Mercurial > emacs
annotate etc/tutorials/TUTORIAL.es @ 99899:2796739a5e4f
* calculator.el (calculator-op-or-exp): Reflow docstring.
(calculator-remove-zeros, calculator-repR, calculator-repL):
Fix typos in docstrings.
author | Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com> |
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date | Tue, 25 Nov 2008 00:30:47 +0000 |
parents | 77dae3f8271b |
children | c90853557b90 |
rev | line source |
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1 Tutorial de Emacs. Vea al final las condiciones de copiado. |
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2 |
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3 Generalmente los comandos de Emacs involucran la tecla CONTROL |
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4 (algunas veces llamada CTRL O CTL) o la tecla meta (algunas veces |
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5 llamada EDIT o ALT). En lugar de escribir completamente esto en cada |
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6 ocasión, usaremos las siguientes abreviaturas. |
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7 |
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8 C-<car> significa mantener presionada la tecla CONTROL mientras |
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9 teclea el carácter <car>. Por lo tanto C-f será: Mantenga |
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10 presionada la tecla CONTROL y teclee f. |
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11 M-<car> significa mantener presionada la tecla META o EDIT o ALT |
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12 mientras teclea <car>. Si no hay teclas META, EDIT o ALT, en |
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13 su lugar presione y libere la tecla ESC y luego teclee |
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14 <car>. Escribimos <ESC> para referirnos a la tecla ESC. |
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15 |
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16 Nota importante: para terminar la sesión de Emacs teclee C-x C-c (dos |
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17 caracteres). Los caracteres ">>" en el margen izquierdo indican |
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18 instrucciones para que usted trate de usar un comando. Por ejemplo: |
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19 <<Blank lines inserted around following line by help-with-tutorial>> |
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20 [Mitad de página en blanco para propósitos didácticos. El texto continúa abajo] |
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21 >> Ahora teclee C-v (ver la próxima pantalla) para desplazarse a la |
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22 siguiente pantalla (hágalo manteniendo la tecla control |
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23 oprimida mientras teclea v). Desde ahora debería hacer esto |
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24 cada vez que termine de leer la pantalla. |
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25 |
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26 Note que se superponen dos líneas cuando se mueve de pantalla en |
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27 pantalla; esto provee una continuidad para que pueda seguir leyendo el |
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28 texto. |
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29 |
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30 Lo primero que necesita saber es como moverse de un lugar a otro en el |
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31 texto. Ya sabe como avanzar una pantalla, con C-v. Para retroceder |
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32 una pantalla teclee M-v (mantenga oprimida la tecla META y teclee v, o |
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33 teclee <ESC>v si no tiene las teclas META, EDIT o ALT). |
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34 |
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35 >> Intente teclear M-v y luego C-v, varias veces. |
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36 |
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37 |
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38 * RESUMEN |
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39 --------- |
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40 |
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41 Los siguientes comandos son útiles para ver pantallas completas: |
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42 |
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43 C-v Avanzar una pantalla completa |
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44 M-v Retroceder una pantalla completa |
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45 C-l Limpiar la pantalla y mostrar todo el texto de nuevo, |
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46 moviendo el texto alrededor del cursor al centro de la |
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47 pantalla (Esto es CONTROL-L, no CONTROL-1.) |
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48 |
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49 >> Encuentre el cursor, y fíjese qué texto hay cerca de éste. |
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50 Luego teclee C-l. |
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51 Encuentre el cursor otra vez y note que el mismo texto está cerca |
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52 del cursor ahora. |
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53 |
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54 Si su terminal las soporta, también puede usar las teclas AvPág o |
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55 RegPág para moverse por pantallas completas, pero puede editar más |
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56 eficientemente si usa C-v y M-v. |
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57 |
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58 * MOVIMIENTO BÁSICO DE CURSOR |
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59 ----------------------------- |
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60 |
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61 Es útil moverse de una pantalla completa a otra pero, ¿cómo moverse a |
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62 un lugar específico dentro del texto en la pantalla? |
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63 |
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64 Puede hacerlo de diversas formas. Puede usar las teclas de flechas, |
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65 pero es mas eficiente mantener las manos en la posición estándar y |
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66 usar los comandos C-p, C-b, C-f, y C-n. Estos caracteres son |
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67 equivalentes a las cuatro teclas de flechas, de esta manera: |
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68 |
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69 Línea anterior, C-P |
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70 : |
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71 : |
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72 Atrás, C-b.... Posición actual del cursor .... Adelante, C-f |
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73 : |
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74 : |
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75 Línea siguiente, C-n |
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76 |
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77 >> Mueva el cursor a la línea en la mitad del diagrama |
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78 usando C-n o C-p. Luego teclee C-l para ver el |
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79 diagrama completo centrado en la pantalla. |
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80 |
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81 Le resultará fácil recordar estas letras por las palabras que |
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82 representan: P de Previous (anterior), N de Next (siguiente), B de |
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83 Backward (atrás) y F de Forward (adelante). Estará usando estos |
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84 comandos de posicionamiento básico del cursor todo el tiempo. |
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85 |
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86 >> Teclee algunos C-n para traer el cursor a esta línea. |
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87 |
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88 >> Muévase a la línea con C-f y hacia arriba con algunos C-p. Observe |
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89 lo que hace C-p cuando el cursor está en medio de la línea. |
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90 |
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91 Cada línea de texto termina con un carácter de nueva línea (Newline), |
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92 que sirve para separarla de la línea siguiente. La última línea de su |
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93 archivo debe de tener un carácter de nueva línea al final (pero Emacs |
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94 no requiere que ésta lo tenga). |
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95 |
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96 >> Intente usar C-b al comienzo de una línea. Debería moverse al |
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97 final de la línea previa. Esto sucede porque retrocede a través |
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98 del carácter de nueva línea. |
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99 |
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100 C-f puede moverse a través de una nueva línea igual que C-b. |
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101 |
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102 >> Teclee algunos C-b más para que sienta por donde se encuentra el |
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103 cursor. |
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104 Luego teclee C-f para regresar al final de la línea. |
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105 Luego teclee otro C-f más para moverse a la línea siguiente. |
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106 |
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107 Cuando pase el tope o el final de la pantalla, se mostrará el texto |
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108 más allá del borde de la pantalla. Esto recibe el nombre de |
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109 "desplazamiento". Esto le permite a Emacs mover el cursor al lugar |
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110 especificado en el texto sin moverlo fuera de la pantalla. |
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111 |
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112 >> Intente mover el cursor fuera del borde de la pantalla con C-n, y |
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113 observe lo que sucede. |
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114 |
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115 Si moverse por caracteres es muy lento, puede moverse por palabras. |
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116 M-f (META-f) mueve adelante una palabra y M-b mueva atrás una palabra. |
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117 |
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118 >> Teclee algunos M-f y M-b |
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119 |
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120 Cuando está en la mitad de una palabra, M-f mueve al final de la |
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121 palabra. Cuando está en un espacio entre dos palabras, M-f mueve al |
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122 final de la siguiente palabra. M-b trabaja de la misma forma en la |
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123 dirección opuesta. |
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124 |
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125 >> Teclee algunos M-f y M-b, intercaladas con C-f y C-b de tal forma |
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126 que observe la acción de M-f y M-b desde varios sitios dentro y |
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127 entre palabras. |
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128 |
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129 Note el paralelo entre C-f y C-b de un lado y M-f y M-b del otro. Muy |
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130 frecuentemente los caracteres Meta se usan para operaciones |
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131 relacionadas, con las unidades definidas por el lenguaje (palabras, |
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132 oraciones y párrafos), mientras los caracteres Control operan sobre |
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133 unidades básicas que son independientes de lo que está editando |
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134 (caracteres, líneas, etc). |
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135 |
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136 Este paralelo se aplica entre líneas y oraciones: C-a y C-e para |
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137 moverse al comienzo o al final de la línea; y M-a y M-e para mover al |
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138 comienzo o al final de una oración. |
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139 |
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140 >> Intente algunos C-a, y después unos cuantos C-e. |
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141 >> Intente algunos M-a, y después unos cuantos M-e. |
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142 |
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143 Vea cómo la repetición de C-a no hace nada, pero la repetición de M-a |
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144 sigue moviendo una oración más. Aunque no son muy análogas, cada una |
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145 parece natural. |
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146 |
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147 La ubicación del cursor en el texto se llama también "punto". En |
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148 otras palabras, el cursor muestra sobre la pantalla donde está |
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149 situado el punto dentro del texto. |
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150 |
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151 Aquí hay un resumen de operaciones simples de movimiento del cursor, |
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152 incluyendo los comandos de movimiento por palabra y oración: |
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153 |
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154 C-f Avanzar un carácter |
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155 C-d Retroceder un carácter |
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156 |
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157 M-f Avanzar una palabra |
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158 M-b Retroceder una palabra |
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159 |
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160 C-n Avanzar a la línea siguiente |
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161 C-p Retroceder a la línea anterior |
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162 |
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163 C-a Retroceder al comienzo de la línea |
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164 C-e Avanzar al final de la línea |
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165 |
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166 M-a Retroceder al comienzo de la oración |
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167 M-e Avanzar al final de la oración |
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168 |
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169 >> Ahora pruebe todos estos comandos algunas veces para practicar. |
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170 Estos comandos son los más frecuentemente usados. |
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171 |
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172 Otros dos comandos importantes de movimiento del cursor son M-< (META |
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173 Menor que), el cual se mueve al comienzo del texto entero, y M-> (META |
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174 Mayor que), el cual se mueve al final del texto entero. |
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175 |
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176 En la mayoría de las terminales, el "<" está sobre la coma, por lo |
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177 tanto tiene que usar la tecla shift para teclearlo. En estas |
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178 terminales tendrá que usar la tecla shift también al teclear M-<; sin |
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179 la tecla shift, usted estaría escribiendo M-coma. |
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180 |
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181 >> Ahora pruebe M-<, para moverse al comienzo del tutorial. |
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182 Después use C-v repetidamente para regresar aquí. |
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183 |
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184 >> Ahora pruebe M->, para moverse al final del tutorial. |
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185 Después use M-v repetidamente para regresar aquí. |
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186 |
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187 También puede mover el cursor con las teclas de flecha si su terminal |
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188 dispone de ellas. Recomendamos aprender C-b, C-f, C-n y C-p por tres |
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189 razones. Primero, funcionan en todo tipo de terminales. Segundo, una |
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190 vez que gane práctica usando Emacs, encontrará que teclear estos |
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191 caracteres Control es más rápido que usar teclas de flecha (porque no |
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192 tendrá que mover las manos de la posición para mecanografiar). |
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193 Tercero, una vez tenga el hábito de usar estos comandos Control, |
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194 también puede aprender a usar otros comandos avanzados de movimiento |
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195 del cursor fácilmente. |
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196 |
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197 La mayoría de comandos de Emacs aceptan un argumento numérico; para la |
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198 mayoría de comandos esto sirve como un factor de repetición. La |
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199 manera de pasarle un factor de repetición a un comando es tecleando |
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200 C-u y luego los dígitos antes de introducir los comandos. Si tiene |
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201 una tecla META (o EDIT o ALT), hay una manera alternativa para |
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202 ingresar un argumento numérico: teclear los dígitos mientras presiona |
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203 la tecla META. Recomendamos aprender el método C-u porque este |
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204 funciona en cualquier terminal. El argumento numérico es también |
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205 llamado un "argumento prefijo", porque usted teclea el argumento antes |
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206 del comando al que se aplica. |
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207 |
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208 Por ejemplo, C-u 8 C-f mueve hacia adelante ocho caracteres. |
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209 |
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210 >> Pruebe usar C-n o C-p con un argumento numérico, para mover el |
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211 cursor a una línea cercana a ésta con un solo comando. |
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212 |
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213 La mayoría de comandos usan el argumento numérico como un factor de |
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214 repetición, pero algunos comandos le dan otros usos. Varios comandos |
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215 (pero ninguno de los que ha aprendido hasta ahora) lo usan como una |
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216 bandera: la presencia de un argumento prefijo, sin tener en cuenta su |
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217 valor, hace que el comando actúe de forma diferente. |
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218 |
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219 C-v y M-v son otro tipo de excepción. Cuando se les da un argumento, |
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220 desplazan la pantalla arriba o abajo esa cantidad de líneas, en vez de |
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221 una pantalla completa. Por ejemplo, C-u 8 C-v desplaza la pantalla 8 |
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222 líneas. |
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223 |
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224 >> Pruebe tecleando C-u 8 C-v ahora. |
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225 |
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226 Esto debió haber desplazado la pantalla hacia arriba 8 líneas. Si |
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227 quisiera desplazarla hacia abajo de nuevo, puede dar un argumento a |
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228 M-v. |
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229 |
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230 Si está usando un sistema de ventanas, como X11 o MS-Windows, debe |
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231 haber una larga área rectangular llamada una barra de desplazamiento |
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232 en el lado izquierdo de la ventana de Emacs. Puede desplazar el texto |
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233 al oprimir el botón del ratón en la barra de desplazamiento. |
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234 |
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235 >> Pruebe presionando el botón del medio en la parte superior del área |
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236 resaltada en la barra de desplazamiento. Éste debe desplazar el |
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237 texto a una posición determinada según cuan alto o bajo oprima el |
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238 botón. |
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239 |
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240 >> Intente mover el ratón arriba y abajo, mientras mantiene el botón |
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241 del medio presionado. Verá que el texto se desplaza arriba y abajo |
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242 a medida que mueve el ratón. |
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243 |
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244 |
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245 |
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246 * CUANDO EMACS ESTÁ BLOQUEADO |
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247 ----------------------------- |
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248 |
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249 Si Emacs dejara de responder a sus comandos, puede detenerlo con |
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250 seguridad al teclear C-g. Puede usar C-g para detener un comando que |
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251 esté tomando mucho tiempo para ejecutarse. |
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252 |
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253 También puede usar C-g para descartar un argumento numérico o el |
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254 comienzo de un comando que no quiere finalizar. |
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255 |
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256 >> Escriba C-u 100 para hacer un argumento numérico de 100, entonces |
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257 pruebe C-g. |
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258 Ahora pruebe C-f. Esto deberá mover sólo un carácter, ya que |
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259 canceló el argumento con C-g. |
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260 |
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261 Si ha tecleado <ESC> por error, puede desecharlo con un C-g. |
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262 |
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263 |
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264 * COMANDOS DESACTIVADOS |
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265 ----------------------- |
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266 |
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267 Algunos comandos de Emacs están "desactivados" de manera que los |
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268 usuarios principiantes no puedan usarlos accidentalmente. |
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269 |
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270 Si teclea uno de los comandos desactivados, Emacs muestra un mensaje |
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271 informando acerca de qué comando era, y preguntándole si quiere |
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272 continuar y ejecutar el comando. |
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273 |
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274 Si realmente quiere intentar el comando, teclee Espacio como repuesta |
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275 a la pregunta. Normalmente, si no quiere ejecutar el comando |
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276 desactivado, conteste la pregunta con "n". |
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277 |
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278 >> Escriba C-x C-l (que es un comando desactivado), a continuación |
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279 escriba n para responder la pregunta. |
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280 |
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281 |
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282 * VENTANAS |
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283 ---------- |
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284 |
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285 Emacs puede tener varias ventanas, cada una mostrando su propio texto. |
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286 Explicaremos después como usar múltiples ventanas. Ahora mismo |
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287 queremos explicar cómo deshacerse de ventanas adicionales y volver a |
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288 la edición básica en una ventana. Es sencillo: |
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289 |
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290 C-x 1 Una ventana (p.ej., elimina todas las otras ventanas). |
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291 |
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292 Esto es CONTROL-x seguido por el dígito 1. C-x 1 expande la ventana que |
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293 contiene el cursor, para ocupar toda la pantalla. Esto borra todas las |
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294 demás ventanas. |
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295 |
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296 >> Mueva el cursor a esta línea y escriba C-u 0 C-l. |
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297 >> Escriba Control-h k Control-f. |
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298 Vea como esta ventana se encoge, mientras una nueva aparece y |
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299 muestra documentación sobre el comando Control-f. |
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300 |
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301 >> Escriba C-x 1 y vea que la ventana de listado de documentación |
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302 desaparece. |
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303 |
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304 Este comando es diferente a los otros que ha aprendido en que éste |
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305 consiste de dos caracteres. Comienza con el carácter CONTROL-x. Hay |
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306 toda una serie de comandos que comienzan con CONTROL-x; muchos de |
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307 ellos tienen que ver con ventanas, archivos, buffers y cosas |
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308 relacionadas. Estos comandos son de una longitud de dos, tres o |
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309 cuatro caracteres. |
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310 |
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311 |
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312 * INSERTAR Y BORRAR |
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313 ------------------- |
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314 |
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315 Si quiere insertar un texto, basta con que lo teclee. Emacs |
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316 interpreta los caracteres que usted puede ver, tales como A, 7, *, |
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317 etc. como texto y los inserta inmediatamente. Teclee <Return> (la |
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318 tecla Enter) para insertar un carácter de nueva línea. |
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319 |
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320 Puede borrar el último carácter que escribió oprimiendo <Delback>. |
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321 <Delback> es una tecla en el teclado--la misma que normalmente usa |
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322 fuera de emacs para borrar el último carácter que escribió. |
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323 Normalmente es una tecla una o dos filas arriba de la tecla <Return>, |
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324 y que esta usualmente rotulada como "Backspace", "Del" o simplemente |
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325 con una flecha en dirección izquierda que no es parte de las teclas de |
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326 flecha. |
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327 |
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328 Si la tecla larga esta rotulada "Backspace", entonces esa es la que |
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329 debe de usar para <Delback>. Puede haber otra tecla llamada "Del" en |
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330 otra parte, pero esa no es <Delback>. |
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331 |
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332 Generalmente, <Delback> borra el carácter inmediatamente anterior a la |
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333 posición actual del cursor. |
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334 |
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335 >> Haga esto ahora: teclee unos pocos caracteres, después bórrelos |
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336 tecleando <Delback> varias veces. No se preocupe si este archivo |
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337 cambia, no alterará el tutorial principal. Ésta es su copia |
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338 personal de él. |
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339 |
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340 Cuando una línea de texto se hace muy grande para una sola línea en la |
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341 pantalla, la línea de texto "continúa" en una segunda línea en la |
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342 pantalla. Un backslash ("\") (o, si está usando un sistema de |
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343 ventanas, una pequeña flecha curva) en el margen derecho indica que la |
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344 línea "continúa". |
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345 |
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346 >> Inserte texto hasta que llegue al margen derecho, y siga |
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347 insertando. Verá aparecer una línea de continuación. |
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348 |
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349 >> Use <Delback> para borrar el texto hasta que la línea de nuevo |
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350 quepa en la pantalla. La línea de continuación se pierde. |
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351 |
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352 Puede borrar un carácter de nueva línea como cualquier otro carácter. |
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353 Al borrar el carácter de nueva línea entre dos líneas las junta en una |
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354 sola línea. Si el resultado de la combinación de líneas es demasiado |
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355 largo para caber en el ancho de la pantalla, se mostrará con una línea |
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356 de continuación. |
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357 |
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358 >> Mueva el cursor al comienzo de una línea y teclee <Delback>. Esto |
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359 juntará esa línea con la línea anterior. |
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360 |
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361 >> Teclee <Return> para reinsertar la nueva línea que borró. |
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362 |
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363 Recuerde que a la mayoría de los comandos de Emacs se les puede dar un |
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364 factor de repetición; esto incluye los caracteres de texto. Repetir |
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365 un carácter de texto lo inserta varias veces. |
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366 |
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367 >> Inténtelo ahora: teclee C-u 8 * para insertar ********. |
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368 |
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369 Ya ha aprendido la manera más básica de teclear algo en Emacs y |
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370 corregir errores. Puede borrar por palabras o por líneas. He aquí un |
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371 resumen de las operaciones de borrado: |
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372 |
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373 <Delback> borra el carácter justo antes que el cursor |
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374 C-d borra el siguiente carácter después del cursor |
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375 |
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376 M-<Delback> Elimina la palabra inmediatamente antes del |
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377 cursor |
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378 M-d Elimina la siguiente palabra después del cursor |
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379 |
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380 C-k Elimina desde el cursor hasta el fin de la línea |
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381 M-k Elimina hasta el final de la oración actual |
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382 |
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383 Note que <Delback> y C-d, comparados con M-<Delback> y M-d, extienden |
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384 el paralelismo iniciado por C-f y M-f (bien, <Delback> no es realmente |
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385 una tecla de control, pero no nos preocuparemos de eso ahora). C-k y |
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386 M-k, en ciertas forma, son como C-e y M-e, en que las líneas son |
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387 oraciones opuestas. |
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388 |
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389 También puede eliminar cualquier parte del buffer con un método |
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390 uniforme. Muévase a un extremo de esa parte, y teclee C-@ o C-SPC |
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391 (cualquiera de los dos). (SPC es la barra espaciadora.) Muévase al |
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392 otro extremo de esa parte, y teclee C-w. Eso elimina todo el texto |
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393 entre las dos posiciones. |
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394 |
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395 >> Mueva el cursor a la letra T del inicio del párrafo anterior. |
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396 >> Teclee C-SPC. Emacs debe mostrar el mensaje "Mark set" en la parte |
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397 de abajo de la pantalla. |
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398 >> Mueva el cursor a la x en "extremo", en la segunda línea del |
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399 párrafo. |
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400 >> Teclee C-w. Esto eliminará el texto que comienza desde la T, y |
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401 termina justo antes de la x. |
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402 |
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403 La diferencia entre "eliminar" y "borrar" es que el texto "eliminado" |
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404 puede ser reinsertado, mientras que las cosas "borradas" no pueden ser |
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405 reinsertadas. La reinserción de texto eliminado se llama "yanking" o |
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406 "pegar". Generalmente, los comandos que pueden quitar mucho texto lo |
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407 eliminan, mientras que los comandos que quitan solo un carácter, o |
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408 solo lineas en blanco y espacios, borran (para que no pueda pegar ese |
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409 texto). |
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410 |
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411 >> Mueva el cursor al comienzo de una línea que no esté vacía. |
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412 Luego teclee C-k para eliminar el texto de esa línea. |
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413 >> Teclee C-k por segunda vez. Verá que elimina la nueva línea que |
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414 sigue a esa línea. |
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415 |
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416 Note que al teclear C-k una sola vez elimina el contenido de la línea, |
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417 y un segundo C-k elimina la línea misma, y hace que todas las otras |
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418 líneas se muevan hacia arriba. C-k trata un argumento numérico |
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419 especialmente: Elimina ese número de líneas y TAMBIÉN sus |
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420 contenidos. Esto no es una simple repetición. C-u 2 C-k elimina dos |
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421 líneas y sus nuevas líneas, tecleando C-k dos veces no hace esto. |
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422 |
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423 Traer texto eliminado de regreso es llamado "yanking" o "pegar". |
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424 (Piense en ello como pegar de nuevo, o traer de vuelta, algún texto |
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425 que le fue quitado.) Puede pegar el texto eliminado en, ya sea el |
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426 lugar en que fue eliminado, o en otra parte del buffer, o hasta en un |
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427 archivo diferente. Puede pegar el texto varias veces, lo que hace |
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428 varias copias de él. |
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429 |
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430 El comando para pegar es C-y. Reinserta el último texto eliminado, en |
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431 la posición actual del cursor. |
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432 |
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433 >> Inténtelo; teclee C-y para pegar de nuevo el texto. |
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434 |
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435 Si hace varios C-k seguidos, todo el texto eliminado se guarda junto, |
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436 de manera que un C-y pegará todas las líneas al mismo tiempo. |
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437 |
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438 >> Haga esto ahora, teclee C-k varias veces. |
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439 |
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440 Ahora para recuperar ese texto eliminado: |
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441 |
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442 >> Teclee C-y. Luego baje el cursor unas pocas líneas y teclee C-y de |
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443 nuevo. De esta forma puede copiar un texto. |
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444 |
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445 ¿Qué hacer si tiene algún texto que quiere pegar, y entonces elimina |
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446 otra cosa? C-y pegaría la eliminación más reciente. Pero el texto |
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447 previo no está perdido. Puede regresar a éste usando el comando M-y. |
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448 Después de haber tecleado C-y para conseguir la eliminación más |
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449 reciente, tecleando M-y reemplaza el texto pegado con la eliminación |
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450 previa. Tecleando M-y una y otra vez traerá las eliminaciones |
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451 anteriores. Cuando haya encontrado el texto que buscaba, no tiene que |
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452 hacer nada para conservarlo. Sólo siga con su edición, dejando el |
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453 texto pegado en donde está. |
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454 |
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455 Si teclea M-y suficientes veces, regresa al punto inicial (la |
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456 eliminación más reciente). |
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457 |
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458 >> Elimine una línea, muévase un poco, elimine otra línea. |
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459 Luego teclee C-y para recuperar la segunda línea eliminada. |
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460 Luego teclee M-y y será reemplazado por la primera línea eliminada. |
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461 Teclee más veces M-y y vea lo que obtiene. Siga haciéndolo hasta |
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462 que la segunda línea eliminada regrese, y entonces unas pocas |
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463 más. Si quiere, puede tratar de darle a M-y argumentos positivos y |
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464 negativos. |
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465 |
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466 |
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467 * DESHACER |
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468 ---------- |
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469 |
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470 Si hace un cambio al texto, y luego decide que fue un error, |
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471 puede deshacer el cambio con el comando deshacer, C-x u. |
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472 |
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473 Normalmente, C-x u deshace los cambios hechos por un comando; si repite |
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474 varias veces seguidas C-x u, cada repetición deshará un comando |
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475 adicional. |
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476 |
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477 Pero hay dos excepciones: los comandos que no cambian el texto no |
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478 cuentan (esto incluye los comandos de movimiento del cursor y el |
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479 comando de desplazamiento), y los caracteres de autoinserción se |
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480 manejan usualmente en grupos de hasta 20. (Esto es para reducir el |
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481 numero de C-x u que tenga que teclear para deshacer una inserción en |
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482 el texto.) |
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483 |
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484 >> Elimine esta línea con C-k, después teclee C-x u y debería |
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485 reaparecer. |
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486 |
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487 C-_ es un comando alternativo para deshacer; funciona igual que C-x u, |
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488 pero es más fácil de teclear varias veces seguidas. La desventaja de |
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489 C-_ es que en algunos teclados no es obvio cómo se teclea. Por esto |
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490 existe también C-x u. En algunas terminales, puede teclear C-_ al |
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491 teclear / mientras oprime CONTROL. |
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492 |
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493 Un argumento numérico para C-_ o C-x u actúa como un factor de |
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494 repetición. |
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495 |
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496 Uuede deshacer un texto borrado justo como puede deshacer el texto |
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497 eliminado. La distinción entre eliminar algo y borrar algo afecta en |
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498 si puede pegarlo con C-y; no hay diferencia alguna para deshacer. |
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499 |
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500 |
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501 * ARCHIVOS |
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502 ---------- |
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503 |
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504 Para que pueda hacer permanente el texto que edite, lo debe colocar en |
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505 un archivo. De otra manera, éste se perderá cuando cierre Emacs. |
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506 Para poder poner su texto en un archivo, debe "encontrar" el archivo |
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507 antes de ingresar el texto. (Esto se llama también "visitar" el |
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508 archivo.) |
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509 |
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510 Encontrar un archivo significa que puede ver su contenido dentro de |
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511 Emacs. En cierta forma, es como si estuviera editando el archivo |
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512 mismo. Sin embargo los cambios que haga mediante Emacs no serán |
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513 permanentes hasta que "guarde" el archivo. Esto es para evitar dejar |
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514 un archivo a medio cambiar en el sistema cuando no quiera. Incluso |
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515 cuando guarde, Emacs dejará el archivo original bajo un nombre |
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516 cambiado en caso de que luego decida que sus cambios fueron un error. |
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517 |
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518 Si mira cerca del final de la pantalla podrá ver una línea que |
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519 comienza y termina con guiones, y comienza con "--:-- TUTORIAL.es" o |
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520 algo así. Esta parte de la pantalla normalmente muestra el nombre del |
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521 archivo que está visitando. En este momento está visitando un archivo |
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522 llamado "TUTORIAL.es" que es su borrador personal del tutorial de |
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523 Emacs. Cuando encuentre un archivo con Emacs, el nombre de ese |
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524 archivo aparecerá en ese mismo punto. |
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525 |
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526 Una cosa especial acerca del comando para encontrar un archivo, es que |
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527 tendrá que decir que nombre de archivo desea. Decimos que el comando |
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528 "lee un argumento desde la terminal" (en este caso, el argumento es el |
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529 nombre del archivo). Después de teclear el comando: |
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530 |
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531 C-x C-f Encontrar un archivo |
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532 |
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533 Emacs le pide que teclee el nombre del archivo. El nombre de archivo |
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534 que teclee aparece en la línea final de la pantalla. A la línea final |
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535 de la pantalla se la denomina minibuffer cuando se utiliza para este |
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536 tipo de entradas. Puede usar comandos de edición ordinarios de Emacs |
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537 para editar el nombre del archivo. |
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538 |
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539 Mientras está ingresando el nombre del archivo (o cualquier otra |
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540 entrada al minibuffer) puede cancelar el comando con C-g. |
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541 |
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542 >> Teclee C-x C-f, luego teclee C-g. Esto cancela el minibuffer, y |
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543 también cancela el comando C-x C-f que estaba usando el minibuffer. |
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544 Así que no encontrará archivo alguno. |
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545 |
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546 Cuando haya finalizado de ingresar el nombre del archivo, teclee |
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547 <Return> para terminarlo. Entonces el comando C-x C-f trabaja, y |
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548 encuentra el archivo que escogió. El minibuffer desaparece cuando el |
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549 comando C-x C-f termina. |
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550 |
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551 Poco tiempo después aparecerá el contenido del archivo en la pantalla, |
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552 y puede editarlo. Cuando quiera que sus cambios sean permanentes, |
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553 teclee el comando |
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554 |
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555 C-x C-s Guardar el archivo |
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556 |
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557 Esto copia el texto dentro de Emacs al archivo. La primera vez que |
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558 haga esto, Emacs renombrará el archivo original con un nuevo nombre |
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559 para que este no se pierda. El nuevo nombre se hace agregando "~" al |
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560 final del nombre del archivo original. |
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561 |
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562 Cuando guardar haya terminado, Emacs mostrará el nombre del archivo |
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563 escrito. Deberá guardar frecuentemente, para que no pierda mucho |
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564 trabajo si el sistema falla. |
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565 |
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566 >> Teclee C-x C-s, guardando la copia del tutorial. |
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567 Esto debería mostrar "Wrote ...TUTORIAL.es" al final de la |
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568 pantalla. |
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569 |
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570 Puede encontrar un archivo existente, para verlo o editarlo. También |
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571 puede hacerlo con un archivo que no exista. Ésta es la forma de crear |
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572 un archivo en Emacs: encuentre el archivo, que comenzará vacío, luego |
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573 comience a insertar el texto para ese archivo. Cuando invoque |
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574 "guardar" el archivo, Emacs creará realmente el archivo con el texto |
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575 que ha insertado. De ahí en adelante, puede considerarse estar |
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576 editando un archivo existente. |
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577 |
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578 |
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579 * BUFFERS |
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580 --------- |
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581 |
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582 Si visita un segundo archivo con C-x C-f, el primer archivo permanece |
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583 dentro de Emacs. Puede volver a el encontrándolo de nuevo con C-x |
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584 C-f. De esta forma puede mantener un gran número de archivos dentro |
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585 de Emacs. |
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586 |
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587 >> Cree un archivo llamado "foo" tecleando C-x C-f foo <Return>. |
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588 Luego inserte algún texto, edítelo, y guarde "foo" tecleando C-x |
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589 C-s. |
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590 Finalmente teclee C-x C-f TUTORIAL.es <Return> |
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591 para regresar al tutorial. |
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592 |
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593 Emacs almacena cada texto del archivo dentro de un objeto llamado |
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594 "buffer". Al encontrar un archivo se crea un nuevo buffer dentro de |
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595 Emacs. Para mirar la lista de los buffers que existen actualmente en |
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596 su sesión de Emacs, teclee: |
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597 |
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598 C-x C-b Lista de Buffers |
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599 |
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600 >> Pruebe C-x C-b ahora. |
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601 |
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602 Vea como cada buffer tiene un nombre, y además puede tener un nombre |
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603 de archivo para el archivo que contiene. CUALQUIER texto que vea en |
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604 una ventana de Emacs es siempre parte de algún Buffer. |
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605 |
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606 >> Teclee C-x 1 para deshacerse de la lista de buffers. |
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607 |
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608 Cuando tenga varios buffers, solo uno de ellos es "actual" en algún |
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609 momento. Ese buffer es el que actualmente edita. Si quiere editar |
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610 otro buffer, necesita "cambiar" a él. Si quiere cambiar a un buffer |
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611 que corresponde a un archivo, puede hacerlo visitando el archivo de |
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612 nuevo con C-x C-f. Pero existe una manera más rápida: use el comando |
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613 C-x b. En ese comando, necesita teclear el nombre de buffer. |
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614 |
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615 >> Teclee C-x b foo <Return> para volver al buffer "foo" que contiene |
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616 el texto del archivo "foo". Después teclee C-x b TUTORIAL.es |
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617 <Return> para regresar a este tutorial. |
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618 |
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619 La mayoría del tiempo el nombre del buffer es el mismo que el nombre |
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620 del archivo (sin la parte del directorio del archivo). Sin embargo, |
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621 esto no es así siempre. La lista de buffers que hace con C-x C-b |
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622 siempre muestra el nombre de todos los buffers. |
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623 |
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624 CUALQUIER texto que vea en una ventana de Emacs siempre es parte de un |
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625 buffer. Algunos buffers no corresponden a un archivo. Por ejemplo, |
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626 el buffer llamado "*Buffer List*" no tiene ningún archivo. Es el |
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627 buffer que contiene la lista de buffers que ha creado con C-x C-b. El |
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628 buffer llamado "*Messages*" tampoco tiene un archivo correspondiente; |
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629 contiene los mensajes que han aparecido en la línea de abajo durante |
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630 su sesión de Emacs. |
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631 |
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632 >> Teclee C-x b *Messages* <Return> para ver el buffer de mensajes. |
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633 Luego teclee C-b TUTORIAL <Return> para regresar a este tutorial. |
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634 |
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635 Si hace cambios al texto de un archivo, y luego encuentra otro |
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636 archivo, esto no guarda el primer archivo. Sus cambios permanecerán |
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637 dentro de Emacs en ese buffer del archivo. La creación o edición del |
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638 segundo buffer de archivo no afecta al primero. Esto es muy útil, |
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639 pero también significa que necesita una forma conveniente para guardar |
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640 el archivo del primer buffer. Sería una molestia tener que volver a |
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641 este con C-x C-f para guardarlo con C-x C-s. Así tenemos |
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642 |
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643 C-x s Guardar algunos buffers |
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644 |
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645 C-x s le pregunta sobre cada buffer que contenga cambios que no haya |
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646 guardada. Le pregunta, por cada buffer, si quiere guardarlo o no. |
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647 |
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648 >> Inserte una línea de texto, luego teclee C-x s. |
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649 Debería preguntarle si desea guardar el buffer llamado TUTORIAL.es. |
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650 Conteste si a la pregunta tecleando "y". |
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651 |
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652 |
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653 * EXTENDER EL CONJUNTO DE COMANDOS |
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654 ---------------------------------- |
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655 |
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656 Hay muchísimos más comandos de Emacs que los que podrían asignarse a |
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657 todos los caracteres control y meta. Emacs puede darle la vuelta a |
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658 esto usando el comando X (eXtendido). Este viene de dos formas: |
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659 |
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660 C-x Carácter eXtendido. Seguido por un carácter. |
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661 M-x Comando eXtendido por nombre. Seguido por un nombre |
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662 largo. |
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663 |
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664 Estos comandos son generalmente útiles pero menos usados que los |
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665 comandos que ha aprendido hasta ahora. Ya ha visto dos: los comandos |
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666 de archivo C-x C-f para Encontrar y C-x C-s para Guardar. Otro |
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667 ejemplo es el comando para terminar la sesión de Emacs: se trata del |
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668 comando C-x C-c. (No se preocupe por perder los cambios que haya |
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669 hecho; C-x C-c ofrece guardar cada archivo alterado antes de finalizar |
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670 Emacs.) |
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671 |
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672 C-z es el comando para salir de Emacs *temporalmente*: para que pueda |
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673 regresar a la misma sesión de Emacs después. |
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674 |
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675 En sistemas que lo permiten C-z "suspende" Emacs; esto es, se regresa |
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676 al intérprete de comandos pero no se destruye Emacs. En los |
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677 intérpretes de comandos más comunes, puede reanudar Emacs con el |
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678 comando `fg' o con `%emacs'. |
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679 |
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680 En sistemas que no implementen el suspendido, C-z crea un |
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681 subintérprete que corre bajo Emacs para darle la opción de correr |
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682 otros programas y regresar a Emacs después; esto en realidad no "sale" |
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683 de Emacs. En este caso, el comando `exit' del intérprete es la vía |
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684 usual para regresar a Emacs desde éste. |
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685 |
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686 El momento para usar C-x C-c es cuando está listo para salir del |
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687 sistema. Es además el paso correcto para salir de un Emacs llamado |
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688 bajo programas de manejo de correo y diversas otras utilidades, puesto |
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689 que ellos no saben cómo lidiar con la suspensión de Emacs. En |
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690 circunstancias normales, si no va a salir, es mejor suspender |
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691 Emacs con C-z en lugar de salir de él. |
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692 |
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693 Existen varios comandos C-x. Aquí hay una lista de los que ha |
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694 aprendido: |
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695 |
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696 C-x C-f Encontrar archivo. |
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697 C-x C-s Guardar archivo. |
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698 C-x C-b Lista de buffers. |
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699 C-x C-c Salir de Emacs. |
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700 C-x 1 Borrar todo menos una ventana. |
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701 C-x u Deshacer. |
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702 |
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703 Los comandos eXtendidos por nombre son comandos que se utilizan aún |
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704 con menos frecuencia, o únicamente en ciertos modos. Un ejemplo es el |
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705 comando replace-string, el cual globalmente substituye una cadena de |
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706 caracteres por otra. Cuando teclea M-x, Emacs le pregunta al |
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707 final de la pantalla con M-x y debe escribir el nombre del |
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708 comando; en este caso "replace-string". Solo teclee "repl s<TAB>" y |
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709 Emacs completará el nombre. Finalice el nombre del comando con |
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710 <Return>. |
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711 |
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712 El comando replace-string requiere dos argumentos: la cadena de |
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713 caracteres a reemplazar, y la cadena de caracteres para reemplazarla. |
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714 Debe terminar cada argumento con <Return>. |
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715 |
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716 >> Mueva el cursor hacia la línea en blanco dos líneas abajo de esta. |
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717 A continuación escriba |
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718 M-x repl s<Return>cambiado<Return>alterado<Return>. |
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719 |
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720 Note cómo esta línea ha cambiado: ha substituido la palabra |
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721 c-a-m-b-i-a-d-o por "alterado" en cada ocurrencia, después de la |
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722 posición inicial del cursor. |
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723 |
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724 |
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725 * AUTO GUARDADO |
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726 --------------- |
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727 |
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728 Si ha hecho cambios en un archivo, pero no los ha guardado, éstos |
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729 podrían perderse si su computadora falla. Para protegerlo de esto, |
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730 Emacs periódicamente escribe un archivo "auto guardado" para cada |
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731 archivo que está editando. El nombre del archivo auto guardado tiene |
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732 un # al principio y al final; por ejemplo, si su archivo se llama |
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733 "hola.c", su archivo auto guardado es "#hola.c#". Cuando guarda por |
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734 la vía normal, Emacs borra su archivo de auto guardado. |
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735 |
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736 Si la computadora falla, puede recuperar su edición de auto |
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737 guardado encontrando el archivo normal (el archivo que estuvo |
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738 editando, no el archivo de auto guardar) y entonces tecleando M-x |
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739 recover file<Return>. Cuando le pregunte por la confirmación, teclee |
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740 yes<Return> para ir y recuperar la información del auto guardado. |
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741 |
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742 |
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743 * ÁREA DE ECO |
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744 ------------- |
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745 |
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746 Si Emacs ve que usted está tecleando comandos de multicaracteres |
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747 lentamente, se los muestra al final de la pantalla en un área llamada |
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748 "área de eco". El área de eco contiene la línea final de la pantalla. |
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749 |
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750 |
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751 * LÍNEA DE MODO |
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752 --------------- |
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753 |
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754 La línea inmediatamente encima del área de eco recibe el nombre de |
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755 "línea de modo" o "mode line". La línea de modo dice algo así: |
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756 |
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757 --:** TUTORIAL.es (Fundamental)--l765--65%--------- |
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758 |
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759 Esta línea da información útil acerca del estado de Emacs y del texto |
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760 que está editando. |
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761 |
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762 Ya sabe qué significa el nombre del archivo: es el archivo que usted |
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763 ha encontrado. -NN%-- indica su posición actual en el texto; esto |
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764 significa que NN por ciento del texto está encima de la parte superior |
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765 de la pantalla. Si el principio del archivo está en la pantalla, este |
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766 dirá --Top-- en vez de --00%--. Si el final del texto está en la |
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767 pantalla, dirá --Bot--. Si está mirando un texto tan pequeño que cabe |
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768 en la pantalla, el modo de línea dirá --All--. |
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769 |
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770 La L y los dígitos indican la posición de otra forma: ellos dan el |
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771 número de línea actual del punto. |
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772 |
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773 Los asteriscos cerca del frente significan que usted ha hecho cambios |
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774 al texto. Inmediatamente después que visite o guarde un archivo, esa |
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775 parte de la línea de modo no muestra asteriscos, solo guiones. |
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776 |
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777 La parte de la línea de modo dentro de los paréntesis es para |
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778 indicarle en qué modo de edición está. El modo por omisión es |
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779 Fundamental, el cual está usando ahora. Este es un ejemplo de un |
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780 "modo mayor". |
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781 |
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782 Emacs tiene diferentes modos mayores. Algunos están hechos para |
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783 editar diferentes lenguajes y/o clases de texto, tales como modo de |
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784 Lisp, modo de Texto, etc. En cualquier momento uno y solo un modo |
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785 mayor está activo, y su nombre siempre se puede encontrar en la línea |
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786 de modo, justo en donde "Fundamental" está ahora. |
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787 |
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788 Cada modo mayor hace que algunos comandos actúen diferente. Por |
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789 ejemplo, hay comandos para crear comentarios en un programa, y como |
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790 cada lenguaje de programación tiene una idea diferente de cómo debe |
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791 verse un comentario, cada modo mayor tiene que insertar comentarios de |
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792 forma distinta. Cada modo mayor es el nombre de un comando extendido, |
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793 que es como puede cambiar a ese modo. Por ejemplo, M-x |
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794 fundamental-mode es un comando para cambiar al modo fundamental. |
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795 |
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796 Si va a editar un texto de algún lenguaje humano, como este archivo, |
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797 debería usar el modo de texto. |
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798 >> Teclee M-x text mode<Return>. |
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799 |
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800 No se preocupe, ninguno de los comandos de Emacs que ha aprendido |
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801 cambia de manera significativa. Pero puede observar que M-f y M-b |
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802 tratan los apóstrofes como parte de las palabras. Previamente, en |
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803 modo Fundamental, M-f y M-b trataban los apóstrofes como separadores |
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804 de palabras. |
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805 |
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806 Los modos mayores normalmente hacen cambios sutiles como el anterior: |
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807 la mayoría de comandos hacen "el mismo trabajo" en cada modo mayor, |
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808 pero funcionan un poco diferente. |
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809 |
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810 Para ver documentación en el modo mayor actual, teclee C-h m. |
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811 |
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812 >> Use C-u C-v una o más veces para traer esta línea cerca de la |
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813 parte superior de la pantalla. |
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814 |
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815 >> Teclee C-h m, para ver como el modo de Texto difiere del modo |
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816 Fundamental. |
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817 |
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818 >> Teclee C-x 1 para eliminar la documentación de la pantalla. |
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819 |
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820 Los modos mayores son llamados así porque también hay modos menores. |
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821 Los modos menores no son alternativas para los modos mayores, solo |
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822 modificaciones menores de éstos. Cada modo menor puede ser activado o |
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823 desactivado por sí mismo, independiente de todos los otros modos |
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824 menores, e independiente de su modo mayor. Por tanto, puede no usar |
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825 modos menores, o solamente uno, o cualquier combinación de varios |
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826 modos menores. |
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827 |
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828 Un modo menor que es muy útil, especialmente para editar textos en |
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829 español, es el modo Auto Fill. Cuando este modo está activado, Emacs |
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830 rompe la línea entre palabras automáticamente siempre que inserte |
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831 texto y la línea sea demasiado ancha. |
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832 |
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833 Puede activar el modo Auto Fill al hacer M-x auto fill mode<Return>. |
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834 Cuando el modo esté activado, puede desactivarlo nuevamente usando M-x |
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835 auto fill mode<Return>. Si el modo está desactivado, este comando lo |
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836 activa, y si el modo está activado, este comando lo desactiva. |
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837 Decimos que el comando "cambia el modo". |
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838 |
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839 >> teclee M-x auto fill mode<Return> ahora. Luego inserte una línea |
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840 de "asdf " repetidas veces hasta que la vea dividida en dos líneas. |
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841 Debe intercalar espacios porque Auto Fill sólo rompe líneas en los |
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842 espacios. |
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843 |
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844 El margen esta normalmente puesto en 70 caracteres, pero puede |
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845 cambiarlo con el comando C-x f. Debe indicar el margen deseado como |
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846 un argumento numérico. |
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847 |
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848 >> Teclee C-x f con un argumento de 20. (C-u 2 0 C-x f). Luego |
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849 teclee algún texto y vea como Emacs lo parte en líneas de 20 |
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850 caracteres. A continuación ponga de nuevo el margen a 70 usando |
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851 otra vez C-x f. |
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852 |
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853 Si hace cambios en el medio de un párrafo, el modo Auto Fill no lo |
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854 rellenará por usted. |
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855 Para rellenar el párrafo, teclee M-q (META-q) con el cursor dentro de |
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856 ese párrafo. |
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857 |
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858 >> Mueva el cursor al párrafo anterior y teclee M-q. |
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859 |
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860 |
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861 * BUSCAR |
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862 -------- |
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863 |
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864 Emacs puede hacer búsquedas de cadenas (grupos de caracteres o |
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865 palabras contiguos) hacia adelante a través del texto o hacia atrás en |
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866 el mismo. La búsqueda de una cadena es un comando de movimiento de |
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867 cursor; mueve el cursor al próximo lugar donde esa cadena aparece. |
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868 |
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869 El comando de búsqueda de Emacs es diferente a los comandos de |
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870 búsqueda de los demás editores, en que es "incremental". Esto |
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871 significa que la búsqueda ocurre mientras teclea la cadena para |
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872 buscarla. |
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873 |
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874 El comando para iniciar una búsqueda es C-s para búsqueda hacia |
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875 adelante, y C-r para la búsqueda hacia atrás. ¡PERO ESPERE! No los |
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876 intente aún. |
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877 |
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878 Cuando teclee C-s verá que la cadena "I-search" aparece como una |
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879 petición en el área de eco. Esto le indica que Emacs está en lo que |
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880 se conoce como búsqueda incremental, esperando que teclee lo que |
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881 quiere buscar. <Return> termina una búsqueda. |
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882 |
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883 >> Ahora teclee C-s para comenzar la búsqueda. LENTAMENTE, una letra |
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884 a la vez, teclee la palabra 'cursor', haciendo pausa después de |
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885 cada carácter para notar lo que pasa con el cursor. |
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886 Ahora ha buscado "cursor", una vez. |
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887 >> Teclee C-s de nuevo, para buscar la siguiente ocurrencia de |
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888 "cursor". |
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889 >> Ahora teclee <Delback> cuatro veces y vea como se mueve el cursor. |
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890 >> Teclee <Return> para terminar la búsqueda. |
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891 |
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892 ¿Vió lo que ocurrió? Emacs, en una búsqueda incremental, trata de ir |
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893 a la ocurrencia de la cadena que ha tecleado hasta el momento. Para |
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894 ir a la próxima ocurrencia de 'cursor' solo teclee C-s de nuevo. Si |
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895 tal ocurrencia no existe, Emacs pita y le dice que la búsqueda actual |
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896 está fallando ("failing"). C-g también termina la búsqueda. |
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897 |
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898 NOTA: En algunos sistemas, teclear C-s dejará inmóvil la pantalla y no |
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899 podrá ver más respuesta de Emacs. Esto indica que una |
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900 "característica" del sistema operativo llamada "control de flujo" está |
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901 interceptando el C-s y no permitiéndole llegar hasta Emacs. Para |
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902 descongelar la pantalla, teclee C-q. Luego consulte la sección |
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903 "Entrada Espontánea para Búsqueda Incremental" en el manual de Emacs |
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904 para consejos de cómo tratar con esta "característica". |
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|
905 |
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906 Si se encuentra en medio de una búsqueda incremental y teclea |
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907 <Delback>, notará que el último carácter de la cadena buscada se borra |
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908 y la búsqueda vuelve al sitio anterior de la búsqueda. Por ejemplo, |
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909 suponga que ha tecleado "c", para buscar la primera ocurrencia de "c". |
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910 Ahora, si teclea "u", el cursor se moverá a la primera ocurrencia de |
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911 "cu". Ahora teclee <Delback>. Esto borra la "u" de la cadena |
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912 buscada, y el cursor vuelve a la primera ocurrencia de "c". |
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|
913 |
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914 Si está en medio de una búsqueda y teclea un carácter control o meta |
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915 (con algunas pocas excepciones: los caracteres que son especiales en |
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916 una búsqueda, tales como C-s y C-r), la búsqueda termina. |
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|
917 |
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918 El C-s inicia una exploración que busca alguna ocurrencia de la cadena |
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919 buscada DESPUÉS de la posición actual del cursor. Si quiere buscar |
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920 algo anterior en el texto, teclee en cambio C-r. Todo lo que hemos |
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921 dicho sobre C-s también se aplica a C-r, excepto que la dirección de |
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922 la búsqueda se invierte. |
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|
923 |
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924 |
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925 * MÚLTIPLES VENTANAS |
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|
926 -------------------- |
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927 |
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928 Una de las características agradables de Emacs es que se puede mostrar |
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929 más de una ventana en la pantalla al mismo tiempo. |
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930 |
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931 >> Mueva el cursor a esta línea y teclee C-u 0 C-l (eso es CONTROL-L, |
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932 no CONTROL-1). |
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933 |
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934 >> Ahora teclee C-x 2 que divide la pantalla en dos ventanas. Ambas |
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935 ventanas muestran este tutorial. El cursor permanece en la ventana |
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936 superior. |
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937 |
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938 >> Teclee C-M-v para desplazar la ventana inferior. |
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939 (Si no tiene una tecla META real, teclee ESC C-v.) |
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940 |
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941 >> Teclee C-x o ("o" para "otro") para mover el cursor a la ventana |
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942 inferior. |
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943 >> Use C-v y M-v en la ventana inferior para desplazarla. |
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944 Siga leyendo estas direcciones en la ventana superior. |
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945 |
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946 >> Teclee C-x o de nuevo para mover el cursor de vuelta a la ventana |
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947 superior. |
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948 El cursor en la ventana superior está justo donde estaba antes. |
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949 |
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950 Puede continuar usando C-x o para cambiar entre las ventanas. Cada |
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951 ventana tiene su propia posición del cursor, pero únicamente una |
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952 ventana actual muestra el cursor. Todos los comandos de edición |
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953 comunes se aplican a la ventana en que está el cursor. Llamaremos |
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954 esto la "ventana seleccionada". |
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955 |
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956 El comando C-M-v es muy útil cuando está editando un texto en una |
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957 ventana y usando la otra ventana como referencia. Puede mantener el |
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958 cursor siempre en la ventana donde está editando, y avanzar a la otra |
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959 ventana secuencialmente con C-M-v. |
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960 |
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961 C-M-v es un ejemplo de un carácter CONTROL-META. Si tiene una tecla |
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962 META real, puede teclear C-M-v pulsando a la vez CONTROL y META |
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963 mientras teclea v. No importa qué tecla "vaya primero", CONTROL o |
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964 META, porque las dos teclas actúan modificando los caracteres que |
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965 teclea. |
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966 |
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967 Si no tiene una tecla META real, y en vez de eso usa ESC, el orden sí |
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968 importa: debe teclear ESC seguido de Control-v, porque Control-ESC v |
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969 no funcionará. Esto es porque ESC es un carácter que tiene valor por |
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970 sí mismo, no es una tecla modificadora. |
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971 |
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972 >> Teclee C-x 1 (en la ventana de arriba) para deshacerse de la |
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973 ventana de abajo. |
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974 |
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975 (Si hubiera tecleado C-x 1 en la ventana inferior, esto eliminaría la |
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976 superior. Piense en este comando como "mantener sólo una |
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977 ventana--aquella en la cual estoy.") |
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978 |
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979 No tiene por qué mostrarse el mismo buffer en ambas ventanas. Si usa |
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980 C-x C-f para encontrar un archivo en una ventana, la otra ventana no |
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981 cambia. Puede encontrar un archivo en cada ventana |
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982 independientemente. |
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983 |
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984 Aquí hay otra forma para usar dos ventanas para mostrar dos cosas |
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985 diferentes: |
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986 |
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987 >> Teclee C-x 4 C-f seguido del nombre de uno de sus archivos. |
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988 Finalice con <Return>. Vea que el archivo especificado aparece en |
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989 la ventana inferior. El cursor vá allá también. |
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990 |
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991 >> Teclee C-x o para regresar a la ventana superior, y C-x 1 para |
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992 borrar la ventana inferior. |
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993 |
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994 |
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995 * NIVELES RECURSIVOS DE EDICIÓN |
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996 -------------------------------- |
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997 |
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998 Algunas veces entrará a lo que es llamado un "nivel recursivo de |
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999 edición". Esto se indica en la línea de modo mediante corchetes en la |
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1000 línea de modo, rodeando los paréntesis del nombre del modo mayor. Por |
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1001 ejemplo, probablemente vea [(Fundamental)] en vez de (Fundamental). |
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1002 |
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1003 Para salir de los niveles recursivos de edición, teclee ESC ESC ESC. |
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1004 Éste es un comando de "salida" para todo propósito. También lo puede |
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1005 usar para eliminar ventanas extras, y salir del minibuffer. |
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1006 |
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1007 >> Teclee M-x para entrar a un minibuffer; luego teclee ESC ESC ESC |
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1008 para salir. |
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1009 |
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1010 No se puede usar C-g para salir de los "niveles recursivos de |
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1011 edición". Esto es porque C-g es usado para cancelar comandos y |
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1012 argumentos DENTRO del nivel recursivo de edición. |
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1013 |
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1014 |
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1015 * CONSEGUIR MAS AYUDA |
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1016 --------------------- |
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1017 |
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1018 En este tutorial hemos tratado de ofrecer suficiente información para |
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1019 que empiece a usar Emacs. Hay tanto disponible en Emacs que sería |
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1020 imposible explicar todo aquí. Sin embargo, quizá desee aprender más |
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1021 sobre Emacs, ya que tiene muchas otras características útiles. Emacs |
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1022 provee comandos para leer documentación acerca de los comandos de |
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1023 Emacs. Todos estos comandos de "ayuda" comienzan con el carácter |
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1024 Control-h, que es llamado "el carácter de Ayuda (Help)". |
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1025 |
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1026 Para usar las funciones de ayuda, teclee el carácter C-h, y luego un |
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1027 carácter decidiendo qué tipo de ayuda quiere. Si está REALMENTE |
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1028 perdido teclee C-h ? y Emacs le dirá qué tipo de ayuda puede |
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1029 ofrecerle. Si ha tecleado C-h y decide que no quiere ninguna ayuda, |
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1030 teclee C-g para cancelarlo. |
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1031 |
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1032 (En algunas instalaciones cambian el significado del carácter C-h. |
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1033 Realmente no deberían hacer esto como una política para todos los |
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1034 usuarios, así que tiene argumentos para quejarse al administrador del |
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1035 sistema. Mientras tanto, si C-h no muestra un mensaje de ayuda en el |
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1036 final de la pantalla, intente teclear la tecla F1 o, en su lugar, M-x |
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1037 help <Return>). |
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1038 |
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1039 La función de AYUDA más básica es C-h c. Teclee C-h, el carácter c y |
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1040 un carácter de comando o secuencia de comando; Emacs le mostrará |
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1041 una descripción muy breve del comando. |
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1042 |
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1043 >> Teclee C-h c C-p. |
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1044 El mensaje debe ser algo como |
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1045 |
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1046 C-p runs the command previous-line |
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1047 |
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1048 Esto le dice el "nombre de la función". Los nombres de función se |
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1049 usan principalmente para adecuar y extender Emacs. Pero ya que los |
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1050 nombres de las funciones se eligen para indicar lo que el comando |
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1051 hace, también pueden servir como una breve documentación: suficiente |
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1052 para recordarle los comandos que ha aprendido. |
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1053 |
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1054 Los comandos de múltiples caracteres tales como C-x C-s y (sí no tiene |
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1055 las teclas META o EDIT o ALT) <ESC>v también están permitidos después |
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1056 de C-h c. |
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1057 |
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1058 Para conseguir más información sobre un comando use C-h k en vez de |
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1059 C-h c. |
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1060 |
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1061 >> Teclee C-h k C-p. |
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1062 |
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1063 Esto muestra la documentación de la función, al igual que el nombre, |
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1064 en una ventana de Emacs. Cuando haya terminado de leer el resultado, |
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1065 teclee C-x 1 para deshacerse del texto de ayuda. No tiene que hacer |
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1066 esto ahora. Puede hacer algunas ediciones mientras se refiere |
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1067 al texto de ayuda, y entonces teclear C-x 1. |
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1068 |
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1069 Aquí hay algunas otras opciones útiles de C-h: |
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1070 |
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1071 C-h f Describe una función. Usted teclea el nombre de la |
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1072 función. |
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1073 |
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1074 >> Intente teclear C-h f previous-line<Return>. |
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1075 Esto muestra toda la información que Emacs tiene sobre la función |
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1076 que implementa el comando C-p |
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1077 |
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1078 Un comando similar, C-h v, muestra la documentación de variables cuyos |
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1079 valores pueda poner para adecuar el comportamiento de Emacs. Necesita |
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1080 teclear el nombre de la variable cuando Emacs pregunte por ella. |
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1081 |
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1082 C-h a Comando Apropos. Teclee una palabra y Emacs hará una |
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1083 lista de todos los comandos que contengan esa palabra. |
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1084 Todos estos comandos pueden ser invocados con META-x. |
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1085 Para algunos comandos, el Comando Apropos también |
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1086 listará una secuencia de uno o dos caracteres la cual |
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1087 ejecutará el mismo comando. |
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1088 |
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1089 >> Teclee C-h a file<Return>. |
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1090 |
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1091 Esto muestra en otra ventana una lista de todos los comandos M-x con |
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1092 la palabra "file" en sus nombres. Verá comandos de caracteres como |
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1093 C-x C-f listados además de los nombres de los comandos |
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1094 correspondientes tales como find-file. |
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1095 |
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1096 >> Teclee C-M-v para desplazar la ventana de ayuda. Haga esto unas |
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1097 cuantas veces. |
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1098 |
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1099 >> Teclee C-x 1 para borrar la ventana de ayuda. |
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1100 |
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1101 C-h i Leer los Manuales En-Línea (alias Info). Este comando |
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1102 lo pone en un buffer especial llamado `*info*' donde |
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1103 puede leer manuales en línea de los paquetes |
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1104 instalados en su sistema. Teclee m Emacs <Return> |
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1105 para leer el manual de Emacs. Sí nunca ha usado Info |
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1106 antes, teclee ? y Emacs lo llevará en una visita |
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1107 guiada de los servicios del modo de Info. Una vez que |
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1108 haya terminado este tutorial, debería considerar el |
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1109 manual Info de Emacs como su documentación primaria. |
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1110 |
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1111 |
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1112 * MÁS CARACTERÍSTICAS |
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1113 --------------------- |
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1114 |
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1115 Puede aprender más de Emacs leyendo su manual, ya sea como libro o en |
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1116 línea en el Info (use el menú Ayuda--"Help"--o teclee F10 h r). Dos |
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1117 características que pueden gustarle son la completación, que ahorra |
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1118 teclear, y dired, que simplifica el manejo de archivos. |
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1119 |
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1120 La completación es una manera de ahorrar teclear innecesariamente. |
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1121 Por ejemplo, si quiere cambiarse al buffer "*Messages*", puede teclear |
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1122 C-x b *M<Tab> y emacs encontrará el resto del nombre del buffer tan |
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1123 lejos como pueda determinar de lo que ya haya tecleado. La |
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1124 completación es descrita en el Info del manual de Emacs en el nodo |
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1125 llamado "Completation". |
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1126 |
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1127 Dired le permite listar los archivos en un directorio (y opcionalmente |
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1128 sus subdirectorios), moverse alrededor de esa lista, visitar, |
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1129 renombrar, borrar y aparte de eso operar en los archivos. Dired esta |
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1130 descrito en el Info en el manual de Emacs en el nodo llamado "Dired". |
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1131 |
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1132 El manual también describe otras características de Emacs. |
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1133 |
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1134 |
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1135 * CONCLUSIÓN |
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1136 ------------ |
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1137 |
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1138 Recuerde, para salir permanentemente de Emacs use C-x C-c. Para salir |
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1139 temporalmente a un intérprete de comandos, de forma que puede volver a |
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1140 Emacs después, use C-z. |
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1141 |
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1142 Este tutorial intenta ser comprensible para todos los usuarios nuevos, |
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1143 así que si encuentra algo que no esté claro, no se siente y se culpe a |
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1144 sí mismo: ¡Quéjese! |
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1145 |
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1146 |
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1147 * COPIA |
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1148 ------- |
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1149 |
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1150 Este tutorial desciende de una larga línea de tutoriales de Emacs |
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1151 comenzando con el escrito por Stuart Cracraft para el Emacs original. |
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1152 |
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1153 La versión en español fue originalmente traducida por estudiantes del |
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1154 Gimnasio Fidel Cano (un colegio en Santafé de Bogotá, Colombia): |
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1155 |
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1156 Carlos Alberto López Troncoso |
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1157 Andrés Felipe Mancipe Galvis |
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1158 Lina Fernanda Pinto García |
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1159 Liliana Carolina Quitián Cedeño |
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1160 Leonardo Ramírez Vargas <leonardoramirez@latinmail.com> |
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1161 Juan David Vargas Botero <cyberbob1164@hotmail.com> |
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1162 Juan Pablo Yela Gallón |
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1163 Jorge Enrique Cárdenas Carrillo <platypus_life@hotmail.com> |
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1164 |
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1165 La versión en español ha sido revisada y corregida por: |
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1166 |
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1167 Pablo Reyes <reyes_pablo@hotmail.com> |
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1168 Igor Támara <ikks@bigfoot.com> |
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1169 Melissa Giraldo de Támara <melagira@yahoo.com> |
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1170 Vladimir Támara <vtamara@gnu.org> |
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1171 Rafael Sepúlveda <drs@gnulinux.org.mx> |
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1172 Juanma Barranquero <lektu@terra.es> |
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1173 |
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1174 La versión en español ha sido actualizada por: |
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1175 |
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1176 Rafael Sepúlveda <drs@gnulinux.org.mx> |
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1177 |
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1178 Por favor, en caso de duda, sólo es válido el original en inglés de la |
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1179 siguiente nota de derechos de reproducción (que puede encontrar en el |
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1180 archivo TUTORIAL). |
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1181 |
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1182 Copyright (C) 1985, 1996, 1998, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, |
87649 | 1183 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
82712
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1184 |
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1185 Se permite a cualquiera hacer o distribuir copias literales de este |
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1186 documento como se recibe, en cualquier medio, siempre que la nota |
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1187 de derechos de reproducción y la nota de permiso se preserven, y |
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1188 que el distribuidor permita que el que la recibe hacer distribución |
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1189 posterior como lo permite esta nota. |
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1190 |
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1191 Se permite distribuir versiones modificadas de este documento, o |
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1192 porciones de este, bajo las condiciones anteriores, siempre que |
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1193 ellas tengan nota visible especificando quién fue el último en |
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1194 alterarlas. |
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1195 |
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1196 Las condiciones para copiar Emacs mismo son más complejas, pero con el |
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1197 mismo espíritu. Por favor lea el archivo COPYING y luego distribuya |
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1198 copias de GNU Emacs a sus amigos. ¡Ayude a erradicar el |
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1199 obstruccionismo del software ("propietariedad") usando, escribiendo, y |
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1200 compartiendo software libre! |
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1201 |
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1202 --- end of TUTORIAL.es --- |
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1203 |
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1204 ;;; Local Variables: |
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1205 ;;; coding: latin-1 |
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1206 ;;; End: |
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1207 |
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1208 ;;; arch-tag: 66aae86e-6f86-4a3e-b82a-44a783f774fd |