annotate lispref/compile.texi @ 57896:27e0c6aa31c5

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author Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
date Tue, 02 Nov 2004 14:17:44 +0000
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1 @c -*-texinfo-*-
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2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual.
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3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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4 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions.
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5 @setfilename ../info/compile
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6 @node Byte Compilation, Advising Functions, Loading, Top
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7 @chapter Byte Compilation
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8 @cindex byte-code
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9 @cindex compilation
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10
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11 Emacs Lisp has a @dfn{compiler} that translates functions written
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12 in Lisp into a special representation called @dfn{byte-code} that can be
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13 executed more efficiently. The compiler replaces Lisp function
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14 definitions with byte-code. When a byte-code function is called, its
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15 definition is evaluated by the @dfn{byte-code interpreter}.
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16
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17 Because the byte-compiled code is evaluated by the byte-code
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18 interpreter, instead of being executed directly by the machine's
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19 hardware (as true compiled code is), byte-code is completely
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20 transportable from machine to machine without recompilation. It is not,
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21 however, as fast as true compiled code.
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22
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23 Compiling a Lisp file with the Emacs byte compiler always reads the
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24 file as multibyte text, even if Emacs was started with @samp{--unibyte},
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25 unless the file specifies otherwise. This is so that compilation gives
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26 results compatible with running the same file without compilation.
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27 @xref{Loading Non-ASCII}.
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28
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29 In general, any version of Emacs can run byte-compiled code produced
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30 by recent earlier versions of Emacs, but the reverse is not true. A
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31 major incompatible change was introduced in Emacs version 19.29, and
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32 files compiled with versions since that one will definitely not run
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33 in earlier versions unless you specify a special option.
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34 @iftex
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35 @xref{Docs and Compilation}.
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36 @end iftex
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37 In addition, the modifier bits in keyboard characters were renumbered in
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38 Emacs 19.29; as a result, files compiled in versions before 19.29 will
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39 not work in subsequent versions if they contain character constants with
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40 modifier bits.
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41
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42 @vindex no-byte-compile
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43 If you do not want a Lisp file to be compiled, ever, put a file-local
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44 variable binding for @code{no-byte-compile} into it, like this:
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45
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46 @example
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47 ;; -*-no-byte-compile: t; -*-
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48 @end example
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49
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50 @xref{Compilation Errors}, for how to investigate errors occurring in
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51 byte compilation.
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52
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53 @menu
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54 * Speed of Byte-Code:: An example of speedup from byte compilation.
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55 * Compilation Functions:: Byte compilation functions.
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56 * Docs and Compilation:: Dynamic loading of documentation strings.
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57 * Dynamic Loading:: Dynamic loading of individual functions.
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58 * Eval During Compile:: Code to be evaluated when you compile.
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59 * Compiler Errors:: Handling compiler error messages.
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60 * Byte-Code Objects:: The data type used for byte-compiled functions.
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61 * Disassembly:: Disassembling byte-code; how to read byte-code.
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62 @end menu
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63
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64 @node Speed of Byte-Code
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65 @section Performance of Byte-Compiled Code
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66
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67 A byte-compiled function is not as efficient as a primitive function
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68 written in C, but runs much faster than the version written in Lisp.
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69 Here is an example:
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70
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71 @example
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72 @group
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73 (defun silly-loop (n)
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74 "Return time before and after N iterations of a loop."
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75 (let ((t1 (current-time-string)))
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76 (while (> (setq n (1- n))
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77 0))
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78 (list t1 (current-time-string))))
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79 @result{} silly-loop
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80 @end group
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81
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82 @group
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83 (silly-loop 100000)
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84 @result{} ("Fri Mar 18 17:25:57 1994"
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85 "Fri Mar 18 17:26:28 1994") ; @r{31 seconds}
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86 @end group
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87
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88 @group
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89 (byte-compile 'silly-loop)
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90 @result{} @r{[Compiled code not shown]}
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91 @end group
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92
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93 @group
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94 (silly-loop 100000)
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95 @result{} ("Fri Mar 18 17:26:52 1994"
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96 "Fri Mar 18 17:26:58 1994") ; @r{6 seconds}
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97 @end group
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98 @end example
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99
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100 In this example, the interpreted code required 31 seconds to run,
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101 whereas the byte-compiled code required 6 seconds. These results are
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102 representative, but actual results will vary greatly.
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103
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104 @node Compilation Functions
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105 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
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106 @section The Compilation Functions
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107 @cindex compilation functions
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108
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109 You can byte-compile an individual function or macro definition with
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110 the @code{byte-compile} function. You can compile a whole file with
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111 @code{byte-compile-file}, or several files with
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112 @code{byte-recompile-directory} or @code{batch-byte-compile}.
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113
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114 The byte compiler produces error messages and warnings about each file
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115 in a buffer called @samp{*Compile-Log*}. These report things in your
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116 program that suggest a problem but are not necessarily erroneous.
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117
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118 @cindex macro compilation
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119 Be careful when writing macro calls in files that you may someday
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120 byte-compile. Macro calls are expanded when they are compiled, so the
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121 macros must already be defined for proper compilation. For more
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122 details, see @ref{Compiling Macros}. If a program does not work the
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123 same way when compiled as it does when interpreted, erroneous macro
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124 definitions are one likely cause (@pxref{Problems with Macros}).
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125
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126 Normally, compiling a file does not evaluate the file's contents or
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127 load the file. But it does execute any @code{require} calls at top
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128 level in the file. One way to ensure that necessary macro definitions
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129 are available during compilation is to require the file that defines
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130 them (@pxref{Named Features}). To avoid loading the macro definition files
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131 when someone @emph{runs} the compiled program, write
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132 @code{eval-when-compile} around the @code{require} calls (@pxref{Eval
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133 During Compile}).
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134
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135 @defun byte-compile symbol
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136 This function byte-compiles the function definition of @var{symbol},
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137 replacing the previous definition with the compiled one. The function
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138 definition of @var{symbol} must be the actual code for the function;
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139 i.e., the compiler does not follow indirection to another symbol.
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140 @code{byte-compile} returns the new, compiled definition of
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141 @var{symbol}.
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142
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143 If @var{symbol}'s definition is a byte-code function object,
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144 @code{byte-compile} does nothing and returns @code{nil}. Lisp records
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145 only one function definition for any symbol, and if that is already
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146 compiled, non-compiled code is not available anywhere. So there is no
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147 way to ``compile the same definition again.''
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148
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149 @example
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150 @group
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151 (defun factorial (integer)
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152 "Compute factorial of INTEGER."
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153 (if (= 1 integer) 1
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154 (* integer (factorial (1- integer)))))
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155 @result{} factorial
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156 @end group
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157
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158 @group
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159 (byte-compile 'factorial)
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160 @result{}
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161 #[(integer)
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162 "^H\301U\203^H^@@\301\207\302^H\303^HS!\"\207"
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163 [integer 1 * factorial]
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164 4 "Compute factorial of INTEGER."]
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165 @end group
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166 @end example
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167
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168 @noindent
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169 The result is a byte-code function object. The string it contains is
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170 the actual byte-code; each character in it is an instruction or an
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171 operand of an instruction. The vector contains all the constants,
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172 variable names and function names used by the function, except for
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173 certain primitives that are coded as special instructions.
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174
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175 If the argument to @code{byte-compile} is a @code{lambda} expression,
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176 it returns the corresponding compiled code, but does not store
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177 it anywhere.
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178 @end defun
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179
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180 @deffn Command compile-defun &optional arg
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181 This command reads the defun containing point, compiles it, and
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182 evaluates the result. If you use this on a defun that is actually a
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183 function definition, the effect is to install a compiled version of that
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184 function.
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185
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186 @code{compile-defun} normally displays the result of evaluation in the
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187 echo area, but if @var{arg} is non-@code{nil}, it inserts the result
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188 in the current buffer after the form it compiled.
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189 @end deffn
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190
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191 @deffn Command byte-compile-file filename &optional load
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192 This function compiles a file of Lisp code named @var{filename} into a
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193 file of byte-code. The output file's name is made by changing the
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194 @samp{.el} suffix into @samp{.elc}; if @var{filename} does not end in
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195 @samp{.el}, it adds @samp{.elc} to the end of @var{filename}.
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196
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197 Compilation works by reading the input file one form at a time. If it
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198 is a definition of a function or macro, the compiled function or macro
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199 definition is written out. Other forms are batched together, then each
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200 batch is compiled, and written so that its compiled code will be
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201 executed when the file is read. All comments are discarded when the
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202 input file is read.
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203
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204 This command returns @code{t} if there were no errors and @code{nil}
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205 otherwise. When called interactively, it prompts for the file name.
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206
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207 If @var{load} is non-@code{nil}, this command loads the compiled file
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208 after compiling it. Interactively, @var{load} is the prefix argument.
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209
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210 @example
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211 @group
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212 % ls -l push*
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213 -rw-r--r-- 1 lewis 791 Oct 5 20:31 push.el
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214 @end group
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215
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216 @group
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217 (byte-compile-file "~/emacs/push.el")
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218 @result{} t
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219 @end group
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220
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221 @group
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222 % ls -l push*
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223 -rw-r--r-- 1 lewis 791 Oct 5 20:31 push.el
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224 -rw-rw-rw- 1 lewis 638 Oct 8 20:25 push.elc
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225 @end group
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226 @end example
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227 @end deffn
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228
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229 @deffn Command byte-recompile-directory directory &optional flag force
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230 @cindex library compilation
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231 This command recompiles every @samp{.el} file in @var{directory} (or
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232 its subdirectories) that needs recompilation. A file needs
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233 recompilation if a @samp{.elc} file exists but is older than the
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234 @samp{.el} file.
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235
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236 When a @samp{.el} file has no corresponding @samp{.elc} file,
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237 @var{flag} says what to do. If it is @code{nil}, this command ignores
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238 these files. If @var{flag} is 0, it compiles them. If it is neither
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239 @code{nil} nor 0, it asks the user whether to compile each such file,
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240 and asks about each subdirectory as well.
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241
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242 Interactively, @code{byte-recompile-directory} prompts for
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243 @var{directory} and @var{flag} is the prefix argument.
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244
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245 If @var{force} is non-@code{nil}, this command recompiles every
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246 @samp{.el} file that has a @samp{.elc} file.
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247
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248 The returned value is unpredictable.
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249 @end deffn
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250
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251 @defun batch-byte-compile &optional noforce
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252 This function runs @code{byte-compile-file} on files specified on the
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253 command line. This function must be used only in a batch execution of
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254 Emacs, as it kills Emacs on completion. An error in one file does not
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255 prevent processing of subsequent files, but no output file will be
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256 generated for it, and the Emacs process will terminate with a nonzero
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257 status code.
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258
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259 If @var{noforce} is non-@code{nil}, this function does not recompile
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260 files that have an up-to-date @samp{.elc} file.
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261
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262 @example
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263 % emacs -batch -f batch-byte-compile *.el
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264 @end example
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265 @end defun
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266
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267 @defun byte-code code-string data-vector max-stack
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268 @cindex byte-code interpreter
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269 This function actually interprets byte-code. A byte-compiled function
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270 is actually defined with a body that calls @code{byte-code}. Don't call
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271 this function yourself---only the byte compiler knows how to generate
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272 valid calls to this function.
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273
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274 In Emacs version 18, byte-code was always executed by way of a call to
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275 the function @code{byte-code}. Nowadays, byte-code is usually executed
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276 as part of a byte-code function object, and only rarely through an
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277 explicit call to @code{byte-code}.
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278 @end defun
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279
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280 @node Docs and Compilation
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281 @section Documentation Strings and Compilation
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282 @cindex dynamic loading of documentation
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283
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284 Functions and variables loaded from a byte-compiled file access their
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285 documentation strings dynamically from the file whenever needed. This
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286 saves space within Emacs, and makes loading faster because the
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287 documentation strings themselves need not be processed while loading the
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288 file. Actual access to the documentation strings becomes slower as a
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289 result, but this normally is not enough to bother users.
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290
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291 Dynamic access to documentation strings does have drawbacks:
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292
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293 @itemize @bullet
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294 @item
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295 If you delete or move the compiled file after loading it, Emacs can no
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296 longer access the documentation strings for the functions and variables
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297 in the file.
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298
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299 @item
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300 If you alter the compiled file (such as by compiling a new version),
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301 then further access to documentation strings in this file will
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302 probably give nonsense results.
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303 @end itemize
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304
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305 If your site installs Emacs following the usual procedures, these
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306 problems will never normally occur. Installing a new version uses a new
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307 directory with a different name; as long as the old version remains
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308 installed, its files will remain unmodified in the places where they are
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309 expected to be.
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310
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311 However, if you have built Emacs yourself and use it from the
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312 directory where you built it, you will experience this problem
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313 occasionally if you edit and recompile Lisp files. When it happens, you
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314 can cure the problem by reloading the file after recompiling it.
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315
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316 Byte-compiled files made with recent versions of Emacs (since 19.29)
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317 will not load into older versions because the older versions don't
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318 support this feature. You can turn off this feature at compile time by
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319 setting @code{byte-compile-dynamic-docstrings} to @code{nil}; then you
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320 can compile files that will load into older Emacs versions. You can do
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321 this globally, or for one source file by specifying a file-local binding
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322 for the variable. One way to do that is by adding this string to the
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323 file's first line:
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324
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325 @example
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326 -*-byte-compile-dynamic-docstrings: nil;-*-
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327 @end example
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328
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329 @defvar byte-compile-dynamic-docstrings
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330 If this is non-@code{nil}, the byte compiler generates compiled files
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331 that are set up for dynamic loading of documentation strings.
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332 @end defvar
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333
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334 @cindex @samp{#@@@var{count}}
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335 @cindex @samp{#$}
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336 The dynamic documentation string feature writes compiled files that
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337 use a special Lisp reader construct, @samp{#@@@var{count}}. This
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338 construct skips the next @var{count} characters. It also uses the
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339 @samp{#$} construct, which stands for ``the name of this file, as a
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340 string.'' It is usually best not to use these constructs in Lisp source
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341 files, since they are not designed to be clear to humans reading the
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342 file.
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343
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344 @node Dynamic Loading
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345 @section Dynamic Loading of Individual Functions
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346
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347 @cindex dynamic loading of functions
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348 @cindex lazy loading
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349 When you compile a file, you can optionally enable the @dfn{dynamic
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350 function loading} feature (also known as @dfn{lazy loading}). With
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351 dynamic function loading, loading the file doesn't fully read the
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352 function definitions in the file. Instead, each function definition
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353 contains a place-holder which refers to the file. The first time each
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354 function is called, it reads the full definition from the file, to
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355 replace the place-holder.
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356
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357 The advantage of dynamic function loading is that loading the file
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358 becomes much faster. This is a good thing for a file which contains
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359 many separate user-callable functions, if using one of them does not
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360 imply you will probably also use the rest. A specialized mode which
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361 provides many keyboard commands often has that usage pattern: a user may
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362 invoke the mode, but use only a few of the commands it provides.
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363
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364 The dynamic loading feature has certain disadvantages:
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365
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366 @itemize @bullet
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367 @item
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368 If you delete or move the compiled file after loading it, Emacs can no
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369 longer load the remaining function definitions not already loaded.
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370
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371 @item
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372 If you alter the compiled file (such as by compiling a new version),
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373 then trying to load any function not already loaded will usually yield
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374 nonsense results.
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375 @end itemize
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376
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377 These problems will never happen in normal circumstances with
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378 installed Emacs files. But they are quite likely to happen with Lisp
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379 files that you are changing. The easiest way to prevent these problems
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380 is to reload the new compiled file immediately after each recompilation.
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381
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382 The byte compiler uses the dynamic function loading feature if the
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383 variable @code{byte-compile-dynamic} is non-@code{nil} at compilation
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384 time. Do not set this variable globally, since dynamic loading is
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385 desirable only for certain files. Instead, enable the feature for
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386 specific source files with file-local variable bindings. For example,
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387 you could do it by writing this text in the source file's first line:
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388
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389 @example
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390 -*-byte-compile-dynamic: t;-*-
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391 @end example
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392
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393 @defvar byte-compile-dynamic
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394 If this is non-@code{nil}, the byte compiler generates compiled files
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395 that are set up for dynamic function loading.
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396 @end defvar
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397
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398 @defun fetch-bytecode function
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399 If @var{function} is a byte-code function object, this immediately
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400 finishes loading the byte code of @var{function} from its
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401 byte-compiled file, if it is not fully loaded already. Otherwise,
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402 it does nothing. It always returns @var{function}.
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403 @end defun
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404
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405 @node Eval During Compile
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406 @section Evaluation During Compilation
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407
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408 These features permit you to write code to be evaluated during
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409 compilation of a program.
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410
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411 @defspec eval-and-compile body
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412 This form marks @var{body} to be evaluated both when you compile the
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413 containing code and when you run it (whether compiled or not).
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414
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415 You can get a similar result by putting @var{body} in a separate file
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416 and referring to that file with @code{require}. That method is
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417 preferable when @var{body} is large.
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418 @end defspec
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419
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420 @defspec eval-when-compile body
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421 This form marks @var{body} to be evaluated at compile time but not when
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422 the compiled program is loaded. The result of evaluation by the
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423 compiler becomes a constant which appears in the compiled program. If
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424 you load the source file, rather than compiling it, @var{body} is
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425 evaluated normally.
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426
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427 @strong{Common Lisp Note:} At top level, this is analogous to the Common
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428 Lisp idiom @code{(eval-when (compile eval) @dots{})}. Elsewhere, the
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429 Common Lisp @samp{#.} reader macro (but not when interpreting) is closer
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430 to what @code{eval-when-compile} does.
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431 @end defspec
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432
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433 @node Compiler Errors
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434 @section Compiler Errors
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435 @cindex compiler errors
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436
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437 Byte compilation writes errors and warnings into the buffer
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438 @samp{*Compile-Log*}. The messages include file names and line
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439 numbers that identify the location of the problem. The usual Emacs
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440 commands for operating on compiler diagnostics work properly on
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441 these messages.
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442
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443 However, the warnings about functions that were used but not
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444 defined are always ``located'' at the end of the file, so these
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445 commands won't find the places they are really used. To do that,
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446 you must search for the function names.
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447
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448 You can suppress the compiler warning for calling an undefined
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449 function @var{func} by conditionalizing the function call on an
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450 @code{fboundp} test, like this:
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451
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452 @example
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453 (if (fboundp '@var{func}) ...(@var{func} ...)...)
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454 @end example
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455
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456 @noindent
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457 The call to @var{func} must be in the @var{then-form} of the
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458 @code{if}, and @var{func} must appear quoted in the call to
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459 @code{fboundp}. (This feature operates for @code{cond} as well.)
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460
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461 Likewise, you can suppress a compiler warning for an unbound variable
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462 @var{variable} by conditionalizing its use on a @code{boundp} test,
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463 like this:
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464
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465 @example
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466 (if (boundp '@var{variable}) ...@var{variable}...)
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467 @end example
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468
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469 @noindent
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470 The reference to @var{variable} must be in the @var{then-form} of the
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471 @code{if}, and @var{variable} must appear quoted in the call to
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472 @code{boundp}.
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473
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474 You can suppress any compiler warnings using the construct
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475 @code{with-no-warnings}:
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476
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477 @c This is implemented with a defun, but conceptually it is
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478 @c a special form.
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479
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480 @defspec with-no-warnings body...
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481 In execution, this is equivalent to @code{(progn @var{body}...)},
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482 but the compiler does not issue warnings for anything that occurs
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483 inside @var{body}.
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484
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485 We recommend that you use this construct around the smallest
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486 possible piece of code.
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487 @end defspec
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488
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489 @node Byte-Code Objects
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490 @section Byte-Code Function Objects
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491 @cindex compiled function
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492 @cindex byte-code function
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493
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494 Byte-compiled functions have a special data type: they are
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495 @dfn{byte-code function objects}.
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496
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497 Internally, a byte-code function object is much like a vector;
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498 however, the evaluator handles this data type specially when it appears
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499 as a function to be called. The printed representation for a byte-code
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500 function object is like that for a vector, with an additional @samp{#}
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501 before the opening @samp{[}.
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502
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503 A byte-code function object must have at least four elements; there is
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504 no maximum number, but only the first six elements have any normal use.
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505 They are:
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506
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507 @table @var
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508 @item arglist
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509 The list of argument symbols.
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510
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511 @item byte-code
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512 The string containing the byte-code instructions.
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513
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514 @item constants
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515 The vector of Lisp objects referenced by the byte code. These include
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516 symbols used as function names and variable names.
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517
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518 @item stacksize
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519 The maximum stack size this function needs.
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520
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521 @item docstring
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522 The documentation string (if any); otherwise, @code{nil}. The value may
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523 be a number or a list, in case the documentation string is stored in a
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524 file. Use the function @code{documentation} to get the real
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525 documentation string (@pxref{Accessing Documentation}).
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526
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527 @item interactive
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528 The interactive spec (if any). This can be a string or a Lisp
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529 expression. It is @code{nil} for a function that isn't interactive.
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530 @end table
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531
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532 Here's an example of a byte-code function object, in printed
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533 representation. It is the definition of the command
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534 @code{backward-sexp}.
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535
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536 @example
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537 #[(&optional arg)
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538 "^H\204^F^@@\301^P\302^H[!\207"
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539 [arg 1 forward-sexp]
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540 2
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541 254435
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542 "p"]
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543 @end example
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544
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545 The primitive way to create a byte-code object is with
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546 @code{make-byte-code}:
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547
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548 @defun make-byte-code &rest elements
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549 This function constructs and returns a byte-code function object
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550 with @var{elements} as its elements.
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551 @end defun
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552
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553 You should not try to come up with the elements for a byte-code
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554 function yourself, because if they are inconsistent, Emacs may crash
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555 when you call the function. Always leave it to the byte compiler to
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556 create these objects; it makes the elements consistent (we hope).
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557
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558 You can access the elements of a byte-code object using @code{aref};
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559 you can also use @code{vconcat} to create a vector with the same
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560 elements.
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561
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562 @node Disassembly
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563 @section Disassembled Byte-Code
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564 @cindex disassembled byte-code
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565
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566 People do not write byte-code; that job is left to the byte compiler.
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567 But we provide a disassembler to satisfy a cat-like curiosity. The
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568 disassembler converts the byte-compiled code into humanly readable
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569 form.
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570
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571 The byte-code interpreter is implemented as a simple stack machine.
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572 It pushes values onto a stack of its own, then pops them off to use them
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573 in calculations whose results are themselves pushed back on the stack.
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574 When a byte-code function returns, it pops a value off the stack and
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575 returns it as the value of the function.
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576
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577 In addition to the stack, byte-code functions can use, bind, and set
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578 ordinary Lisp variables, by transferring values between variables and
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579 the stack.
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580
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581 @deffn Command disassemble object &optional buffer-or-name
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582 This command displays the disassembled code for @var{object}. In
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583 interactive use, or if @var{buffer-or-name} is @code{nil} or omitted,
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584 the output goes in a buffer named @samp{*Disassemble*}. If
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585 @var{buffer-or-name} is non-@code{nil}, it must be a buffer or the
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586 name of an existing buffer. Then the output goes there, at point, and
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587 point is left before the output.
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588
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589 The argument @var{object} can be a function name, a lambda expression
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590 or a byte-code object. If it is a lambda expression, @code{disassemble}
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591 compiles it and disassembles the resulting compiled code.
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592 @end deffn
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593
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594 Here are two examples of using the @code{disassemble} function. We
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595 have added explanatory comments to help you relate the byte-code to the
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596 Lisp source; these do not appear in the output of @code{disassemble}.
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597 These examples show unoptimized byte-code. Nowadays byte-code is
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598 usually optimized, but we did not want to rewrite these examples, since
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599 they still serve their purpose.
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600
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601 @example
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602 @group
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603 (defun factorial (integer)
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604 "Compute factorial of an integer."
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605 (if (= 1 integer) 1
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606 (* integer (factorial (1- integer)))))
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607 @result{} factorial
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608 @end group
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609
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610 @group
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611 (factorial 4)
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612 @result{} 24
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613 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
614
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parents:
diff changeset
615 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
616 (disassemble 'factorial)
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parents:
diff changeset
617 @print{} byte-code for factorial:
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parents:
diff changeset
618 doc: Compute factorial of an integer.
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parents:
diff changeset
619 args: (integer)
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620 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
621
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diff changeset
622 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
623 0 constant 1 ; @r{Push 1 onto stack.}
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parents:
diff changeset
624
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diff changeset
625 1 varref integer ; @r{Get value of @code{integer}}
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parents:
diff changeset
626 ; @r{from the environment}
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parents:
diff changeset
627 ; @r{and push the value}
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parents:
diff changeset
628 ; @r{onto the stack.}
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parents:
diff changeset
629 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
630
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parents:
diff changeset
631 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
632 2 eqlsign ; @r{Pop top two values off stack,}
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parents:
diff changeset
633 ; @r{compare them,}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
634 ; @r{and push result onto stack.}
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parents:
diff changeset
635 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
636
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parents:
diff changeset
637 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
638 3 goto-if-nil 10 ; @r{Pop and test top of stack;}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
639 ; @r{if @code{nil}, go to 10,}
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parents:
diff changeset
640 ; @r{else continue.}
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parents:
diff changeset
641 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
642
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
643 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
644 6 constant 1 ; @r{Push 1 onto top of stack.}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
645
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
646 7 goto 17 ; @r{Go to 17 (in this case, 1 will be}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
647 ; @r{returned by the function).}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
648 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
649
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
650 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
651 10 constant * ; @r{Push symbol @code{*} onto stack.}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
652
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
653 11 varref integer ; @r{Push value of @code{integer} onto stack.}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
654 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
655
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
656 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
657 12 constant factorial ; @r{Push @code{factorial} onto stack.}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
658
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
659 13 varref integer ; @r{Push value of @code{integer} onto stack.}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
660
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
661 14 sub1 ; @r{Pop @code{integer}, decrement value,}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
662 ; @r{push new value onto stack.}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
663 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
664
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
665 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
666 ; @r{Stack now contains:}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
667 ; @minus{} @r{decremented value of @code{integer}}
49600
23a1cea22d13 Trailing whitespace deleted.
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents: 38160
diff changeset
668 ; @minus{} @r{@code{factorial}}
5945
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
669 ; @minus{} @r{value of @code{integer}}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
670 ; @minus{} @r{@code{*}}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
671 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
672
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
673 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
674 15 call 1 ; @r{Call function @code{factorial} using}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
675 ; @r{the first (i.e., the top) element}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
676 ; @r{of the stack as the argument;}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
677 ; @r{push returned value onto stack.}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
678 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
679
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
680 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
681 ; @r{Stack now contains:}
7212
2f1305fcecf6 entered into RCS
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6452
diff changeset
682 ; @minus{} @r{result of recursive}
5945
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
683 ; @r{call to @code{factorial}}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
684 ; @minus{} @r{value of @code{integer}}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
685 ; @minus{} @r{@code{*}}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
686 @end group
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
687
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
688 @group
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
689 16 call 2 ; @r{Using the first two}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
690 ; @r{(i.e., the top two)}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
691 ; @r{elements of the stack}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
692 ; @r{as arguments,}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
693 ; @r{call the function @code{*},}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
694 ; @r{pushing the result onto the stack.}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
695 @end group
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
696
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
697 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
698 17 return ; @r{Return the top element}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
699 ; @r{of the stack.}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
700 @result{} nil
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
701 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
702 @end example
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
703
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
704 The @code{silly-loop} function is somewhat more complex:
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
705
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
706 @example
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
707 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
708 (defun silly-loop (n)
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
709 "Return time before and after N iterations of a loop."
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
710 (let ((t1 (current-time-string)))
49600
23a1cea22d13 Trailing whitespace deleted.
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents: 38160
diff changeset
711 (while (> (setq n (1- n))
5945
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
712 0))
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
713 (list t1 (current-time-string))))
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
714 @result{} silly-loop
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
715 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
716
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
717 @group
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
718 (disassemble 'silly-loop)
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
719 @print{} byte-code for silly-loop:
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
720 doc: Return time before and after N iterations of a loop.
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
721 args: (n)
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
722
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
723 0 constant current-time-string ; @r{Push}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
724 ; @r{@code{current-time-string}}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
725 ; @r{onto top of stack.}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
726 @end group
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
727
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
728 @group
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
729 1 call 0 ; @r{Call @code{current-time-string}}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
730 ; @r{ with no argument,}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
731 ; @r{ pushing result onto stack.}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
732 @end group
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
733
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
734 @group
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
735 2 varbind t1 ; @r{Pop stack and bind @code{t1}}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
736 ; @r{to popped value.}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
737 @end group
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
738
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
739 @group
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
740 3 varref n ; @r{Get value of @code{n} from}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
741 ; @r{the environment and push}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
742 ; @r{the value onto the stack.}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
743 @end group
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
744
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
745 @group
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
746 4 sub1 ; @r{Subtract 1 from top of stack.}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
747 @end group
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
748
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
749 @group
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
750 5 dup ; @r{Duplicate the top of the stack;}
6452
8c7032348e93 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 5945
diff changeset
751 ; @r{i.e., copy the top of}
5945
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
752 ; @r{the stack and push the}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
753 ; @r{copy onto the stack.}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
754 @end group
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
755
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
756 @group
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
757 6 varset n ; @r{Pop the top of the stack,}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
758 ; @r{and bind @code{n} to the value.}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
759
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
760 ; @r{In effect, the sequence @code{dup varset}}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
761 ; @r{copies the top of the stack}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
762 ; @r{into the value of @code{n}}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
763 ; @r{without popping it.}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
764 @end group
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
765
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
766 @group
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
767 7 constant 0 ; @r{Push 0 onto stack.}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
768 @end group
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
769
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
770 @group
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
771 8 gtr ; @r{Pop top two values off stack,}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
772 ; @r{test if @var{n} is greater than 0}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
773 ; @r{and push result onto stack.}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
774 @end group
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
775
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
776 @group
7212
2f1305fcecf6 entered into RCS
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parents: 6452
diff changeset
777 9 goto-if-nil-else-pop 17 ; @r{Goto 17 if @code{n} <= 0}
2f1305fcecf6 entered into RCS
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6452
diff changeset
778 ; @r{(this exits the while loop).}
5945
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
779 ; @r{else pop top of stack}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
780 ; @r{and continue}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
781 @end group
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
782
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
783 @group
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
784 12 constant nil ; @r{Push @code{nil} onto stack}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
785 ; @r{(this is the body of the loop).}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
786 @end group
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
787
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
788 @group
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
789 13 discard ; @r{Discard result of the body}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
790 ; @r{of the loop (a while loop}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
791 ; @r{is always evaluated for}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
792 ; @r{its side effects).}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
793 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
794
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
795 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
796 14 goto 3 ; @r{Jump back to beginning}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
797 ; @r{of while loop.}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
798 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
799
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
800 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
801 17 discard ; @r{Discard result of while loop}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
802 ; @r{by popping top of stack.}
7212
2f1305fcecf6 entered into RCS
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6452
diff changeset
803 ; @r{This result is the value @code{nil} that}
2f1305fcecf6 entered into RCS
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6452
diff changeset
804 ; @r{was not popped by the goto at 9.}
5945
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
805 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
806
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
807 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
808 18 varref t1 ; @r{Push value of @code{t1} onto stack.}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
809 @end group
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
810
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
811 @group
49600
23a1cea22d13 Trailing whitespace deleted.
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents: 38160
diff changeset
812 19 constant current-time-string ; @r{Push}
5945
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
813 ; @r{@code{current-time-string}}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
814 ; @r{onto top of stack.}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
815 @end group
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
816
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
817 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
818 20 call 0 ; @r{Call @code{current-time-string} again.}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
819 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
820
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
821 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
822 21 list2 ; @r{Pop top two elements off stack,}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
823 ; @r{create a list of them,}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
824 ; @r{and push list onto stack.}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
825 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
826
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
827 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
828 22 unbind 1 ; @r{Unbind @code{t1} in local environment.}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
829
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
830 23 return ; @r{Return value of the top of stack.}
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
831
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
832 @result{} nil
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
833 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
834 @end example
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
835
e449bfa3caae Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
836
52401
695cf19ef79e Add arch taglines
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 52155
diff changeset
837 @ignore
695cf19ef79e Add arch taglines
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 52155
diff changeset
838 arch-tag: f78e3050-2f0a-4dee-be27-d9979a0a2289
695cf19ef79e Add arch taglines
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 52155
diff changeset
839 @end ignore