You can use command-line arguments to request various actions when you | |
410 start Emacs. Since you do not need to start Emacs more than once per | |
411 day, and will often leave your Emacs session running longer than that, | |
412 command-line arguments are hardly ever used. As a practical matter, it | |
413 is best to avoid making the habit of using them, since this habit would | |
414 encourage you to kill and restart Emacs unnecessarily often. These | |
415 options exist for two reasons: to be compatible with other editors (for | |
416 invocation by other programs) and to enable shell scripts to run | |
417 specific Lisp programs. | |
418 | |
419 This section describes how Emacs processes command-line arguments, | |
420 and how you can customize them. | |
421 | |
422 @ignore | |
423 (Note that some other editors require you to start afresh each time | |
424 you want to edit a file. With this kind of editor, you will probably | |
425 specify the file as a command-line argument. The recommended way to | |
426 use GNU Emacs is to start it only once, just after you log in, and do | |
427 all your editing in the same Emacs process. Each time you want to edit | |
428 a different file, you visit it with the existing Emacs, which eventually | |
429 comes to have many files in it ready for editing. Usually you do not | |
430 kill the Emacs until you are about to log out.) | |
431 @end ignore | |
432 | |
433 @defun command-line | |
434 This function parses the command line that Emacs was called with, | |
435 processes it, loads the user's init file and displays the | |
436 startup messages. | |
437 @end defun | |
438 | |
439 @defvar command-line-processed | |
440 The value of this variable is @code{t} once the command line has been | |
441 processed. | |
442 | |
443 If you redump Emacs by calling @code{dump-emacs}, you may wish to set | |
444 this variable to @code{nil} first in order to cause the new dumped Emacs | |
445 to process its new command-line arguments. | |
446 @end defvar | |
447 | |
448 @defvar command-switch-alist | |
449 @cindex switches on command line | |
450 @cindex options on command line | |
451 @cindex command-line options | |
452 The value of this variable is an alist of user-defined command-line | |
453 options and associated handler functions. This variable exists so you | |
454 can add elements to it. | |
455 | |
456 A @dfn{command-line option} is an argument on the command line, which | |
457 has the form: | |
458 | |
459 @example | |
460 -@var{option} | |
461 @end example | |
462 | |
463 The elements of the @code{command-switch-alist} look like this: | |
464 | |
465 @example | |
466 (@var{option} . @var{handler-function}) | |
467 @end example | |
468 | |
469 The @sc{car}, @var{option}, is a string, the name of a command-line | |
470 option (not including the initial hyphen). The @var{handler-function} | |
471 is called to handle @var{option}, and receives the option name as its | |
472 sole argument. | |
473 | |
474 In some cases, the option is followed in the command line by an | |
475 argument. In these cases, the @var{handler-function} can find all the | |
476 remaining command-line arguments in the variable | |
477 @code{command-line-args-left}. (The entire list of command-line | |
478 arguments is in @code{command-line-args}.) | |
479 | |
480 The command-line arguments are parsed by the @code{command-line-1} | |
481 function in the @file{startup.el} file. See also @ref{Emacs | |
482 Invocation, , Command Line Arguments for Emacs Invocation, emacs, The | |
483 GNU Emacs Manual}. | |
484 @end defvar | |
485 | |
486 @defvar command-line-args | |
487 The value of this variable is the list of command-line arguments passed | |
488 to Emacs. | |
489 @end defvar | |
490 | |
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491 @defvar command-line-args-left |
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492 The value of this variable is the list of command-line arguments that |
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493 have not yet been processed. @code{argv} is an alias for this. |
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494 @end defvar |
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495 |
84093 | 496 @defvar command-line-functions |
497 This variable's value is a list of functions for handling an | |
498 unrecognized command-line argument. Each time the next argument to be | |
499 processed has no special meaning, the functions in this list are called, | |
500 in order of appearance, until one of them returns a non-@code{nil} | |
501 value. | |
502 | |
503 These functions are called with no arguments. They can access the | |
504 command-line argument under consideration through the variable | |
505 @code{argi}, which is bound temporarily at this point. The remaining | |
506 arguments (not including the current one) are in the variable | |
507 @code{command-line-args-left}. | |
508 | |
509 When a function recognizes and processes the argument in @code{argi}, it | |
510 should return a non-@code{nil} value to say it has dealt with that | |
511 argument. If it has also dealt with some of the following arguments, it | |
512 can indicate that by deleting them from @code{command-line-args-left}. | |
513 | |
514 If all of these functions return @code{nil}, then the argument is used | |
515 as a file name to visit. | |
516 @end defvar | |
517 | |
518 @node Getting Out | |
519 @section Getting Out of Emacs | |
520 @cindex exiting Emacs | |
521 | |
522 There are two ways to get out of Emacs: you can kill the Emacs job, | |
523 which exits permanently, or you can suspend it, which permits you to | |
524 reenter the Emacs process later. As a practical matter, you seldom kill | |
525 Emacs---only when you are about to log out. Suspending is much more | |
526 common. | |
527 | |
528 @menu | |
529 * Killing Emacs:: Exiting Emacs irreversibly. | |
530 * Suspending Emacs:: Exiting Emacs reversibly. | |
531 @end menu | |
532 | |
533 @node Killing Emacs | |
534 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
535 @subsection Killing Emacs | |
536 @cindex killing Emacs | |
537 | |
538 Killing Emacs means ending the execution of the Emacs process. The | |
539 parent process normally resumes control. The low-level primitive for | |
540 killing Emacs is @code{kill-emacs}. | |
541 | |
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542 @deffn Command kill-emacs &optional exit-data |
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543 This command exits the Emacs process and kills it. |
84093 | 544 |
545 If @var{exit-data} is an integer, then it is used as the exit status | |
546 of the Emacs process. (This is useful primarily in batch operation; see | |
547 @ref{Batch Mode}.) | |
548 | |
549 If @var{exit-data} is a string, its contents are stuffed into the | |
550 terminal input buffer so that the shell (or whatever program next reads | |
551 input) can read them. | |
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552 @end deffn |
84093 | 553 |
554 All the information in the Emacs process, aside from files that have | |
555 been saved, is lost when the Emacs process is killed. Because killing | |
556 Emacs inadvertently can lose a lot of work, Emacs queries for | |
557 confirmation before actually terminating if you have buffers that need | |
558 saving or subprocesses that are running. This is done in the function | |
559 @code{save-buffers-kill-emacs}, the higher level function from which | |
560 @code{kill-emacs} is usually called. | |
561 | |
562 @defvar kill-emacs-query-functions | |
563 After asking the standard questions, @code{save-buffers-kill-emacs} | |
564 calls the functions in the list @code{kill-emacs-query-functions}, in | |
565 order of appearance, with no arguments. These functions can ask for | |
566 additional confirmation from the user. If any of them returns | |
567 @code{nil}, @code{save-buffers-kill-emacs} does not kill Emacs, and | |
568 does not run the remaining functions in this hook. Calling | |
569 @code{kill-emacs} directly does not run this hook. | |
570 @end defvar | |
571 | |
572 @defvar kill-emacs-hook | |
573 This variable is a normal hook; once @code{save-buffers-kill-emacs} is | |
574 finished with all file saving and confirmation, it calls | |
575 @code{kill-emacs} which runs the functions in this hook. | |
576 @code{kill-emacs} does not run this hook in batch mode. | |
577 | |
578 @code{kill-emacs} may be invoked directly (that is not via | |
579 @code{save-buffers-kill-emacs}) if the terminal is disconnected, or in | |
580 similar situations where interaction with the user is not possible. | |
581 Thus, if your hook needs to interact with the user, put it on | |
582 @code{kill-emacs-query-functions}; if it needs to run regardless of | |
583 how Emacs is killed, put it on @code{kill-emacs-hook}. | |
584 @end defvar | |
585 | |
586 @node Suspending Emacs | |
587 @subsection Suspending Emacs | |
588 @cindex suspending Emacs | |
589 | |
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590 On text-only terminals, it is possible to @dfn{suspend Emacs}, which |
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591 means stopping Emacs temporarily and returning control to its superior |
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592 process, which is usually the shell. This allows you to resume |
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593 editing later in the same Emacs process, with the same buffers, the |
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594 same kill ring, the same undo history, and so on. To resume Emacs, |
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595 use the appropriate command in the parent shell---most likely |
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596 @code{fg}. |
84093 | 597 |
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598 @cindex controlling terminal |
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599 Suspending works only on a terminal device from which the Emacs |
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600 session was started. We call that device the @dfn{controlling |
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601 terminal} of the session. Suspending is not allowed if the |
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602 controlling terminal is a graphical terminal. |
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603 |
84093 | 604 Some operating systems do not support suspension of jobs; on these |
605 systems, ``suspension'' actually creates a new shell temporarily as a | |
606 subprocess of Emacs. Then you would exit the shell to return to Emacs. | |
607 | |
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608 @deffn Command suspend-emacs &optional string |
84093 | 609 This function stops Emacs and returns control to the superior process. |
610 If and when the superior process resumes Emacs, @code{suspend-emacs} | |
611 returns @code{nil} to its caller in Lisp. | |
612 | |
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613 This function works only on the controlling terminal of the Emacs |
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614 session; to relinquish control of other tty devices, use |
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615 @code{suspend-tty} (see below). If the Emacs session uses more than |
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616 one terminal, you must delete the frames on all the other terminals |
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617 before suspending Emacs, or this function signals an error. |
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618 @xref{Multiple Terminals}. |
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619 |
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620 If @var{string} is non-@code{nil}, its characters are sent to Emacs's |
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621 superior shell, to be read as terminal input. The characters in |
84093 | 622 @var{string} are not echoed by the superior shell; only the results |
623 appear. | |
624 | |
625 Before suspending, @code{suspend-emacs} runs the normal hook | |
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626 @code{suspend-hook}. After the user resumes Emacs, |
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627 @code{suspend-emacs} runs the normal hook @code{suspend-resume-hook}. |
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628 @xref{Hooks}. |
84093 | 629 |
630 The next redisplay after resumption will redraw the entire screen, | |
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631 unless the variable @code{no-redraw-on-reenter} is non-@code{nil}. |
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632 @xref{Refresh Screen}. |
84093 | 633 |
634 In the following example, note that @samp{pwd} is not echoed after | |
635 Emacs is suspended. But it is read and executed by the shell. | |
636 | |
637 @smallexample | |
638 @group | |
639 (suspend-emacs) | |
640 @result{} nil | |
641 @end group | |
642 | |
643 @group | |
644 (add-hook 'suspend-hook | |
645 (function (lambda () | |
646 (or (y-or-n-p | |
647 "Really suspend? ") | |
648 (error "Suspend canceled"))))) | |
649 @result{} (lambda nil | |
650 (or (y-or-n-p "Really suspend? ") | |
651 (error "Suspend canceled"))) | |
652 @end group | |
653 @group | |
654 (add-hook 'suspend-resume-hook | |
655 (function (lambda () (message "Resumed!")))) | |
656 @result{} (lambda nil (message "Resumed!")) | |
657 @end group | |
658 @group | |
659 (suspend-emacs "pwd") | |
660 @result{} nil | |
661 @end group | |
662 @group | |
663 ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- | |
664 Really suspend? @kbd{y} | |
665 ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- | |
666 @end group | |
667 | |
668 @group | |
669 ---------- Parent Shell ---------- | |
670 lewis@@slug[23] % /user/lewis/manual | |
671 lewis@@slug[24] % fg | |
672 @end group | |
673 | |
674 @group | |
675 ---------- Echo Area ---------- | |
676 Resumed! | |
677 @end group | |
678 @end smallexample | |
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679 @end deffn |
84093 | 680 |
681 @defvar suspend-hook | |
682 This variable is a normal hook that Emacs runs before suspending. | |
683 @end defvar | |
684 | |
685 @defvar suspend-resume-hook | |
686 This variable is a normal hook that Emacs runs on resuming | |
687 after a suspension. | |
688 @end defvar | |
689 | |
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690 @defun suspend-tty &optional tty |
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691 If @var{tty} specifies a terminal device used by Emacs, this function |
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692 relinquishes the device and restores it to its prior state. Frames |
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693 that used the device continue to exist, but are not updated and Emacs |
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694 doesn't read input from them. @var{tty} can be a terminal object, a |
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695 frame (meaning the terminal for that frame), or @code{nil} (meaning |
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696 the terminal for the selected frame). @xref{Multiple Terminals}. |
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697 |
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698 If @var{tty} is already suspended, this function does nothing. |
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699 |
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700 This function runs the hook @code{suspend-tty-functions}, passing the |
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701 terminal object as an argument to each function. |
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702 @end defun |
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703 |
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704 @defun resume-tty &optional tty |
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705 This function resumes the previously suspended terminal device |
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706 @var{tty}; @var{tty} can be a terminal object, a frame (meaning the |
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707 terminal for that frame), or @code{nil} (meaning the terminal for the |
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708 selected frame). |
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709 |
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710 This function reopens the terminal device, re-initializes it, and |
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711 redraws its with that terminal's selected frame. It then runs the |
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712 hook @code{resume-tty-functions}, passing the terminal object as an |
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713 argument to each function. |
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714 |
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715 If the same device is already used by another Emacs terminal, this |
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716 function signals an error. |
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717 @end defun |
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718 |
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719 @defun controlling-tty-p &optional terminal |
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720 This function returns non-@code{nil} if @var{terminal} is the |
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721 controlling terminal of the Emacs session; @code{terminal} can be a |
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722 terminal object, a frame (meaning the terminal for that frame), or |
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723 @code{nil} (meaning the terminal for the selected frame). |
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724 @end defun |
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725 |
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726 @deffn Command suspend-frame |
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727 This command @dfn{suspends} a frame. For GUI frames, it calls |
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728 @code{iconify-frame} (@pxref{Visibility of Frames}); for text-only |
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729 frames, it calls either @code{suspend-emacs} or @code{suspend-tty}, |
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730 depending on whether the frame is displayed on the controlling |
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731 terminal device or not. |
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732 @end deffn |
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733 |
84093 | 734 @node System Environment |
735 @section Operating System Environment | |
736 @cindex operating system environment | |
737 | |
738 Emacs provides access to variables in the operating system environment | |
739 through various functions. These variables include the name of the | |
740 system, the user's @acronym{UID}, and so on. | |
741 | |
742 @defvar system-configuration | |
743 This variable holds the standard GNU configuration name for the | |
744 hardware/software configuration of your system, as a string. The | |
745 convenient way to test parts of this string is with | |
746 @code{string-match}. | |
747 @end defvar | |
748 | |
749 @cindex system type and name | |
750 @defvar system-type | |
751 The value of this variable is a symbol indicating the type of operating | |
752 system Emacs is operating on. Here is a table of the possible values: | |
753 | |
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754 @table @code |
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755 @item aix |
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756 IBM's AIX. |
84093 | 757 |
758 @item berkeley-unix | |
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759 Berkeley BSD and its variants. |
84093 | 760 |
761 @item cygwin | |
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762 Cygwin, a Posix layer on top of MS-Windows. |
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763 |
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764 @item darwin |
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765 Darwin (Mac OS X). |
84093 | 766 |
767 @item gnu | |
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768 The GNU system (using the GNU kernel, which consists of the HURD and Mach). |
84093 | 769 |
770 @item gnu/linux | |
771 A GNU/Linux system---that is, a variant GNU system, using the Linux | |
772 kernel. (These systems are the ones people often call ``Linux,'' but | |
773 actually Linux is just the kernel, not the whole system.) | |
774 | |
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775 @item gnu/kfreebsd |
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776 A GNU (glibc-based) system with a FreeBSD kernel. |
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777 |
84093 | 778 @item hpux |
779 Hewlett-Packard HPUX operating system. | |
780 | |
781 @item irix | |
782 Silicon Graphics Irix system. | |
783 | |
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784 @item lynxos 3.0.1 |
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785 LynxOS-3.0.1. |
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786 |
84093 | 787 @item ms-dos |
788 Microsoft MS-DOS ``operating system.'' Emacs compiled with DJGPP for | |
789 MS-DOS binds @code{system-type} to @code{ms-dos} even when you run it on | |
790 MS-Windows. | |
791 | |
792 @item usg-unix-v | |
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793 AT&T Unix System V. |
84093 | 794 |
795 @item windows-nt | |
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796 Microsoft Windows NT and later. The same executable supports Windows |
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797 9X, but the value of @code{system-type} is @code{windows-nt} in either |
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798 case. |
84093 | 799 |
800 @end table | |
801 | |
802 We do not wish to add new symbols to make finer distinctions unless it | |
803 is absolutely necessary! In fact, we hope to eliminate some of these | |
804 alternatives in the future. We recommend using | |
805 @code{system-configuration} to distinguish between different operating | |
806 systems. | |
807 @end defvar | |
808 | |
809 @defun system-name | |
810 This function returns the name of the machine you are running on. | |
811 @example | |
812 (system-name) | |
813 @result{} "www.gnu.org" | |
814 @end example | |
815 @end defun | |
816 | |
817 The symbol @code{system-name} is a variable as well as a function. In | |
818 fact, the function returns whatever value the variable | |
819 @code{system-name} currently holds. Thus, you can set the variable | |
820 @code{system-name} in case Emacs is confused about the name of your | |
821 system. The variable is also useful for constructing frame titles | |
822 (@pxref{Frame Titles}). | |
823 | |
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824 @defopt mail-host-address |
84093 | 825 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, it is used instead of |
826 @code{system-name} for purposes of generating email addresses. For | |
827 example, it is used when constructing the default value of | |
828 @code{user-mail-address}. @xref{User Identification}. (Since this is | |
829 done when Emacs starts up, the value actually used is the one saved when | |
830 Emacs was dumped. @xref{Building Emacs}.) | |
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831 @end defopt |
84093 | 832 |
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833 @deffn Command getenv var &optional frame |
84093 | 834 @cindex environment variable access |
835 This function returns the value of the environment variable @var{var}, | |
836 as a string. @var{var} should be a string. If @var{var} is undefined | |
837 in the environment, @code{getenv} returns @code{nil}. If returns | |
838 @samp{""} if @var{var} is set but null. Within Emacs, the environment | |
839 variable values are kept in the Lisp variable @code{process-environment}. | |
840 | |
841 @example | |
842 @group | |
843 (getenv "USER") | |
844 @result{} "lewis" | |
845 @end group | |
846 | |
847 @group | |
848 lewis@@slug[10] % printenv | |
849 PATH=.:/user/lewis/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin | |
850 USER=lewis | |
851 @end group | |
852 @group | |
853 TERM=ibmapa16 | |
854 SHELL=/bin/csh | |
855 HOME=/user/lewis | |
856 @end group | |
857 @end example | |
858 @end deffn | |
859 | |
860 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
861 @deffn Command setenv variable &optional value | |
862 This command sets the value of the environment variable named | |
863 @var{variable} to @var{value}. @var{variable} should be a string. | |
864 Internally, Emacs Lisp can handle any string. However, normally | |
865 @var{variable} should be a valid shell identifier, that is, a sequence | |
866 of letters, digits and underscores, starting with a letter or | |
867 underscore. Otherwise, errors may occur if subprocesses of Emacs try | |
868 to access the value of @var{variable}. If @var{value} is omitted or | |
869 @code{nil}, @code{setenv} removes @var{variable} from the environment. | |
870 Otherwise, @var{value} should be a string. | |
871 | |
872 @code{setenv} works by modifying @code{process-environment}; binding | |
873 that variable with @code{let} is also reasonable practice. | |
874 | |
875 @code{setenv} returns the new value of @var{variable}, or @code{nil} | |
876 if it removed @var{variable} from the environment. | |
877 @end deffn | |
878 | |
879 @defvar process-environment | |
880 This variable is a list of strings, each describing one environment | |
881 variable. The functions @code{getenv} and @code{setenv} work by means | |
882 of this variable. | |
883 | |
884 @smallexample | |
885 @group | |
886 process-environment | |
887 @result{} ("l=/usr/stanford/lib/gnuemacs/lisp" | |
888 "PATH=.:/user/lewis/bin:/usr/class:/nfsusr/local/bin" | |
889 "USER=lewis" | |
890 @end group | |
891 @group | |
892 "TERM=ibmapa16" | |
893 "SHELL=/bin/csh" | |
894 "HOME=/user/lewis") | |
895 @end group | |
896 @end smallexample | |
897 | |
898 If @code{process-environment} contains ``duplicate'' elements that | |
899 specify the same environment variable, the first of these elements | |
900 specifies the variable, and the other ``duplicates'' are ignored. | |
901 @end defvar | |
902 | |
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903 @defvar initial-environment |
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904 This variable holds the list of environment variables Emacs inherited |
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905 from its parent process. It is computed during startup, see |
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906 @ref{Startup Summary}. |
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907 @end defvar |
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908 |
84093 | 909 @defvar path-separator |
910 This variable holds a string which says which character separates | |
911 directories in a search path (as found in an environment variable). Its | |
912 value is @code{":"} for Unix and GNU systems, and @code{";"} for MS-DOS | |
913 and MS-Windows. | |
914 @end defvar | |
915 | |
916 @defun parse-colon-path path | |
917 This function takes a search path string such as would be the value of | |
918 the @code{PATH} environment variable, and splits it at the separators, | |
919 returning a list of directory names. @code{nil} in this list stands for | |
920 ``use the current directory.'' Although the function's name says | |
921 ``colon,'' it actually uses the value of @code{path-separator}. | |
922 | |
923 @example | |
924 (parse-colon-path ":/foo:/bar") | |
925 @result{} (nil "/foo/" "/bar/") | |
926 @end example | |
927 @end defun | |
928 | |
929 @defvar invocation-name | |
930 This variable holds the program name under which Emacs was invoked. The | |
931 value is a string, and does not include a directory name. | |
932 @end defvar | |
933 | |
934 @defvar invocation-directory | |
935 This variable holds the directory from which the Emacs executable was | |
936 invoked, or perhaps @code{nil} if that directory cannot be determined. | |
937 @end defvar | |
938 | |
939 @defvar installation-directory | |
940 If non-@code{nil}, this is a directory within which to look for the | |
941 @file{lib-src} and @file{etc} subdirectories. This is non-@code{nil} | |
942 when Emacs can't find those directories in their standard installed | |
943 locations, but can find them in a directory related somehow to the one | |
944 containing the Emacs executable. | |
945 @end defvar | |
946 | |
947 @defun load-average &optional use-float | |
948 This function returns the current 1-minute, 5-minute, and 15-minute load | |
949 averages, in a list. | |
950 | |
951 By default, the values are integers that are 100 times the system load | |
952 averages, which indicate the average number of processes trying to run. | |
953 If @var{use-float} is non-@code{nil}, then they are returned | |
954 as floating point numbers and without multiplying by 100. | |
955 | |
956 If it is impossible to obtain the load average, this function signals | |
957 an error. On some platforms, access to load averages requires | |
958 installing Emacs as setuid or setgid so that it can read kernel | |
959 information, and that usually isn't advisable. | |
960 | |
961 If the 1-minute load average is available, but the 5- or 15-minute | |
962 averages are not, this function returns a shortened list containing | |
963 the available averages. | |
964 | |
965 @example | |
966 @group | |
967 (load-average) | |
968 @result{} (169 48 36) | |
969 @end group | |
970 @group | |
971 (load-average t) | |
972 @result{} (1.69 0.48 0.36) | |
973 @end group | |
974 | |
975 @group | |
976 lewis@@rocky[5] % uptime | |
977 11:55am up 1 day, 19:37, 3 users, | |
978 load average: 1.69, 0.48, 0.36 | |
979 @end group | |
980 @end example | |
981 @end defun | |
982 | |
983 @defun emacs-pid | |
984 This function returns the process @acronym{ID} of the Emacs process, | |
985 as an integer. | |
986 @end defun | |
987 | |
988 @defvar tty-erase-char | |
989 This variable holds the erase character that was selected | |
990 in the system's terminal driver, before Emacs was started. | |
991 The value is @code{nil} if Emacs is running under a window system. | |
992 @end defvar | |
993 | |
994 @node User Identification | |
995 @section User Identification | |
996 @cindex user identification | |
997 | |
998 @defvar init-file-user | |
999 This variable says which user's init files should be used by | |
1000 Emacs---or @code{nil} if none. @code{""} stands for the user who | |
1001 originally logged in. The value reflects command-line options such as | |
1002 @samp{-q} or @samp{-u @var{user}}. | |
1003 | |
1004 Lisp packages that load files of customizations, or any other sort of | |
1005 user profile, should obey this variable in deciding where to find it. | |
1006 They should load the profile of the user name found in this variable. | |
1007 If @code{init-file-user} is @code{nil}, meaning that the @samp{-q} | |
1008 option was used, then Lisp packages should not load any customization | |
1009 files or user profile. | |
1010 @end defvar | |
1011 | |
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1012 @defopt user-mail-address |
84093 | 1013 This holds the nominal email address of the user who is using Emacs. |
1014 Emacs normally sets this variable to a default value after reading your | |
1015 init files, but not if you have already set it. So you can set the | |
1016 variable to some other value in your init file if you do not | |
1017 want to use the default value. | |
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1018 @end defopt |
84093 | 1019 |
1020 @defun user-login-name &optional uid | |
1021 If you don't specify @var{uid}, this function returns the name under | |
1022 which the user is logged in. If the environment variable @code{LOGNAME} | |
1023 is set, that value is used. Otherwise, if the environment variable | |
1024 @code{USER} is set, that value is used. Otherwise, the value is based | |
1025 on the effective @acronym{UID}, not the real @acronym{UID}. | |
1026 | |
1027 If you specify @var{uid}, the value is the user name that corresponds | |
1028 to @var{uid} (which should be an integer), or @code{nil} if there is | |
1029 no such user. | |
1030 | |
1031 @example | |
1032 @group | |
1033 (user-login-name) | |
1034 @result{} "lewis" | |
1035 @end group | |
1036 @end example | |
1037 @end defun | |
1038 | |
1039 @defun user-real-login-name | |
1040 This function returns the user name corresponding to Emacs's real | |
1041 @acronym{UID}. This ignores the effective @acronym{UID} and ignores the | |
1042 environment variables @code{LOGNAME} and @code{USER}. | |
1043 @end defun | |
1044 | |
1045 @defun user-full-name &optional uid | |
1046 This function returns the full name of the logged-in user---or the value | |
1047 of the environment variable @code{NAME}, if that is set. | |
1048 | |
1049 @c "Bil" is the correct spelling. | |
1050 @example | |
1051 @group | |
1052 (user-full-name) | |
1053 @result{} "Bil Lewis" | |
1054 @end group | |
1055 @end example | |
1056 | |
1057 If the Emacs job's user-id does not correspond to any known user (and | |
1058 provided @code{NAME} is not set), the value is @code{"unknown"}. | |
1059 | |
1060 If @var{uid} is non-@code{nil}, then it should be a number (a user-id) | |
1061 or a string (a login name). Then @code{user-full-name} returns the full | |
1062 name corresponding to that user-id or login name. If you specify a | |
1063 user-id or login name that isn't defined, it returns @code{nil}. | |
1064 @end defun | |
1065 | |
1066 @vindex user-full-name | |
1067 @vindex user-real-login-name | |
1068 @vindex user-login-name | |
1069 The symbols @code{user-login-name}, @code{user-real-login-name} and | |
1070 @code{user-full-name} are variables as well as functions. The functions | |
1071 return the same values that the variables hold. These variables allow | |
1072 you to ``fake out'' Emacs by telling the functions what to return. The | |
1073 variables are also useful for constructing frame titles (@pxref{Frame | |
1074 Titles}). | |
1075 | |
1076 @defun user-real-uid | |
1077 This function returns the real @acronym{UID} of the user. | |
1078 The value may be a floating point number. | |
1079 | |
1080 @example | |
1081 @group | |
1082 (user-real-uid) | |
1083 @result{} 19 | |
1084 @end group | |
1085 @end example | |
1086 @end defun | |
1087 | |
1088 @defun user-uid | |
1089 This function returns the effective @acronym{UID} of the user. | |
1090 The value may be a floating point number. | |
1091 @end defun | |
1092 | |
1093 @node Time of Day | |
1094 @section Time of Day | |
1095 | |
1096 This section explains how to determine the current time and the time | |
1097 zone. | |
1098 | |
1099 @defun current-time-string &optional time-value | |
1100 This function returns the current time and date as a human-readable | |
1101 string. The format of the string is unvarying; the number of characters | |
1102 used for each part is always the same, so you can reliably use | |
1103 @code{substring} to extract pieces of it. It is wise to count the | |
1104 characters from the beginning of the string rather than from the end, as | |
1105 additional information may some day be added at the end. | |
1106 | |
1107 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
1108 The argument @var{time-value}, if given, specifies a time to format | |
1109 instead of the current time. The argument should be a list whose first | |
1110 two elements are integers. Thus, you can use times obtained from | |
1111 @code{current-time} (see below) and from @code{file-attributes} | |
1112 (@pxref{Definition of file-attributes}). @var{time-value} can also be | |
1113 a cons of two integers, but this is considered obsolete. | |
1114 | |
1115 @example | |
1116 @group | |
1117 (current-time-string) | |
1118 @result{} "Wed Oct 14 22:21:05 1987" | |
1119 @end group | |
1120 @end example | |
1121 @end defun | |
1122 | |
1123 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
1124 @defun current-time | |
1125 This function returns the system's time value as a list of three | |
1126 integers: @code{(@var{high} @var{low} @var{microsec})}. The integers | |
1127 @var{high} and @var{low} combine to give the number of seconds since | |
1128 0:00 January 1, 1970 UTC (Coordinated Universal Time), which is | |
1129 @ifnottex | |
1130 @var{high} * 2**16 + @var{low}. | |
1131 @end ifnottex | |
1132 @tex | |
1133 $high*2^{16}+low$. | |
1134 @end tex | |
1135 | |
1136 The third element, @var{microsec}, gives the microseconds since the | |
1137 start of the current second (or 0 for systems that return time with | |
1138 the resolution of only one second). | |
1139 | |
1140 The first two elements can be compared with file time values such as you | |
1141 get with the function @code{file-attributes}. | |
1142 @xref{Definition of file-attributes}. | |
1143 @end defun | |
1144 | |
1145 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
1146 @defun current-time-zone &optional time-value | |
1147 This function returns a list describing the time zone that the user is | |
1148 in. | |
1149 | |
1150 The value has the form @code{(@var{offset} @var{name})}. Here | |
1151 @var{offset} is an integer giving the number of seconds ahead of UTC | |
1152 (east of Greenwich). A negative value means west of Greenwich. The | |
1153 second element, @var{name}, is a string giving the name of the time | |
1154 zone. Both elements change when daylight saving time begins or ends; | |
1155 if the user has specified a time zone that does not use a seasonal time | |
1156 adjustment, then the value is constant through time. | |
1157 | |
1158 If the operating system doesn't supply all the information necessary to | |
1159 compute the value, the unknown elements of the list are @code{nil}. | |
1160 | |
1161 The argument @var{time-value}, if given, specifies a time to analyze | |
1162 instead of the current time. The argument should have the same form | |
1163 as for @code{current-time-string} (see above). Thus, you can use | |
1164 times obtained from @code{current-time} (see above) and from | |
1165 @code{file-attributes}. @xref{Definition of file-attributes}. | |
1166 @end defun | |
1167 | |
1168 @defun set-time-zone-rule tz | |
1169 This function specifies the local time zone according to @var{tz}. If | |
1170 @var{tz} is @code{nil}, that means to use an implementation-defined | |
1171 default time zone. If @var{tz} is @code{t}, that means to use | |
1172 Universal Time. Otherwise, @var{tz} should be a string specifying a | |
1173 time zone rule. | |
1174 @end defun | |
1175 | |
1176 @defun float-time &optional time-value | |
1177 This function returns the current time as a floating-point number of | |
1178 seconds since the epoch. The argument @var{time-value}, if given, | |
1179 specifies a time to convert instead of the current time. The argument | |
1180 should have the same form as for @code{current-time-string} (see | |
1181 above). Thus, it accepts the output of @code{current-time} and | |
1182 @code{file-attributes}. | |
1183 | |
1184 @emph{Warning}: Since the result is floating point, it may not be | |
1185 exact. Do not use this function if precise time stamps are required. | |
1186 @end defun | |
1187 | |
1188 @node Time Conversion | |
1189 @section Time Conversion | |
1190 | |
1191 These functions convert time values (lists of two or three integers) | |
1192 to calendrical information and vice versa. You can get time values | |
1193 from the functions @code{current-time} (@pxref{Time of Day}) and | |
1194 @code{file-attributes} (@pxref{Definition of file-attributes}). | |
1195 | |
1196 Many operating systems are limited to time values that contain 32 bits | |
1197 of information; these systems typically handle only the times from | |
1198 1901-12-13 20:45:52 UTC through 2038-01-19 03:14:07 UTC. However, some | |
1199 operating systems have larger time values, and can represent times far | |
1200 in the past or future. | |
1201 | |
1202 Time conversion functions always use the Gregorian calendar, even | |
1203 for dates before the Gregorian calendar was introduced. Year numbers | |
1204 count the number of years since the year 1 B.C., and do not skip zero | |
1205 as traditional Gregorian years do; for example, the year number | |
1206 @minus{}37 represents the Gregorian year 38 B.C@. | |
1207 | |
1208 @defun decode-time &optional time | |
1209 This function converts a time value into calendrical information. If | |
1210 you don't specify @var{time}, it decodes the current time. The return | |
1211 value is a list of nine elements, as follows: | |
1212 | |
1213 @example | |
1214 (@var{seconds} @var{minutes} @var{hour} @var{day} @var{month} @var{year} @var{dow} @var{dst} @var{zone}) | |
1215 @end example | |
1216 | |
1217 Here is what the elements mean: | |
1218 | |
1219 @table @var | |
1220 @item seconds | |
1221 The number of seconds past the minute, as an integer between 0 and 59. | |
1222 On some operating systems, this is 60 for leap seconds. | |
1223 @item minutes | |
1224 The number of minutes past the hour, as an integer between 0 and 59. | |
1225 @item hour | |
1226 The hour of the day, as an integer between 0 and 23. | |
1227 @item day | |
1228 The day of the month, as an integer between 1 and 31. | |
1229 @item month | |
1230 The month of the year, as an integer between 1 and 12. | |
1231 @item year | |
1232 The year, an integer typically greater than 1900. | |
1233 @item dow | |
1234 The day of week, as an integer between 0 and 6, where 0 stands for | |
1235 Sunday. | |
1236 @item dst | |
1237 @code{t} if daylight saving time is effect, otherwise @code{nil}. | |
1238 @item zone | |
1239 An integer indicating the time zone, as the number of seconds east of | |
1240 Greenwich. | |
1241 @end table | |
1242 | |
1243 @strong{Common Lisp Note:} Common Lisp has different meanings for | |
1244 @var{dow} and @var{zone}. | |
1245 @end defun | |
1246 | |
1247 @defun encode-time seconds minutes hour day month year &optional zone | |
1248 This function is the inverse of @code{decode-time}. It converts seven | |
1249 items of calendrical data into a time value. For the meanings of the | |
1250 arguments, see the table above under @code{decode-time}. | |
1251 | |
1252 Year numbers less than 100 are not treated specially. If you want them | |
1253 to stand for years above 1900, or years above 2000, you must alter them | |
1254 yourself before you call @code{encode-time}. | |
1255 | |
1256 The optional argument @var{zone} defaults to the current time zone and | |
1257 its daylight saving time rules. If specified, it can be either a list | |
1258 (as you would get from @code{current-time-zone}), a string as in the | |
1259 @code{TZ} environment variable, @code{t} for Universal Time, or an | |
1260 integer (as you would get from @code{decode-time}). The specified | |
1261 zone is used without any further alteration for daylight saving time. | |
1262 | |
1263 If you pass more than seven arguments to @code{encode-time}, the first | |
1264 six are used as @var{seconds} through @var{year}, the last argument is | |
1265 used as @var{zone}, and the arguments in between are ignored. This | |
1266 feature makes it possible to use the elements of a list returned by | |
1267 @code{decode-time} as the arguments to @code{encode-time}, like this: | |
1268 | |
1269 @example | |
1270 (apply 'encode-time (decode-time @dots{})) | |
1271 @end example | |
1272 | |
1273 You can perform simple date arithmetic by using out-of-range values for | |
1274 the @var{seconds}, @var{minutes}, @var{hour}, @var{day}, and @var{month} | |
1275 arguments; for example, day 0 means the day preceding the given month. | |
1276 | |
1277 The operating system puts limits on the range of possible time values; | |
1278 if you try to encode a time that is out of range, an error results. | |
1279 For instance, years before 1970 do not work on some systems; | |
1280 on others, years as early as 1901 do work. | |
1281 @end defun | |
1282 | |
1283 @node Time Parsing | |
1284 @section Parsing and Formatting Times | |
1285 | |
1286 These functions convert time values (lists of two or three integers) | |
1287 to text in a string, and vice versa. | |
1288 | |
1289 @defun date-to-time string | |
1290 This function parses the time-string @var{string} and returns the | |
1291 corresponding time value. | |
1292 @end defun | |
1293 | |
1294 @defun format-time-string format-string &optional time universal | |
1295 This function converts @var{time} (or the current time, if @var{time} is | |
1296 omitted) to a string according to @var{format-string}. The argument | |
1297 @var{format-string} may contain @samp{%}-sequences which say to | |
1298 substitute parts of the time. Here is a table of what the | |
1299 @samp{%}-sequences mean: | |
1300 | |
1301 @table @samp | |
1302 @item %a | |
1303 This stands for the abbreviated name of the day of week. | |
1304 @item %A | |
1305 This stands for the full name of the day of week. | |
1306 @item %b | |
1307 This stands for the abbreviated name of the month. | |
1308 @item %B | |
1309 This stands for the full name of the month. | |
1310 @item %c | |
1311 This is a synonym for @samp{%x %X}. | |
1312 @item %C | |
1313 This has a locale-specific meaning. In the default locale (named C), it | |
1314 is equivalent to @samp{%A, %B %e, %Y}. | |
1315 @item %d | |
1316 This stands for the day of month, zero-padded. | |
1317 @item %D | |
1318 This is a synonym for @samp{%m/%d/%y}. | |
1319 @item %e | |
1320 This stands for the day of month, blank-padded. | |
1321 @item %h | |
1322 This is a synonym for @samp{%b}. | |
1323 @item %H | |
1324 This stands for the hour (00-23). | |
1325 @item %I | |
1326 This stands for the hour (01-12). | |
1327 @item %j | |
1328 This stands for the day of the year (001-366). | |
1329 @item %k | |
1330 This stands for the hour (0-23), blank padded. | |
1331 @item %l | |
1332 This stands for the hour (1-12), blank padded. | |
1333 @item %m | |
1334 This stands for the month (01-12). | |
1335 @item %M | |
1336 This stands for the minute (00-59). | |
1337 @item %n | |
1338 This stands for a newline. | |
1339 @item %p | |
1340 This stands for @samp{AM} or @samp{PM}, as appropriate. | |
1341 @item %r | |
1342 This is a synonym for @samp{%I:%M:%S %p}. | |
1343 @item %R | |
1344 This is a synonym for @samp{%H:%M}. | |
1345 @item %S | |
1346 This stands for the seconds (00-59). | |
1347 @item %t | |
1348 This stands for a tab character. | |
1349 @item %T | |
1350 This is a synonym for @samp{%H:%M:%S}. | |
1351 @item %U | |
1352 This stands for the week of the year (01-52), assuming that weeks | |
1353 start on Sunday. | |
1354 @item %w | |
1355 This stands for the numeric day of week (0-6). Sunday is day 0. | |
1356 @item %W | |
1357 This stands for the week of the year (01-52), assuming that weeks | |
1358 start on Monday. | |
1359 @item %x | |
1360 This has a locale-specific meaning. In the default locale (named | |
1361 @samp{C}), it is equivalent to @samp{%D}. | |
1362 @item %X | |
1363 This has a locale-specific meaning. In the default locale (named | |
1364 @samp{C}), it is equivalent to @samp{%T}. | |
1365 @item %y | |
1366 This stands for the year without century (00-99). | |
1367 @item %Y | |
1368 This stands for the year with century. | |
1369 @item %Z | |
1370 This stands for the time zone abbreviation (e.g., @samp{EST}). | |
1371 @item %z | |
1372 This stands for the time zone numerical offset (e.g., @samp{-0500}). | |
1373 @end table | |
1374 | |
1375 You can also specify the field width and type of padding for any of | |
1376 these @samp{%}-sequences. This works as in @code{printf}: you write | |
1377 the field width as digits in the middle of a @samp{%}-sequences. If you | |
1378 start the field width with @samp{0}, it means to pad with zeros. If you | |
1379 start the field width with @samp{_}, it means to pad with spaces. | |
1380 | |
1381 For example, @samp{%S} specifies the number of seconds since the minute; | |
1382 @samp{%03S} means to pad this with zeros to 3 positions, @samp{%_3S} to | |
1383 pad with spaces to 3 positions. Plain @samp{%3S} pads with zeros, | |
1384 because that is how @samp{%S} normally pads to two positions. | |
1385 | |
1386 The characters @samp{E} and @samp{O} act as modifiers when used between | |
1387 @samp{%} and one of the letters in the table above. @samp{E} specifies | |
1388 using the current locale's ``alternative'' version of the date and time. | |
1389 In a Japanese locale, for example, @code{%Ex} might yield a date format | |
1390 based on the Japanese Emperors' reigns. @samp{E} is allowed in | |
1391 @samp{%Ec}, @samp{%EC}, @samp{%Ex}, @samp{%EX}, @samp{%Ey}, and | |
1392 @samp{%EY}. | |
1393 | |
1394 @samp{O} means to use the current locale's ``alternative'' | |
1395 representation of numbers, instead of the ordinary decimal digits. This | |
1396 is allowed with most letters, all the ones that output numbers. | |
1397 | |
1398 If @var{universal} is non-@code{nil}, that means to describe the time as | |
1399 Universal Time; @code{nil} means describe it using what Emacs believes | |
1400 is the local time zone (see @code{current-time-zone}). | |
1401 | |
1402 This function uses the C library function @code{strftime} | |
1403 (@pxref{Formatting Calendar Time,,, libc, The GNU C Library Reference | |
1404 Manual}) to do most of the work. In order to communicate with that | |
1405 function, it first encodes its argument using the coding system | |
1406 specified by @code{locale-coding-system} (@pxref{Locales}); after | |
1407 @code{strftime} returns the resulting string, | |
1408 @code{format-time-string} decodes the string using that same coding | |
1409 system. | |
1410 @end defun | |
1411 | |
1412 @defun seconds-to-time seconds | |
1413 This function converts @var{seconds}, a floating point number of | |
1414 seconds since the epoch, to a time value and returns that. To perform | |
1415 the inverse conversion, use @code{float-time}. | |
1416 @end defun | |
1417 | |
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1418 @defun format-seconds format-string seconds |
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1419 This function converts its argument @var{seconds} into a string of |
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1420 years, days, hours, etc., according to @var{format-string}. The |
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1421 argument @var{format-string} may contain @samp{%}-sequences which |
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1422 control the conversion. Here is a table of what the |
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1423 @samp{%}-sequences mean: |
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1424 |
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1425 @table @samp |
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1426 @item %y |
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1427 @itemx %Y |
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1428 The integer number of 365-day years. |
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1429 @item %d |
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1430 @itemx %D |
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1431 The integer number of days. |
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1432 @item %h |
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1433 @itemx %H |
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1434 The integer number of hours. |
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1435 @item %m |
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1436 @itemx %M |
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1437 The integer number of minutes. |
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1438 @item %s |
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1439 @itemx %S |
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1440 The integer number of seconds. |
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1441 @item %z |
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1442 Non-printing control flag. When it is used, other specifiers must be |
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1443 given in the order of decreasing size, i.e.@: years before days, hours |
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1444 before minutes, etc. Nothing will be produced in the result string to |
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1445 the left of @samp{%z} until the first non-zero conversion is |
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1446 encountered. For example, the default format used by |
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1447 @code{emacs-uptime} (@pxref{Processor Run Time, emacs-uptime}) |
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1448 @w{@code{"%Y, %D, %H, %M, %z%S"}} means that the number of seconds |
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1449 will always be produced, but years, days, hours, and minutes will only |
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1450 be shown if they are non-zero. |
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1451 @item %% |
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1452 Produces a literal @samp{%}. |
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1453 @end table |
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1454 |
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1455 Upper-case format sequences produce the units in addition to the |
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1456 numbers, lower-case formats produce only the numbers. |
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1457 |
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1458 You can also specify the field width by following the @samp{%} with a |
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1459 number; shorter numbers will be padded with blanks. An optional |
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1460 period before the width requests zero-padding instead. For example, |
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1461 @code{"%.3Y"} might produce @code{"004 years"}. |
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1462 |
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1463 @emph{Warning:} This function works only with values of @var{seconds} |
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1464 that don't exceed @code{most-positive-fixnum} (@pxref{Integer Basics, |
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1465 most-positive-fixnum}). |
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1466 @end defun |
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1467 |
84093 | 1468 @node Processor Run Time |
1469 @section Processor Run time | |
1470 @cindex processor run time | |
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1471 @cindex Emacs process run time |
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1472 |
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1473 Emacs provides several functions and primitives that return time, |
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1474 both elapsed and processor time, used by the Emacs process. |
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1475 |
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1476 @deffn Command emacs-uptime &optional format |
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1477 This function returns a string representing the Emacs |
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1478 @dfn{uptime}---the elapsed wall-clock time this instance of Emacs is |
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1479 running. The string is formatted by @code{format-seconds} according |
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1480 to the optional argument @var{format}. For the available format |
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1481 descriptors, see @ref{Time Parsing, format-seconds}. If @var{format} |
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1482 is @code{nil} or omitted, it defaults to @code{"%Y, %D, %H, %M, |
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1483 %z%S"}. |
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1484 |
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1485 When called interactively, it prints the uptime in the echo area. |
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1486 @end deffn |
84093 | 1487 |
1488 @defun get-internal-run-time | |
1489 This function returns the processor run time used by Emacs as a list | |
1490 of three integers: @code{(@var{high} @var{low} @var{microsec})}. The | |
1491 integers @var{high} and @var{low} combine to give the number of | |
1492 seconds, which is | |
1493 @ifnottex | |
1494 @var{high} * 2**16 + @var{low}. | |
1495 @end ifnottex | |
1496 @tex | |
1497 $high*2^{16}+low$. | |
1498 @end tex | |
1499 | |
1500 The third element, @var{microsec}, gives the microseconds (or 0 for | |
1501 systems that return time with the resolution of only one second). | |
1502 | |
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1503 Note that the time returned by this function excludes the time Emacs |
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1504 was not using the processor, and if the Emacs process has several |
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1505 threads, the returned value is the sum of the processor times used up |
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1506 by all Emacs threads. |
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1507 |
84093 | 1508 If the system doesn't provide a way to determine the processor run |
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1509 time, @code{get-internal-run-time} returns the same time as |
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1510 @code{current-time}. |
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1511 @end defun |
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1512 |
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1513 @deffn Command emacs-init-time |
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1514 This function returns the duration of the Emacs initialization |
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1515 (@pxref{Startup Summary}) in seconds, as a string. When called |
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1516 interactively, it prints the duration in the echo area. |
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1517 @end deffn |
84093 | 1518 |
1519 @node Time Calculations | |
1520 @section Time Calculations | |
1521 | |
1522 These functions perform calendrical computations using time values | |
1523 (the kind of list that @code{current-time} returns). | |
1524 | |
1525 @defun time-less-p t1 t2 | |
1526 This returns @code{t} if time value @var{t1} is less than time value | |
1527 @var{t2}. | |
1528 @end defun | |
1529 | |
1530 @defun time-subtract t1 t2 | |
1531 This returns the time difference @var{t1} @minus{} @var{t2} between | |
1532 two time values, in the same format as a time value. | |
1533 @end defun | |
1534 | |
1535 @defun time-add t1 t2 | |
1536 This returns the sum of two time values, one of which ought to | |
1537 represent a time difference rather than a point in time. | |
1538 Here is how to add a number of seconds to a time value: | |
1539 | |
1540 @example | |
1541 (time-add @var{time} (seconds-to-time @var{seconds})) | |
1542 @end example | |
1543 @end defun | |
1544 | |
1545 @defun time-to-days time | |
1546 This function returns the number of days between the beginning of year | |
1547 1 and @var{time}. | |
1548 @end defun | |
1549 | |
1550 @defun time-to-day-in-year time | |
1551 This returns the day number within the year corresponding to @var{time}. | |
1552 @end defun | |
1553 | |
1554 @defun date-leap-year-p year | |
1555 This function returns @code{t} if @var{year} is a leap year. | |
1556 @end defun | |
1557 | |
1558 @node Timers | |
1559 @section Timers for Delayed Execution | |
1560 @cindex timer | |
1561 | |
1562 You can set up a @dfn{timer} to call a function at a specified | |
1563 future time or after a certain length of idleness. | |
1564 | |
1565 Emacs cannot run timers at any arbitrary point in a Lisp program; it | |
1566 can run them only when Emacs could accept output from a subprocess: | |
1567 namely, while waiting or inside certain primitive functions such as | |
1568 @code{sit-for} or @code{read-event} which @emph{can} wait. Therefore, a | |
1569 timer's execution may be delayed if Emacs is busy. However, the time of | |
1570 execution is very precise if Emacs is idle. | |
1571 | |
1572 Emacs binds @code{inhibit-quit} to @code{t} before calling the timer | |
1573 function, because quitting out of many timer functions can leave | |
1574 things in an inconsistent state. This is normally unproblematical | |
1575 because most timer functions don't do a lot of work. Indeed, for a | |
1576 timer to call a function that takes substantial time to run is likely | |
1577 to be annoying. If a timer function needs to allow quitting, it | |
1578 should use @code{with-local-quit} (@pxref{Quitting}). For example, if | |
1579 a timer function calls @code{accept-process-output} to receive output | |
1580 from an external process, that call should be wrapped inside | |
1581 @code{with-local-quit}, to ensure that @kbd{C-g} works if the external | |
1582 process hangs. | |
1583 | |
1584 It is usually a bad idea for timer functions to alter buffer | |
1585 contents. When they do, they usually should call @code{undo-boundary} | |
1586 both before and after changing the buffer, to separate the timer's | |
1587 changes from user commands' changes and prevent a single undo entry | |
1588 from growing to be quite large. | |
1589 | |
1590 Timer functions should also avoid calling functions that cause Emacs | |
1591 to wait, such as @code{sit-for} (@pxref{Waiting}). This can lead to | |
1592 unpredictable effects, since other timers (or even the same timer) can | |
1593 run while waiting. If a timer function needs to perform an action | |
1594 after a certain time has elapsed, it can do this by scheduling a new | |
1595 timer. | |
1596 | |
1597 If a timer function calls functions that can change the match data, | |
1598 it should save and restore the match data. @xref{Saving Match Data}. | |
1599 | |
1600 @deffn Command run-at-time time repeat function &rest args | |
1601 This sets up a timer that calls the function @var{function} with | |
1602 arguments @var{args} at time @var{time}. If @var{repeat} is a number | |
1603 (integer or floating point), the timer is scheduled to run again every | |
1604 @var{repeat} seconds after @var{time}. If @var{repeat} is @code{nil}, | |
1605 the timer runs only once. | |
1606 | |
1607 @var{time} may specify an absolute or a relative time. | |
1608 | |
1609 Absolute times may be specified using a string with a limited variety | |
1610 of formats, and are taken to be times @emph{today}, even if already in | |
1611 the past. The recognized forms are @samp{@var{xxxx}}, | |
1612 @samp{@var{x}:@var{xx}}, or @samp{@var{xx}:@var{xx}} (military time), | |
1613 and @samp{@var{xx}am}, @samp{@var{xx}AM}, @samp{@var{xx}pm}, | |
1614 @samp{@var{xx}PM}, @samp{@var{xx}:@var{xx}am}, | |
1615 @samp{@var{xx}:@var{xx}AM}, @samp{@var{xx}:@var{xx}pm}, or | |
1616 @samp{@var{xx}:@var{xx}PM}. A period can be used instead of a colon | |
1617 to separate the hour and minute parts. | |
1618 | |
1619 To specify a relative time as a string, use numbers followed by units. | |
1620 For example: | |
1621 | |
1622 @table @samp | |
1623 @item 1 min | |
1624 denotes 1 minute from now. | |
1625 @item 1 min 5 sec | |
1626 denotes 65 seconds from now. | |
1627 @item 1 min 2 sec 3 hour 4 day 5 week 6 fortnight 7 month 8 year | |
1628 denotes exactly 103 months, 123 days, and 10862 seconds from now. | |
1629 @end table | |
1630 | |
1631 For relative time values, Emacs considers a month to be exactly thirty | |
1632 days, and a year to be exactly 365.25 days. | |
1633 | |
1634 Not all convenient formats are strings. If @var{time} is a number | |
1635 (integer or floating point), that specifies a relative time measured in | |
1636 seconds. The result of @code{encode-time} can also be used to specify | |
1637 an absolute value for @var{time}. | |
1638 | |
1639 In most cases, @var{repeat} has no effect on when @emph{first} call | |
1640 takes place---@var{time} alone specifies that. There is one exception: | |
1641 if @var{time} is @code{t}, then the timer runs whenever the time is a | |
1642 multiple of @var{repeat} seconds after the epoch. This is useful for | |
1643 functions like @code{display-time}. | |
1644 | |
1645 The function @code{run-at-time} returns a timer value that identifies | |
1646 the particular scheduled future action. You can use this value to call | |
1647 @code{cancel-timer} (see below). | |
1648 @end deffn | |
1649 | |
1650 A repeating timer nominally ought to run every @var{repeat} seconds, | |
1651 but remember that any invocation of a timer can be late. Lateness of | |
1652 one repetition has no effect on the scheduled time of the next | |
1653 repetition. For instance, if Emacs is busy computing for long enough | |
1654 to cover three scheduled repetitions of the timer, and then starts to | |
1655 wait, it will immediately call the timer function three times in | |
1656 immediate succession (presuming no other timers trigger before or | |
1657 between them). If you want a timer to run again no less than @var{n} | |
1658 seconds after the last invocation, don't use the @var{repeat} argument. | |
1659 Instead, the timer function should explicitly reschedule the timer. | |
1660 | |
1661 @defvar timer-max-repeats | |
1662 This variable's value specifies the maximum number of times to repeat | |
1663 calling a timer function in a row, when many previously scheduled | |
1664 calls were unavoidably delayed. | |
1665 @end defvar | |
1666 | |
1667 @defmac with-timeout (seconds timeout-forms@dots{}) body@dots{} | |
1668 Execute @var{body}, but give up after @var{seconds} seconds. If | |
1669 @var{body} finishes before the time is up, @code{with-timeout} returns | |
1670 the value of the last form in @var{body}. If, however, the execution of | |
1671 @var{body} is cut short by the timeout, then @code{with-timeout} | |
1672 executes all the @var{timeout-forms} and returns the value of the last | |
1673 of them. | |
1674 | |
1675 This macro works by setting a timer to run after @var{seconds} seconds. If | |
1676 @var{body} finishes before that time, it cancels the timer. If the | |
1677 timer actually runs, it terminates execution of @var{body}, then | |
1678 executes @var{timeout-forms}. | |
1679 | |
1680 Since timers can run within a Lisp program only when the program calls a | |
1681 primitive that can wait, @code{with-timeout} cannot stop executing | |
1682 @var{body} while it is in the midst of a computation---only when it | |
1683 calls one of those primitives. So use @code{with-timeout} only with a | |
1684 @var{body} that waits for input, not one that does a long computation. | |
1685 @end defmac | |
1686 | |
1687 The function @code{y-or-n-p-with-timeout} provides a simple way to use | |
1688 a timer to avoid waiting too long for an answer. @xref{Yes-or-No | |
1689 Queries}. | |
1690 | |
1691 @defun cancel-timer timer | |
1692 This cancels the requested action for @var{timer}, which should be a | |
1693 timer---usually, one previously returned by @code{run-at-time} or | |
1694 @code{run-with-idle-timer}. This cancels the effect of that call to | |
1695 one of these functions; the arrival of the specified time will not | |
1696 cause anything special to happen. | |
1697 @end defun | |
1698 | |
1699 @node Idle Timers | |
1700 @section Idle Timers | |
1701 | |
1702 Here is how to set up a timer that runs when Emacs is idle for a | |
1703 certain length of time. Aside from how to set them up, idle timers | |
1704 work just like ordinary timers. | |
1705 | |
1706 @deffn Command run-with-idle-timer secs repeat function &rest args | |
1707 Set up a timer which runs when Emacs has been idle for @var{secs} | |
1708 seconds. The value of @var{secs} may be an integer or a floating point | |
1709 number; a value of the type returned by @code{current-idle-time} | |
1710 is also allowed. | |
1711 | |
1712 If @var{repeat} is @code{nil}, the timer runs just once, the first time | |
1713 Emacs remains idle for a long enough time. More often @var{repeat} is | |
1714 non-@code{nil}, which means to run the timer @emph{each time} Emacs | |
1715 remains idle for @var{secs} seconds. | |
1716 | |
1717 The function @code{run-with-idle-timer} returns a timer value which you | |
1718 can use in calling @code{cancel-timer} (@pxref{Timers}). | |
1719 @end deffn | |
1720 | |
1721 @cindex idleness | |
1722 Emacs becomes ``idle'' when it starts waiting for user input, and it | |
1723 remains idle until the user provides some input. If a timer is set for | |
1724 five seconds of idleness, it runs approximately five seconds after Emacs | |
1725 first becomes idle. Even if @var{repeat} is non-@code{nil}, this timer | |
1726 will not run again as long as Emacs remains idle, because the duration | |
1727 of idleness will continue to increase and will not go down to five | |
1728 seconds again. | |
1729 | |
1730 Emacs can do various things while idle: garbage collect, autosave or | |
1731 handle data from a subprocess. But these interludes during idleness do | |
1732 not interfere with idle timers, because they do not reset the clock of | |
1733 idleness to zero. An idle timer set for 600 seconds will run when ten | |
1734 minutes have elapsed since the last user command was finished, even if | |
1735 subprocess output has been accepted thousands of times within those ten | |
1736 minutes, and even if there have been garbage collections and autosaves. | |
1737 | |
1738 When the user supplies input, Emacs becomes non-idle while executing the | |
1739 input. Then it becomes idle again, and all the idle timers that are | |
1740 set up to repeat will subsequently run another time, one by one. | |
1741 | |
1742 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
1743 @defun current-idle-time | |
85688 | 1744 If Emacs is idle, this function returns the length of time Emacs has |
1745 been idle, as a list of three integers: @code{(@var{high} @var{low} | |
1746 @var{microsec})}. The integers @var{high} and @var{low} combine to | |
1747 give the number of seconds of idleness, which is | |
84093 | 1748 @ifnottex |
1749 @var{high} * 2**16 + @var{low}. | |
1750 @end ifnottex | |
1751 @tex | |
1752 $high*2^{16}+low$. | |
1753 @end tex | |
1754 | |
1755 The third element, @var{microsec}, gives the microseconds since the | |
1756 start of the current second (or 0 for systems that return time with | |
1757 the resolution of only one second). | |
1758 | |
85688 | 1759 When Emacs is not idle, @code{current-idle-time} returns @code{nil}. |
1760 This is a convenient way to test whether Emacs is idle. | |
1761 | |
84093 | 1762 The main use of this function is when an idle timer function wants to |
1763 ``take a break'' for a while. It can set up another idle timer to | |
1764 call the same function again, after a few seconds more idleness. | |
1765 Here's an example: | |
1766 | |
1767 @smallexample | |
1768 (defvar resume-timer nil | |
1769 "Timer that `timer-function' used to reschedule itself, or nil.") | |
1770 | |
1771 (defun timer-function () | |
1772 ;; @r{If the user types a command while @code{resume-timer}} | |
1773 ;; @r{is active, the next time this function is called from} | |
1774 ;; @r{its main idle timer, deactivate @code{resume-timer}.} | |
1775 (when resume-timer | |
1776 (cancel-timer resume-timer)) | |
1777 ...@var{do the work for a while}... | |
1778 (when @var{taking-a-break} | |
1779 (setq resume-timer | |
1780 (run-with-idle-timer | |
1781 ;; Compute an idle time @var{break-length} | |
1782 ;; more than the current value. | |
1783 (time-add (current-idle-time) | |
1784 (seconds-to-time @var{break-length})) | |
1785 nil | |
1786 'timer-function)))) | |
1787 @end smallexample | |
1788 @end defun | |
1789 | |
1790 Some idle timer functions in user Lisp packages have a loop that | |
1791 does a certain amount of processing each time around, and exits when | |
1792 @code{(input-pending-p)} is non-@code{nil}. That approach seems very | |
1793 natural but has two problems: | |
1794 | |
1795 @itemize | |
1796 @item | |
1797 It blocks out all process output (since Emacs accepts process output | |
1798 only while waiting). | |
1799 | |
1800 @item | |
1801 It blocks out any idle timers that ought to run during that time. | |
1802 @end itemize | |
1803 | |
1804 @noindent | |
1805 To avoid these problems, don't use that technique. Instead, write | |
1806 such idle timers to reschedule themselves after a brief pause, using | |
1807 the method in the @code{timer-function} example above. | |
1808 | |
1809 @node Terminal Input | |
1810 @section Terminal Input | |
1811 @cindex terminal input | |
1812 | |
1813 This section describes functions and variables for recording or | |
1814 manipulating terminal input. See @ref{Display}, for related | |
1815 functions. | |
1816 | |
1817 @menu | |
1818 * Input Modes:: Options for how input is processed. | |
1819 * Recording Input:: Saving histories of recent or all input events. | |
1820 @end menu | |
1821 | |
1822 @node Input Modes | |
1823 @subsection Input Modes | |
1824 @cindex input modes | |
1825 @cindex terminal input modes | |
1826 | |
1827 @defun set-input-mode interrupt flow meta &optional quit-char | |
1828 This function sets the mode for reading keyboard input. If | |
1829 @var{interrupt} is non-null, then Emacs uses input interrupts. If it is | |
1830 @code{nil}, then it uses @sc{cbreak} mode. The default setting is | |
1831 system-dependent. Some systems always use @sc{cbreak} mode regardless | |
1832 of what is specified. | |
1833 | |
1834 When Emacs communicates directly with X, it ignores this argument and | |
1835 uses interrupts if that is the way it knows how to communicate. | |
1836 | |
1837 If @var{flow} is non-@code{nil}, then Emacs uses @sc{xon/xoff} | |
1838 (@kbd{C-q}, @kbd{C-s}) flow control for output to the terminal. This | |
1839 has no effect except in @sc{cbreak} mode. | |
1840 | |
1841 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
1842 The argument @var{meta} controls support for input character codes | |
1843 above 127. If @var{meta} is @code{t}, Emacs converts characters with | |
1844 the 8th bit set into Meta characters. If @var{meta} is @code{nil}, | |
1845 Emacs disregards the 8th bit; this is necessary when the terminal uses | |
1846 it as a parity bit. If @var{meta} is neither @code{t} nor @code{nil}, | |
1847 Emacs uses all 8 bits of input unchanged. This is good for terminals | |
1848 that use 8-bit character sets. | |
1849 | |
1850 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
1851 If @var{quit-char} is non-@code{nil}, it specifies the character to | |
1852 use for quitting. Normally this character is @kbd{C-g}. | |
1853 @xref{Quitting}. | |
1854 @end defun | |
1855 | |
1856 The @code{current-input-mode} function returns the input mode settings | |
1857 Emacs is currently using. | |
1858 | |
1859 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
1860 @defun current-input-mode | |
1861 This function returns the current mode for reading keyboard input. It | |
1862 returns a list, corresponding to the arguments of @code{set-input-mode}, | |
1863 of the form @code{(@var{interrupt} @var{flow} @var{meta} @var{quit})} in | |
1864 which: | |
1865 @table @var | |
1866 @item interrupt | |
1867 is non-@code{nil} when Emacs is using interrupt-driven input. If | |
1868 @code{nil}, Emacs is using @sc{cbreak} mode. | |
1869 @item flow | |
1870 is non-@code{nil} if Emacs uses @sc{xon/xoff} (@kbd{C-q}, @kbd{C-s}) | |
1871 flow control for output to the terminal. This value is meaningful only | |
1872 when @var{interrupt} is @code{nil}. | |
1873 @item meta | |
1874 is @code{t} if Emacs treats the eighth bit of input characters as | |
1875 the meta bit; @code{nil} means Emacs clears the eighth bit of every | |
1876 input character; any other value means Emacs uses all eight bits as the | |
1877 basic character code. | |
1878 @item quit | |
1879 is the character Emacs currently uses for quitting, usually @kbd{C-g}. | |
1880 @end table | |
1881 @end defun | |
1882 | |
1883 @node Recording Input | |
1884 @subsection Recording Input | |
1885 @cindex recording input | |
1886 | |
1887 @defun recent-keys | |
1888 This function returns a vector containing the last 300 input events from | |
1889 the keyboard or mouse. All input events are included, whether or not | |
1890 they were used as parts of key sequences. Thus, you always get the last | |
1891 100 input events, not counting events generated by keyboard macros. | |
1892 (These are excluded because they are less interesting for debugging; it | |
1893 should be enough to see the events that invoked the macros.) | |
1894 | |
1895 A call to @code{clear-this-command-keys} (@pxref{Command Loop Info}) | |
1896 causes this function to return an empty vector immediately afterward. | |
1897 @end defun | |
1898 | |
1899 @deffn Command open-dribble-file filename | |
1900 @cindex dribble file | |
1901 This function opens a @dfn{dribble file} named @var{filename}. When a | |
1902 dribble file is open, each input event from the keyboard or mouse (but | |
1903 not those from keyboard macros) is written in that file. A | |
1904 non-character event is expressed using its printed representation | |
1905 surrounded by @samp{<@dots{}>}. | |
1906 | |
1907 You close the dribble file by calling this function with an argument | |
1908 of @code{nil}. | |
1909 | |
1910 This function is normally used to record the input necessary to | |
1911 trigger an Emacs bug, for the sake of a bug report. | |
1912 | |
1913 @example | |
1914 @group | |
1915 (open-dribble-file "~/dribble") | |
1916 @result{} nil | |
1917 @end group | |
1918 @end example | |
1919 @end deffn | |
1920 | |
1921 See also the @code{open-termscript} function (@pxref{Terminal Output}). | |
1922 | |
1923 @node Terminal Output | |
1924 @section Terminal Output | |
1925 @cindex terminal output | |
1926 | |
1927 The terminal output functions send output to a text terminal, or keep | |
1928 track of output sent to the terminal. The variable @code{baud-rate} | |
1929 tells you what Emacs thinks is the output speed of the terminal. | |
1930 | |
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1931 @defopt baud-rate |
84093 | 1932 This variable's value is the output speed of the terminal, as far as |
1933 Emacs knows. Setting this variable does not change the speed of actual | |
1934 data transmission, but the value is used for calculations such as | |
1935 padding. | |
1936 | |
1937 It also affects decisions about whether to scroll part of the | |
1938 screen or repaint on text terminals. @xref{Forcing Redisplay}, | |
1939 for the corresponding functionality on graphical terminals. | |
1940 | |
1941 The value is measured in baud. | |
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1942 @end defopt |
84093 | 1943 |
1944 If you are running across a network, and different parts of the | |
1945 network work at different baud rates, the value returned by Emacs may be | |
1946 different from the value used by your local terminal. Some network | |
1947 protocols communicate the local terminal speed to the remote machine, so | |
1948 that Emacs and other programs can get the proper value, but others do | |
1949 not. If Emacs has the wrong value, it makes decisions that are less | |
1950 than optimal. To fix the problem, set @code{baud-rate}. | |
1951 | |
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1952 @defun send-string-to-terminal string &optional terminal |
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1953 This function sends @var{string} to @var{terminal} without alteration. |
84093 | 1954 Control characters in @var{string} have terminal-dependent effects. |
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1955 This function operates only on text terminals. @var{terminal} may be |
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1956 a terminal object, a frame, or @code{nil} for the selected frame's |
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1957 terminal. |
84093 | 1958 |
1959 One use of this function is to define function keys on terminals that | |
1960 have downloadable function key definitions. For example, this is how (on | |
1961 certain terminals) to define function key 4 to move forward four | |
1962 characters (by transmitting the characters @kbd{C-u C-f} to the | |
1963 computer): | |
1964 | |
1965 @example | |
1966 @group | |
1967 (send-string-to-terminal "\eF4\^U\^F") | |
1968 @result{} nil | |
1969 @end group | |
1970 @end example | |
1971 @end defun | |
1972 | |
1973 @deffn Command open-termscript filename | |
1974 @cindex termscript file | |
1975 This function is used to open a @dfn{termscript file} that will record | |
1976 all the characters sent by Emacs to the terminal. It returns | |
1977 @code{nil}. Termscript files are useful for investigating problems | |
1978 where Emacs garbles the screen, problems that are due to incorrect | |
1979 Termcap entries or to undesirable settings of terminal options more | |
1980 often than to actual Emacs bugs. Once you are certain which characters | |
1981 were actually output, you can determine reliably whether they correspond | |
1982 to the Termcap specifications in use. | |
1983 | |
1984 You close the termscript file by calling this function with an | |
1985 argument of @code{nil}. | |
1986 | |
1987 See also @code{open-dribble-file} in @ref{Recording Input}. | |
1988 | |
1989 @example | |
1990 @group | |
1991 (open-termscript "../junk/termscript") | |
1992 @result{} nil | |
1993 @end group | |
1994 @end example | |
1995 @end deffn | |
1996 | |
1997 @node Sound Output | |
1998 @section Sound Output | |
1999 @cindex sound | |
2000 | |
2001 To play sound using Emacs, use the function @code{play-sound}. Only | |
2002 certain systems are supported; if you call @code{play-sound} on a system | |
2003 which cannot really do the job, it gives an error. Emacs version 20 and | |
2004 earlier did not support sound at all. | |
2005 | |
2006 The sound must be stored as a file in RIFF-WAVE format (@samp{.wav}) | |
2007 or Sun Audio format (@samp{.au}). | |
2008 | |
2009 @defun play-sound sound | |
2010 This function plays a specified sound. The argument, @var{sound}, has | |
2011 the form @code{(sound @var{properties}...)}, where the @var{properties} | |
2012 consist of alternating keywords (particular symbols recognized | |
2013 specially) and values corresponding to them. | |
2014 | |
2015 Here is a table of the keywords that are currently meaningful in | |
2016 @var{sound}, and their meanings: | |
2017 | |
2018 @table @code | |
2019 @item :file @var{file} | |
2020 This specifies the file containing the sound to play. | |
2021 If the file name is not absolute, it is expanded against | |
2022 the directory @code{data-directory}. | |
2023 | |
2024 @item :data @var{data} | |
2025 This specifies the sound to play without need to refer to a file. The | |
2026 value, @var{data}, should be a string containing the same bytes as a | |
2027 sound file. We recommend using a unibyte string. | |
2028 | |
2029 @item :volume @var{volume} | |
2030 This specifies how loud to play the sound. It should be a number in the | |
2031 range of 0 to 1. The default is to use whatever volume has been | |
2032 specified before. | |
2033 | |
2034 @item :device @var{device} | |
2035 This specifies the system device on which to play the sound, as a | |
2036 string. The default device is system-dependent. | |
2037 @end table | |
2038 | |
2039 Before actually playing the sound, @code{play-sound} | |
2040 calls the functions in the list @code{play-sound-functions}. | |
2041 Each function is called with one argument, @var{sound}. | |
2042 @end defun | |
2043 | |
2044 @defun play-sound-file file &optional volume device | |
2045 This function is an alternative interface to playing a sound @var{file} | |
2046 specifying an optional @var{volume} and @var{device}. | |
2047 @end defun | |
2048 | |
2049 @defvar play-sound-functions | |
2050 A list of functions to be called before playing a sound. Each function | |
2051 is called with one argument, a property list that describes the sound. | |
2052 @end defvar | |
2053 | |
2054 @node X11 Keysyms | |
2055 @section Operating on X11 Keysyms | |
2056 @cindex X11 keysyms | |
2057 | |
2058 To define system-specific X11 keysyms, set the variable | |
2059 @code{system-key-alist}. | |
2060 | |
2061 @defvar system-key-alist | |
2062 This variable's value should be an alist with one element for each | |
2063 system-specific keysym. Each element has the form @code{(@var{code} | |
2064 . @var{symbol})}, where @var{code} is the numeric keysym code (not | |
2065 including the ``vendor specific'' bit, | |
2066 @ifnottex | |
2067 -2**28), | |
2068 @end ifnottex | |
2069 @tex | |
2070 $-2^{28}$), | |
2071 @end tex | |
2072 and @var{symbol} is the name for the function key. | |
2073 | |
2074 For example @code{(168 . mute-acute)} defines a system-specific key (used | |
2075 by HP X servers) whose numeric code is | |
2076 @ifnottex | |
2077 -2**28 | |
2078 @end ifnottex | |
2079 @tex | |
2080 $-2^{28}$ | |
2081 @end tex | |
2082 + 168. | |
2083 | |
2084 It is not crucial to exclude from the alist the keysyms of other X | |
2085 servers; those do no harm, as long as they don't conflict with the ones | |
2086 used by the X server actually in use. | |
2087 | |
2088 The variable is always local to the current terminal, and cannot be | |
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2089 buffer-local. @xref{Multiple Terminals}. |
84093 | 2090 @end defvar |
2091 | |
2092 You can specify which keysyms Emacs should use for the Meta, Alt, Hyper, and Super modifiers by setting these variables: | |
2093 | |
2094 @defvar x-alt-keysym | |
2095 @defvarx x-meta-keysym | |
2096 @defvarx x-hyper-keysym | |
2097 @defvarx x-super-keysym | |
2098 The name of the keysym that should stand for the Alt modifier | |
2099 (respectively, for Meta, Hyper, and Super). For example, here is | |
2100 how to swap the Meta and Alt modifiers within Emacs: | |
2101 @lisp | |
2102 (setq x-alt-keysym 'meta) | |
2103 (setq x-meta-keysym 'alt) | |
2104 @end lisp | |
2105 @end defvar | |
2106 | |
2107 @node Batch Mode | |
2108 @section Batch Mode | |
2109 @cindex batch mode | |
2110 | |
2111 The command-line option @samp{-batch} causes Emacs to run | |
2112 noninteractively. In this mode, Emacs does not read commands from the | |
2113 terminal, it does not alter the terminal modes, and it does not expect | |
2114 to be outputting to an erasable screen. The idea is that you specify | |
2115 Lisp programs to run; when they are finished, Emacs should exit. The | |
2116 way to specify the programs to run is with @samp{-l @var{file}}, which | |
2117 loads the library named @var{file}, or @samp{-f @var{function}}, which | |
2118 calls @var{function} with no arguments, or @samp{--eval @var{form}}. | |
2119 | |
2120 Any Lisp program output that would normally go to the echo area, | |
2121 either using @code{message}, or using @code{prin1}, etc., with @code{t} | |
2122 as the stream, goes instead to Emacs's standard error descriptor when | |
2123 in batch mode. Similarly, input that would normally come from the | |
2124 minibuffer is read from the standard input descriptor. | |
2125 Thus, Emacs behaves much like a noninteractive | |
2126 application program. (The echo area output that Emacs itself normally | |
2127 generates, such as command echoing, is suppressed entirely.) | |
2128 | |
2129 @defvar noninteractive | |
2130 This variable is non-@code{nil} when Emacs is running in batch mode. | |
2131 @end defvar | |
2132 | |
2133 @node Session Management | |
2134 @section Session Management | |
2135 @cindex session manager | |
2136 | |
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2137 Emacs supports the X Session Management Protocol, which is used to |
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2138 suspend and restart applications. In the X Window System, a program |
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2139 called the @dfn{session manager} is responsible for keeping track of |
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2140 the applications that are running. When the X server shuts down, the |
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2141 session manager asks applications to save their state, and delays the |
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2142 actual shutdown until they respond. An application can also cancel |
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2143 the shutdown. |
84093 | 2144 |
2145 When the session manager restarts a suspended session, it directs | |
2146 these applications to individually reload their saved state. It does | |
2147 this by specifying a special command-line argument that says what | |
2148 saved session to restore. For Emacs, this argument is @samp{--smid | |
2149 @var{session}}. | |
2150 | |
2151 @defvar emacs-save-session-functions | |
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2152 Emacs supports saving state via a hook called |
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2153 @code{emacs-save-session-functions}. Emacs runs this hook when the |
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2154 session manager tells it that the window system is shutting down. The |
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2155 functions are called with no arguments, and with the current buffer |
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2156 set to a temporary buffer. Each function can use @code{insert} to add |
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2157 Lisp code to this buffer. At the end, Emacs saves the buffer in a |
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2158 file, called the @dfn{session file}. |
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2159 |
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2160 @findex emacs-session-restore |
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2161 Subsequently, when the session manager restarts Emacs, it loads the |
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2162 session file automatically (@pxref{Loading}). This is performed by a |
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2163 function named @code{emacs-session-restore}, which is called during |
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2164 startup. @xref{Startup Summary}. |
84093 | 2165 |
2166 If a function in @code{emacs-save-session-functions} returns | |
2167 non-@code{nil}, Emacs tells the session manager to cancel the | |
2168 shutdown. | |
2169 @end defvar | |
2170 | |
2171 Here is an example that just inserts some text into @samp{*scratch*} when | |
2172 Emacs is restarted by the session manager. | |
2173 | |
2174 @example | |
2175 @group | |
2176 (add-hook 'emacs-save-session-functions 'save-yourself-test) | |
2177 @end group | |
2178 | |
2179 @group | |
2180 (defun save-yourself-test () | |
2181 (insert "(save-excursion | |
2182 (switch-to-buffer \"*scratch*\") | |
2183 (insert \"I am restored\"))") | |
2184 nil) | |
2185 @end group | |
2186 @end example | |
2187 | |
2188 @ignore | |
2189 arch-tag: 8378814a-30d7-467c-9615-74a80b9988a7 | |
2190 @end ignore |