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author | Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org> |
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date | Mon, 14 Aug 2000 12:43:13 +0000 |
parents | 8c79b30d8475 |
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rev | line source |
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6564 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
27189 | 3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, 1999 |
4 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc. | |
6564 | 5 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. |
6 @setfilename ../info/buffers | |
7 @node Buffers, Windows, Backups and Auto-Saving, Top | |
8 @chapter Buffers | |
9 @cindex buffer | |
10 | |
11 A @dfn{buffer} is a Lisp object containing text to be edited. Buffers | |
12 are used to hold the contents of files that are being visited; there may | |
7677 | 13 also be buffers that are not visiting files. While several buffers may |
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14 exist at one time, only one buffer is designated the @dfn{current |
6564 | 15 buffer} at any time. Most editing commands act on the contents of the |
16 current buffer. Each buffer, including the current buffer, may or may | |
17 not be displayed in any windows. | |
18 | |
19 @menu | |
20 * Buffer Basics:: What is a buffer? | |
12067 | 21 * Current Buffer:: Designating a buffer as current |
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22 so that primitives will access its contents. |
6564 | 23 * Buffer Names:: Accessing and changing buffer names. |
24 * Buffer File Name:: The buffer file name indicates which file is visited. | |
25 * Buffer Modification:: A buffer is @dfn{modified} if it needs to be saved. | |
26 * Modification Time:: Determining whether the visited file was changed | |
27 ``behind Emacs's back''. | |
28 * Read Only Buffers:: Modifying text is not allowed in a read-only buffer. | |
29 * The Buffer List:: How to look at all the existing buffers. | |
30 * Creating Buffers:: Functions that create buffers. | |
31 * Killing Buffers:: Buffers exist until explicitly killed. | |
12067 | 32 * Indirect Buffers:: An indirect buffer shares text with some other buffer. |
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33 * Buffer Gap:: The gap in the buffer. |
6564 | 34 @end menu |
35 | |
36 @node Buffer Basics | |
37 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
38 @section Buffer Basics | |
39 | |
27193 | 40 @ifnottex |
6564 | 41 A @dfn{buffer} is a Lisp object containing text to be edited. Buffers |
42 are used to hold the contents of files that are being visited; there may | |
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43 also be buffers that are not visiting files. Although several buffers |
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44 normally exist, only one buffer is designated the @dfn{current |
6564 | 45 buffer} at any time. Most editing commands act on the contents of the |
46 current buffer. Each buffer, including the current buffer, may or may | |
47 not be displayed in any windows. | |
27193 | 48 @end ifnottex |
6564 | 49 |
12098 | 50 Buffers in Emacs editing are objects that have distinct names and hold |
51 text that can be edited. Buffers appear to Lisp programs as a special | |
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52 data type. You can think of the contents of a buffer as a string that |
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53 you can extend; insertions and deletions may occur in any part of the |
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54 buffer. @xref{Text}. |
6564 | 55 |
56 A Lisp buffer object contains numerous pieces of information. Some of | |
57 this information is directly accessible to the programmer through | |
7677 | 58 variables, while other information is accessible only through |
6564 | 59 special-purpose functions. For example, the visited file name is |
60 directly accessible through a variable, while the value of point is | |
61 accessible only through a primitive function. | |
62 | |
63 Buffer-specific information that is directly accessible is stored in | |
64 @dfn{buffer-local} variable bindings, which are variable values that are | |
65 effective only in a particular buffer. This feature allows each buffer | |
66 to override the values of certain variables. Most major modes override | |
67 variables such as @code{fill-column} or @code{comment-column} in this | |
68 way. For more information about buffer-local variables and functions | |
69 related to them, see @ref{Buffer-Local Variables}. | |
70 | |
71 For functions and variables related to visiting files in buffers, see | |
72 @ref{Visiting Files} and @ref{Saving Buffers}. For functions and | |
73 variables related to the display of buffers in windows, see | |
74 @ref{Buffers and Windows}. | |
75 | |
76 @defun bufferp object | |
77 This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a buffer, | |
78 @code{nil} otherwise. | |
79 @end defun | |
80 | |
12067 | 81 @node Current Buffer |
82 @section The Current Buffer | |
83 @cindex selecting a buffer | |
84 @cindex changing to another buffer | |
85 @cindex current buffer | |
86 | |
87 There are, in general, many buffers in an Emacs session. At any time, | |
88 one of them is designated as the @dfn{current buffer}. This is the | |
89 buffer in which most editing takes place, because most of the primitives | |
90 for examining or changing text in a buffer operate implicitly on the | |
91 current buffer (@pxref{Text}). Normally the buffer that is displayed on | |
92 the screen in the selected window is the current buffer, but this is not | |
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93 always so: a Lisp program can temporarily designate any buffer as |
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94 current in order to operate on its contents, without changing what is |
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95 displayed on the screen. |
12067 | 96 |
97 The way to designate a current buffer in a Lisp program is by calling | |
98 @code{set-buffer}. The specified buffer remains current until a new one | |
99 is designated. | |
100 | |
101 When an editing command returns to the editor command loop, the | |
102 command loop designates the buffer displayed in the selected window as | |
103 current, to prevent confusion: the buffer that the cursor is in when | |
104 Emacs reads a command is the buffer that the command will apply to. | |
105 (@xref{Command Loop}.) Therefore, @code{set-buffer} is not the way to | |
106 switch visibly to a different buffer so that the user can edit it. For | |
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107 that, you must use the functions described in @ref{Displaying Buffers}. |
12067 | 108 |
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109 @strong{Note:} Lisp functions that change to a different current buffer |
12067 | 110 should not depend on the command loop to set it back afterwards. |
111 Editing commands written in Emacs Lisp can be called from other programs | |
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112 as well as from the command loop; it is convenient for the caller if |
12067 | 113 the subroutine does not change which buffer is current (unless, of |
114 course, that is the subroutine's purpose). Therefore, you should | |
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115 normally use @code{set-buffer} within a @code{save-current-buffer} or |
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116 @code{save-excursion} (@pxref{Excursions}) form that will restore the |
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117 current buffer when your function is done. Here is an example, the |
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118 code for the command @code{append-to-buffer} (with the documentation |
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119 string abridged): |
12067 | 120 |
121 @example | |
122 @group | |
123 (defun append-to-buffer (buffer start end) | |
124 "Append to specified buffer the text of the region. | |
125 @dots{}" | |
126 (interactive "BAppend to buffer: \nr") | |
127 (let ((oldbuf (current-buffer))) | |
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128 (save-current-buffer |
12067 | 129 (set-buffer (get-buffer-create buffer)) |
130 (insert-buffer-substring oldbuf start end)))) | |
131 @end group | |
132 @end example | |
133 | |
134 @noindent | |
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135 This function binds a local variable to record the current buffer, and |
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136 then @code{save-current-buffer} arranges to make it current again. |
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137 Next, @code{set-buffer} makes the specified buffer current. Finally, |
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138 @code{insert-buffer-substring} copies the string from the original |
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139 current buffer to the specified (and now current) buffer. |
12067 | 140 |
141 If the buffer appended to happens to be displayed in some window, | |
142 the next redisplay will show how its text has changed. Otherwise, you | |
143 will not see the change immediately on the screen. The buffer becomes | |
144 current temporarily during the execution of the command, but this does | |
145 not cause it to be displayed. | |
146 | |
147 If you make local bindings (with @code{let} or function arguments) for | |
148 a variable that may also have buffer-local bindings, make sure that the | |
149 same buffer is current at the beginning and at the end of the local | |
150 binding's scope. Otherwise you might bind it in one buffer and unbind | |
151 it in another! There are two ways to do this. In simple cases, you may | |
152 see that nothing ever changes the current buffer within the scope of the | |
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153 binding. Otherwise, use @code{save-current-buffer} or |
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154 @code{save-excursion} to make sure that the buffer current at the |
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155 beginning is current again whenever the variable is unbound. |
12067 | 156 |
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157 Do not rely on using @code{set-buffer} to change the current buffer |
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158 back, because that won't do the job if a quit happens while the wrong |
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159 buffer is current. Here is what @emph{not} to do: |
12067 | 160 |
161 @example | |
162 @group | |
163 (let (buffer-read-only | |
164 (obuf (current-buffer))) | |
165 (set-buffer @dots{}) | |
166 @dots{} | |
167 (set-buffer obuf)) | |
168 @end group | |
169 @end example | |
170 | |
171 @noindent | |
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172 Using @code{save-current-buffer}, as shown here, handles quitting, |
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173 errors, and @code{throw}, as well as ordinary evaluation. |
12067 | 174 |
175 @example | |
176 @group | |
177 (let (buffer-read-only) | |
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178 (save-current-buffer |
12067 | 179 (set-buffer @dots{}) |
180 @dots{})) | |
181 @end group | |
182 @end example | |
183 | |
184 @defun current-buffer | |
185 This function returns the current buffer. | |
186 | |
187 @example | |
188 @group | |
189 (current-buffer) | |
190 @result{} #<buffer buffers.texi> | |
191 @end group | |
192 @end example | |
193 @end defun | |
194 | |
195 @defun set-buffer buffer-or-name | |
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196 This function makes @var{buffer-or-name} the current buffer. This does |
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197 not display the buffer in any window, so the user cannot necessarily see |
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198 the buffer. But Lisp programs will now operate on it. |
12067 | 199 |
200 This function returns the buffer identified by @var{buffer-or-name}. | |
201 An error is signaled if @var{buffer-or-name} does not identify an | |
202 existing buffer. | |
203 @end defun | |
204 | |
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205 @defspec save-current-buffer body... |
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206 The @code{save-current-buffer} macro saves the identity of the current |
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207 buffer, evaluates the @var{body} forms, and finally restores that buffer |
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208 as current. The return value is the value of the last form in |
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209 @var{body}. The current buffer is restored even in case of an abnormal |
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210 exit via @code{throw} or error (@pxref{Nonlocal Exits}). |
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211 |
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212 If the buffer that used to be current has been killed by the time of |
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213 exit from @code{save-current-buffer}, then it is not made current again, |
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214 of course. Instead, whichever buffer was current just before exit |
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215 remains current. |
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216 @end defspec |
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217 |
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218 @defmac with-current-buffer buffer body... |
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219 The @code{with-current-buffer} macro saves the identity of the current |
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220 buffer, makes @var{buffer} current, evaluates the @var{body} forms, and |
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221 finally restores the buffer. The return value is the value of the last |
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222 form in @var{body}. The current buffer is restored even in case of an |
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223 abnormal exit via @code{throw} or error (@pxref{Nonlocal Exits}). |
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224 @end defmac |
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225 |
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226 @defmac with-temp-buffer body... |
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227 The @code{with-temp-buffer} macro evaluates the @var{body} forms |
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228 with a temporary buffer as the current buffer. It saves the identity of |
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229 the current buffer, creates a temporary buffer and makes it current, |
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230 evaluates the @var{body} forms, and finally restores the previous |
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231 current buffer while killing the temporary buffer. |
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232 |
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233 The return value is the value of the last form in @var{body}. You can |
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234 return the contents of the temporary buffer by using |
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235 @code{(buffer-string)} as the last form. |
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236 |
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237 The current buffer is restored even in case of an abnormal exit via |
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238 @code{throw} or error (@pxref{Nonlocal Exits}). |
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239 @end defmac |
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240 |
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241 See also @code{with-temp-file} in @ref{Writing to Files}. |
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242 |
6564 | 243 @node Buffer Names |
244 @section Buffer Names | |
245 @cindex buffer names | |
246 | |
247 Each buffer has a unique name, which is a string. Many of the | |
248 functions that work on buffers accept either a buffer or a buffer name | |
249 as an argument. Any argument called @var{buffer-or-name} is of this | |
250 sort, and an error is signaled if it is neither a string nor a buffer. | |
251 Any argument called @var{buffer} must be an actual buffer | |
252 object, not a name. | |
253 | |
254 Buffers that are ephemeral and generally uninteresting to the user | |
12098 | 255 have names starting with a space, so that the @code{list-buffers} and |
6564 | 256 @code{buffer-menu} commands don't mention them. A name starting with |
257 space also initially disables recording undo information; see | |
258 @ref{Undo}. | |
259 | |
260 @defun buffer-name &optional buffer | |
261 This function returns the name of @var{buffer} as a string. If | |
262 @var{buffer} is not supplied, it defaults to the current buffer. | |
263 | |
264 If @code{buffer-name} returns @code{nil}, it means that @var{buffer} | |
265 has been killed. @xref{Killing Buffers}. | |
266 | |
267 @example | |
268 @group | |
269 (buffer-name) | |
270 @result{} "buffers.texi" | |
271 @end group | |
272 | |
273 @group | |
274 (setq foo (get-buffer "temp")) | |
275 @result{} #<buffer temp> | |
276 @end group | |
277 @group | |
278 (kill-buffer foo) | |
279 @result{} nil | |
280 @end group | |
281 @group | |
282 (buffer-name foo) | |
283 @result{} nil | |
284 @end group | |
285 @group | |
286 foo | |
287 @result{} #<killed buffer> | |
288 @end group | |
289 @end example | |
290 @end defun | |
291 | |
292 @deffn Command rename-buffer newname &optional unique | |
293 This function renames the current buffer to @var{newname}. An error | |
294 is signaled if @var{newname} is not a string, or if there is already a | |
13229 | 295 buffer with that name. The function returns @var{newname}. |
6564 | 296 |
297 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
298 Ordinarily, @code{rename-buffer} signals an error if @var{newname} is | |
299 already in use. However, if @var{unique} is non-@code{nil}, it modifies | |
300 @var{newname} to make a name that is not in use. Interactively, you can | |
301 make @var{unique} non-@code{nil} with a numeric prefix argument. | |
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302 (This is how the command @code{rename-uniquely} is implemented.) |
6564 | 303 @end deffn |
304 | |
305 @defun get-buffer buffer-or-name | |
306 This function returns the buffer specified by @var{buffer-or-name}. | |
307 If @var{buffer-or-name} is a string and there is no buffer with that | |
308 name, the value is @code{nil}. If @var{buffer-or-name} is a buffer, it | |
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309 is returned as given; that is not very useful, so the argument is usually |
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310 a name. For example: |
6564 | 311 |
312 @example | |
313 @group | |
314 (setq b (get-buffer "lewis")) | |
315 @result{} #<buffer lewis> | |
316 @end group | |
317 @group | |
318 (get-buffer b) | |
319 @result{} #<buffer lewis> | |
320 @end group | |
321 @group | |
322 (get-buffer "Frazzle-nots") | |
323 @result{} nil | |
324 @end group | |
325 @end example | |
326 | |
327 See also the function @code{get-buffer-create} in @ref{Creating Buffers}. | |
328 @end defun | |
329 | |
330 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
26239 | 331 @defun generate-new-buffer-name starting-name &rest ignore |
6564 | 332 This function returns a name that would be unique for a new buffer---but |
333 does not create the buffer. It starts with @var{starting-name}, and | |
334 produces a name not currently in use for any buffer by appending a | |
335 number inside of @samp{<@dots{}>}. | |
336 | |
26239 | 337 If the optional second argument @var{ignore} is non-@code{nil}, it |
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338 should be a string; it makes a difference if it is a name in the |
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339 sequence of names to be tried. That name will be considered acceptable, |
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340 if it is tried, even if a buffer with that name exists. Thus, if |
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341 buffers named @samp{foo}, @samp{foo<2>}, @samp{foo<3>} and @samp{foo<4>} |
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342 exist, |
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343 |
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344 @example |
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345 (generate-new-buffer-name "foo") |
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346 @result{} "foo<5>" |
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347 (generate-new-buffer-name "foo" "foo<3>") |
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348 @result{} "foo<3>" |
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349 (generate-new-buffer-name "foo" "foo<6>") |
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350 @result{} "foo<5>" |
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351 @end example |
26239 | 352 |
6564 | 353 See the related function @code{generate-new-buffer} in @ref{Creating |
354 Buffers}. | |
355 @end defun | |
356 | |
357 @node Buffer File Name | |
358 @section Buffer File Name | |
359 @cindex visited file | |
360 @cindex buffer file name | |
361 @cindex file name of buffer | |
362 | |
363 The @dfn{buffer file name} is the name of the file that is visited in | |
364 that buffer. When a buffer is not visiting a file, its buffer file name | |
365 is @code{nil}. Most of the time, the buffer name is the same as the | |
366 nondirectory part of the buffer file name, but the buffer file name and | |
367 the buffer name are distinct and can be set independently. | |
368 @xref{Visiting Files}. | |
369 | |
370 @defun buffer-file-name &optional buffer | |
371 This function returns the absolute file name of the file that | |
372 @var{buffer} is visiting. If @var{buffer} is not visiting any file, | |
373 @code{buffer-file-name} returns @code{nil}. If @var{buffer} is not | |
374 supplied, it defaults to the current buffer. | |
375 | |
376 @example | |
377 @group | |
378 (buffer-file-name (other-buffer)) | |
379 @result{} "/usr/user/lewis/manual/files.texi" | |
380 @end group | |
381 @end example | |
382 @end defun | |
383 | |
384 @defvar buffer-file-name | |
385 This buffer-local variable contains the name of the file being visited | |
386 in the current buffer, or @code{nil} if it is not visiting a file. It | |
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387 is a permanent local variable, unaffected by |
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388 @code{kill-all-local-variables}. |
6564 | 389 |
390 @example | |
391 @group | |
392 buffer-file-name | |
393 @result{} "/usr/user/lewis/manual/buffers.texi" | |
394 @end group | |
395 @end example | |
396 | |
397 It is risky to change this variable's value without doing various other | |
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398 things. Normally it is better to use @code{set-visited-file-name} (see |
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399 below); some of the things done there, such as changing the buffer name, |
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400 are not strictly necessary, but others are essential to avoid confusing |
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401 Emacs. |
6564 | 402 @end defvar |
403 | |
404 @defvar buffer-file-truename | |
405 This buffer-local variable holds the truename of the file visited in the | |
406 current buffer, or @code{nil} if no file is visited. It is a permanent | |
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407 local, unaffected by @code{kill-all-local-variables}. @xref{Truenames}. |
6564 | 408 @end defvar |
409 | |
410 @defvar buffer-file-number | |
411 This buffer-local variable holds the file number and directory device | |
412 number of the file visited in the current buffer, or @code{nil} if no | |
413 file or a nonexistent file is visited. It is a permanent local, | |
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414 unaffected by @code{kill-all-local-variables}. |
6564 | 415 |
416 The value is normally a list of the form @code{(@var{filenum} | |
417 @var{devnum})}. This pair of numbers uniquely identifies the file among | |
418 all files accessible on the system. See the function | |
419 @code{file-attributes}, in @ref{File Attributes}, for more information | |
420 about them. | |
421 @end defvar | |
422 | |
423 @defun get-file-buffer filename | |
424 This function returns the buffer visiting file @var{filename}. If | |
425 there is no such buffer, it returns @code{nil}. The argument | |
426 @var{filename}, which must be a string, is expanded (@pxref{File Name | |
427 Expansion}), then compared against the visited file names of all live | |
428 buffers. | |
429 | |
430 @example | |
431 @group | |
432 (get-file-buffer "buffers.texi") | |
433 @result{} #<buffer buffers.texi> | |
434 @end group | |
435 @end example | |
436 | |
437 In unusual circumstances, there can be more than one buffer visiting | |
438 the same file name. In such cases, this function returns the first | |
439 such buffer in the buffer list. | |
440 @end defun | |
441 | |
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442 @deffn Command set-visited-file-name filename &optional no-query along-with-file |
6564 | 443 If @var{filename} is a non-empty string, this function changes the |
26239 | 444 name of the file visited in the current buffer to @var{filename}. (If the |
6564 | 445 buffer had no visited file, this gives it one.) The @emph{next time} |
446 the buffer is saved it will go in the newly-specified file. This | |
447 command marks the buffer as modified, since it does not (as far as Emacs | |
448 knows) match the contents of @var{filename}, even if it matched the | |
449 former visited file. | |
450 | |
451 If @var{filename} is @code{nil} or the empty string, that stands for | |
452 ``no visited file''. In this case, @code{set-visited-file-name} marks | |
453 the buffer as having no visited file. | |
454 | |
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455 Normally, this function asks the user for confirmation if the specified |
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456 file already exists. If @var{no-query} is non-@code{nil}, that prevents |
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457 asking this question. |
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458 |
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459 If @var{along-with-file} is non-@code{nil}, that means to assume that the |
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460 former visited file has been renamed to @var{filename}. |
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461 |
6564 | 462 @c Wordy to avoid overfull hbox. --rjc 16mar92 |
463 When the function @code{set-visited-file-name} is called interactively, it | |
464 prompts for @var{filename} in the minibuffer. | |
465 @end deffn | |
466 | |
467 @defvar list-buffers-directory | |
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468 This buffer-local variable specifies a string to display in a buffer |
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469 listing where the visited file name would go, for buffers that don't |
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470 have a visited file name. Dired buffers use this variable. |
6564 | 471 @end defvar |
472 | |
473 @node Buffer Modification | |
474 @section Buffer Modification | |
475 @cindex buffer modification | |
476 @cindex modification flag (of buffer) | |
477 | |
478 Emacs keeps a flag called the @dfn{modified flag} for each buffer, to | |
479 record whether you have changed the text of the buffer. This flag is | |
480 set to @code{t} whenever you alter the contents of the buffer, and | |
481 cleared to @code{nil} when you save it. Thus, the flag shows whether | |
482 there are unsaved changes. The flag value is normally shown in the mode | |
483 line (@pxref{Mode Line Variables}), and controls saving (@pxref{Saving | |
484 Buffers}) and auto-saving (@pxref{Auto-Saving}). | |
485 | |
486 Some Lisp programs set the flag explicitly. For example, the function | |
487 @code{set-visited-file-name} sets the flag to @code{t}, because the text | |
488 does not match the newly-visited file, even if it is unchanged from the | |
489 file formerly visited. | |
490 | |
491 The functions that modify the contents of buffers are described in | |
492 @ref{Text}. | |
493 | |
494 @defun buffer-modified-p &optional buffer | |
495 This function returns @code{t} if the buffer @var{buffer} has been modified | |
496 since it was last read in from a file or saved, or @code{nil} | |
497 otherwise. If @var{buffer} is not supplied, the current buffer | |
498 is tested. | |
499 @end defun | |
500 | |
501 @defun set-buffer-modified-p flag | |
502 This function marks the current buffer as modified if @var{flag} is | |
503 non-@code{nil}, or as unmodified if the flag is @code{nil}. | |
504 | |
505 Another effect of calling this function is to cause unconditional | |
506 redisplay of the mode line for the current buffer. In fact, the | |
507 function @code{force-mode-line-update} works by doing this: | |
508 | |
509 @example | |
510 @group | |
511 (set-buffer-modified-p (buffer-modified-p)) | |
512 @end group | |
513 @end example | |
514 @end defun | |
515 | |
516 @deffn Command not-modified | |
13229 | 517 This command marks the current buffer as unmodified, and not needing to |
518 be saved. With prefix arg, it marks the buffer as modified, so that it | |
519 will be saved at the next suitable occasion. | |
520 | |
521 Don't use this function in programs, since it prints a message in the | |
522 echo area; use @code{set-buffer-modified-p} (above) instead. | |
6564 | 523 @end deffn |
524 | |
525 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
526 @defun buffer-modified-tick &optional buffer | |
13229 | 527 This function returns @var{buffer}'s modification-count. This is a |
6564 | 528 counter that increments every time the buffer is modified. If |
529 @var{buffer} is @code{nil} (or omitted), the current buffer is used. | |
530 @end defun | |
531 | |
532 @node Modification Time | |
533 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
534 @section Comparison of Modification Time | |
535 @cindex comparison of modification time | |
536 @cindex modification time, comparison of | |
537 | |
538 Suppose that you visit a file and make changes in its buffer, and | |
539 meanwhile the file itself is changed on disk. At this point, saving the | |
540 buffer would overwrite the changes in the file. Occasionally this may | |
541 be what you want, but usually it would lose valuable information. Emacs | |
542 therefore checks the file's modification time using the functions | |
543 described below before saving the file. | |
544 | |
545 @defun verify-visited-file-modtime buffer | |
546 This function compares what @var{buffer} has recorded for the | |
547 modification time of its visited file against the actual modification | |
548 time of the file as recorded by the operating system. The two should be | |
549 the same unless some other process has written the file since Emacs | |
550 visited or saved it. | |
551 | |
552 The function returns @code{t} if the last actual modification time and | |
553 Emacs's recorded modification time are the same, @code{nil} otherwise. | |
554 @end defun | |
555 | |
556 @defun clear-visited-file-modtime | |
557 This function clears out the record of the last modification time of | |
558 the file being visited by the current buffer. As a result, the next | |
559 attempt to save this buffer will not complain of a discrepancy in | |
560 file modification times. | |
561 | |
562 This function is called in @code{set-visited-file-name} and other | |
563 exceptional places where the usual test to avoid overwriting a changed | |
564 file should not be done. | |
565 @end defun | |
566 | |
567 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
568 @defun visited-file-modtime | |
569 This function returns the buffer's recorded last file modification time, | |
570 as a list of the form @code{(@var{high} . @var{low})}. (This is the | |
571 same format that @code{file-attributes} uses to return time values; see | |
572 @ref{File Attributes}.) | |
573 @end defun | |
574 | |
575 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
576 @defun set-visited-file-modtime &optional time | |
577 This function updates the buffer's record of the last modification time | |
578 of the visited file, to the value specified by @var{time} if @var{time} | |
579 is not @code{nil}, and otherwise to the last modification time of the | |
580 visited file. | |
581 | |
582 If @var{time} is not @code{nil}, it should have the form | |
583 @code{(@var{high} . @var{low})} or @code{(@var{high} @var{low})}, in | |
584 either case containing two integers, each of which holds 16 bits of the | |
585 time. | |
586 | |
587 This function is useful if the buffer was not read from the file | |
588 normally, or if the file itself has been changed for some known benign | |
589 reason. | |
590 @end defun | |
591 | |
7677 | 592 @defun ask-user-about-supersession-threat filename |
6564 | 593 @cindex obsolete buffer |
594 This function is used to ask a user how to proceed after an attempt to | |
7677 | 595 modify an obsolete buffer visiting file @var{filename}. An |
596 @dfn{obsolete buffer} is an unmodified buffer for which the associated | |
597 file on disk is newer than the last save-time of the buffer. This means | |
598 some other program has probably altered the file. | |
599 | |
600 @kindex file-supersession | |
601 Depending on the user's answer, the function may return normally, in | |
602 which case the modification of the buffer proceeds, or it may signal a | |
603 @code{file-supersession} error with data @code{(@var{filename})}, in which | |
604 case the proposed buffer modification is not allowed. | |
6564 | 605 |
606 This function is called automatically by Emacs on the proper | |
607 occasions. It exists so you can customize Emacs by redefining it. | |
608 See the file @file{userlock.el} for the standard definition. | |
609 | |
610 See also the file locking mechanism in @ref{File Locks}. | |
611 @end defun | |
612 | |
613 @node Read Only Buffers | |
614 @section Read-Only Buffers | |
615 @cindex read-only buffer | |
616 @cindex buffer, read-only | |
617 | |
618 If a buffer is @dfn{read-only}, then you cannot change its contents, | |
619 although you may change your view of the contents by scrolling and | |
620 narrowing. | |
621 | |
622 Read-only buffers are used in two kinds of situations: | |
623 | |
624 @itemize @bullet | |
625 @item | |
626 A buffer visiting a write-protected file is normally read-only. | |
627 | |
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628 Here, the purpose is to inform the user that editing the buffer with the |
6564 | 629 aim of saving it in the file may be futile or undesirable. The user who |
630 wants to change the buffer text despite this can do so after clearing | |
12098 | 631 the read-only flag with @kbd{C-x C-q}. |
6564 | 632 |
633 @item | |
634 Modes such as Dired and Rmail make buffers read-only when altering the | |
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635 contents with the usual editing commands would probably be a mistake. |
6564 | 636 |
637 The special commands of these modes bind @code{buffer-read-only} to | |
638 @code{nil} (with @code{let}) or bind @code{inhibit-read-only} to | |
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639 @code{t} around the places where they themselves change the text. |
6564 | 640 @end itemize |
641 | |
642 @defvar buffer-read-only | |
643 This buffer-local variable specifies whether the buffer is read-only. | |
644 The buffer is read-only if this variable is non-@code{nil}. | |
645 @end defvar | |
646 | |
647 @defvar inhibit-read-only | |
648 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, then read-only buffers and read-only | |
7677 | 649 characters may be modified. Read-only characters in a buffer are those |
650 that have non-@code{nil} @code{read-only} properties (either text | |
651 properties or overlay properties). @xref{Special Properties}, for more | |
652 information about text properties. @xref{Overlays}, for more | |
653 information about overlays and their properties. | |
6564 | 654 |
7677 | 655 If @code{inhibit-read-only} is @code{t}, all @code{read-only} character |
656 properties have no effect. If @code{inhibit-read-only} is a list, then | |
657 @code{read-only} character properties have no effect if they are members | |
658 of the list (comparison is done with @code{eq}). | |
6564 | 659 @end defvar |
660 | |
661 @deffn Command toggle-read-only | |
662 This command changes whether the current buffer is read-only. It is | |
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663 intended for interactive use; do not use it in programs. At any given |
6564 | 664 point in a program, you should know whether you want the read-only flag |
665 on or off; so you can set @code{buffer-read-only} explicitly to the | |
666 proper value, @code{t} or @code{nil}. | |
667 @end deffn | |
668 | |
669 @defun barf-if-buffer-read-only | |
670 This function signals a @code{buffer-read-only} error if the current | |
671 buffer is read-only. @xref{Interactive Call}, for another way to | |
672 signal an error if the current buffer is read-only. | |
673 @end defun | |
674 | |
675 @node The Buffer List | |
676 @section The Buffer List | |
677 @cindex buffer list | |
678 | |
679 The @dfn{buffer list} is a list of all live buffers. Creating a | |
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680 buffer adds it to this list, and killing a buffer excises it. The order |
6564 | 681 of the buffers in the list is based primarily on how recently each |
682 buffer has been displayed in the selected window. Buffers move to the | |
683 front of the list when they are selected and to the end when they are | |
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684 buried (see @code{bury-buffer}, below). Several functions, notably |
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685 @code{other-buffer}, use this ordering. A buffer list displayed for the |
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686 user also follows this order. |
6564 | 687 |
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688 In addition to the fundamental Emacs buffer list, each frame has its |
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689 own version of the buffer list, in which the buffers that have been |
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690 selected in that frame come first, starting with the buffers most |
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691 recently selected @emph{in that frame}. (This order is recorded in |
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692 @var{frame}'s @code{buffer-list} frame parameter; see @ref{Window Frame |
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693 Parameters}.) The buffers that were never selected in @var{frame} come |
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694 afterward, ordered according to the fundamental Emacs buffer list. |
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695 |
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696 @defun buffer-list &optional frame |
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697 This function returns the buffer list, including all buffers, even those |
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698 whose names begin with a space. The elements are actual buffers, not |
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699 their names. |
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700 |
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701 If @var{frame} is a frame, this returns @var{frame}'s buffer list. If |
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702 @var{frame} is @code{nil}, the fundamental Emacs buffer list is used: |
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703 all the buffers appear in order of most recent selection, regardless of |
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704 which frames they were selected in. |
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705 |
6564 | 706 @example |
707 @group | |
708 (buffer-list) | |
709 @result{} (#<buffer buffers.texi> | |
710 #<buffer *Minibuf-1*> #<buffer buffer.c> | |
711 #<buffer *Help*> #<buffer TAGS>) | |
712 @end group | |
713 | |
714 @group | |
715 ;; @r{Note that the name of the minibuffer} | |
716 ;; @r{begins with a space!} | |
717 (mapcar (function buffer-name) (buffer-list)) | |
718 @result{} ("buffers.texi" " *Minibuf-1*" | |
719 "buffer.c" "*Help*" "TAGS") | |
720 @end group | |
721 @end example | |
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722 @end defun |
6564 | 723 |
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724 The list that @code{buffer-list} returns is constructed specifically |
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725 by @code{buffer-list}; it is not an internal Emacs data structure, and |
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726 modifying it has no effect on the order of buffers. If you want to |
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727 change the order of buffers in the frame-independent buffer list, here |
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728 is an easy way: |
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729 |
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730 @example |
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731 (defun reorder-buffer-list (new-list) |
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732 (while new-list |
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733 (bury-buffer (car new-list)) |
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734 (setq new-list (cdr new-list)))) |
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735 @end example |
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736 |
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737 With this method, you can specify any order for the list, but there is |
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738 no danger of losing a buffer or adding something that is not a valid |
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739 live buffer. |
6564 | 740 |
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741 To change the order or value of a frame's buffer list, set the frame's |
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742 @code{buffer-list} frame parameter with @code{modify-frame-parameters} |
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743 (@pxref{Parameter Access}). |
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744 |
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745 @defun other-buffer &optional buffer visible-ok frame |
6564 | 746 This function returns the first buffer in the buffer list other than |
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747 @var{buffer}. Usually this is the buffer selected most recently (in |
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748 frame @var{frame} or else the currently selected frame), aside from |
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749 @var{buffer}. Buffers whose names start with a space are not considered |
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750 at all. |
6564 | 751 |
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752 If @var{buffer} is not supplied (or if it is not a buffer), then |
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753 @code{other-buffer} returns the first buffer in the selected frame's |
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754 buffer list that is not now visible in any window in a visible frame. |
6564 | 755 |
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756 If @var{frame} has a non-@code{nil} @code{buffer-predicate} parameter, |
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757 then @code{other-buffer} uses that predicate to decide which buffers to |
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758 consider. It calls the predicate once for each buffer, and if the value |
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759 is @code{nil}, that buffer is ignored. @xref{Window Frame Parameters}. |
12067 | 760 |
6564 | 761 @c Emacs 19 feature |
762 If @var{visible-ok} is @code{nil}, @code{other-buffer} avoids returning | |
763 a buffer visible in any window on any visible frame, except as a last | |
764 resort. If @var{visible-ok} is non-@code{nil}, then it does not matter | |
765 whether a buffer is displayed somewhere or not. | |
766 | |
767 If no suitable buffer exists, the buffer @samp{*scratch*} is returned | |
768 (and created, if necessary). | |
769 @end defun | |
770 | |
771 @deffn Command bury-buffer &optional buffer-or-name | |
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772 This function puts @var{buffer-or-name} at the end of the buffer list, |
6564 | 773 without changing the order of any of the other buffers on the list. |
774 This buffer therefore becomes the least desirable candidate for | |
775 @code{other-buffer} to return. | |
776 | |
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777 @code{bury-buffer} operates on each frame's @code{buffer-list} parameter |
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778 as well as the frame-independent Emacs buffer list; therefore, the |
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779 buffer that you bury will come last in the value of @code{(buffer-list |
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780 @var{frame})} and in the value of @code{(buffer-list nil)}. |
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781 |
7677 | 782 If @var{buffer-or-name} is @code{nil} or omitted, this means to bury the |
783 current buffer. In addition, if the buffer is displayed in the selected | |
784 window, this switches to some other buffer (obtained using | |
785 @code{other-buffer}) in the selected window. But if the buffer is | |
786 displayed in some other window, it remains displayed there. | |
6564 | 787 |
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788 To replace a buffer in all the windows that display it, use |
6564 | 789 @code{replace-buffer-in-windows}. @xref{Buffers and Windows}. |
790 @end deffn | |
791 | |
792 @node Creating Buffers | |
793 @section Creating Buffers | |
794 @cindex creating buffers | |
795 @cindex buffers, creating | |
796 | |
797 This section describes the two primitives for creating buffers. | |
7677 | 798 @code{get-buffer-create} creates a buffer if it finds no existing buffer |
799 with the specified name; @code{generate-new-buffer} always creates a new | |
800 buffer and gives it a unique name. | |
6564 | 801 |
802 Other functions you can use to create buffers include | |
803 @code{with-output-to-temp-buffer} (@pxref{Temporary Displays}) and | |
804 @code{create-file-buffer} (@pxref{Visiting Files}). Starting a | |
805 subprocess can also create a buffer (@pxref{Processes}). | |
806 | |
807 @defun get-buffer-create name | |
808 This function returns a buffer named @var{name}. It returns an existing | |
809 buffer with that name, if one exists; otherwise, it creates a new | |
810 buffer. The buffer does not become the current buffer---this function | |
811 does not change which buffer is current. | |
812 | |
813 An error is signaled if @var{name} is not a string. | |
814 | |
815 @example | |
816 @group | |
817 (get-buffer-create "foo") | |
818 @result{} #<buffer foo> | |
819 @end group | |
820 @end example | |
821 | |
12067 | 822 The major mode for the new buffer is set to Fundamental mode. The |
823 variable @code{default-major-mode} is handled at a higher level. | |
824 @xref{Auto Major Mode}. | |
6564 | 825 @end defun |
826 | |
827 @defun generate-new-buffer name | |
828 This function returns a newly created, empty buffer, but does not make | |
829 it current. If there is no buffer named @var{name}, then that is the | |
830 name of the new buffer. If that name is in use, this function adds | |
7677 | 831 suffixes of the form @samp{<@var{n}>} to @var{name}, where @var{n} is an |
832 integer. It tries successive integers starting with 2 until it finds an | |
833 available name. | |
6564 | 834 |
835 An error is signaled if @var{name} is not a string. | |
836 | |
837 @example | |
838 @group | |
839 (generate-new-buffer "bar") | |
840 @result{} #<buffer bar> | |
841 @end group | |
842 @group | |
843 (generate-new-buffer "bar") | |
844 @result{} #<buffer bar<2>> | |
845 @end group | |
846 @group | |
847 (generate-new-buffer "bar") | |
848 @result{} #<buffer bar<3>> | |
849 @end group | |
850 @end example | |
851 | |
12067 | 852 The major mode for the new buffer is set to Fundamental mode. The |
853 variable @code{default-major-mode} is handled at a higher level. | |
854 @xref{Auto Major Mode}. | |
6564 | 855 |
856 See the related function @code{generate-new-buffer-name} in @ref{Buffer | |
857 Names}. | |
858 @end defun | |
859 | |
860 @node Killing Buffers | |
861 @section Killing Buffers | |
862 @cindex killing buffers | |
863 @cindex buffers, killing | |
864 | |
865 @dfn{Killing a buffer} makes its name unknown to Emacs and makes its | |
7677 | 866 text space available for other use. |
6564 | 867 |
7677 | 868 The buffer object for the buffer that has been killed remains in |
6564 | 869 existence as long as anything refers to it, but it is specially marked |
870 so that you cannot make it current or display it. Killed buffers retain | |
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871 their identity, however; if you kill two distinct buffers, they remain |
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872 distinct according to @code{eq} although both are dead. |
6564 | 873 |
874 If you kill a buffer that is current or displayed in a window, Emacs | |
875 automatically selects or displays some other buffer instead. This means | |
876 that killing a buffer can in general change the current buffer. | |
877 Therefore, when you kill a buffer, you should also take the precautions | |
878 associated with changing the current buffer (unless you happen to know | |
879 that the buffer being killed isn't current). @xref{Current Buffer}. | |
880 | |
12098 | 881 If you kill a buffer that is the base buffer of one or more indirect |
882 buffers, the indirect buffers are automatically killed as well. | |
883 | |
6564 | 884 The @code{buffer-name} of a killed buffer is @code{nil}. You can use |
885 this feature to test whether a buffer has been killed: | |
886 | |
887 @example | |
888 @group | |
889 (defun buffer-killed-p (buffer) | |
890 "Return t if BUFFER is killed." | |
891 (not (buffer-name buffer))) | |
892 @end group | |
893 @end example | |
894 | |
895 @deffn Command kill-buffer buffer-or-name | |
896 This function kills the buffer @var{buffer-or-name}, freeing all its | |
13229 | 897 memory for other uses or to be returned to the operating system. It |
898 returns @code{nil}. | |
6564 | 899 |
900 Any processes that have this buffer as the @code{process-buffer} are | |
901 sent the @code{SIGHUP} signal, which normally causes them to terminate. | |
902 (The basic meaning of @code{SIGHUP} is that a dialup line has been | |
903 disconnected.) @xref{Deleting Processes}. | |
904 | |
905 If the buffer is visiting a file and contains unsaved changes, | |
906 @code{kill-buffer} asks the user to confirm before the buffer is killed. | |
907 It does this even if not called interactively. To prevent the request | |
908 for confirmation, clear the modified flag before calling | |
909 @code{kill-buffer}. @xref{Buffer Modification}. | |
910 | |
911 Killing a buffer that is already dead has no effect. | |
912 | |
913 @smallexample | |
914 (kill-buffer "foo.unchanged") | |
915 @result{} nil | |
916 (kill-buffer "foo.changed") | |
917 | |
918 ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- | |
919 Buffer foo.changed modified; kill anyway? (yes or no) @kbd{yes} | |
920 ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- | |
921 | |
922 @result{} nil | |
923 @end smallexample | |
924 @end deffn | |
925 | |
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926 @defvar kill-buffer-query-functions |
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927 After confirming unsaved changes, @code{kill-buffer} calls the functions |
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928 in the list @code{kill-buffer-query-functions}, in order of appearance, |
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929 with no arguments. The buffer being killed is the current buffer when |
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930 they are called. The idea of this feature is that these functions will |
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931 ask for confirmation from the user. If any of them returns @code{nil}, |
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932 @code{kill-buffer} spares the buffer's life. |
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933 @end defvar |
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934 |
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935 @defvar kill-buffer-hook |
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936 This is a normal hook run by @code{kill-buffer} after asking all the |
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937 questions it is going to ask, just before actually killing the buffer. |
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938 The buffer to be killed is current when the hook functions run. |
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939 @xref{Hooks}. |
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940 @end defvar |
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941 |
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942 @defvar buffer-offer-save |
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943 This variable, if non-@code{nil} in a particular buffer, tells |
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944 @code{save-buffers-kill-emacs} and @code{save-some-buffers} to offer to |
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945 save that buffer, just as they offer to save file-visiting buffers. The |
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946 variable @code{buffer-offer-save} automatically becomes buffer-local |
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947 when set for any reason. @xref{Buffer-Local Variables}. |
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948 @end defvar |
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949 |
12067 | 950 @node Indirect Buffers |
951 @section Indirect Buffers | |
952 @cindex indirect buffers | |
953 @cindex base buffer | |
6564 | 954 |
12067 | 955 An @dfn{indirect buffer} shares the text of some other buffer, which |
956 is called the @dfn{base buffer} of the indirect buffer. In some ways it | |
12098 | 957 is the analogue, for buffers, of a symbolic link among files. The base |
12067 | 958 buffer may not itself be an indirect buffer. |
6564 | 959 |
12067 | 960 The text of the indirect buffer is always identical to the text of its |
961 base buffer; changes made by editing either one are visible immediately | |
962 in the other. This includes the text properties as well as the characters | |
963 themselves. | |
6564 | 964 |
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965 In all other respects, the indirect buffer and its base buffer are |
12067 | 966 completely separate. They have different names, different values of |
967 point, different narrowing, different markers and overlays (though | |
968 inserting or deleting text in either buffer relocates the markers and | |
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969 overlays for both), different major modes, and different buffer-local |
12067 | 970 variables. |
6564 | 971 |
12067 | 972 An indirect buffer cannot visit a file, but its base buffer can. If |
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973 you try to save the indirect buffer, that actually saves the base |
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974 buffer. |
6564 | 975 |
12067 | 976 Killing an indirect buffer has no effect on its base buffer. Killing |
977 the base buffer effectively kills the indirect buffer in that it cannot | |
978 ever again be the current buffer. | |
6564 | 979 |
12067 | 980 @deffn Command make-indirect-buffer base-buffer name |
981 This creates an indirect buffer named @var{name} whose base buffer | |
982 is @var{base-buffer}. The argument @var{base-buffer} may be a buffer | |
983 or a string. | |
984 | |
985 If @var{base-buffer} is an indirect buffer, its base buffer is used as | |
986 the base for the new buffer. | |
987 @end deffn | |
6564 | 988 |
12067 | 989 @defun buffer-base-buffer buffer |
990 This function returns the base buffer of @var{buffer}. If @var{buffer} | |
991 is not indirect, the value is @code{nil}. Otherwise, the value is | |
992 another buffer, which is never an indirect buffer. | |
6564 | 993 @end defun |
994 | |
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995 @node Buffer Gap |
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996 @section The Buffer Gap |
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997 |
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998 Emacs buffers are implemented using an invisible @dfn{gap} to make |
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999 insertion and deletion faster. Insertion works by filling in part of |
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1000 the gap, and deletion adds to the gap. Of course, this means that the |
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1001 gap must first be moved to the locus of the insertion or deletion. |
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1002 Emacs moves the gap only when you try to insert or delete. This is why |
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1003 your first editing command in one part of a large buffer, after |
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1004 previously editing in another far-away part, sometimes involves a |
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1005 noticeable delay. |
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1006 |
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1007 This mechanism works invisibly, and Lisp code should never be affected |
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1008 by the gap's current location, but these functions are available for |
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1009 getting information about the gap status. |
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1010 |
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1011 @defun gap-position |
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1012 This function returns the current gap position in the current buffer. |
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1013 @end defun |
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1014 |
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1015 @defun gap-size |
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1016 This function returns the current gap size of the current buffer. |
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1017 @end defun |