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annotate lispref/text.texi @ 52409:299ed1c68370
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author | Jason Rumney <jasonr@gnu.org> |
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date | Mon, 01 Sep 2003 21:36:56 +0000 |
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6558 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
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3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001 |
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4 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
6558 | 5 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. |
6 @setfilename ../info/text | |
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7 @node Text, Non-ASCII Characters, Markers, Top |
6558 | 8 @chapter Text |
9 @cindex text | |
10 | |
11 This chapter describes the functions that deal with the text in a | |
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12 buffer. Most examine, insert, or delete text in the current buffer, |
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13 often operating at point or on text adjacent to point. Many are |
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14 interactive. All the functions that change the text provide for undoing |
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15 the changes (@pxref{Undo}). |
6558 | 16 |
17 Many text-related functions operate on a region of text defined by two | |
18 buffer positions passed in arguments named @var{start} and @var{end}. | |
19 These arguments should be either markers (@pxref{Markers}) or numeric | |
20 character positions (@pxref{Positions}). The order of these arguments | |
21 does not matter; it is all right for @var{start} to be the end of the | |
22 region and @var{end} the beginning. For example, @code{(delete-region 1 | |
23 10)} and @code{(delete-region 10 1)} are equivalent. An | |
24 @code{args-out-of-range} error is signaled if either @var{start} or | |
25 @var{end} is outside the accessible portion of the buffer. In an | |
26 interactive call, point and the mark are used for these arguments. | |
27 | |
28 @cindex buffer contents | |
29 Throughout this chapter, ``text'' refers to the characters in the | |
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30 buffer, together with their properties (when relevant). Keep in mind |
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31 that point is always between two characters, and the cursor appears on |
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32 the character after point. |
6558 | 33 |
34 @menu | |
35 * Near Point:: Examining text in the vicinity of point. | |
36 * Buffer Contents:: Examining text in a general fashion. | |
37 * Comparing Text:: Comparing substrings of buffers. | |
38 * Insertion:: Adding new text to a buffer. | |
39 * Commands for Insertion:: User-level commands to insert text. | |
40 * Deletion:: Removing text from a buffer. | |
41 * User-Level Deletion:: User-level commands to delete text. | |
42 * The Kill Ring:: Where removed text sometimes is saved for later use. | |
43 * Undo:: Undoing changes to the text of a buffer. | |
44 * Maintaining Undo:: How to enable and disable undo information. | |
45 How to control how much information is kept. | |
46 * Filling:: Functions for explicit filling. | |
12098 | 47 * Margins:: How to specify margins for filling commands. |
23147 | 48 * Adaptive Fill:: Adaptive Fill mode chooses a fill prefix from context. |
6558 | 49 * Auto Filling:: How auto-fill mode is implemented to break lines. |
50 * Sorting:: Functions for sorting parts of the buffer. | |
51 * Columns:: Computing horizontal positions, and using them. | |
52 * Indentation:: Functions to insert or adjust indentation. | |
53 * Case Changes:: Case conversion of parts of the buffer. | |
54 * Text Properties:: Assigning Lisp property lists to text characters. | |
55 * Substitution:: Replacing a given character wherever it appears. | |
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56 * Transposition:: Swapping two portions of a buffer. |
6558 | 57 * Registers:: How registers are implemented. Accessing the text or |
58 position stored in a register. | |
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59 * Base 64:: Conversion to or from base 64 encoding. |
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60 * MD5 Checksum:: Compute the MD5 ``message digest''/``checksum''. |
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61 * Atomic Changes:: Installing several buffer changs ``atomically''. |
6558 | 62 * Change Hooks:: Supplying functions to be run when text is changed. |
63 @end menu | |
64 | |
65 @node Near Point | |
66 @section Examining Text Near Point | |
67 | |
68 Many functions are provided to look at the characters around point. | |
69 Several simple functions are described here. See also @code{looking-at} | |
70 in @ref{Regexp Search}. | |
71 | |
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72 @defun char-after &optional position |
6558 | 73 This function returns the character in the current buffer at (i.e., |
74 immediately after) position @var{position}. If @var{position} is out of | |
75 range for this purpose, either before the beginning of the buffer, or at | |
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76 or beyond the end, then the value is @code{nil}. The default for |
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77 @var{position} is point. |
6558 | 78 |
79 In the following example, assume that the first character in the | |
80 buffer is @samp{@@}: | |
81 | |
82 @example | |
83 @group | |
84 (char-to-string (char-after 1)) | |
85 @result{} "@@" | |
86 @end group | |
87 @end example | |
88 @end defun | |
89 | |
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90 @defun char-before &optional position |
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91 This function returns the character in the current buffer immediately |
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92 before position @var{position}. If @var{position} is out of range for |
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93 this purpose, either at or before the beginning of the buffer, or beyond |
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94 the end, then the value is @code{nil}. The default for |
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95 @var{position} is point. |
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96 @end defun |
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97 |
6558 | 98 @defun following-char |
99 This function returns the character following point in the current | |
100 buffer. This is similar to @code{(char-after (point))}. However, if | |
101 point is at the end of the buffer, then @code{following-char} returns 0. | |
102 | |
103 Remember that point is always between characters, and the terminal | |
104 cursor normally appears over the character following point. Therefore, | |
105 the character returned by @code{following-char} is the character the | |
106 cursor is over. | |
107 | |
108 In this example, point is between the @samp{a} and the @samp{c}. | |
109 | |
110 @example | |
111 @group | |
112 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
113 Gentlemen may cry ``Pea@point{}ce! Peace!,'' | |
114 but there is no peace. | |
115 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
116 @end group | |
117 | |
118 @group | |
119 (char-to-string (preceding-char)) | |
120 @result{} "a" | |
121 (char-to-string (following-char)) | |
122 @result{} "c" | |
123 @end group | |
124 @end example | |
125 @end defun | |
126 | |
127 @defun preceding-char | |
128 This function returns the character preceding point in the current | |
129 buffer. See above, under @code{following-char}, for an example. If | |
130 point is at the beginning of the buffer, @code{preceding-char} returns | |
131 0. | |
132 @end defun | |
133 | |
134 @defun bobp | |
135 This function returns @code{t} if point is at the beginning of the | |
136 buffer. If narrowing is in effect, this means the beginning of the | |
137 accessible portion of the text. See also @code{point-min} in | |
138 @ref{Point}. | |
139 @end defun | |
140 | |
141 @defun eobp | |
142 This function returns @code{t} if point is at the end of the buffer. | |
143 If narrowing is in effect, this means the end of accessible portion of | |
144 the text. See also @code{point-max} in @xref{Point}. | |
145 @end defun | |
146 | |
147 @defun bolp | |
148 This function returns @code{t} if point is at the beginning of a line. | |
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149 @xref{Text Lines}. The beginning of the buffer (or of its accessible |
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150 portion) always counts as the beginning of a line. |
6558 | 151 @end defun |
152 | |
153 @defun eolp | |
154 This function returns @code{t} if point is at the end of a line. The | |
155 end of the buffer (or of its accessible portion) is always considered | |
156 the end of a line. | |
157 @end defun | |
158 | |
159 @node Buffer Contents | |
160 @section Examining Buffer Contents | |
161 | |
162 This section describes two functions that allow a Lisp program to | |
163 convert any portion of the text in the buffer into a string. | |
164 | |
165 @defun buffer-substring start end | |
166 This function returns a string containing a copy of the text of the | |
167 region defined by positions @var{start} and @var{end} in the current | |
168 buffer. If the arguments are not positions in the accessible portion of | |
169 the buffer, @code{buffer-substring} signals an @code{args-out-of-range} | |
170 error. | |
171 | |
172 It is not necessary for @var{start} to be less than @var{end}; the | |
173 arguments can be given in either order. But most often the smaller | |
174 argument is written first. | |
175 | |
12067 | 176 If the text being copied has any text properties, these are copied into |
177 the string along with the characters they belong to. @xref{Text | |
178 Properties}. However, overlays (@pxref{Overlays}) in the buffer and | |
179 their properties are ignored, not copied. | |
180 | |
6558 | 181 @example |
182 @group | |
183 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
184 This is the contents of buffer foo | |
185 | |
186 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
187 @end group | |
188 | |
189 @group | |
190 (buffer-substring 1 10) | |
191 @result{} "This is t" | |
192 @end group | |
193 @group | |
194 (buffer-substring (point-max) 10) | |
195 @result{} "he contents of buffer foo | |
196 " | |
197 @end group | |
198 @end example | |
199 @end defun | |
200 | |
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201 @defun buffer-substring-no-properties start end |
12067 | 202 This is like @code{buffer-substring}, except that it does not copy text |
203 properties, just the characters themselves. @xref{Text Properties}. | |
204 @end defun | |
205 | |
6558 | 206 @defun buffer-string |
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207 This function returns the contents of the entire accessible portion of |
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208 the current buffer as a string. It is equivalent to |
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209 |
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210 @example |
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211 (buffer-substring (point-min) (point-max)) |
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212 @end example |
6558 | 213 |
214 @example | |
215 @group | |
216 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
217 This is the contents of buffer foo | |
218 | |
219 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
220 | |
221 (buffer-string) | |
222 @result{} "This is the contents of buffer foo | |
223 " | |
224 @end group | |
225 @end example | |
226 @end defun | |
227 | |
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228 @tindex current-word |
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229 @defun current-word &optional strict really-word |
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230 This function returns the symbol (or word) at or near point, as a string. |
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231 The return value includes no text properties. |
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232 |
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233 The optional argument @var{really-word} is non-@code{nil}, it finds a |
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234 word; otherwise, it finds a symbol (which includes word characters and |
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235 both symbol constituent characters). |
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236 |
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237 If the optional argument @var{strict} is non-@code{nil}, then point |
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238 must be in or next to the symbol or word---if no symbol or word is |
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239 there, the function returns @code{nil}. Otherwise, a nearby symbol or |
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240 word on the same line is acceptable. |
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241 @end defun |
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242 |
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243 @defun thing-at-point thing |
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244 Return the @var{thing} around or next to point, as a string. |
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245 |
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246 The argument @var{thing} is a symbol which specifies a kind of syntactic |
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247 entity. Possibilities include @code{symbol}, @code{list}, @code{sexp}, |
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248 @code{defun}, @code{filename}, @code{url}, @code{word}, @code{sentence}, |
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249 @code{whitespace}, @code{line}, @code{page}, and others. |
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250 |
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251 @example |
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252 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- |
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253 Gentlemen may cry ``Pea@point{}ce! Peace!,'' |
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254 but there is no peace. |
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255 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- |
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256 |
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257 (thing-at-point 'word) |
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258 @result{} "Peace" |
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259 (thing-at-point 'line) |
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260 @result{} "Gentlemen may cry ``Peace! Peace!,''\n" |
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261 (thing-at-point 'whitespace) |
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262 @result{} nil |
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263 @end example |
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264 @end defun |
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265 |
6558 | 266 @node Comparing Text |
267 @section Comparing Text | |
268 @cindex comparing buffer text | |
269 | |
270 This function lets you compare portions of the text in a buffer, without | |
271 copying them into strings first. | |
272 | |
273 @defun compare-buffer-substrings buffer1 start1 end1 buffer2 start2 end2 | |
274 This function lets you compare two substrings of the same buffer or two | |
275 different buffers. The first three arguments specify one substring, | |
276 giving a buffer and two positions within the buffer. The last three | |
277 arguments specify the other substring in the same way. You can use | |
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278 @code{nil} for @var{buffer1}, @var{buffer2}, or both to stand for the |
6558 | 279 current buffer. |
280 | |
281 The value is negative if the first substring is less, positive if the | |
282 first is greater, and zero if they are equal. The absolute value of | |
283 the result is one plus the index of the first differing characters | |
284 within the substrings. | |
285 | |
286 This function ignores case when comparing characters | |
12098 | 287 if @code{case-fold-search} is non-@code{nil}. It always ignores |
288 text properties. | |
6558 | 289 |
290 Suppose the current buffer contains the text @samp{foobarbar | |
291 haha!rara!}; then in this example the two substrings are @samp{rbar } | |
292 and @samp{rara!}. The value is 2 because the first substring is greater | |
293 at the second character. | |
294 | |
295 @example | |
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296 (compare-buffer-substrings nil 6 11 nil 16 21) |
6558 | 297 @result{} 2 |
298 @end example | |
299 @end defun | |
300 | |
301 @node Insertion | |
12098 | 302 @section Inserting Text |
6558 | 303 @cindex insertion of text |
304 @cindex text insertion | |
305 | |
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306 @cindex insertion before point |
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307 @cindex before point, insertion |
6558 | 308 @dfn{Insertion} means adding new text to a buffer. The inserted text |
309 goes at point---between the character before point and the character | |
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310 after point. Some insertion functions leave point before the inserted |
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311 text, while other functions leave it after. We call the former |
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312 insertion @dfn{after point} and the latter insertion @dfn{before point}. |
6558 | 313 |
314 Insertion relocates markers that point at positions after the | |
315 insertion point, so that they stay with the surrounding text | |
316 (@pxref{Markers}). When a marker points at the place of insertion, | |
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317 insertion may or may not relocate the marker, depending on the marker's |
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318 insertion type (@pxref{Marker Insertion Types}). Certain special |
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319 functions such as @code{insert-before-markers} relocate all such markers |
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320 to point after the inserted text, regardless of the markers' insertion |
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321 type. |
6558 | 322 |
323 Insertion functions signal an error if the current buffer is | |
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324 read-only or if they insert within read-only text. |
6558 | 325 |
12098 | 326 These functions copy text characters from strings and buffers along |
327 with their properties. The inserted characters have exactly the same | |
328 properties as the characters they were copied from. By contrast, | |
329 characters specified as separate arguments, not part of a string or | |
330 buffer, inherit their text properties from the neighboring text. | |
331 | |
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332 The insertion functions convert text from unibyte to multibyte in |
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333 order to insert in a multibyte buffer, and vice versa---if the text |
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334 comes from a string or from a buffer. However, they do not convert |
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335 unibyte character codes 128 through 255 to multibyte characters, not |
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336 even if the current buffer is a multibyte buffer. @xref{Converting |
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337 Representations}. |
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338 |
6558 | 339 @defun insert &rest args |
340 This function inserts the strings and/or characters @var{args} into the | |
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341 current buffer, at point, moving point forward. In other words, it |
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342 inserts the text before point. An error is signaled unless all |
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343 @var{args} are either strings or characters. The value is @code{nil}. |
6558 | 344 @end defun |
345 | |
346 @defun insert-before-markers &rest args | |
347 This function inserts the strings and/or characters @var{args} into the | |
348 current buffer, at point, moving point forward. An error is signaled | |
349 unless all @var{args} are either strings or characters. The value is | |
350 @code{nil}. | |
351 | |
352 This function is unlike the other insertion functions in that it | |
353 relocates markers initially pointing at the insertion point, to point | |
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354 after the inserted text. If an overlay begins the insertion point, the |
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355 inserted text falls outside the overlay; if a nonempty overlay ends at |
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356 the insertion point, the inserted text falls inside that overlay. |
6558 | 357 @end defun |
358 | |
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359 @defun insert-char character count &optional inherit |
6558 | 360 This function inserts @var{count} instances of @var{character} into the |
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361 current buffer before point. The argument @var{count} should be a |
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362 number (@code{nil} means 1), and @var{character} must be a character. |
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363 The value is @code{nil}. |
8644 | 364 |
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365 This function does not convert unibyte character codes 128 through 255 |
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366 to multibyte characters, not even if the current buffer is a multibyte |
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367 buffer. @xref{Converting Representations}. |
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368 |
8644 | 369 If @var{inherit} is non-@code{nil}, then the inserted characters inherit |
370 sticky text properties from the two characters before and after the | |
371 insertion point. @xref{Sticky Properties}. | |
6558 | 372 @end defun |
373 | |
374 @defun insert-buffer-substring from-buffer-or-name &optional start end | |
375 This function inserts a portion of buffer @var{from-buffer-or-name} | |
376 (which must already exist) into the current buffer before point. The | |
377 text inserted is the region from @var{start} and @var{end}. (These | |
378 arguments default to the beginning and end of the accessible portion of | |
379 that buffer.) This function returns @code{nil}. | |
380 | |
381 In this example, the form is executed with buffer @samp{bar} as the | |
382 current buffer. We assume that buffer @samp{bar} is initially empty. | |
383 | |
384 @example | |
385 @group | |
386 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
387 We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all | |
388 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
389 @end group | |
390 | |
391 @group | |
392 (insert-buffer-substring "foo" 1 20) | |
393 @result{} nil | |
394 | |
395 ---------- Buffer: bar ---------- | |
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396 We hold these truth@point{} |
6558 | 397 ---------- Buffer: bar ---------- |
398 @end group | |
399 @end example | |
400 @end defun | |
401 | |
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402 @defun insert-buffer-substring-no-properties from-buffer-or-name &optional start end |
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403 This is like @code{insert-buffer-substring} except that it does not |
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404 copy any text properties. |
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405 @end defun |
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406 |
6558 | 407 @xref{Sticky Properties}, for other insertion functions that inherit |
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408 text properties from the nearby text in addition to inserting it. |
8644 | 409 Whitespace inserted by indentation functions also inherits text |
410 properties. | |
6558 | 411 |
412 @node Commands for Insertion | |
413 @section User-Level Insertion Commands | |
414 | |
415 This section describes higher-level commands for inserting text, | |
416 commands intended primarily for the user but useful also in Lisp | |
417 programs. | |
418 | |
419 @deffn Command insert-buffer from-buffer-or-name | |
420 This command inserts the entire contents of @var{from-buffer-or-name} | |
421 (which must exist) into the current buffer after point. It leaves | |
422 the mark after the inserted text. The value is @code{nil}. | |
423 @end deffn | |
424 | |
425 @deffn Command self-insert-command count | |
426 @cindex character insertion | |
427 @cindex self-insertion | |
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428 This command inserts the last character typed; it does so @var{count} |
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429 times, before point, and returns @code{nil}. Most printing characters |
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430 are bound to this command. In routine use, @code{self-insert-command} |
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431 is the most frequently called function in Emacs, but programs rarely use |
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432 it except to install it on a keymap. |
6558 | 433 |
434 In an interactive call, @var{count} is the numeric prefix argument. | |
435 | |
12067 | 436 This command calls @code{auto-fill-function} whenever that is |
28843 | 437 non-@code{nil} and the character inserted is in the table |
438 @code{auto-fill-chars} (@pxref{Auto Filling}). | |
6558 | 439 |
440 @c Cross refs reworded to prevent overfull hbox. --rjc 15mar92 | |
12067 | 441 This command performs abbrev expansion if Abbrev mode is enabled and |
6558 | 442 the inserted character does not have word-constituent |
443 syntax. (@xref{Abbrevs}, and @ref{Syntax Class Table}.) | |
444 | |
12067 | 445 This is also responsible for calling @code{blink-paren-function} when |
446 the inserted character has close parenthesis syntax (@pxref{Blinking}). | |
25875 | 447 |
448 Do not try substituting your own definition of | |
449 @code{self-insert-command} for the standard one. The editor command | |
450 loop handles this function specially. | |
6558 | 451 @end deffn |
452 | |
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453 @deffn Command newline &optional number-of-newlines |
6558 | 454 This command inserts newlines into the current buffer before point. |
455 If @var{number-of-newlines} is supplied, that many newline characters | |
456 are inserted. | |
457 | |
458 @cindex newline and Auto Fill mode | |
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459 This function calls @code{auto-fill-function} if the current column |
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460 number is greater than the value of @code{fill-column} and |
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461 @var{number-of-newlines} is @code{nil}. Typically what |
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462 @code{auto-fill-function} does is insert a newline; thus, the overall |
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463 result in this case is to insert two newlines at different places: one |
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464 at point, and another earlier in the line. @code{newline} does not |
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465 auto-fill if @var{number-of-newlines} is non-@code{nil}. |
6558 | 466 |
12098 | 467 This command indents to the left margin if that is not zero. |
468 @xref{Margins}. | |
469 | |
6558 | 470 The value returned is @code{nil}. In an interactive call, @var{count} |
471 is the numeric prefix argument. | |
472 @end deffn | |
473 | |
474 @deffn Command split-line | |
475 This command splits the current line, moving the portion of the line | |
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476 after point down vertically so that it is on the next line directly |
6558 | 477 below where it was before. Whitespace is inserted as needed at the |
478 beginning of the lower line, using the @code{indent-to} function. | |
479 @code{split-line} returns the position of point. | |
480 | |
481 Programs hardly ever use this function. | |
482 @end deffn | |
483 | |
484 @defvar overwrite-mode | |
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485 This variable controls whether overwrite mode is in effect. The value |
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486 should be @code{overwrite-mode-textual}, @code{overwrite-mode-binary}, |
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487 or @code{nil}. @code{overwrite-mode-textual} specifies textual |
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488 overwrite mode (treats newlines and tabs specially), and |
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489 @code{overwrite-mode-binary} specifies binary overwrite mode (treats |
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490 newlines and tabs like any other characters). |
6558 | 491 @end defvar |
492 | |
493 @node Deletion | |
12098 | 494 @section Deleting Text |
6558 | 495 |
496 @cindex deletion vs killing | |
497 Deletion means removing part of the text in a buffer, without saving | |
498 it in the kill ring (@pxref{The Kill Ring}). Deleted text can't be | |
499 yanked, but can be reinserted using the undo mechanism (@pxref{Undo}). | |
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500 Some deletion functions do save text in the kill ring in some special |
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501 cases. |
6558 | 502 |
503 All of the deletion functions operate on the current buffer, and all | |
504 return a value of @code{nil}. | |
505 | |
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506 @deffn Command erase-buffer |
6558 | 507 This function deletes the entire text of the current buffer, leaving it |
508 empty. If the buffer is read-only, it signals a @code{buffer-read-only} | |
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509 error; if some of the text in it is read-only, it signals a |
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510 @code{text-read-only} error. Otherwise, it deletes the text without |
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511 asking for any confirmation. It returns @code{nil}. |
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512 |
6558 | 513 Normally, deleting a large amount of text from a buffer inhibits further |
514 auto-saving of that buffer ``because it has shrunk''. However, | |
515 @code{erase-buffer} does not do this, the idea being that the future | |
516 text is not really related to the former text, and its size should not | |
517 be compared with that of the former text. | |
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518 @end deffn |
6558 | 519 |
520 @deffn Command delete-region start end | |
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521 This command deletes the text between positions @var{start} and |
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522 @var{end} in the current buffer, and returns @code{nil}. If point was |
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523 inside the deleted region, its value afterward is @var{start}. |
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524 Otherwise, point relocates with the surrounding text, as markers do. |
6558 | 525 @end deffn |
526 | |
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527 @defun delete-and-extract-region start end |
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528 @tindex delete-and-extract-region |
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529 This function deletes the text between positions @var{start} and |
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530 @var{end} in the current buffer, and returns a string containing the |
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531 text just deleted. |
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532 |
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533 If point was inside the deleted region, its value afterward is |
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534 @var{start}. Otherwise, point relocates with the surrounding text, as |
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535 markers do. |
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536 @end defun |
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537 |
6558 | 538 @deffn Command delete-char count &optional killp |
539 This command deletes @var{count} characters directly after point, or | |
540 before point if @var{count} is negative. If @var{killp} is | |
541 non-@code{nil}, then it saves the deleted characters in the kill ring. | |
542 | |
543 In an interactive call, @var{count} is the numeric prefix argument, and | |
544 @var{killp} is the unprocessed prefix argument. Therefore, if a prefix | |
545 argument is supplied, the text is saved in the kill ring. If no prefix | |
546 argument is supplied, then one character is deleted, but not saved in | |
547 the kill ring. | |
548 | |
549 The value returned is always @code{nil}. | |
550 @end deffn | |
551 | |
552 @deffn Command delete-backward-char count &optional killp | |
553 @cindex delete previous char | |
554 This command deletes @var{count} characters directly before point, or | |
555 after point if @var{count} is negative. If @var{killp} is | |
556 non-@code{nil}, then it saves the deleted characters in the kill ring. | |
557 | |
558 In an interactive call, @var{count} is the numeric prefix argument, and | |
559 @var{killp} is the unprocessed prefix argument. Therefore, if a prefix | |
560 argument is supplied, the text is saved in the kill ring. If no prefix | |
561 argument is supplied, then one character is deleted, but not saved in | |
562 the kill ring. | |
563 | |
564 The value returned is always @code{nil}. | |
565 @end deffn | |
566 | |
567 @deffn Command backward-delete-char-untabify count &optional killp | |
568 @cindex tab deletion | |
569 This command deletes @var{count} characters backward, changing tabs | |
570 into spaces. When the next character to be deleted is a tab, it is | |
571 first replaced with the proper number of spaces to preserve alignment | |
572 and then one of those spaces is deleted instead of the tab. If | |
573 @var{killp} is non-@code{nil}, then the command saves the deleted | |
574 characters in the kill ring. | |
575 | |
576 Conversion of tabs to spaces happens only if @var{count} is positive. | |
577 If it is negative, exactly @minus{}@var{count} characters after point | |
578 are deleted. | |
579 | |
580 In an interactive call, @var{count} is the numeric prefix argument, and | |
581 @var{killp} is the unprocessed prefix argument. Therefore, if a prefix | |
582 argument is supplied, the text is saved in the kill ring. If no prefix | |
583 argument is supplied, then one character is deleted, but not saved in | |
584 the kill ring. | |
585 | |
586 The value returned is always @code{nil}. | |
587 @end deffn | |
588 | |
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589 @defopt backward-delete-char-untabify-method |
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590 This option specifies how @code{backward-delete-char-untabify} should |
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591 deal with whitespace. Possible values include @code{untabify}, the |
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592 default, meaning convert a tab to many spaces and delete one; |
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593 @code{hungry}, meaning delete all the whitespace characters before point |
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594 with one command, and @code{nil}, meaning do nothing special for |
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595 whitespace characters. |
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596 @end defopt |
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597 |
6558 | 598 @node User-Level Deletion |
599 @section User-Level Deletion Commands | |
600 | |
601 This section describes higher-level commands for deleting text, | |
602 commands intended primarily for the user but useful also in Lisp | |
603 programs. | |
604 | |
605 @deffn Command delete-horizontal-space | |
606 @cindex deleting whitespace | |
607 This function deletes all spaces and tabs around point. It returns | |
608 @code{nil}. | |
609 | |
610 In the following examples, we call @code{delete-horizontal-space} four | |
611 times, once on each line, with point between the second and third | |
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612 characters on the line each time. |
6558 | 613 |
614 @example | |
615 @group | |
616 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
617 I @point{}thought | |
618 I @point{} thought | |
619 We@point{} thought | |
620 Yo@point{}u thought | |
621 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
622 @end group | |
623 | |
624 @group | |
625 (delete-horizontal-space) ; @r{Four times.} | |
626 @result{} nil | |
627 | |
628 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
629 Ithought | |
630 Ithought | |
631 Wethought | |
632 You thought | |
633 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
634 @end group | |
635 @end example | |
636 @end deffn | |
637 | |
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638 @deffn Command delete-indentation &optional join-following-p |
6558 | 639 This function joins the line point is on to the previous line, deleting |
640 any whitespace at the join and in some cases replacing it with one | |
641 space. If @var{join-following-p} is non-@code{nil}, | |
642 @code{delete-indentation} joins this line to the following line | |
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643 instead. The function returns @code{nil}. |
6558 | 644 |
645 If there is a fill prefix, and the second of the lines being joined | |
646 starts with the prefix, then @code{delete-indentation} deletes the | |
12098 | 647 fill prefix before joining the lines. @xref{Margins}. |
6558 | 648 |
649 In the example below, point is located on the line starting | |
650 @samp{events}, and it makes no difference if there are trailing spaces | |
651 in the preceding line. | |
652 | |
653 @smallexample | |
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654 @group |
6558 | 655 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- |
656 When in the course of human | |
657 @point{} events, it becomes necessary | |
658 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
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659 @end group |
6558 | 660 |
661 (delete-indentation) | |
662 @result{} nil | |
663 | |
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664 @group |
6558 | 665 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- |
666 When in the course of human@point{} events, it becomes necessary | |
667 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
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668 @end group |
6558 | 669 @end smallexample |
670 | |
671 After the lines are joined, the function @code{fixup-whitespace} is | |
672 responsible for deciding whether to leave a space at the junction. | |
673 @end deffn | |
674 | |
675 @defun fixup-whitespace | |
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676 This function replaces all the whitespace surrounding point with either |
6558 | 677 one space or no space, according to the context. It returns @code{nil}. |
678 | |
679 At the beginning or end of a line, the appropriate amount of space is | |
680 none. Before a character with close parenthesis syntax, or after a | |
681 character with open parenthesis or expression-prefix syntax, no space is | |
682 also appropriate. Otherwise, one space is appropriate. @xref{Syntax | |
683 Class Table}. | |
684 | |
685 In the example below, @code{fixup-whitespace} is called the first time | |
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686 with point before the word @samp{spaces} in the first line. For the |
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687 second invocation, point is directly after the @samp{(}. |
6558 | 688 |
689 @smallexample | |
690 @group | |
691 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
692 This has too many @point{}spaces | |
693 This has too many spaces at the start of (@point{} this list) | |
694 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
695 @end group | |
696 | |
697 @group | |
698 (fixup-whitespace) | |
699 @result{} nil | |
700 (fixup-whitespace) | |
701 @result{} nil | |
702 @end group | |
703 | |
704 @group | |
705 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
706 This has too many spaces | |
707 This has too many spaces at the start of (this list) | |
708 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
709 @end group | |
710 @end smallexample | |
711 @end defun | |
712 | |
713 @deffn Command just-one-space | |
714 @comment !!SourceFile simple.el | |
715 This command replaces any spaces and tabs around point with a single | |
716 space. It returns @code{nil}. | |
717 @end deffn | |
718 | |
719 @deffn Command delete-blank-lines | |
720 This function deletes blank lines surrounding point. If point is on a | |
721 blank line with one or more blank lines before or after it, then all but | |
722 one of them are deleted. If point is on an isolated blank line, then it | |
723 is deleted. If point is on a nonblank line, the command deletes all | |
724 blank lines following it. | |
725 | |
726 A blank line is defined as a line containing only tabs and spaces. | |
727 | |
728 @code{delete-blank-lines} returns @code{nil}. | |
729 @end deffn | |
730 | |
731 @node The Kill Ring | |
732 @section The Kill Ring | |
733 @cindex kill ring | |
734 | |
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735 @dfn{Kill functions} delete text like the deletion functions, but save |
6558 | 736 it so that the user can reinsert it by @dfn{yanking}. Most of these |
737 functions have @samp{kill-} in their name. By contrast, the functions | |
738 whose names start with @samp{delete-} normally do not save text for | |
739 yanking (though they can still be undone); these are ``deletion'' | |
740 functions. | |
741 | |
742 Most of the kill commands are primarily for interactive use, and are | |
743 not described here. What we do describe are the functions provided for | |
744 use in writing such commands. You can use these functions to write | |
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745 commands for killing text. When you need to delete text for internal |
6558 | 746 purposes within a Lisp function, you should normally use deletion |
747 functions, so as not to disturb the kill ring contents. | |
748 @xref{Deletion}. | |
749 | |
750 Killed text is saved for later yanking in the @dfn{kill ring}. This | |
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751 is a list that holds a number of recent kills, not just the last text |
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752 kill. We call this a ``ring'' because yanking treats it as having |
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753 elements in a cyclic order. The list is kept in the variable |
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754 @code{kill-ring}, and can be operated on with the usual functions for |
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755 lists; there are also specialized functions, described in this section, |
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756 that treat it as a ring. |
6558 | 757 |
758 Some people think this use of the word ``kill'' is unfortunate, since | |
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759 it refers to operations that specifically @emph{do not} destroy the |
6558 | 760 entities ``killed''. This is in sharp contrast to ordinary life, in |
761 which death is permanent and ``killed'' entities do not come back to | |
762 life. Therefore, other metaphors have been proposed. For example, the | |
763 term ``cut ring'' makes sense to people who, in pre-computer days, used | |
764 scissors and paste to cut up and rearrange manuscripts. However, it | |
765 would be difficult to change the terminology now. | |
766 | |
767 @menu | |
768 * Kill Ring Concepts:: What text looks like in the kill ring. | |
769 * Kill Functions:: Functions that kill text. | |
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770 * Yanking:: How yanking is done. |
6558 | 771 * Yank Commands:: Commands that access the kill ring. |
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772 * Low-Level Kill Ring:: Functions and variables for kill ring access. |
6558 | 773 * Internals of Kill Ring:: Variables that hold kill-ring data. |
774 @end menu | |
775 | |
776 @node Kill Ring Concepts | |
777 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
778 @subsection Kill Ring Concepts | |
779 | |
780 The kill ring records killed text as strings in a list, most recent | |
781 first. A short kill ring, for example, might look like this: | |
782 | |
783 @example | |
784 ("some text" "a different piece of text" "even older text") | |
785 @end example | |
786 | |
787 @noindent | |
788 When the list reaches @code{kill-ring-max} entries in length, adding a | |
789 new entry automatically deletes the last entry. | |
790 | |
791 When kill commands are interwoven with other commands, each kill | |
792 command makes a new entry in the kill ring. Multiple kill commands in | |
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793 succession build up a single kill-ring entry, which would be yanked as a |
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794 unit; the second and subsequent consecutive kill commands add text to |
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795 the entry made by the first one. |
6558 | 796 |
797 For yanking, one entry in the kill ring is designated the ``front'' of | |
798 the ring. Some yank commands ``rotate'' the ring by designating a | |
799 different element as the ``front.'' But this virtual rotation doesn't | |
800 change the list itself---the most recent entry always comes first in the | |
801 list. | |
802 | |
803 @node Kill Functions | |
804 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
805 @subsection Functions for Killing | |
806 | |
807 @code{kill-region} is the usual subroutine for killing text. Any | |
808 command that calls this function is a ``kill command'' (and should | |
809 probably have @samp{kill} in its name). @code{kill-region} puts the | |
810 newly killed text in a new element at the beginning of the kill ring or | |
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811 adds it to the most recent element. It determines automatically (using |
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812 @code{last-command}) whether the previous command was a kill command, |
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813 and if so appends the killed text to the most recent entry. |
6558 | 814 |
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815 @deffn Command kill-region start end &optional yank-handler |
6558 | 816 This function kills the text in the region defined by @var{start} and |
12098 | 817 @var{end}. The text is deleted but saved in the kill ring, along with |
818 its text properties. The value is always @code{nil}. | |
6558 | 819 |
820 In an interactive call, @var{start} and @var{end} are point and | |
821 the mark. | |
822 | |
823 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
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824 If the buffer or text is read-only, @code{kill-region} modifies the kill |
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825 ring just the same, then signals an error without modifying the buffer. |
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826 This is convenient because it lets the user use a series of kill |
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827 commands to copy text from a read-only buffer into the kill ring. |
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828 |
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829 If @var{yank-handler} is non-@code{nil}, this puts that value onto |
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830 the string of killed text, as a @code{yank-handler} property. |
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831 @xref{Yanking}. |
6558 | 832 @end deffn |
833 | |
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834 @defopt kill-read-only-ok |
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835 If this option is non-@code{nil}, @code{kill-region} does not signal an |
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836 error if the buffer or text is read-only. Instead, it simply returns, |
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837 updating the kill ring but not changing the buffer. |
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838 @end defopt |
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839 |
6558 | 840 @deffn Command copy-region-as-kill start end |
841 This command saves the region defined by @var{start} and @var{end} on | |
12098 | 842 the kill ring (including text properties), but does not delete the text |
843 from the buffer. It returns @code{nil}. It also indicates the extent | |
844 of the text copied by moving the cursor momentarily, or by displaying a | |
845 message in the echo area. | |
6558 | 846 |
12067 | 847 The command does not set @code{this-command} to @code{kill-region}, so a |
848 subsequent kill command does not append to the same kill ring entry. | |
849 | |
6558 | 850 Don't call @code{copy-region-as-kill} in Lisp programs unless you aim to |
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851 support Emacs 18. For newer Emacs versions, it is better to use |
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852 @code{kill-new} or @code{kill-append} instead. @xref{Low-Level Kill |
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853 Ring}. |
6558 | 854 @end deffn |
855 | |
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856 @node Yanking |
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857 @subsection Yanking |
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858 |
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859 Yanking means inserting text from the kill ring, but it does |
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860 not insert the text blindly. Yank commands and some other commands |
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861 use @code{insert-for-yank} to perform special processing on the |
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862 text that they copy into the buffer. |
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863 |
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864 @defun insert-for-yank string |
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865 This function normally works like @code{insert} except that it doesn't |
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866 insert the text properties in the @code{yank-excluded-properties} |
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867 list. However, if the first character of @var{string} has a |
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868 non-@code{nil}@code{yank-handler} text property, that property |
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869 can do various special processing on the text being inserted. |
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870 @end defun |
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871 |
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872 @defun insert-buffer-substring-as-yank buf &optional start end |
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873 This function resembles @code{insert-buffer-substring} except that it |
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874 doesn't insert the text properties in the |
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875 @code{yank-excluded-properties} list. |
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876 @end defun |
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877 |
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878 You can put a @code{yank-handler} text property on the text to |
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879 control how it will be inserted if it is yanked. The |
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880 @code{insert-for-yank} function looks for a @code{yank-handler} |
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881 property on the first character in its @var{string} argument. The |
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882 property value must be a list of one to four elements, with the |
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883 following format (where elements after the first may be omitted): |
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884 |
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885 @example |
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886 (@var{function} @var{param} @var{noexclude} @var{undo}) |
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887 @end example |
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888 |
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889 Here is what the elements do: |
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890 |
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891 @table @var |
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892 @item function |
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893 When @var{function} is present and non-nil, it is called instead of |
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894 @code{insert} to insert the string. @var{function} takes one |
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895 argument---the string to insert. |
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896 |
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897 @item param |
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898 If @var{param} is present and non-@code{nil}, it replaces @var{string} |
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899 as the object passed to @var{function} (or @code{insert}); for |
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900 example, if @var{function} is @code{yank-rectangle}, @var{param} |
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901 should be a list of strings to insert as a rectangle. |
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902 |
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903 @item noexclude |
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904 If @var{noexclude} is present and non-@code{nil}, the normal removal of the |
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905 yank-excluded-properties is not performed; instead @var{function} is |
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906 responsible for removing those properties. This may be necessary |
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907 if @var{function} adjusts point before or after inserting the object. |
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908 |
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909 @item undo |
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910 If @var{undo} is present and non-nil, it is a function that will be |
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911 called by @code{yank-pop} to undo the insertion of the current object. |
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912 It is called with two arguments, the start and end of the current |
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913 region. @var{function} can set @code{yank-undo-function} to override |
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914 the @var{undo} value. |
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915 @end table |
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916 |
6558 | 917 @node Yank Commands |
918 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
919 @subsection Functions for Yanking | |
920 | |
921 @dfn{Yanking} means reinserting an entry of previously killed text | |
12098 | 922 from the kill ring. The text properties are copied too. |
6558 | 923 |
924 @deffn Command yank &optional arg | |
925 @cindex inserting killed text | |
926 This command inserts before point the text in the first entry in the | |
927 kill ring. It positions the mark at the beginning of that text, and | |
928 point at the end. | |
929 | |
930 If @var{arg} is a list (which occurs interactively when the user | |
931 types @kbd{C-u} with no digits), then @code{yank} inserts the text as | |
932 described above, but puts point before the yanked text and puts the mark | |
933 after it. | |
934 | |
935 If @var{arg} is a number, then @code{yank} inserts the @var{arg}th most | |
936 recently killed text---the @var{arg}th element of the kill ring list. | |
937 | |
938 @code{yank} does not alter the contents of the kill ring or rotate it. | |
939 It returns @code{nil}. | |
940 @end deffn | |
941 | |
942 @deffn Command yank-pop arg | |
943 This command replaces the just-yanked entry from the kill ring with a | |
944 different entry from the kill ring. | |
945 | |
946 This is allowed only immediately after a @code{yank} or another | |
947 @code{yank-pop}. At such a time, the region contains text that was just | |
948 inserted by yanking. @code{yank-pop} deletes that text and inserts in | |
949 its place a different piece of killed text. It does not add the deleted | |
950 text to the kill ring, since it is already in the kill ring somewhere. | |
951 | |
952 If @var{arg} is @code{nil}, then the replacement text is the previous | |
953 element of the kill ring. If @var{arg} is numeric, the replacement is | |
954 the @var{arg}th previous kill. If @var{arg} is negative, a more recent | |
955 kill is the replacement. | |
956 | |
957 The sequence of kills in the kill ring wraps around, so that after the | |
958 oldest one comes the newest one, and before the newest one goes the | |
959 oldest. | |
960 | |
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961 The return value is always @code{nil}. |
6558 | 962 @end deffn |
963 | |
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964 @defvar yank-undo-function |
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965 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, the function @code{yank-pop} uses |
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966 its value instead of @code{delete-region} to delete the text |
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967 inserted by the previous @code{yank} or |
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968 @code{yank-pop} command. |
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969 |
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970 The function @code{insert-for-yank} automatically sets this variable |
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971 according to the @var{undo} element of the @code{yank-handler} |
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972 text property, if there is one. |
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973 @end defvar |
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974 |
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975 @node Low-Level Kill Ring |
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976 @subsection Low-Level Kill Ring |
6558 | 977 |
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978 These functions and variables provide access to the kill ring at a |
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979 lower level, but still convenient for use in Lisp programs, because they |
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980 take care of interaction with window system selections |
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981 (@pxref{Window System Selections}). |
6558 | 982 |
983 @defun current-kill n &optional do-not-move | |
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984 The function @code{current-kill} rotates the yanking pointer, which |
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985 designates the ``front'' of the kill ring, by @var{n} places (from newer |
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986 kills to older ones), and returns the text at that place in the ring. |
6558 | 987 |
988 If the optional second argument @var{do-not-move} is non-@code{nil}, | |
989 then @code{current-kill} doesn't alter the yanking pointer; it just | |
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990 returns the @var{n}th kill, counting from the current yanking pointer. |
6558 | 991 |
992 If @var{n} is zero, indicating a request for the latest kill, | |
993 @code{current-kill} calls the value of | |
994 @code{interprogram-paste-function} (documented below) before consulting | |
995 the kill ring. | |
996 @end defun | |
997 | |
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998 @defun kill-new string &optional yank-handler |
6558 | 999 This function puts the text @var{string} into the kill ring as a new |
1000 entry at the front of the ring. It discards the oldest entry if | |
1001 appropriate. It also invokes the value of | |
1002 @code{interprogram-cut-function} (see below). | |
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1003 |
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1004 If @var{yank-handler} is non-@code{nil}, this puts that value onto |
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1005 the string of killed text, as a @code{yank-handler} property. |
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1006 @xref{Yanking}. |
6558 | 1007 @end defun |
1008 | |
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1009 @defun kill-append string before-p &optional yank-handler |
6558 | 1010 This function appends the text @var{string} to the first entry in the |
1011 kill ring. Normally @var{string} goes at the end of the entry, but if | |
1012 @var{before-p} is non-@code{nil}, it goes at the beginning. This | |
1013 function also invokes the value of @code{interprogram-cut-function} (see | |
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1014 below). This handles @var{yank-handler} just like @code{kill-new}. |
6558 | 1015 @end defun |
1016 | |
1017 @defvar interprogram-paste-function | |
1018 This variable provides a way of transferring killed text from other | |
1019 programs, when you are using a window system. Its value should be | |
1020 @code{nil} or a function of no arguments. | |
1021 | |
1022 If the value is a function, @code{current-kill} calls it to get the | |
1023 ``most recent kill''. If the function returns a non-@code{nil} value, | |
1024 then that value is used as the ``most recent kill''. If it returns | |
1025 @code{nil}, then the first element of @code{kill-ring} is used. | |
1026 | |
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1027 The normal use of this hook is to get the window system's primary |
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1028 selection as the most recent kill, even if the selection belongs to |
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1029 another application. @xref{Window System Selections}. |
6558 | 1030 @end defvar |
1031 | |
1032 @defvar interprogram-cut-function | |
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1033 This variable provides a way of communicating killed text to other |
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1034 programs, when you are using a window system. Its value should be |
6558 | 1035 @code{nil} or a function of one argument. |
1036 | |
1037 If the value is a function, @code{kill-new} and @code{kill-append} call | |
1038 it with the new first element of the kill ring as an argument. | |
1039 | |
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1040 The normal use of this hook is to set the window system's primary |
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1041 selection from the newly killed text. @xref{Window System Selections}. |
6558 | 1042 @end defvar |
1043 | |
1044 @node Internals of Kill Ring | |
1045 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
1046 @subsection Internals of the Kill Ring | |
1047 | |
1048 The variable @code{kill-ring} holds the kill ring contents, in the | |
1049 form of a list of strings. The most recent kill is always at the front | |
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1050 of the list. |
6558 | 1051 |
1052 The @code{kill-ring-yank-pointer} variable points to a link in the | |
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1053 kill ring list, whose @sc{car} is the text to yank next. We say it |
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1054 identifies the ``front'' of the ring. Moving |
6558 | 1055 @code{kill-ring-yank-pointer} to a different link is called |
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1056 @dfn{rotating the kill ring}. We call the kill ring a ``ring'' because |
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1057 the functions that move the yank pointer wrap around from the end of the |
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1058 list to the beginning, or vice-versa. Rotation of the kill ring is |
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1059 virtual; it does not change the value of @code{kill-ring}. |
6558 | 1060 |
1061 Both @code{kill-ring} and @code{kill-ring-yank-pointer} are Lisp | |
1062 variables whose values are normally lists. The word ``pointer'' in the | |
1063 name of the @code{kill-ring-yank-pointer} indicates that the variable's | |
1064 purpose is to identify one element of the list for use by the next yank | |
1065 command. | |
1066 | |
1067 The value of @code{kill-ring-yank-pointer} is always @code{eq} to one | |
1068 of the links in the kill ring list. The element it identifies is the | |
1069 @sc{car} of that link. Kill commands, which change the kill ring, also | |
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1070 set this variable to the value of @code{kill-ring}. The effect is to |
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1071 rotate the ring so that the newly killed text is at the front. |
6558 | 1072 |
1073 Here is a diagram that shows the variable @code{kill-ring-yank-pointer} | |
1074 pointing to the second entry in the kill ring @code{("some text" "a | |
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1075 different piece of text" "yet older text")}. |
6558 | 1076 |
1077 @example | |
1078 @group | |
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1079 kill-ring ---- kill-ring-yank-pointer |
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1080 | | |
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1081 | v |
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1082 | --- --- --- --- --- --- |
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1083 --> | | |------> | | |--> | | |--> nil |
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1084 --- --- --- --- --- --- |
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1085 | | | |
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1086 | | | |
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1087 | | -->"yet older text" |
6558 | 1088 | | |
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1089 | --> "a different piece of text" |
6558 | 1090 | |
1091 --> "some text" | |
1092 @end group | |
1093 @end example | |
1094 | |
1095 @noindent | |
1096 This state of affairs might occur after @kbd{C-y} (@code{yank}) | |
1097 immediately followed by @kbd{M-y} (@code{yank-pop}). | |
1098 | |
1099 @defvar kill-ring | |
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1100 This variable holds the list of killed text sequences, most recently |
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1101 killed first. |
6558 | 1102 @end defvar |
1103 | |
1104 @defvar kill-ring-yank-pointer | |
1105 This variable's value indicates which element of the kill ring is at the | |
1106 ``front'' of the ring for yanking. More precisely, the value is a tail | |
1107 of the value of @code{kill-ring}, and its @sc{car} is the kill string | |
1108 that @kbd{C-y} should yank. | |
1109 @end defvar | |
1110 | |
1111 @defopt kill-ring-max | |
1112 The value of this variable is the maximum length to which the kill | |
1113 ring can grow, before elements are thrown away at the end. The default | |
1114 value for @code{kill-ring-max} is 30. | |
1115 @end defopt | |
1116 | |
1117 @node Undo | |
1118 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
1119 @section Undo | |
1120 @cindex redo | |
1121 | |
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1122 Most buffers have an @dfn{undo list}, which records all changes made |
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1123 to the buffer's text so that they can be undone. (The buffers that |
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1124 don't have one are usually special-purpose buffers for which Emacs |
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1125 assumes that undoing is not useful.) All the primitives that modify the |
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1126 text in the buffer automatically add elements to the front of the undo |
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1127 list, which is in the variable @code{buffer-undo-list}. |
6558 | 1128 |
1129 @defvar buffer-undo-list | |
1130 This variable's value is the undo list of the current buffer. | |
1131 A value of @code{t} disables the recording of undo information. | |
1132 @end defvar | |
1133 | |
1134 Here are the kinds of elements an undo list can have: | |
1135 | |
1136 @table @code | |
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1137 @item @var{position} |
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1138 This kind of element records a previous value of point; undoing this |
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1139 element moves point to @var{position}. Ordinary cursor motion does not |
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1140 make any sort of undo record, but deletion operations use these entries |
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1141 to record where point was before the command. |
6558 | 1142 |
1143 @item (@var{beg} . @var{end}) | |
1144 This kind of element indicates how to delete text that was inserted. | |
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1145 Upon insertion, the text occupied the range @var{beg}--@var{end} in the |
6558 | 1146 buffer. |
1147 | |
10364 | 1148 @item (@var{text} . @var{position}) |
6558 | 1149 This kind of element indicates how to reinsert text that was deleted. |
10364 | 1150 The deleted text itself is the string @var{text}. The place to |
1151 reinsert it is @code{(abs @var{position})}. | |
6558 | 1152 |
1153 @item (t @var{high} . @var{low}) | |
1154 This kind of element indicates that an unmodified buffer became | |
1155 modified. The elements @var{high} and @var{low} are two integers, each | |
1156 recording 16 bits of the visited file's modification time as of when it | |
1157 was previously visited or saved. @code{primitive-undo} uses those | |
1158 values to determine whether to mark the buffer as unmodified once again; | |
1159 it does so only if the file's modification time matches those numbers. | |
1160 | |
1161 @item (nil @var{property} @var{value} @var{beg} . @var{end}) | |
1162 This kind of element records a change in a text property. | |
1163 Here's how you might undo the change: | |
1164 | |
1165 @example | |
1166 (put-text-property @var{beg} @var{end} @var{property} @var{value}) | |
1167 @end example | |
1168 | |
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1169 @item (@var{marker} . @var{adjustment}) |
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1170 This kind of element records the fact that the marker @var{marker} was |
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1171 relocated due to deletion of surrounding text, and that it moved |
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1172 @var{adjustment} character positions. Undoing this element moves |
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1173 @var{marker} @minus{} @var{adjustment} characters. |
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1174 |
6558 | 1175 @item nil |
1176 This element is a boundary. The elements between two boundaries are | |
1177 called a @dfn{change group}; normally, each change group corresponds to | |
1178 one keyboard command, and undo commands normally undo an entire group as | |
1179 a unit. | |
1180 @end table | |
1181 | |
1182 @defun undo-boundary | |
1183 This function places a boundary element in the undo list. The undo | |
1184 command stops at such a boundary, and successive undo commands undo | |
1185 to earlier and earlier boundaries. This function returns @code{nil}. | |
1186 | |
11555
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1187 The editor command loop automatically creates an undo boundary before |
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1188 each key sequence is executed. Thus, each undo normally undoes the |
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1189 effects of one command. Self-inserting input characters are an |
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1190 exception. The command loop makes a boundary for the first such |
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1191 character; the next 19 consecutive self-inserting input characters do |
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1192 not make boundaries, and then the 20th does, and so on as long as |
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1193 self-inserting characters continue. |
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1194 |
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1195 All buffer modifications add a boundary whenever the previous undoable |
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1196 change was made in some other buffer. This is to ensure that |
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1197 each command makes a boundary in each buffer where it makes changes. |
11555
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1198 |
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1199 Calling this function explicitly is useful for splitting the effects of |
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1200 a command into more than one unit. For example, @code{query-replace} |
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1201 calls @code{undo-boundary} after each replacement, so that the user can |
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1202 undo individual replacements one by one. |
6558 | 1203 @end defun |
1204 | |
1205 @defun primitive-undo count list | |
1206 This is the basic function for undoing elements of an undo list. | |
1207 It undoes the first @var{count} elements of @var{list}, returning | |
1208 the rest of @var{list}. You could write this function in Lisp, | |
1209 but it is convenient to have it in C. | |
1210 | |
1211 @code{primitive-undo} adds elements to the buffer's undo list when it | |
1212 changes the buffer. Undo commands avoid confusion by saving the undo | |
1213 list value at the beginning of a sequence of undo operations. Then the | |
1214 undo operations use and update the saved value. The new elements added | |
12098 | 1215 by undoing are not part of this saved value, so they don't interfere with |
6558 | 1216 continuing to undo. |
1217 @end defun | |
1218 | |
1219 @node Maintaining Undo | |
1220 @section Maintaining Undo Lists | |
1221 | |
1222 This section describes how to enable and disable undo information for | |
1223 a given buffer. It also explains how the undo list is truncated | |
1224 automatically so it doesn't get too big. | |
1225 | |
1226 Recording of undo information in a newly created buffer is normally | |
1227 enabled to start with; but if the buffer name starts with a space, the | |
1228 undo recording is initially disabled. You can explicitly enable or | |
1229 disable undo recording with the following two functions, or by setting | |
1230 @code{buffer-undo-list} yourself. | |
1231 | |
1232 @deffn Command buffer-enable-undo &optional buffer-or-name | |
1233 This command enables recording undo information for buffer | |
1234 @var{buffer-or-name}, so that subsequent changes can be undone. If no | |
1235 argument is supplied, then the current buffer is used. This function | |
1236 does nothing if undo recording is already enabled in the buffer. It | |
1237 returns @code{nil}. | |
1238 | |
1239 In an interactive call, @var{buffer-or-name} is the current buffer. | |
1240 You cannot specify any other buffer. | |
1241 @end deffn | |
1242 | |
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1243 @deffn Command buffer-disable-undo &optional buffer |
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1244 @deffnx Command buffer-flush-undo &optional buffer |
6558 | 1245 @cindex disable undo |
1246 This function discards the undo list of @var{buffer}, and disables | |
1247 further recording of undo information. As a result, it is no longer | |
1248 possible to undo either previous changes or any subsequent changes. If | |
1249 the undo list of @var{buffer} is already disabled, this function | |
1250 has no effect. | |
1251 | |
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1252 This function returns @code{nil}. |
6558 | 1253 |
1254 The name @code{buffer-flush-undo} is not considered obsolete, but the | |
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1255 preferred name is @code{buffer-disable-undo}. |
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1256 @end deffn |
6558 | 1257 |
1258 As editing continues, undo lists get longer and longer. To prevent | |
1259 them from using up all available memory space, garbage collection trims | |
1260 them back to size limits you can set. (For this purpose, the ``size'' | |
1261 of an undo list measures the cons cells that make up the list, plus the | |
1262 strings of deleted text.) Two variables control the range of acceptable | |
1263 sizes: @code{undo-limit} and @code{undo-strong-limit}. | |
1264 | |
1265 @defvar undo-limit | |
1266 This is the soft limit for the acceptable size of an undo list. The | |
1267 change group at which this size is exceeded is the last one kept. | |
1268 @end defvar | |
1269 | |
1270 @defvar undo-strong-limit | |
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1271 This is the upper limit for the acceptable size of an undo list. The |
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1272 change group at which this size is exceeded is discarded itself (along |
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1273 with all older change groups). There is one exception: the very latest |
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1274 change group is never discarded no matter how big it is. |
6558 | 1275 @end defvar |
1276 | |
1277 @node Filling | |
1278 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
1279 @section Filling | |
1280 @cindex filling, explicit | |
1281 | |
1282 @dfn{Filling} means adjusting the lengths of lines (by moving the line | |
1283 breaks) so that they are nearly (but no greater than) a specified | |
1284 maximum width. Additionally, lines can be @dfn{justified}, which means | |
12098 | 1285 inserting spaces to make the left and/or right margins line up |
1286 precisely. The width is controlled by the variable @code{fill-column}. | |
1287 For ease of reading, lines should be no longer than 70 or so columns. | |
6558 | 1288 |
1289 You can use Auto Fill mode (@pxref{Auto Filling}) to fill text | |
1290 automatically as you insert it, but changes to existing text may leave | |
1291 it improperly filled. Then you must fill the text explicitly. | |
1292 | |
12067 | 1293 Most of the commands in this section return values that are not |
1294 meaningful. All the functions that do filling take note of the current | |
12098 | 1295 left margin, current right margin, and current justification style |
1296 (@pxref{Margins}). If the current justification style is | |
1297 @code{none}, the filling functions don't actually do anything. | |
1298 | |
1299 Several of the filling functions have an argument @var{justify}. | |
1300 If it is non-@code{nil}, that requests some kind of justification. It | |
1301 can be @code{left}, @code{right}, @code{full}, or @code{center}, to | |
1302 request a specific style of justification. If it is @code{t}, that | |
1303 means to use the current justification style for this part of the text | |
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1304 (see @code{current-justification}, below). Any other value is treated |
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1305 as @code{full}. |
12098 | 1306 |
1307 When you call the filling functions interactively, using a prefix | |
1308 argument implies the value @code{full} for @var{justify}. | |
1309 | |
1310 @deffn Command fill-paragraph justify | |
6558 | 1311 @cindex filling a paragraph |
1312 This command fills the paragraph at or after point. If | |
12098 | 1313 @var{justify} is non-@code{nil}, each line is justified as well. |
6558 | 1314 It uses the ordinary paragraph motion commands to find paragraph |
38581 | 1315 boundaries. @xref{Paragraphs,,, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}. |
6558 | 1316 @end deffn |
1317 | |
25454 | 1318 @deffn Command fill-region start end &optional justify nosqueeze to-eop |
6558 | 1319 This command fills each of the paragraphs in the region from @var{start} |
12098 | 1320 to @var{end}. It justifies as well if @var{justify} is |
6558 | 1321 non-@code{nil}. |
1322 | |
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1323 If @var{nosqueeze} is non-@code{nil}, that means to leave whitespace |
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1324 other than line breaks untouched. If @var{to-eop} is non-@code{nil}, |
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1325 that means to keep filling to the end of the paragraph---or the next hard |
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1326 newline, if @code{use-hard-newlines} is enabled (see below). |
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1327 |
6558 | 1328 The variable @code{paragraph-separate} controls how to distinguish |
1329 paragraphs. @xref{Standard Regexps}. | |
1330 @end deffn | |
1331 | |
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1332 @deffn Command fill-individual-paragraphs start end &optional justify citation-regexp |
6558 | 1333 This command fills each paragraph in the region according to its |
1334 individual fill prefix. Thus, if the lines of a paragraph were indented | |
1335 with spaces, the filled paragraph will remain indented in the same | |
1336 fashion. | |
1337 | |
1338 The first two arguments, @var{start} and @var{end}, are the beginning | |
1339 and end of the region to be filled. The third and fourth arguments, | |
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1340 @var{justify} and @var{citation-regexp}, are optional. If |
12098 | 1341 @var{justify} is non-@code{nil}, the paragraphs are justified as |
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1342 well as filled. If @var{citation-regexp} is non-@code{nil}, it means the |
6558 | 1343 function is operating on a mail message and therefore should not fill |
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1344 the header lines. If @var{citation-regexp} is a string, it is used as |
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1345 a regular expression; if it matches the beginning of a line, that line |
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1346 is treated as a citation marker. |
6558 | 1347 |
1348 Ordinarily, @code{fill-individual-paragraphs} regards each change in | |
1349 indentation as starting a new paragraph. If | |
1350 @code{fill-individual-varying-indent} is non-@code{nil}, then only | |
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1351 separator lines separate paragraphs. That mode can handle indented |
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1352 paragraphs with additional indentation on the first line. |
6558 | 1353 @end deffn |
1354 | |
1355 @defopt fill-individual-varying-indent | |
1356 This variable alters the action of @code{fill-individual-paragraphs} as | |
1357 described above. | |
1358 @end defopt | |
1359 | |
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1360 @deffn Command fill-region-as-paragraph start end &optional justify nosqueeze squeeze-after |
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1361 This command considers a region of text as a single paragraph and fills |
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1362 it. If the region was made up of many paragraphs, the blank lines |
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1363 between paragraphs are removed. This function justifies as well as |
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1364 filling when @var{justify} is non-@code{nil}. |
12067 | 1365 |
1366 In an interactive call, any prefix argument requests justification. | |
6558 | 1367 |
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1368 If @var{nosqueeze} is non-@code{nil}, that means to leave whitespace |
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1369 other than line breaks untouched. If @var{squeeze-after} is |
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1370 non-@code{nil}, it specifies a position in the region, and means don't |
22252
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1371 canonicalize spaces before that position. |
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1372 |
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1373 In Adaptive Fill mode, this command calls @code{fill-context-prefix} to |
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1374 choose a fill prefix by default. @xref{Adaptive Fill}. |
6558 | 1375 @end deffn |
1376 | |
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1377 @deffn Command justify-current-line &optional how eop nosqueeze |
6558 | 1378 This command inserts spaces between the words of the current line so |
1379 that the line ends exactly at @code{fill-column}. It returns | |
1380 @code{nil}. | |
12067 | 1381 |
1382 The argument @var{how}, if non-@code{nil} specifies explicitly the style | |
1383 of justification. It can be @code{left}, @code{right}, @code{full}, | |
1384 @code{center}, or @code{none}. If it is @code{t}, that means to do | |
1385 follow specified justification style (see @code{current-justification}, | |
1386 below). @code{nil} means to do full justification. | |
1387 | |
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1388 If @var{eop} is non-@code{nil}, that means do left-justification if |
12067 | 1389 @code{current-justification} specifies full justification. This is used |
1390 for the last line of a paragraph; even if the paragraph as a whole is | |
1391 fully justified, the last line should not be. | |
1392 | |
1393 If @var{nosqueeze} is non-@code{nil}, that means do not change interior | |
1394 whitespace. | |
6558 | 1395 @end deffn |
1396 | |
12067 | 1397 @defopt default-justification |
1398 This variable's value specifies the style of justification to use for | |
1399 text that doesn't specify a style with a text property. The possible | |
1400 values are @code{left}, @code{right}, @code{full}, @code{center}, or | |
12098 | 1401 @code{none}. The default value is @code{left}. |
12067 | 1402 @end defopt |
1403 | |
1404 @defun current-justification | |
1405 This function returns the proper justification style to use for filling | |
1406 the text around point. | |
1407 @end defun | |
1408 | |
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1409 @defopt sentence-end-double-space |
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1410 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, a period followed by just one space |
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1411 does not count as the end of a sentence, and the filling functions |
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1412 avoid breaking the line at such a place. |
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1413 @end defopt |
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1414 |
12098 | 1415 @defvar fill-paragraph-function |
1416 This variable provides a way for major modes to override the filling of | |
1417 paragraphs. If the value is non-@code{nil}, @code{fill-paragraph} calls | |
1418 this function to do the work. If the function returns a non-@code{nil} | |
1419 value, @code{fill-paragraph} assumes the job is done, and immediately | |
1420 returns that value. | |
1421 | |
1422 The usual use of this feature is to fill comments in programming | |
1423 language modes. If the function needs to fill a paragraph in the usual | |
1424 way, it can do so as follows: | |
1425 | |
1426 @example | |
1427 (let ((fill-paragraph-function nil)) | |
1428 (fill-paragraph arg)) | |
1429 @end example | |
1430 @end defvar | |
1431 | |
1432 @defvar use-hard-newlines | |
1433 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, the filling functions do not delete | |
1434 newlines that have the @code{hard} text property. These ``hard | |
1435 newlines'' act as paragraph separators. | |
1436 @end defvar | |
1437 | |
1438 @node Margins | |
1439 @section Margins for Filling | |
1440 | |
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1441 @defopt fill-prefix |
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1442 This buffer-local variable specifies a string of text that appears at |
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1443 the beginning |
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1444 of normal text lines and should be disregarded when filling them. Any |
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1445 line that fails to start with the fill prefix is considered the start of |
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1446 a paragraph; so is any line that starts with the fill prefix followed by |
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1447 additional whitespace. Lines that start with the fill prefix but no |
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1448 additional whitespace are ordinary text lines that can be filled |
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1449 together. The resulting filled lines also start with the fill prefix. |
12098 | 1450 |
1451 The fill prefix follows the left margin whitespace, if any. | |
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1452 @end defopt |
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1453 |
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1454 @defopt fill-column |
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1455 This buffer-local variable specifies the maximum width of filled lines. |
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1456 Its value should be an integer, which is a number of columns. All the |
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1457 filling, justification, and centering commands are affected by this |
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1458 variable, including Auto Fill mode (@pxref{Auto Filling}). |
6558 | 1459 |
1460 As a practical matter, if you are writing text for other people to | |
1461 read, you should set @code{fill-column} to no more than 70. Otherwise | |
1462 the line will be too long for people to read comfortably, and this can | |
1463 make the text seem clumsy. | |
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1464 @end defopt |
6558 | 1465 |
1466 @defvar default-fill-column | |
1467 The value of this variable is the default value for @code{fill-column} in | |
1468 buffers that do not override it. This is the same as | |
1469 @code{(default-value 'fill-column)}. | |
1470 | |
1471 The default value for @code{default-fill-column} is 70. | |
1472 @end defvar | |
1473 | |
12067 | 1474 @deffn Command set-left-margin from to margin |
1475 This sets the @code{left-margin} property on the text from @var{from} to | |
1476 @var{to} to the value @var{margin}. If Auto Fill mode is enabled, this | |
1477 command also refills the region to fit the new margin. | |
1478 @end deffn | |
1479 | |
1480 @deffn Command set-right-margin from to margin | |
12098 | 1481 This sets the @code{right-margin} property on the text from @var{from} |
1482 to @var{to} to the value @var{margin}. If Auto Fill mode is enabled, | |
1483 this command also refills the region to fit the new margin. | |
12067 | 1484 @end deffn |
1485 | |
1486 @defun current-left-margin | |
1487 This function returns the proper left margin value to use for filling | |
1488 the text around point. The value is the sum of the @code{left-margin} | |
1489 property of the character at the start of the current line (or zero if | |
12098 | 1490 none), and the value of the variable @code{left-margin}. |
12067 | 1491 @end defun |
1492 | |
1493 @defun current-fill-column | |
1494 This function returns the proper fill column value to use for filling | |
1495 the text around point. The value is the value of the @code{fill-column} | |
1496 variable, minus the value of the @code{right-margin} property of the | |
1497 character after point. | |
1498 @end defun | |
1499 | |
1500 @deffn Command move-to-left-margin &optional n force | |
1501 This function moves point to the left margin of the current line. The | |
1502 column moved to is determined by calling the function | |
12098 | 1503 @code{current-left-margin}. If the argument @var{n} is non-@code{nil}, |
12067 | 1504 @code{move-to-left-margin} moves forward @var{n}@minus{}1 lines first. |
1505 | |
1506 If @var{force} is non-@code{nil}, that says to fix the line's | |
1507 indentation if that doesn't match the left margin value. | |
1508 @end deffn | |
1509 | |
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1510 @defun delete-to-left-margin &optional from to |
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1511 This function removes left margin indentation from the text between |
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1512 @var{from} and @var{to}. The amount of indentation to delete is |
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1513 determined by calling @code{current-left-margin}. In no case does this |
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1514 function delete non-whitespace. If @var{from} and @var{to} are omitted, |
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1515 they default to the whole buffer. |
12067 | 1516 @end defun |
1517 | |
12098 | 1518 @defun indent-to-left-margin |
1519 This is the default @code{indent-line-function}, used in Fundamental | |
1520 mode, Text mode, etc. Its effect is to adjust the indentation at the | |
1521 beginning of the current line to the value specified by the variable | |
1522 @code{left-margin}. This may involve either inserting or deleting | |
1523 whitespace. | |
1524 @end defun | |
1525 | |
1526 @defvar left-margin | |
1527 This variable specifies the base left margin column. In Fundamental | |
21682
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1528 mode, @kbd{C-j} indents to this column. This variable automatically |
12098 | 1529 becomes buffer-local when set in any fashion. |
1530 @end defvar | |
1531 | |
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1532 @defvar fill-nobreak-predicate |
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1533 This variable gives major modes a way to specify not to break a line at |
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1534 certain places. Its value should be a function. This function is |
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1535 called during filling, with no arguments and with point located at the |
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1536 place where a break is being considered. If the function returns |
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1537 non-@code{nil}, then the line won't be broken there. |
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1538 @end defvar |
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1539 |
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1540 @node Adaptive Fill |
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1541 @section Adaptive Fill Mode |
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1542 @cindex Adaptive Fill mode |
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1543 |
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1544 Adaptive Fill mode chooses a fill prefix automatically from the text |
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1545 in each paragraph being filled. |
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1546 |
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1547 @defopt adaptive-fill-mode |
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1548 Adaptive Fill mode is enabled when this variable is non-@code{nil}. |
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1549 It is @code{t} by default. |
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1550 @end defopt |
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1551 |
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1552 @defun fill-context-prefix from to |
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1553 This function implements the heart of Adaptive Fill mode; it chooses a |
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1554 fill prefix based on the text between @var{from} and @var{to}. It does |
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1555 this by looking at the first two lines of the paragraph, based on the |
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1556 variables described below. |
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1557 @c The optional argument first-line-regexp is not documented |
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1558 @c because it exists for internal purposes and might be eliminated |
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1559 @c in the future. |
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1560 @end defun |
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1561 |
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1562 @defopt adaptive-fill-regexp |
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1563 This variable holds a regular expression to control Adaptive Fill mode. |
22267
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1564 Adaptive Fill mode matches this regular expression against the text |
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1565 starting after the left margin whitespace (if any) on a line; the |
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1566 characters it matches are that line's candidate for the fill prefix. |
22252
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1567 @end defopt |
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1568 |
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1569 @defopt adaptive-fill-first-line-regexp |
22267
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1570 In a one-line paragraph, if the candidate fill prefix matches this |
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1571 regular expression, or if it matches @code{comment-start-skip}, then it |
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1572 is used---otherwise, spaces amounting to the same width are used |
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1573 instead. |
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1574 |
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1575 However, the fill prefix is never taken from a one-line paragraph |
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1576 if it would act as a paragraph starter on subsequent lines. |
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1577 @end defopt |
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1578 |
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1579 @defopt adaptive-fill-function |
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1580 You can specify more complex ways of choosing a fill prefix |
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1581 automatically by setting this variable to a function. The function is |
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1582 called when @code{adaptive-fill-regexp} does not match, with point after |
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1583 the left margin of a line, and it should return the appropriate fill |
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1584 prefix based on that line. If it returns @code{nil}, that means it sees |
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1585 no fill prefix in that line. |
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1586 @end defopt |
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1587 |
6558 | 1588 @node Auto Filling |
1589 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
1590 @section Auto Filling | |
1591 @cindex filling, automatic | |
1592 @cindex Auto Fill mode | |
1593 | |
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1594 Auto Fill mode is a minor mode that fills lines automatically as text |
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1595 is inserted. This section describes the hook used by Auto Fill mode. |
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1596 For a description of functions that you can call explicitly to fill and |
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1597 justify existing text, see @ref{Filling}. |
6558 | 1598 |
12098 | 1599 Auto Fill mode also enables the functions that change the margins and |
1600 justification style to refill portions of the text. @xref{Margins}. | |
1601 | |
6558 | 1602 @defvar auto-fill-function |
12067 | 1603 The value of this variable should be a function (of no arguments) to be |
28843 | 1604 called after self-inserting a character from the table |
1605 @code{auto-fill-chars}. It may be @code{nil}, in which case nothing | |
1606 special is done in that case. | |
6558 | 1607 |
1608 The value of @code{auto-fill-function} is @code{do-auto-fill} when | |
1609 Auto-Fill mode is enabled. That is a function whose sole purpose is to | |
1610 implement the usual strategy for breaking a line. | |
1611 | |
1612 @quotation | |
1613 In older Emacs versions, this variable was named @code{auto-fill-hook}, | |
1614 but since it is not called with the standard convention for hooks, it | |
1615 was renamed to @code{auto-fill-function} in version 19. | |
1616 @end quotation | |
1617 @end defvar | |
1618 | |
16702
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1619 @defvar normal-auto-fill-function |
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1620 This variable specifies the function to use for |
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1621 @code{auto-fill-function}, if and when Auto Fill is turned on. Major |
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1622 modes can set buffer-local values for this variable to alter how Auto |
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1623 Fill works. |
16702
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1624 @end defvar |
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1625 |
28843 | 1626 @defvar auto-fill-chars |
1627 A char table of characters which invoke @code{auto-fill-function} when | |
1628 self-inserted---space and newline in most language environments. They | |
1629 have an entry @code{t} in the table. | |
1630 @end defvar | |
1631 | |
6558 | 1632 @node Sorting |
1633 @section Sorting Text | |
1634 @cindex sorting text | |
1635 | |
1636 The sorting functions described in this section all rearrange text in | |
1637 a buffer. This is in contrast to the function @code{sort}, which | |
1638 rearranges the order of the elements of a list (@pxref{Rearrangement}). | |
1639 The values returned by these functions are not meaningful. | |
1640 | |
1641 @defun sort-subr reverse nextrecfun endrecfun &optional startkeyfun endkeyfun | |
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1642 This function is the general text-sorting routine that subdivides a |
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1643 buffer into records and then sorts them. Most of the commands in this |
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1644 section use this function. |
6558 | 1645 |
1646 To understand how @code{sort-subr} works, consider the whole accessible | |
1647 portion of the buffer as being divided into disjoint pieces called | |
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1648 @dfn{sort records}. The records may or may not be contiguous, but they |
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1649 must not overlap. A portion of each sort record (perhaps all of it) is |
6558 | 1650 designated as the sort key. Sorting rearranges the records in order by |
1651 their sort keys. | |
1652 | |
1653 Usually, the records are rearranged in order of ascending sort key. | |
1654 If the first argument to the @code{sort-subr} function, @var{reverse}, | |
1655 is non-@code{nil}, the sort records are rearranged in order of | |
1656 descending sort key. | |
1657 | |
1658 The next four arguments to @code{sort-subr} are functions that are | |
1659 called to move point across a sort record. They are called many times | |
1660 from within @code{sort-subr}. | |
1661 | |
1662 @enumerate | |
1663 @item | |
1664 @var{nextrecfun} is called with point at the end of a record. This | |
1665 function moves point to the start of the next record. The first record | |
1666 is assumed to start at the position of point when @code{sort-subr} is | |
1667 called. Therefore, you should usually move point to the beginning of | |
1668 the buffer before calling @code{sort-subr}. | |
1669 | |
1670 This function can indicate there are no more sort records by leaving | |
1671 point at the end of the buffer. | |
1672 | |
1673 @item | |
1674 @var{endrecfun} is called with point within a record. It moves point to | |
1675 the end of the record. | |
1676 | |
1677 @item | |
1678 @var{startkeyfun} is called to move point from the start of a record to | |
1679 the start of the sort key. This argument is optional; if it is omitted, | |
1680 the whole record is the sort key. If supplied, the function should | |
1681 either return a non-@code{nil} value to be used as the sort key, or | |
1682 return @code{nil} to indicate that the sort key is in the buffer | |
1683 starting at point. In the latter case, @var{endkeyfun} is called to | |
1684 find the end of the sort key. | |
1685 | |
1686 @item | |
1687 @var{endkeyfun} is called to move point from the start of the sort key | |
1688 to the end of the sort key. This argument is optional. If | |
1689 @var{startkeyfun} returns @code{nil} and this argument is omitted (or | |
1690 @code{nil}), then the sort key extends to the end of the record. There | |
1691 is no need for @var{endkeyfun} if @var{startkeyfun} returns a | |
1692 non-@code{nil} value. | |
1693 @end enumerate | |
1694 | |
1695 As an example of @code{sort-subr}, here is the complete function | |
1696 definition for @code{sort-lines}: | |
1697 | |
1698 @example | |
1699 @group | |
1700 ;; @r{Note that the first two lines of doc string} | |
1701 ;; @r{are effectively one line when viewed by a user.} | |
1702 (defun sort-lines (reverse beg end) | |
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1703 "Sort lines in region alphabetically;\ |
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1704 argument means descending order. |
6558 | 1705 Called from a program, there are three arguments: |
1706 @end group | |
1707 @group | |
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1708 REVERSE (non-nil means reverse order),\ |
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1709 BEG and END (region to sort). |
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1710 The variable `sort-fold-case' determines\ |
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1711 whether alphabetic case affects |
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1712 the sort order. |
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1713 @end group |
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1714 @group |
6558 | 1715 (interactive "P\nr") |
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1716 (save-excursion |
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1717 (save-restriction |
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1718 (narrow-to-region beg end) |
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1719 (goto-char (point-min)) |
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1720 (sort-subr reverse 'forward-line 'end-of-line)))) |
6558 | 1721 @end group |
1722 @end example | |
1723 | |
1724 Here @code{forward-line} moves point to the start of the next record, | |
1725 and @code{end-of-line} moves point to the end of record. We do not pass | |
1726 the arguments @var{startkeyfun} and @var{endkeyfun}, because the entire | |
1727 record is used as the sort key. | |
1728 | |
1729 The @code{sort-paragraphs} function is very much the same, except that | |
1730 its @code{sort-subr} call looks like this: | |
1731 | |
1732 @example | |
1733 @group | |
1734 (sort-subr reverse | |
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1735 (function |
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1736 (lambda () |
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1737 (while (and (not (eobp)) |
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1738 (looking-at paragraph-separate)) |
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1739 (forward-line 1)))) |
6558 | 1740 'forward-paragraph) |
1741 @end group | |
1742 @end example | |
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1743 |
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1744 Markers pointing into any sort records are left with no useful |
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1745 position after @code{sort-subr} returns. |
6558 | 1746 @end defun |
1747 | |
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1748 @defopt sort-fold-case |
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1749 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, @code{sort-subr} and the other |
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1750 buffer sorting functions ignore case when comparing strings. |
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1751 @end defopt |
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1752 |
6558 | 1753 @deffn Command sort-regexp-fields reverse record-regexp key-regexp start end |
1754 This command sorts the region between @var{start} and @var{end} | |
1755 alphabetically as specified by @var{record-regexp} and @var{key-regexp}. | |
1756 If @var{reverse} is a negative integer, then sorting is in reverse | |
1757 order. | |
1758 | |
1759 Alphabetical sorting means that two sort keys are compared by | |
1760 comparing the first characters of each, the second characters of each, | |
1761 and so on. If a mismatch is found, it means that the sort keys are | |
1762 unequal; the sort key whose character is less at the point of first | |
1763 mismatch is the lesser sort key. The individual characters are compared | |
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1764 according to their numerical character codes in the Emacs character set. |
6558 | 1765 |
1766 The value of the @var{record-regexp} argument specifies how to divide | |
1767 the buffer into sort records. At the end of each record, a search is | |
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1768 done for this regular expression, and the text that matches it is taken |
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1769 as the next record. For example, the regular expression @samp{^.+$}, |
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1770 which matches lines with at least one character besides a newline, would |
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1771 make each such line into a sort record. @xref{Regular Expressions}, for |
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1772 a description of the syntax and meaning of regular expressions. |
6558 | 1773 |
1774 The value of the @var{key-regexp} argument specifies what part of each | |
1775 record is the sort key. The @var{key-regexp} could match the whole | |
1776 record, or only a part. In the latter case, the rest of the record has | |
1777 no effect on the sorted order of records, but it is carried along when | |
1778 the record moves to its new position. | |
1779 | |
1780 The @var{key-regexp} argument can refer to the text matched by a | |
1781 subexpression of @var{record-regexp}, or it can be a regular expression | |
1782 on its own. | |
1783 | |
1784 If @var{key-regexp} is: | |
1785 | |
1786 @table @asis | |
1787 @item @samp{\@var{digit}} | |
1788 then the text matched by the @var{digit}th @samp{\(...\)} parenthesis | |
1789 grouping in @var{record-regexp} is the sort key. | |
1790 | |
1791 @item @samp{\&} | |
1792 then the whole record is the sort key. | |
1793 | |
1794 @item a regular expression | |
1795 then @code{sort-regexp-fields} searches for a match for the regular | |
1796 expression within the record. If such a match is found, it is the sort | |
1797 key. If there is no match for @var{key-regexp} within a record then | |
1798 that record is ignored, which means its position in the buffer is not | |
1799 changed. (The other records may move around it.) | |
1800 @end table | |
1801 | |
1802 For example, if you plan to sort all the lines in the region by the | |
1803 first word on each line starting with the letter @samp{f}, you should | |
1804 set @var{record-regexp} to @samp{^.*$} and set @var{key-regexp} to | |
1805 @samp{\<f\w*\>}. The resulting expression looks like this: | |
1806 | |
1807 @example | |
1808 @group | |
1809 (sort-regexp-fields nil "^.*$" "\\<f\\w*\\>" | |
1810 (region-beginning) | |
1811 (region-end)) | |
1812 @end group | |
1813 @end example | |
1814 | |
1815 If you call @code{sort-regexp-fields} interactively, it prompts for | |
1816 @var{record-regexp} and @var{key-regexp} in the minibuffer. | |
1817 @end deffn | |
1818 | |
1819 @deffn Command sort-lines reverse start end | |
1820 This command alphabetically sorts lines in the region between | |
1821 @var{start} and @var{end}. If @var{reverse} is non-@code{nil}, the sort | |
1822 is in reverse order. | |
1823 @end deffn | |
1824 | |
1825 @deffn Command sort-paragraphs reverse start end | |
1826 This command alphabetically sorts paragraphs in the region between | |
1827 @var{start} and @var{end}. If @var{reverse} is non-@code{nil}, the sort | |
1828 is in reverse order. | |
1829 @end deffn | |
1830 | |
1831 @deffn Command sort-pages reverse start end | |
1832 This command alphabetically sorts pages in the region between | |
1833 @var{start} and @var{end}. If @var{reverse} is non-@code{nil}, the sort | |
1834 is in reverse order. | |
1835 @end deffn | |
1836 | |
1837 @deffn Command sort-fields field start end | |
1838 This command sorts lines in the region between @var{start} and | |
1839 @var{end}, comparing them alphabetically by the @var{field}th field | |
1840 of each line. Fields are separated by whitespace and numbered starting | |
1841 from 1. If @var{field} is negative, sorting is by the | |
1842 @w{@minus{}@var{field}th} field from the end of the line. This command | |
1843 is useful for sorting tables. | |
1844 @end deffn | |
1845 | |
1846 @deffn Command sort-numeric-fields field start end | |
1847 This command sorts lines in the region between @var{start} and | |
1848 @var{end}, comparing them numerically by the @var{field}th field of each | |
1849 line. The specified field must contain a number in each line of the | |
1850 region. Fields are separated by whitespace and numbered starting from | |
1851 1. If @var{field} is negative, sorting is by the | |
1852 @w{@minus{}@var{field}th} field from the end of the line. This command | |
1853 is useful for sorting tables. | |
1854 @end deffn | |
1855 | |
1856 @deffn Command sort-columns reverse &optional beg end | |
1857 This command sorts the lines in the region between @var{beg} and | |
1858 @var{end}, comparing them alphabetically by a certain range of columns. | |
1859 The column positions of @var{beg} and @var{end} bound the range of | |
1860 columns to sort on. | |
1861 | |
1862 If @var{reverse} is non-@code{nil}, the sort is in reverse order. | |
1863 | |
1864 One unusual thing about this command is that the entire line | |
1865 containing position @var{beg}, and the entire line containing position | |
1866 @var{end}, are included in the region sorted. | |
1867 | |
1868 Note that @code{sort-columns} uses the @code{sort} utility program, | |
1869 and so cannot work properly on text containing tab characters. Use | |
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1870 @kbd{M-x untabify} to convert tabs to spaces before sorting. |
6558 | 1871 @end deffn |
1872 | |
1873 @node Columns | |
1874 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
1875 @section Counting Columns | |
1876 @cindex columns | |
1877 @cindex counting columns | |
1878 @cindex horizontal position | |
1879 | |
1880 The column functions convert between a character position (counting | |
1881 characters from the beginning of the buffer) and a column position | |
1882 (counting screen characters from the beginning of a line). | |
1883 | |
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1884 These functions count each character according to the number of |
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1885 columns it occupies on the screen. This means control characters count |
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1886 as occupying 2 or 4 columns, depending upon the value of |
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1887 @code{ctl-arrow}, and tabs count as occupying a number of columns that |
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1888 depends on the value of @code{tab-width} and on the column where the tab |
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1889 begins. @xref{Usual Display}. |
6558 | 1890 |
1891 Column number computations ignore the width of the window and the | |
1892 amount of horizontal scrolling. Consequently, a column value can be | |
1893 arbitrarily high. The first (or leftmost) column is numbered 0. | |
1894 | |
1895 @defun current-column | |
1896 This function returns the horizontal position of point, measured in | |
1897 columns, counting from 0 at the left margin. The column position is the | |
1898 sum of the widths of all the displayed representations of the characters | |
1899 between the start of the current line and point. | |
1900 | |
1901 For an example of using @code{current-column}, see the description of | |
1902 @code{count-lines} in @ref{Text Lines}. | |
1903 @end defun | |
1904 | |
1905 @defun move-to-column column &optional force | |
1906 This function moves point to @var{column} in the current line. The | |
1907 calculation of @var{column} takes into account the widths of the | |
1908 displayed representations of the characters between the start of the | |
1909 line and point. | |
1910 | |
1911 If column @var{column} is beyond the end of the line, point moves to the | |
1912 end of the line. If @var{column} is negative, point moves to the | |
1913 beginning of the line. | |
1914 | |
1915 If it is impossible to move to column @var{column} because that is in | |
1916 the middle of a multicolumn character such as a tab, point moves to the | |
1917 end of that character. However, if @var{force} is non-@code{nil}, and | |
1918 @var{column} is in the middle of a tab, then @code{move-to-column} | |
1919 converts the tab into spaces so that it can move precisely to column | |
1920 @var{column}. Other multicolumn characters can cause anomalies despite | |
1921 @var{force}, since there is no way to split them. | |
1922 | |
1923 The argument @var{force} also has an effect if the line isn't long | |
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1924 enough to reach column @var{column}; if it is @code{t}, that means to |
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1925 add whitespace at the end of the line to reach that column. |
6558 | 1926 |
1927 If @var{column} is not an integer, an error is signaled. | |
1928 | |
1929 The return value is the column number actually moved to. | |
1930 @end defun | |
1931 | |
1932 @node Indentation | |
1933 @section Indentation | |
1934 @cindex indentation | |
1935 | |
1936 The indentation functions are used to examine, move to, and change | |
1937 whitespace that is at the beginning of a line. Some of the functions | |
1938 can also change whitespace elsewhere on a line. Columns and indentation | |
1939 count from zero at the left margin. | |
1940 | |
1941 @menu | |
1942 * Primitive Indent:: Functions used to count and insert indentation. | |
1943 * Mode-Specific Indent:: Customize indentation for different modes. | |
1944 * Region Indent:: Indent all the lines in a region. | |
1945 * Relative Indent:: Indent the current line based on previous lines. | |
1946 * Indent Tabs:: Adjustable, typewriter-like tab stops. | |
1947 * Motion by Indent:: Move to first non-blank character. | |
1948 @end menu | |
1949 | |
1950 @node Primitive Indent | |
1951 @subsection Indentation Primitives | |
1952 | |
1953 This section describes the primitive functions used to count and | |
1954 insert indentation. The functions in the following sections use these | |
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1955 primitives. @xref{Width}, for related functions. |
6558 | 1956 |
1957 @defun current-indentation | |
1958 @comment !!Type Primitive Function | |
1959 @comment !!SourceFile indent.c | |
1960 This function returns the indentation of the current line, which is | |
1961 the horizontal position of the first nonblank character. If the | |
1962 contents are entirely blank, then this is the horizontal position of the | |
1963 end of the line. | |
1964 @end defun | |
1965 | |
1966 @deffn Command indent-to column &optional minimum | |
1967 @comment !!Type Primitive Function | |
1968 @comment !!SourceFile indent.c | |
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1969 This function indents from point with tabs and spaces until @var{column} |
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1970 is reached. If @var{minimum} is specified and non-@code{nil}, then at |
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1971 least that many spaces are inserted even if this requires going beyond |
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1972 @var{column}. Otherwise the function does nothing if point is already |
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1973 beyond @var{column}. The value is the column at which the inserted |
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1974 indentation ends. |
8644 | 1975 |
1976 The inserted whitespace characters inherit text properties from the | |
1977 surrounding text (usually, from the preceding text only). @xref{Sticky | |
1978 Properties}. | |
6558 | 1979 @end deffn |
1980 | |
1981 @defopt indent-tabs-mode | |
1982 @comment !!SourceFile indent.c | |
1983 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, indentation functions can insert | |
1984 tabs as well as spaces. Otherwise, they insert only spaces. Setting | |
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1985 this variable automatically makes it buffer-local in the current buffer. |
6558 | 1986 @end defopt |
1987 | |
1988 @node Mode-Specific Indent | |
1989 @subsection Indentation Controlled by Major Mode | |
1990 | |
1991 An important function of each major mode is to customize the @key{TAB} | |
1992 key to indent properly for the language being edited. This section | |
1993 describes the mechanism of the @key{TAB} key and how to control it. | |
1994 The functions in this section return unpredictable values. | |
1995 | |
1996 @defvar indent-line-function | |
1997 This variable's value is the function to be used by @key{TAB} (and | |
1998 various commands) to indent the current line. The command | |
1999 @code{indent-according-to-mode} does no more than call this function. | |
2000 | |
2001 In Lisp mode, the value is the symbol @code{lisp-indent-line}; in C | |
2002 mode, @code{c-indent-line}; in Fortran mode, @code{fortran-indent-line}. | |
2003 In Fundamental mode, Text mode, and many other modes with no standard | |
2004 for indentation, the value is @code{indent-to-left-margin} (which is the | |
2005 default value). | |
2006 @end defvar | |
2007 | |
2008 @deffn Command indent-according-to-mode | |
2009 This command calls the function in @code{indent-line-function} to | |
2010 indent the current line in a way appropriate for the current major mode. | |
2011 @end deffn | |
2012 | |
2013 @deffn Command indent-for-tab-command | |
2014 This command calls the function in @code{indent-line-function} to indent | |
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2015 the current line; however, if that function is |
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2016 @code{indent-to-left-margin}, @code{insert-tab} is called instead. (That |
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2017 is a trivial command that inserts a tab character.) |
6558 | 2018 @end deffn |
2019 | |
2020 @deffn Command newline-and-indent | |
2021 @comment !!SourceFile simple.el | |
2022 This function inserts a newline, then indents the new line (the one | |
2023 following the newline just inserted) according to the major mode. | |
2024 | |
2025 It does indentation by calling the current @code{indent-line-function}. | |
2026 In programming language modes, this is the same thing @key{TAB} does, | |
2027 but in some text modes, where @key{TAB} inserts a tab, | |
2028 @code{newline-and-indent} indents to the column specified by | |
2029 @code{left-margin}. | |
2030 @end deffn | |
2031 | |
2032 @deffn Command reindent-then-newline-and-indent | |
2033 @comment !!SourceFile simple.el | |
2034 This command reindents the current line, inserts a newline at point, | |
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2035 and then indents the new line (the one following the newline just |
6558 | 2036 inserted). |
2037 | |
2038 This command does indentation on both lines according to the current | |
2039 major mode, by calling the current value of @code{indent-line-function}. | |
2040 In programming language modes, this is the same thing @key{TAB} does, | |
2041 but in some text modes, where @key{TAB} inserts a tab, | |
2042 @code{reindent-then-newline-and-indent} indents to the column specified | |
2043 by @code{left-margin}. | |
2044 @end deffn | |
2045 | |
2046 @node Region Indent | |
2047 @subsection Indenting an Entire Region | |
2048 | |
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2049 This section describes commands that indent all the lines in the |
6558 | 2050 region. They return unpredictable values. |
2051 | |
2052 @deffn Command indent-region start end to-column | |
2053 This command indents each nonblank line starting between @var{start} | |
2054 (inclusive) and @var{end} (exclusive). If @var{to-column} is | |
2055 @code{nil}, @code{indent-region} indents each nonblank line by calling | |
2056 the current mode's indentation function, the value of | |
2057 @code{indent-line-function}. | |
2058 | |
2059 If @var{to-column} is non-@code{nil}, it should be an integer | |
2060 specifying the number of columns of indentation; then this function | |
2061 gives each line exactly that much indentation, by either adding or | |
2062 deleting whitespace. | |
2063 | |
2064 If there is a fill prefix, @code{indent-region} indents each line | |
2065 by making it start with the fill prefix. | |
2066 @end deffn | |
2067 | |
2068 @defvar indent-region-function | |
2069 The value of this variable is a function that can be used by | |
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2070 @code{indent-region} as a short cut. It should take two arguments, the |
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2071 start and end of the region. You should design the function so |
6558 | 2072 that it will produce the same results as indenting the lines of the |
2073 region one by one, but presumably faster. | |
2074 | |
2075 If the value is @code{nil}, there is no short cut, and | |
2076 @code{indent-region} actually works line by line. | |
2077 | |
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2078 A short-cut function is useful in modes such as C mode and Lisp mode, |
6558 | 2079 where the @code{indent-line-function} must scan from the beginning of |
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2080 the function definition: applying it to each line would be quadratic in |
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2081 time. The short cut can update the scan information as it moves through |
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2082 the lines indenting them; this takes linear time. In a mode where |
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2083 indenting a line individually is fast, there is no need for a short cut. |
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2084 |
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2085 @code{indent-region} with a non-@code{nil} argument @var{to-column} has |
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2086 a different meaning and does not use this variable. |
6558 | 2087 @end defvar |
2088 | |
2089 @deffn Command indent-rigidly start end count | |
2090 @comment !!SourceFile indent.el | |
2091 This command indents all lines starting between @var{start} | |
2092 (inclusive) and @var{end} (exclusive) sideways by @var{count} columns. | |
2093 This ``preserves the shape'' of the affected region, moving it as a | |
2094 rigid unit. Consequently, this command is useful not only for indenting | |
2095 regions of unindented text, but also for indenting regions of formatted | |
2096 code. | |
2097 | |
2098 For example, if @var{count} is 3, this command adds 3 columns of | |
2099 indentation to each of the lines beginning in the region specified. | |
2100 | |
2101 In Mail mode, @kbd{C-c C-y} (@code{mail-yank-original}) uses | |
2102 @code{indent-rigidly} to indent the text copied from the message being | |
2103 replied to. | |
2104 @end deffn | |
2105 | |
2106 @defun indent-code-rigidly start end columns &optional nochange-regexp | |
2107 This is like @code{indent-rigidly}, except that it doesn't alter lines | |
2108 that start within strings or comments. | |
2109 | |
2110 In addition, it doesn't alter a line if @var{nochange-regexp} matches at | |
2111 the beginning of the line (if @var{nochange-regexp} is non-@code{nil}). | |
2112 @end defun | |
2113 | |
2114 @node Relative Indent | |
2115 @subsection Indentation Relative to Previous Lines | |
2116 | |
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2117 This section describes two commands that indent the current line |
6558 | 2118 based on the contents of previous lines. |
2119 | |
2120 @deffn Command indent-relative &optional unindented-ok | |
2121 This command inserts whitespace at point, extending to the same | |
2122 column as the next @dfn{indent point} of the previous nonblank line. An | |
2123 indent point is a non-whitespace character following whitespace. The | |
2124 next indent point is the first one at a column greater than the current | |
2125 column of point. For example, if point is underneath and to the left of | |
2126 the first non-blank character of a line of text, it moves to that column | |
2127 by inserting whitespace. | |
2128 | |
2129 If the previous nonblank line has no next indent point (i.e., none at a | |
2130 great enough column position), @code{indent-relative} either does | |
2131 nothing (if @var{unindented-ok} is non-@code{nil}) or calls | |
2132 @code{tab-to-tab-stop}. Thus, if point is underneath and to the right | |
2133 of the last column of a short line of text, this command ordinarily | |
2134 moves point to the next tab stop by inserting whitespace. | |
2135 | |
2136 The return value of @code{indent-relative} is unpredictable. | |
2137 | |
2138 In the following example, point is at the beginning of the second | |
2139 line: | |
2140 | |
2141 @example | |
2142 @group | |
2143 This line is indented twelve spaces. | |
2144 @point{}The quick brown fox jumped. | |
2145 @end group | |
2146 @end example | |
2147 | |
2148 @noindent | |
2149 Evaluation of the expression @code{(indent-relative nil)} produces the | |
2150 following: | |
2151 | |
2152 @example | |
2153 @group | |
2154 This line is indented twelve spaces. | |
2155 @point{}The quick brown fox jumped. | |
2156 @end group | |
2157 @end example | |
2158 | |
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2159 In this next example, point is between the @samp{m} and @samp{p} of |
6558 | 2160 @samp{jumped}: |
2161 | |
2162 @example | |
2163 @group | |
2164 This line is indented twelve spaces. | |
2165 The quick brown fox jum@point{}ped. | |
2166 @end group | |
2167 @end example | |
2168 | |
2169 @noindent | |
2170 Evaluation of the expression @code{(indent-relative nil)} produces the | |
2171 following: | |
2172 | |
2173 @example | |
2174 @group | |
2175 This line is indented twelve spaces. | |
2176 The quick brown fox jum @point{}ped. | |
2177 @end group | |
2178 @end example | |
2179 @end deffn | |
2180 | |
2181 @deffn Command indent-relative-maybe | |
2182 @comment !!SourceFile indent.el | |
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2183 This command indents the current line like the previous nonblank line, |
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2184 by calling @code{indent-relative} with @code{t} as the |
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2185 @var{unindented-ok} argument. The return value is unpredictable. |
6558 | 2186 |
2187 If the previous nonblank line has no indent points beyond the current | |
2188 column, this command does nothing. | |
2189 @end deffn | |
2190 | |
2191 @node Indent Tabs | |
2192 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
2193 @subsection Adjustable ``Tab Stops'' | |
2194 @cindex tabs stops for indentation | |
2195 | |
2196 This section explains the mechanism for user-specified ``tab stops'' | |
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2197 and the mechanisms that use and set them. The name ``tab stops'' is |
6558 | 2198 used because the feature is similar to that of the tab stops on a |
2199 typewriter. The feature works by inserting an appropriate number of | |
2200 spaces and tab characters to reach the next tab stop column; it does not | |
2201 affect the display of tab characters in the buffer (@pxref{Usual | |
2202 Display}). Note that the @key{TAB} character as input uses this tab | |
2203 stop feature only in a few major modes, such as Text mode. | |
2204 | |
2205 @deffn Command tab-to-tab-stop | |
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2206 This command inserts spaces or tabs before point, up to the next tab |
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2207 stop column defined by @code{tab-stop-list}. It searches the list for |
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2208 an element greater than the current column number, and uses that element |
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2209 as the column to indent to. It does nothing if no such element is |
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2210 found. |
6558 | 2211 @end deffn |
2212 | |
2213 @defopt tab-stop-list | |
2214 This variable is the list of tab stop columns used by | |
2215 @code{tab-to-tab-stops}. The elements should be integers in increasing | |
2216 order. The tab stop columns need not be evenly spaced. | |
2217 | |
2218 Use @kbd{M-x edit-tab-stops} to edit the location of tab stops | |
2219 interactively. | |
2220 @end defopt | |
2221 | |
2222 @node Motion by Indent | |
2223 @subsection Indentation-Based Motion Commands | |
2224 | |
2225 These commands, primarily for interactive use, act based on the | |
2226 indentation in the text. | |
2227 | |
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2228 @deffn Command back-to-indentation |
6558 | 2229 @comment !!SourceFile simple.el |
2230 This command moves point to the first non-whitespace character in the | |
2231 current line (which is the line in which point is located). It returns | |
2232 @code{nil}. | |
2233 @end deffn | |
2234 | |
2235 @deffn Command backward-to-indentation arg | |
2236 @comment !!SourceFile simple.el | |
2237 This command moves point backward @var{arg} lines and then to the | |
2238 first nonblank character on that line. It returns @code{nil}. | |
2239 @end deffn | |
2240 | |
2241 @deffn Command forward-to-indentation arg | |
2242 @comment !!SourceFile simple.el | |
2243 This command moves point forward @var{arg} lines and then to the first | |
2244 nonblank character on that line. It returns @code{nil}. | |
2245 @end deffn | |
2246 | |
2247 @node Case Changes | |
2248 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
2249 @section Case Changes | |
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2250 @cindex case conversion in buffers |
6558 | 2251 |
2252 The case change commands described here work on text in the current | |
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2253 buffer. @xref{Case Conversion}, for case conversion functions that work |
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2254 on strings and characters. @xref{Case Tables}, for how to customize |
6558 | 2255 which characters are upper or lower case and how to convert them. |
2256 | |
2257 @deffn Command capitalize-region start end | |
2258 This function capitalizes all words in the region defined by | |
2259 @var{start} and @var{end}. To capitalize means to convert each word's | |
2260 first character to upper case and convert the rest of each word to lower | |
2261 case. The function returns @code{nil}. | |
2262 | |
2263 If one end of the region is in the middle of a word, the part of the | |
2264 word within the region is treated as an entire word. | |
2265 | |
2266 When @code{capitalize-region} is called interactively, @var{start} and | |
2267 @var{end} are point and the mark, with the smallest first. | |
2268 | |
2269 @example | |
2270 @group | |
2271 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
2272 This is the contents of the 5th foo. | |
2273 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
2274 @end group | |
2275 | |
2276 @group | |
2277 (capitalize-region 1 44) | |
2278 @result{} nil | |
2279 | |
2280 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
2281 This Is The Contents Of The 5th Foo. | |
2282 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
2283 @end group | |
2284 @end example | |
2285 @end deffn | |
2286 | |
2287 @deffn Command downcase-region start end | |
2288 This function converts all of the letters in the region defined by | |
2289 @var{start} and @var{end} to lower case. The function returns | |
2290 @code{nil}. | |
2291 | |
2292 When @code{downcase-region} is called interactively, @var{start} and | |
2293 @var{end} are point and the mark, with the smallest first. | |
2294 @end deffn | |
2295 | |
2296 @deffn Command upcase-region start end | |
2297 This function converts all of the letters in the region defined by | |
2298 @var{start} and @var{end} to upper case. The function returns | |
2299 @code{nil}. | |
2300 | |
2301 When @code{upcase-region} is called interactively, @var{start} and | |
2302 @var{end} are point and the mark, with the smallest first. | |
2303 @end deffn | |
2304 | |
2305 @deffn Command capitalize-word count | |
2306 This function capitalizes @var{count} words after point, moving point | |
2307 over as it does. To capitalize means to convert each word's first | |
2308 character to upper case and convert the rest of each word to lower case. | |
2309 If @var{count} is negative, the function capitalizes the | |
2310 @minus{}@var{count} previous words but does not move point. The value | |
2311 is @code{nil}. | |
2312 | |
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2313 If point is in the middle of a word, the part of the word before point |
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2314 is ignored when moving forward. The rest is treated as an entire word. |
6558 | 2315 |
2316 When @code{capitalize-word} is called interactively, @var{count} is | |
2317 set to the numeric prefix argument. | |
2318 @end deffn | |
2319 | |
2320 @deffn Command downcase-word count | |
2321 This function converts the @var{count} words after point to all lower | |
2322 case, moving point over as it does. If @var{count} is negative, it | |
2323 converts the @minus{}@var{count} previous words but does not move point. | |
2324 The value is @code{nil}. | |
2325 | |
2326 When @code{downcase-word} is called interactively, @var{count} is set | |
2327 to the numeric prefix argument. | |
2328 @end deffn | |
2329 | |
2330 @deffn Command upcase-word count | |
2331 This function converts the @var{count} words after point to all upper | |
2332 case, moving point over as it does. If @var{count} is negative, it | |
2333 converts the @minus{}@var{count} previous words but does not move point. | |
2334 The value is @code{nil}. | |
2335 | |
2336 When @code{upcase-word} is called interactively, @var{count} is set to | |
2337 the numeric prefix argument. | |
2338 @end deffn | |
2339 | |
2340 @node Text Properties | |
2341 @section Text Properties | |
2342 @cindex text properties | |
2343 @cindex attributes of text | |
2344 @cindex properties of text | |
2345 | |
2346 Each character position in a buffer or a string can have a @dfn{text | |
2347 property list}, much like the property list of a symbol (@pxref{Property | |
2348 Lists}). The properties belong to a particular character at a | |
2349 particular place, such as, the letter @samp{T} at the beginning of this | |
2350 sentence or the first @samp{o} in @samp{foo}---if the same character | |
2351 occurs in two different places, the two occurrences generally have | |
2352 different properties. | |
2353 | |
2354 Each property has a name and a value. Both of these can be any Lisp | |
2355 object, but the name is normally a symbol. The usual way to access the | |
2356 property list is to specify a name and ask what value corresponds to it. | |
2357 | |
2358 If a character has a @code{category} property, we call it the | |
2359 @dfn{category} of the character. It should be a symbol. The properties | |
2360 of the symbol serve as defaults for the properties of the character. | |
2361 | |
2362 Copying text between strings and buffers preserves the properties | |
2363 along with the characters; this includes such diverse functions as | |
2364 @code{substring}, @code{insert}, and @code{buffer-substring}. | |
2365 | |
2366 @menu | |
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2367 * Examining Properties:: Looking at the properties of one character. |
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2368 * Changing Properties:: Setting the properties of a range of text. |
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2369 * Property Search:: Searching for where a property changes value. |
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2370 * Special Properties:: Particular properties with special meanings. |
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2371 * Format Properties:: Properties for representing formatting of text. |
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2372 * Sticky Properties:: How inserted text gets properties from |
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2373 neighboring text. |
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2374 * Saving Properties:: Saving text properties in files, and reading |
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2375 them back. |
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2376 * Lazy Properties:: Computing text properties in a lazy fashion |
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2377 only when text is examined. |
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2378 * Clickable Text:: Using text properties to make regions of text |
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2379 do something when you click on them. |
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2380 * Fields:: The @code{field} property defines |
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2381 fields within the buffer. |
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2382 * Not Intervals:: Why text properties do not use |
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2383 Lisp-visible text intervals. |
6558 | 2384 @end menu |
2385 | |
2386 @node Examining Properties | |
2387 @subsection Examining Text Properties | |
2388 | |
2389 The simplest way to examine text properties is to ask for the value of | |
2390 a particular property of a particular character. For that, use | |
2391 @code{get-text-property}. Use @code{text-properties-at} to get the | |
2392 entire property list of a character. @xref{Property Search}, for | |
2393 functions to examine the properties of a number of characters at once. | |
2394 | |
2395 These functions handle both strings and buffers. Keep in mind that | |
2396 positions in a string start from 0, whereas positions in a buffer start | |
2397 from 1. | |
2398 | |
2399 @defun get-text-property pos prop &optional object | |
2400 This function returns the value of the @var{prop} property of the | |
2401 character after position @var{pos} in @var{object} (a buffer or | |
2402 string). The argument @var{object} is optional and defaults to the | |
2403 current buffer. | |
2404 | |
2405 If there is no @var{prop} property strictly speaking, but the character | |
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2406 has a category that is a symbol, then @code{get-text-property} returns |
6558 | 2407 the @var{prop} property of that symbol. |
2408 @end defun | |
2409 | |
2410 @defun get-char-property pos prop &optional object | |
2411 This function is like @code{get-text-property}, except that it checks | |
2412 overlays first and then text properties. @xref{Overlays}. | |
2413 | |
2414 The argument @var{object} may be a string, a buffer, or a window. If it | |
2415 is a window, then the buffer displayed in that window is used for text | |
2416 properties and overlays, but only the overlays active for that window | |
2417 are considered. If @var{object} is a buffer, then all overlays in that | |
2418 buffer are considered, as well as text properties. If @var{object} is a | |
2419 string, only text properties are considered, since strings never have | |
2420 overlays. | |
2421 @end defun | |
2422 | |
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2423 @defvar char-property-alias-alist |
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2424 This variable holds an alist which maps property names to a list of |
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2425 alternative property names. If a character does not specify a direct |
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2426 value for a property, the alternative property names are consulted in |
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2427 order; the first non-@code{nil} value is used. This variable takes |
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2428 precedence over @code{default-text-properties}, and @code{category} |
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2429 properties take precedence over this variable. |
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2430 @end defvar |
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2431 |
6558 | 2432 @defun text-properties-at position &optional object |
2433 This function returns the entire property list of the character at | |
2434 @var{position} in the string or buffer @var{object}. If @var{object} is | |
2435 @code{nil}, it defaults to the current buffer. | |
2436 @end defun | |
2437 | |
12067 | 2438 @defvar default-text-properties |
2439 This variable holds a property list giving default values for text | |
2440 properties. Whenever a character does not specify a value for a | |
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2441 property, neither directly, through a category symbol, or through |
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2442 @code{char-property-alias-alist}, the value stored in this list is |
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2443 used instead. Here is an example: |
12067 | 2444 |
2445 @example | |
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2446 (setq default-text-properties '(foo 69) |
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2447 char-property-alias-alist nil) |
12067 | 2448 ;; @r{Make sure character 1 has no properties of its own.} |
2449 (set-text-properties 1 2 nil) | |
2450 ;; @r{What we get, when we ask, is the default value.} | |
2451 (get-text-property 1 'foo) | |
2452 @result{} 69 | |
2453 @end example | |
2454 @end defvar | |
2455 | |
6558 | 2456 @node Changing Properties |
2457 @subsection Changing Text Properties | |
2458 | |
2459 The primitives for changing properties apply to a specified range of | |
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2460 text in a buffer or string. The function @code{set-text-properties} |
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2461 (see end of section) sets the entire property list of the text in that |
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2462 range; more often, it is useful to add, change, or delete just certain |
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2463 properties specified by name. |
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2464 |
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2465 Since text properties are considered part of the contents of the |
49184
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2466 buffer (or string), and can affect how a buffer looks on the screen, |
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2467 any change in buffer text properties marks the buffer as modified. |
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2468 Buffer text property changes are undoable also (@pxref{Undo}). |
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2469 Positions in a string start from 0, whereas positions in a buffer |
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2470 start from 1. |
6558 | 2471 |
12098 | 2472 @defun put-text-property start end prop value &optional object |
2473 This function sets the @var{prop} property to @var{value} for the text | |
2474 between @var{start} and @var{end} in the string or buffer @var{object}. | |
2475 If @var{object} is @code{nil}, it defaults to the current buffer. | |
2476 @end defun | |
2477 | |
6558 | 2478 @defun add-text-properties start end props &optional object |
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2479 This function adds or overrides text properties for the text between |
6558 | 2480 @var{start} and @var{end} in the string or buffer @var{object}. If |
2481 @var{object} is @code{nil}, it defaults to the current buffer. | |
2482 | |
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2483 The argument @var{props} specifies which properties to add. It should |
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2484 have the form of a property list (@pxref{Property Lists}): a list whose |
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2485 elements include the property names followed alternately by the |
6558 | 2486 corresponding values. |
2487 | |
2488 The return value is @code{t} if the function actually changed some | |
2489 property's value; @code{nil} otherwise (if @var{props} is @code{nil} or | |
2490 its values agree with those in the text). | |
2491 | |
2492 For example, here is how to set the @code{comment} and @code{face} | |
2493 properties of a range of text: | |
2494 | |
2495 @example | |
2496 (add-text-properties @var{start} @var{end} | |
2497 '(comment t face highlight)) | |
2498 @end example | |
2499 @end defun | |
2500 | |
2501 @defun remove-text-properties start end props &optional object | |
2502 This function deletes specified text properties from the text between | |
2503 @var{start} and @var{end} in the string or buffer @var{object}. If | |
2504 @var{object} is @code{nil}, it defaults to the current buffer. | |
2505 | |
2506 The argument @var{props} specifies which properties to delete. It | |
2507 should have the form of a property list (@pxref{Property Lists}): a list | |
2508 whose elements are property names alternating with corresponding values. | |
2509 But only the names matter---the values that accompany them are ignored. | |
2510 For example, here's how to remove the @code{face} property. | |
2511 | |
2512 @example | |
2513 (remove-text-properties @var{start} @var{end} '(face nil)) | |
2514 @end example | |
2515 | |
2516 The return value is @code{t} if the function actually changed some | |
2517 property's value; @code{nil} otherwise (if @var{props} is @code{nil} or | |
2518 if no character in the specified text had any of those properties). | |
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2519 |
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2520 To remove all text properties from certain text, use |
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2521 @code{set-text-properties} and specify @code{nil} for the new property |
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2522 list. |
6558 | 2523 @end defun |
2524 | |
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2525 @defun remove-list-of-text-properties start end list-of-properties &optional object |
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2526 Like @code{remove-list-properties} except that |
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2527 @var{list-of-properties} is a list property names only, not an |
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2528 alternating list of property values. |
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2529 @end defun |
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2530 |
6558 | 2531 @defun set-text-properties start end props &optional object |
2532 This function completely replaces the text property list for the text | |
2533 between @var{start} and @var{end} in the string or buffer @var{object}. | |
2534 If @var{object} is @code{nil}, it defaults to the current buffer. | |
2535 | |
2536 The argument @var{props} is the new property list. It should be a list | |
2537 whose elements are property names alternating with corresponding values. | |
2538 | |
2539 After @code{set-text-properties} returns, all the characters in the | |
2540 specified range have identical properties. | |
2541 | |
2542 If @var{props} is @code{nil}, the effect is to get rid of all properties | |
2543 from the specified range of text. Here's an example: | |
2544 | |
2545 @example | |
2546 (set-text-properties @var{start} @var{end} nil) | |
2547 @end example | |
2548 @end defun | |
2549 | |
25875 | 2550 The easiest way to make a string with text properties |
2551 is with @code{propertize}: | |
2552 | |
2553 @defun propertize string &rest properties | |
2554 @tindex propertize | |
2555 This function returns a copy of @var{string} which has the text | |
2556 properties @var{properties}. These properties apply to all the | |
2557 characters in the string that is returned. Here is an example that | |
2558 constructs a string with a @code{face} property and a @code{mouse-face} | |
2559 property: | |
2560 | |
2561 @smallexample | |
2562 (propertize "foo" 'face 'italic | |
2563 'mouse-face 'bold-italic) | |
2564 @result{} #("foo" 0 3 (mouse-face bold-italic face italic)) | |
2565 @end smallexample | |
2566 | |
2567 To put different properties on various parts of a string, you can | |
2568 construct each part with @code{propertize} and then combine them with | |
2569 @code{concat}: | |
2570 | |
2571 @smallexample | |
2572 (concat | |
2573 (propertize "foo" 'face 'italic | |
2574 'mouse-face 'bold-italic) | |
2575 " and " | |
2576 (propertize "bar" 'face 'italic | |
2577 'mouse-face 'bold-italic)) | |
2578 @result{} #("foo and bar" | |
2579 0 3 (face italic mouse-face bold-italic) | |
2580 3 8 nil | |
2581 8 11 (face italic mouse-face bold-italic)) | |
2582 @end smallexample | |
2583 @end defun | |
2584 | |
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2585 See also the function @code{buffer-substring-no-properties} |
12067 | 2586 (@pxref{Buffer Contents}) which copies text from the buffer |
2587 but does not copy its properties. | |
2588 | |
6558 | 2589 @node Property Search |
21007
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2590 @subsection Text Property Search Functions |
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2591 |
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2592 In typical use of text properties, most of the time several or many |
6558 | 2593 consecutive characters have the same value for a property. Rather than |
2594 writing your programs to examine characters one by one, it is much | |
2595 faster to process chunks of text that have the same property value. | |
2596 | |
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2597 Here are functions you can use to do this. They use @code{eq} for |
12098 | 2598 comparing property values. In all cases, @var{object} defaults to the |
2599 current buffer. | |
6558 | 2600 |
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2601 For high performance, it's very important to use the @var{limit} |
6558 | 2602 argument to these functions, especially the ones that search for a |
12098 | 2603 single property---otherwise, they may spend a long time scanning to the |
2604 end of the buffer, if the property you are interested in does not change. | |
6558 | 2605 |
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2606 These functions do not move point; instead, they return a position (or |
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2607 @code{nil}). Remember that a position is always between two characters; |
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2608 the position returned by these functions is between two characters with |
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2609 different properties. |
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2610 |
6558 | 2611 @defun next-property-change pos &optional object limit |
2612 The function scans the text forward from position @var{pos} in the | |
2613 string or buffer @var{object} till it finds a change in some text | |
2614 property, then returns the position of the change. In other words, it | |
2615 returns the position of the first character beyond @var{pos} whose | |
2616 properties are not identical to those of the character just after | |
2617 @var{pos}. | |
2618 | |
2619 If @var{limit} is non-@code{nil}, then the scan ends at position | |
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2620 @var{limit}. If there is no property change before that point, |
6558 | 2621 @code{next-property-change} returns @var{limit}. |
2622 | |
2623 The value is @code{nil} if the properties remain unchanged all the way | |
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2624 to the end of @var{object} and @var{limit} is @code{nil}. If the value |
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2625 is non-@code{nil}, it is a position greater than or equal to @var{pos}. |
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2626 The value equals @var{pos} only when @var{limit} equals @var{pos}. |
6558 | 2627 |
2628 Here is an example of how to scan the buffer by chunks of text within | |
2629 which all properties are constant: | |
2630 | |
2631 @smallexample | |
2632 (while (not (eobp)) | |
2633 (let ((plist (text-properties-at (point))) | |
2634 (next-change | |
2635 (or (next-property-change (point) (current-buffer)) | |
2636 (point-max)))) | |
2637 @r{Process text from point to @var{next-change}@dots{}} | |
2638 (goto-char next-change))) | |
2639 @end smallexample | |
2640 @end defun | |
2641 | |
2642 @defun next-single-property-change pos prop &optional object limit | |
2643 The function scans the text forward from position @var{pos} in the | |
2644 string or buffer @var{object} till it finds a change in the @var{prop} | |
2645 property, then returns the position of the change. In other words, it | |
2646 returns the position of the first character beyond @var{pos} whose | |
2647 @var{prop} property differs from that of the character just after | |
2648 @var{pos}. | |
2649 | |
2650 If @var{limit} is non-@code{nil}, then the scan ends at position | |
49600
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2651 @var{limit}. If there is no property change before that point, |
6558 | 2652 @code{next-single-property-change} returns @var{limit}. |
2653 | |
2654 The value is @code{nil} if the property remains unchanged all the way to | |
2655 the end of @var{object} and @var{limit} is @code{nil}. If the value is | |
2656 non-@code{nil}, it is a position greater than or equal to @var{pos}; it | |
2657 equals @var{pos} only if @var{limit} equals @var{pos}. | |
2658 @end defun | |
2659 | |
2660 @defun previous-property-change pos &optional object limit | |
2661 This is like @code{next-property-change}, but scans back from @var{pos} | |
2662 instead of forward. If the value is non-@code{nil}, it is a position | |
2663 less than or equal to @var{pos}; it equals @var{pos} only if @var{limit} | |
2664 equals @var{pos}. | |
2665 @end defun | |
2666 | |
2667 @defun previous-single-property-change pos prop &optional object limit | |
8427
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2668 This is like @code{next-single-property-change}, but scans back from |
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2669 @var{pos} instead of forward. If the value is non-@code{nil}, it is a |
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2670 position less than or equal to @var{pos}; it equals @var{pos} only if |
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2671 @var{limit} equals @var{pos}. |
6558 | 2672 @end defun |
2673 | |
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2674 @defun next-char-property-change pos &optional limit |
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2675 This is like @code{next-property-change} except that it considers |
39528
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2676 overlay properties as well as text properties, and if no change is |
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2677 found before the end of the buffer, it returns the maximum buffer |
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2678 position rather than @code{nil} (in this sense, it resembles the |
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2679 corresponding overlay function @code{next-overlay-change}, rather than |
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2680 @code{next-property-change}). There is no @var{object} operand |
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2681 because this function operates only on the current buffer. It returns |
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2682 the next address at which either kind of property changes. |
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2683 @end defun |
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2684 |
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2685 @defun previous-char-property-change pos &optional limit |
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2686 This is like @code{next-char-property-change}, but scans back from |
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2687 @var{pos} instead of forward, and returns the minimum buffer |
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2688 position if no change is found. |
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2689 @end defun |
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2690 |
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2691 @defun next-single-char-property-change pos prop &optional object limit |
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2692 @tindex next-single-char-property-change |
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2693 This is like @code{next-single-property-change} except that it |
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2694 considers overlay properties as well as text properties, and if no |
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2695 change is found before the end of the @var{object}, it returns the |
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2696 maximum valid position in @var{object} rather than @code{nil}. Unlike |
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2697 @code{next-char-property-change}, this function @emph{does} have an |
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2698 @var{object} operand; if @var{object} is not a buffer, only |
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2699 text-properties are considered. |
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2700 @end defun |
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2701 |
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2702 @defun previous-single-char-property-change pos prop &optional object limit |
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2703 @tindex previous-single-char-property-change |
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2704 This is like @code{next-single-char-property-change}, but scans back |
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2705 from @var{pos} instead of forward, and returns the minimum valid |
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2706 position in @var{object} if no change is found. |
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2707 @end defun |
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2708 |
6558 | 2709 @defun text-property-any start end prop value &optional object |
2710 This function returns non-@code{nil} if at least one character between | |
2711 @var{start} and @var{end} has a property @var{prop} whose value is | |
2712 @var{value}. More precisely, it returns the position of the first such | |
2713 character. Otherwise, it returns @code{nil}. | |
2714 | |
2715 The optional fifth argument, @var{object}, specifies the string or | |
2716 buffer to scan. Positions are relative to @var{object}. The default | |
2717 for @var{object} is the current buffer. | |
2718 @end defun | |
2719 | |
2720 @defun text-property-not-all start end prop value &optional object | |
2721 This function returns non-@code{nil} if at least one character between | |
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2722 @var{start} and @var{end} does not have a property @var{prop} with value |
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2723 @var{value}. More precisely, it returns the position of the first such |
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2724 character. Otherwise, it returns @code{nil}. |
6558 | 2725 |
2726 The optional fifth argument, @var{object}, specifies the string or | |
2727 buffer to scan. Positions are relative to @var{object}. The default | |
2728 for @var{object} is the current buffer. | |
2729 @end defun | |
2730 | |
2731 @node Special Properties | |
2732 @subsection Properties with Special Meanings | |
2733 | |
12098 | 2734 Here is a table of text property names that have special built-in |
21682
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2735 meanings. The following sections list a few additional special property |
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2736 names that control filling and property inheritance. All other names |
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2737 have no standard meaning, and you can use them as you like. |
12098 | 2738 |
6558 | 2739 @table @code |
2740 @cindex category of text character | |
2741 @kindex category @r{(text property)} | |
2742 @item category | |
2743 If a character has a @code{category} property, we call it the | |
2744 @dfn{category} of the character. It should be a symbol. The properties | |
2745 of the symbol serve as defaults for the properties of the character. | |
2746 | |
2747 @item face | |
2748 @cindex face codes of text | |
2749 @kindex face @r{(text property)} | |
2750 You can use the property @code{face} to control the font and color of | |
25751
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2751 text. @xref{Faces}, for more information. |
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2752 |
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2753 In the simplest case, the value is a face name. It can also be a list; |
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2754 then each element can be any of these possibilities; |
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2755 |
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2756 @itemize @bullet |
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2757 @item |
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2758 A face name (a symbol or string). |
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2759 |
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2760 @item |
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2761 Starting in Emacs 21, a property list of face attributes. This has the |
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2762 form (@var{keyword} @var{value} @dots{}), where each @var{keyword} is a |
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2763 face attribute name and @var{value} is a meaningful value for that |
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2764 attribute. With this feature, you do not need to create a face each |
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2765 time you want to specify a particular attribute for certain text. |
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2766 @xref{Face Attributes}. |
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2767 |
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2768 @item |
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2769 A cons cell of the form @code{(foreground-color . @var{color-name})} or |
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2770 @code{(background-color . @var{color-name})}. These elements specify |
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2771 just the foreground color or just the background color. |
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2772 |
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2773 @code{(foreground-color . @var{color-name})} is equivalent to |
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2774 @code{(:foreground @var{color-name})}, and likewise for the background. |
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2775 @end itemize |
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2776 |
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2777 You can use Font Lock Mode (@pxref{Font Lock Mode}), to dynamically |
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2778 update @code{face} properties based on the contents of the text. |
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2779 |
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|
2780 @item font-lock-face |
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|
2781 @kindex font-lock-face @r{(text property)} |
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|
2782 The @code{font-lock-face} property is the same in all respects as the |
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|
2783 @code{face} property, but its state of activation is controlled by |
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|
2784 @code{font-lock-mode}. This can be advantageous for special buffers |
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|
2785 which are not intended to be user-editable, or for static areas of |
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|
2786 text which are always fontified in the same way. |
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|
2787 @xref{Precalculated Fontification}. |
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|
2788 |
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|
2789 Strictly speaking, @code{font-lock-face} is not a built-in text |
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|
2790 property; rather, it is implemented in Font Lock mode using |
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|
2791 @code{char-property-alias-alist}. @xref{Examining Properties}. |
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|
2792 |
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|
2793 This property is new in Emacs 21.4. |
6558 | 2794 |
2795 @item mouse-face | |
2796 @kindex mouse-face @r{(text property)} | |
2797 The property @code{mouse-face} is used instead of @code{face} when the | |
2798 mouse is on or near the character. For this purpose, ``near'' means | |
2799 that all text between the character and where the mouse is have the same | |
2800 @code{mouse-face} property value. | |
2801 | |
25751
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2802 @item fontified |
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2803 @kindex fontified @r{(text property)} |
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2804 This property, if non-@code{nil}, says that text in the buffer has |
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2805 had faces assigned automatically by a feature such as Font-Lock mode. |
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2806 @xref{Auto Faces}. |
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2807 |
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2808 @item display |
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2809 @kindex display @r{(text property)} |
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2810 This property activates various features that change the |
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2811 way text is displayed. For example, it can make text appear taller |
27374
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2812 or shorter, higher or lower, wider or narrow, or replaced with an image. |
25751
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2813 @xref{Display Property}. |
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2814 |
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2815 @item help-echo |
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2816 @kindex help-echo @r{(text property)} |
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2817 @cindex tooltip |
31079 | 2818 @anchor{Text help-echo} |
25751
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2819 If text has a string as its @code{help-echo} property, then when you |
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2820 move the mouse onto that text, Emacs displays that string in the echo |
45040
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2821 area, or in the tooltip window (@pxref{Tooltips,,, emacs, The GNU Emacs |
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2822 Manual}). |
31079 | 2823 |
31372 | 2824 If the value of the @code{help-echo} property is a function, that |
31079 | 2825 function is called with three arguments, @var{window}, @var{object} and |
31372 | 2826 @var{position} and should return a help string or @var{nil} for |
31079 | 2827 none. The first argument, @var{window} is the window in which |
2828 the help was found. The second, @var{object}, is the buffer, overlay or | |
2829 string which had the @code{help-echo} property. The @var{position} | |
2830 argument is as follows: | |
2831 | |
2832 @itemize @bullet{} | |
2833 @item | |
2834 If @var{object} is a buffer, @var{pos} is the position in the buffer | |
2835 where the @code{help-echo} text property was found. | |
2836 @item | |
2837 If @var{object} is an overlay, that overlay has a @code{help-echo} | |
2838 property, and @var{pos} is the position in the overlay's buffer under | |
2839 the mouse. | |
2840 @item | |
2841 If @var{object} is a string (an overlay string or a string displayed | |
31372 | 2842 with the @code{display} property), @var{pos} is the position in that |
31079 | 2843 string under the mouse. |
2844 @end itemize | |
2845 | |
2846 If the value of the @code{help-echo} property is neither a function nor | |
2847 a string, it is evaluated to obtain a help string. | |
2848 | |
31372 | 2849 You can alter the way help text is displayed by setting the variable |
2850 @code{show-help-function} (@pxref{Help display}). | |
31079 | 2851 |
45750
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2852 This feature is used in the mode line and for other active text. |
25751
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2853 |
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2854 @item keymap |
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Update doc of local-map and keymap text properties.
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|
2855 @cindex keymap of character |
bfe50f90f666
Update doc of local-map and keymap text properties.
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2856 @kindex keymap @r{(text property)} |
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Update doc of local-map and keymap text properties.
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2857 The @code{keymap} property specifies an additional keymap for |
51911
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(Special Properties): local-map and keymap properties
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2858 commands. The property's value for the character before point applies |
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2859 if it is non-@code{nil} and rear-sticky, and the property's value for |
9c44faf04f59
(Special Properties): local-map and keymap properties
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2860 the character after point applies if it is non-@code{nil} and |
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2861 front-sticky. When the value applies, it is used for key lookup |
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(Special Properties): local-map and keymap properties
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2862 before the buffer's local map. (For mouse clicks, the position of the |
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2863 click is used instead of the position of point.) If the property |
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2864 value is a symbol, the symbol's function definition is used as the |
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|
2865 keymap. @xref{Active Keymaps}. |
43907
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|
2866 |
29102 | 2867 @item local-map |
2868 @kindex local-map @r{(text property)} | |
51911
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2869 This property works like @code{keymap} except that it specifies a |
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2870 keymap to use @emph{instead of} the buffer's local map. For most |
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2871 purposes (perhaps all purposes), the @code{keymap} is superior. |
34000 | 2872 |
21007
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2873 @item syntax-table |
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2874 The @code{syntax-table} property overrides what the syntax table says |
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2875 about this particular character. @xref{Syntax Properties}. |
6558 | 2876 |
2877 @item read-only | |
2878 @cindex read-only character | |
2879 @kindex read-only @r{(text property)} | |
2880 If a character has the property @code{read-only}, then modifying that | |
26696
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2881 character is not allowed. Any command that would do so gets an error, |
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2882 @code{text-read-only}. |
6558 | 2883 |
2884 Insertion next to a read-only character is an error if inserting | |
2885 ordinary text there would inherit the @code{read-only} property due to | |
2886 stickiness. Thus, you can control permission to insert next to | |
2887 read-only text by controlling the stickiness. @xref{Sticky Properties}. | |
2888 | |
2889 Since changing properties counts as modifying the buffer, it is not | |
2890 possible to remove a @code{read-only} property unless you know the | |
2891 special trick: bind @code{inhibit-read-only} to a non-@code{nil} value | |
2892 and then remove the property. @xref{Read Only Buffers}. | |
2893 | |
2894 @item invisible | |
2895 @kindex invisible @r{(text property)} | |
12067 | 2896 A non-@code{nil} @code{invisible} property can make a character invisible |
2897 on the screen. @xref{Invisible Text}, for details. | |
6558 | 2898 |
6782
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2899 @item intangible |
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2900 @kindex intangible @r{(text property)} |
12067 | 2901 If a group of consecutive characters have equal and non-@code{nil} |
2902 @code{intangible} properties, then you cannot place point between them. | |
12098 | 2903 If you try to move point forward into the group, point actually moves to |
2904 the end of the group. If you try to move point backward into the group, | |
12067 | 2905 point actually moves to the start of the group. |
2906 | |
2907 When the variable @code{inhibit-point-motion-hooks} is non-@code{nil}, | |
2908 the @code{intangible} property is ignored. | |
6782
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2909 |
26696
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2910 @item field |
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2911 @kindex field @r{(text property)} |
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2912 Consecutive characters with the same @code{field} property constitute a |
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2913 @dfn{field}. Some motion functions including @code{forward-word} and |
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2914 @code{beginning-of-line} stop moving at a field boundary. |
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2915 @xref{Fields}. |
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2916 |
6558 | 2917 @item modification-hooks |
2918 @cindex change hooks for a character | |
2919 @cindex hooks for changing a character | |
2920 @kindex modification-hooks @r{(text property)} | |
2921 If a character has the property @code{modification-hooks}, then its | |
2922 value should be a list of functions; modifying that character calls all | |
2923 of those functions. Each function receives two arguments: the beginning | |
2924 and end of the part of the buffer being modified. Note that if a | |
2925 particular modification hook function appears on several characters | |
2926 being modified by a single primitive, you can't predict how many times | |
2927 the function will be called. | |
2928 | |
2929 @item insert-in-front-hooks | |
2930 @itemx insert-behind-hooks | |
2931 @kindex insert-in-front-hooks @r{(text property)} | |
2932 @kindex insert-behind-hooks @r{(text property)} | |
16398
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2933 The operation of inserting text in a buffer also calls the functions |
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2934 listed in the @code{insert-in-front-hooks} property of the following |
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|
2935 character and in the @code{insert-behind-hooks} property of the |
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2936 preceding character. These functions receive two arguments, the |
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|
2937 beginning and end of the inserted text. The functions are called |
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|
2938 @emph{after} the actual insertion takes place. |
6558 | 2939 |
2940 See also @ref{Change Hooks}, for other hooks that are called | |
2941 when you change text in a buffer. | |
2942 | |
2943 @item point-entered | |
2944 @itemx point-left | |
2945 @cindex hooks for motion of point | |
2946 @kindex point-entered @r{(text property)} | |
2947 @kindex point-left @r{(text property)} | |
2948 The special properties @code{point-entered} and @code{point-left} | |
2949 record hook functions that report motion of point. Each time point | |
2950 moves, Emacs compares these two property values: | |
2951 | |
2952 @itemize @bullet | |
2953 @item | |
2954 the @code{point-left} property of the character after the old location, | |
2955 and | |
2956 @item | |
2957 the @code{point-entered} property of the character after the new | |
2958 location. | |
2959 @end itemize | |
2960 | |
2961 @noindent | |
2962 If these two values differ, each of them is called (if not @code{nil}) | |
2963 with two arguments: the old value of point, and the new one. | |
2964 | |
2965 The same comparison is made for the characters before the old and new | |
2966 locations. The result may be to execute two @code{point-left} functions | |
2967 (which may be the same function) and/or two @code{point-entered} | |
8427
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2968 functions (which may be the same function). In any case, all the |
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2969 @code{point-left} functions are called first, followed by all the |
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2970 @code{point-entered} functions. |
6558 | 2971 |
21007
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2972 It is possible using @code{char-after} to examine characters at various |
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2973 positions without moving point to those positions. Only an actual |
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2974 change in the value of point runs these hook functions. |
6558 | 2975 @end table |
2976 | |
2977 @defvar inhibit-point-motion-hooks | |
2978 When this variable is non-@code{nil}, @code{point-left} and | |
12067 | 2979 @code{point-entered} hooks are not run, and the @code{intangible} |
21007
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2980 property has no effect. Do not set this variable globally; bind it with |
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2981 @code{let}. |
6558 | 2982 @end defvar |
2983 | |
31079 | 2984 @defvar show-help-function |
2985 @tindex show-help-function | |
31372 | 2986 @anchor{Help display} If this variable is non-@code{nil}, it specifies a |
2987 function called to display help strings. These may be @code{help-echo} | |
2988 properties, menu help strings (@pxref{Simple Menu Items}, | |
2989 @pxref{Extended Menu Items}), or tool bar help strings (@pxref{Tool | |
2990 Bar}). The specified function is called with one argument, the help | |
38581 | 2991 string to display. Tooltip mode (@pxref{Tooltips,,, emacs, The GNU Emacs |
2992 Manual}) provides an example. | |
31079 | 2993 @end defvar |
2994 | |
12067 | 2995 @node Format Properties |
12098 | 2996 @subsection Formatted Text Properties |
12067 | 2997 |
2998 These text properties affect the behavior of the fill commands. They | |
12098 | 2999 are used for representing formatted text. @xref{Filling}, and |
3000 @ref{Margins}. | |
3001 | |
3002 @table @code | |
12067 | 3003 @item hard |
3004 If a newline character has this property, it is a ``hard'' newline. | |
3005 The fill commands do not alter hard newlines and do not move words | |
3006 across them. However, this property takes effect only if the variable | |
3007 @code{use-hard-newlines} is non-@code{nil}. | |
3008 | |
3009 @item right-margin | |
12098 | 3010 This property specifies an extra right margin for filling this part of the |
12067 | 3011 text. |
3012 | |
3013 @item left-margin | |
12098 | 3014 This property specifies an extra left margin for filling this part of the |
12067 | 3015 text. |
3016 | |
3017 @item justification | |
3018 This property specifies the style of justification for filling this part | |
3019 of the text. | |
3020 @end table | |
3021 | |
6558 | 3022 @node Sticky Properties |
3023 @subsection Stickiness of Text Properties | |
3024 @cindex sticky text properties | |
3025 @cindex inheritance of text properties | |
3026 | |
3027 Self-inserting characters normally take on the same properties as the | |
3028 preceding character. This is called @dfn{inheritance} of properties. | |
3029 | |
3030 In a Lisp program, you can do insertion with inheritance or without, | |
3031 depending on your choice of insertion primitive. The ordinary text | |
3032 insertion functions such as @code{insert} do not inherit any properties. | |
3033 They insert text with precisely the properties of the string being | |
3034 inserted, and no others. This is correct for programs that copy text | |
8427
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3035 from one context to another---for example, into or out of the kill ring. |
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3036 To insert with inheritance, use the special primitives described in this |
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3037 section. Self-inserting characters inherit properties because they work |
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3038 using these primitives. |
6558 | 3039 |
3040 When you do insertion with inheritance, @emph{which} properties are | |
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3041 inherited, and from where, depends on which properties are @dfn{sticky}. |
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3042 Insertion after a character inherits those of its properties that are |
6558 | 3043 @dfn{rear-sticky}. Insertion before a character inherits those of its |
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3044 properties that are @dfn{front-sticky}. When both sides offer different |
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3045 sticky values for the same property, the previous character's value |
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3046 takes precedence. |
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3047 |
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3048 By default, a text property is rear-sticky but not front-sticky; thus, |
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3049 the default is to inherit all the properties of the preceding character, |
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3050 and nothing from the following character. |
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3051 |
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3052 You can control the stickiness of various text properties with two |
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3053 specific text properties, @code{front-sticky} and @code{rear-nonsticky}, |
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3054 and with the variable @code{text-property-default-nonsticky}. You can |
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3055 use the variable to specify a different default for a given property. |
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3056 You can use those two text properties to make any specific properties |
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3057 sticky or nonsticky in any particular part of the text. |
6558 | 3058 |
3059 If a character's @code{front-sticky} property is @code{t}, then all | |
3060 its properties are front-sticky. If the @code{front-sticky} property is | |
3061 a list, then the sticky properties of the character are those whose | |
3062 names are in the list. For example, if a character has a | |
3063 @code{front-sticky} property whose value is @code{(face read-only)}, | |
3064 then insertion before the character can inherit its @code{face} property | |
3065 and its @code{read-only} property, but no others. | |
3066 | |
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3067 The @code{rear-nonsticky} property works the opposite way. Most |
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3068 properties are rear-sticky by default, so the @code{rear-nonsticky} |
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3069 property says which properties are @emph{not} rear-sticky. If a |
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3070 character's @code{rear-nonsticky} property is @code{t}, then none of its |
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3071 properties are rear-sticky. If the @code{rear-nonsticky} property is a |
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3072 list, properties are rear-sticky @emph{unless} their names are in the |
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3073 list. |
6558 | 3074 |
26696
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3075 @defvar text-property-default-nonsticky |
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3076 @tindex text-property-default-nonsticky |
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3077 This variable holds an alist which defines the default rear-stickiness |
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3078 of various text properties. Each element has the form |
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3079 @code{(@var{property} . @var{nonstickiness})}, and it defines the |
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3080 stickiness of a particular text property, @var{property}. |
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3081 |
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3082 If @var{nonstickiness} is non-@code{nil}, this means that the property |
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3083 @var{property} is rear-nonsticky by default. Since all properties are |
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3084 front-nonsticky by default, this makes @var{property} nonsticky in both |
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3085 directions by default. |
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3086 |
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3087 The text properties @code{front-sticky} and @code{rear-nonsticky}, when |
47475 | 3088 used, take precedence over the default @var{nonstickiness} specified in |
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3089 @code{text-property-default-nonsticky}. |
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3090 @end defvar |
6558 | 3091 |
3092 Here are the functions that insert text with inheritance of properties: | |
3093 | |
3094 @defun insert-and-inherit &rest strings | |
3095 Insert the strings @var{strings}, just like the function @code{insert}, | |
3096 but inherit any sticky properties from the adjoining text. | |
3097 @end defun | |
3098 | |
3099 @defun insert-before-markers-and-inherit &rest strings | |
3100 Insert the strings @var{strings}, just like the function | |
3101 @code{insert-before-markers}, but inherit any sticky properties from the | |
3102 adjoining text. | |
3103 @end defun | |
3104 | |
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3105 @xref{Insertion}, for the ordinary insertion functions which do not |
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3106 inherit. |
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3107 |
6558 | 3108 @node Saving Properties |
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3109 @subsection Saving Text Properties in Files |
6558 | 3110 @cindex text properties in files |
3111 @cindex saving text properties | |
3112 | |
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3113 You can save text properties in files (along with the text itself), |
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3114 and restore the same text properties when visiting or inserting the |
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3115 files, using these two hooks: |
6558 | 3116 |
12098 | 3117 @defvar write-region-annotate-functions |
6558 | 3118 This variable's value is a list of functions for @code{write-region} to |
3119 run to encode text properties in some fashion as annotations to the text | |
3120 being written in the file. @xref{Writing to Files}. | |
3121 | |
3122 Each function in the list is called with two arguments: the start and | |
3123 end of the region to be written. These functions should not alter the | |
3124 contents of the buffer. Instead, they should return lists indicating | |
3125 annotations to write in the file in addition to the text in the | |
3126 buffer. | |
3127 | |
3128 Each function should return a list of elements of the form | |
3129 @code{(@var{position} . @var{string})}, where @var{position} is an | |
21007
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3130 integer specifying the relative position within the text to be written, |
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3131 and @var{string} is the annotation to add there. |
6558 | 3132 |
3133 Each list returned by one of these functions must be already sorted in | |
3134 increasing order by @var{position}. If there is more than one function, | |
3135 @code{write-region} merges the lists destructively into one sorted list. | |
3136 | |
3137 When @code{write-region} actually writes the text from the buffer to the | |
3138 file, it intermixes the specified annotations at the corresponding | |
3139 positions. All this takes place without modifying the buffer. | |
3140 @end defvar | |
3141 | |
3142 @defvar after-insert-file-functions | |
3143 This variable holds a list of functions for @code{insert-file-contents} | |
3144 to call after inserting a file's contents. These functions should scan | |
3145 the inserted text for annotations, and convert them to the text | |
3146 properties they stand for. | |
3147 | |
3148 Each function receives one argument, the length of the inserted text; | |
3149 point indicates the start of that text. The function should scan that | |
3150 text for annotations, delete them, and create the text properties that | |
3151 the annotations specify. The function should return the updated length | |
3152 of the inserted text, as it stands after those changes. The value | |
3153 returned by one function becomes the argument to the next function. | |
3154 | |
3155 These functions should always return with point at the beginning of | |
3156 the inserted text. | |
3157 | |
3158 The intended use of @code{after-insert-file-functions} is for converting | |
3159 some sort of textual annotations into actual text properties. But other | |
3160 uses may be possible. | |
3161 @end defvar | |
3162 | |
3163 We invite users to write Lisp programs to store and retrieve text | |
3164 properties in files, using these hooks, and thus to experiment with | |
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3165 various data formats and find good ones. Eventually we hope users |
6558 | 3166 will produce good, general extensions we can install in Emacs. |
3167 | |
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3168 We suggest not trying to handle arbitrary Lisp objects as text property |
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3169 names or values---because a program that general is probably difficult |
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3170 to write, and slow. Instead, choose a set of possible data types that |
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3171 are reasonably flexible, and not too hard to encode. |
6558 | 3172 |
12098 | 3173 @xref{Format Conversion}, for a related feature. |
3174 | |
3175 @c ??? In next edition, merge this info Format Conversion. | |
3176 | |
15760
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3177 @node Lazy Properties |
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3178 @subsection Lazy Computation of Text Properties |
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3179 |
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3180 Instead of computing text properties for all the text in the buffer, |
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3181 you can arrange to compute the text properties for parts of the text |
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3182 when and if something depends on them. |
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3183 |
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3184 The primitive that extracts text from the buffer along with its |
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3185 properties is @code{buffer-substring}. Before examining the properties, |
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3186 this function runs the abnormal hook @code{buffer-access-fontify-functions}. |
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3187 |
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3188 @defvar buffer-access-fontify-functions |
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3189 This variable holds a list of functions for computing text properties. |
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3190 Before @code{buffer-substring} copies the text and text properties for a |
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3191 portion of the buffer, it calls all the functions in this list. Each of |
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3192 the functions receives two arguments that specify the range of the |
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3193 buffer being accessed. (The buffer itself is always the current |
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3194 buffer.) |
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3195 @end defvar |
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3196 |
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3197 The function @code{buffer-substring-no-properties} does not call these |
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3198 functions, since it ignores text properties anyway. |
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3199 |
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3200 In order to prevent the hook functions from being called more than |
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3201 once for the same part of the buffer, you can use the variable |
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3202 @code{buffer-access-fontified-property}. |
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3203 |
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3204 @defvar buffer-access-fontified-property |
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3205 If this value's variable is non-@code{nil}, it is a symbol which is used |
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3206 as a text property name. A non-@code{nil} value for that text property |
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3207 means, ``the other text properties for this character have already been |
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3208 computed.'' |
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3209 |
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3210 If all the characters in the range specified for @code{buffer-substring} |
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3211 have a non-@code{nil} value for this property, @code{buffer-substring} |
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3212 does not call the @code{buffer-access-fontify-functions} functions. It |
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3213 assumes these characters already have the right text properties, and |
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3214 just copies the properties they already have. |
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3215 |
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|
3216 The normal way to use this feature is that the |
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|
3217 @code{buffer-access-fontify-functions} functions add this property, as |
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|
3218 well as others, to the characters they operate on. That way, they avoid |
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3219 being called over and over for the same text. |
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3220 @end defvar |
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3221 |
21007
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3222 @node Clickable Text |
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3223 @subsection Defining Clickable Text |
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3224 @cindex clickable text |
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3225 |
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3226 There are two ways to set up @dfn{clickable text} in a buffer. |
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3227 There are typically two parts of this: to make the text highlight |
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3228 when the mouse is over it, and to make a mouse button do something |
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3229 when you click it on that part of the text. |
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3230 |
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3231 Highlighting is done with the @code{mouse-face} text property. |
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3232 Here is an example of how Dired does it: |
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3233 |
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3234 @smallexample |
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3235 (condition-case nil |
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3236 (if (dired-move-to-filename) |
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3237 (put-text-property (point) |
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3238 (save-excursion |
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3239 (dired-move-to-end-of-filename) |
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3240 (point)) |
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3241 'mouse-face 'highlight)) |
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3242 (error nil)) |
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3243 @end smallexample |
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3244 |
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3245 @noindent |
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3246 The first two arguments to @code{put-text-property} specify the |
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3247 beginning and end of the text. |
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3248 |
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3249 The usual way to make the mouse do something when you click it |
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3250 on this text is to define @code{mouse-2} in the major mode's |
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3251 keymap. The job of checking whether the click was on clickable text |
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3252 is done by the command definition. Here is how Dired does it: |
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3253 |
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3254 @smallexample |
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3255 (defun dired-mouse-find-file-other-window (event) |
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3256 "In dired, visit the file or directory name you click on." |
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3257 (interactive "e") |
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3258 (let (file) |
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3259 (save-excursion |
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3260 (set-buffer (window-buffer (posn-window (event-end event)))) |
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3261 (save-excursion |
21682
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3262 (goto-char (posn-point (event-end event))) |
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3263 (setq file (dired-get-filename)))) |
21007
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3264 (select-window (posn-window (event-end event))) |
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3265 (find-file-other-window (file-name-sans-versions file t)))) |
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3266 @end smallexample |
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3267 |
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3268 @noindent |
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3269 The reason for the outer @code{save-excursion} construct is to avoid |
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3270 changing the current buffer; the reason for the inner one is to avoid |
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3271 permanently altering point in the buffer you click on. In this case, |
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3272 Dired uses the function @code{dired-get-filename} to determine which |
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3273 file to visit, based on the position found in the event. |
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|
3274 |
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|
3275 Instead of defining a mouse command for the major mode, you can define |
31586 | 3276 a key binding for the clickable text itself, using the @code{keymap} |
29102 | 3277 text property: |
21007
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3278 |
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|
3279 @example |
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3280 (let ((map (make-sparse-keymap))) |
31586 | 3281 (define-key map [mouse-2] 'operate-this-button) |
21007
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3282 (put-text-property (point) |
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3283 (save-excursion |
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3284 (dired-move-to-end-of-filename) |
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3285 (point)) |
31586 | 3286 'keymap map)) |
21007
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3287 @end example |
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3288 |
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3289 @noindent |
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3290 This method makes it possible to define different commands for various |
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3291 clickable pieces of text. Also, the major mode definition (or the |
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3292 global definition) remains available for the rest of the text in the |
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3293 buffer. |
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|
3294 |
26696
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|
3295 @node Fields |
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3296 @subsection Defining and Using Fields |
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|
3297 @cindex fields |
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|
3298 |
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3299 A field is a range of consecutive characters in the buffer that are |
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|
3300 identified by having the same value (comparing with @code{eq}) of the |
32091 | 3301 @code{field} property (either a text-property or an overlay property). |
3302 This section describes special functions that are available for | |
3303 operating on fields. | |
26696
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3304 |
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3305 You specify a field with a buffer position, @var{pos}. We think of |
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|
3306 each field as containing a range of buffer positions, so the position |
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|
3307 you specify stands for the field containing that position. |
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|
3308 |
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|
3309 When the characters before and after @var{pos} are part of the same |
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3310 field, there is no doubt which field contains @var{pos}: the one those |
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3311 characters both belong to. When @var{pos} is at a boundary between |
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3312 fields, which field it belongs to depends on the stickiness of the |
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|
3313 @code{field} properties of the two surrounding characters (@pxref{Sticky |
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|
3314 Properties}). The field whose property would be inherited by text |
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|
3315 inserted at @var{pos} is the field that contains @var{pos}. |
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3316 |
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|
3317 There is an anomalous case where newly inserted text at @var{pos} |
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|
3318 would not inherit the @code{field} property from either side. This |
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|
3319 happens if the previous character's @code{field} property is not |
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|
3320 rear-sticky, and the following character's @code{field} property is not |
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3321 front-sticky. In this case, @var{pos} belongs to neither the preceding |
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|
3322 field nor the following field; the field functions treat it as belonging |
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3323 to an empty field whose beginning and end are both at @var{pos}. |
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3324 |
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|
3325 In all of these functions, if @var{pos} is omitted or @code{nil}, the |
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3326 value of point is used by default. |
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3327 |
41490
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(Fields): Describe new `limit' arg in field-beginning/field-end.
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|
3328 @defun field-beginning &optional pos escape-from-edge limit |
26696
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|
3329 @tindex field-beginning |
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|
3330 This function returns the beginning of the field specified by @var{pos}. |
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3331 |
32091 | 3332 If @var{pos} is at the beginning of its field, and |
3333 @var{escape-from-edge} is non-@code{nil}, then the return value is | |
3334 always the beginning of the preceding field that @emph{ends} at @var{pos}, | |
3335 regardless of the stickiness of the @code{field} properties around | |
3336 @var{pos}. | |
41490
794e4afabce0
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|
3337 |
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(Fields): Describe new `limit' arg in field-beginning/field-end.
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|
3338 If @var{limit} is non-@code{nil}, it is a buffer position; if the |
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|
3339 beginning of the field is before @var{limit}, then @var{limit} will be |
794e4afabce0
(Fields): Describe new `limit' arg in field-beginning/field-end.
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|
3340 returned instead. |
26696
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|
3341 @end defun |
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3342 |
41490
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|
3343 @defun field-end &optional pos escape-from-edge limit |
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3344 @tindex field-end |
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3345 This function returns the end of the field specified by @var{pos}. |
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3346 |
32091 | 3347 If @var{pos} is at the end of its field, and @var{escape-from-edge} is |
3348 non-@code{nil}, then the return value is always the end of the following | |
3349 field that @emph{begins} at @var{pos}, regardless of the stickiness of | |
3350 the @code{field} properties around @var{pos}. | |
41490
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3351 |
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3352 If @var{limit} is non-@code{nil}, it is a buffer position; if the end |
794e4afabce0
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3353 of the field is after @var{limit}, then @var{limit} will be returned |
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3354 instead. |
26696
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3355 @end defun |
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3356 |
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3357 @defun field-string &optional pos |
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3358 @tindex field-string |
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3359 This function returns the contents of the field specified by @var{pos}, |
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3360 as a string. |
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3361 @end defun |
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3362 |
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3363 @defun field-string-no-properties &optional pos |
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3364 @tindex field-string-no-properties |
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3365 This function returns the contents of the field specified by @var{pos}, |
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3366 as a string, discarding text properties. |
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3367 @end defun |
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3368 |
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3369 @defun delete-field &optional pos |
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3370 @tindex delete-field |
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3371 This function deletes the text of the field specified by @var{pos}. |
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3372 @end defun |
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3373 |
32091 | 3374 @defun constrain-to-field new-pos old-pos &optional escape-from-edge only-in-line inhibit-capture-property |
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3375 @tindex constrain-to-field |
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3376 This function ``constrains'' @var{new-pos} to the field that |
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3377 @var{old-pos} belongs to---in other words, it returns the position |
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3378 closest to @var{new-pos} that is in the same field as @var{old-pos}. |
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3379 |
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|
3380 If @var{new-pos} is @code{nil}, then @code{constrain-to-field} uses |
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3381 the value of point instead, and moves point to the resulting position. |
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3382 |
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3383 If @var{old-pos} is at the boundary of two fields, then the acceptable |
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3384 positions for @var{new-pos} depend on the value of the optional argument |
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3385 @var{escape-from-edge}. If @var{escape-from-edge} is @code{nil}, then |
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3386 @var{new-pos} is constrained to the field that has the same @code{field} |
32091 | 3387 property (either a text-property or an overlay property) that new |
3388 characters inserted at @var{old-pos} would get. (This depends on the | |
3389 stickiness of the @code{field} property for the characters before and | |
3390 after @var{old-pos}.) If @var{escape-from-edge} is non-@code{nil}, | |
3391 @var{new-pos} is constrained to the union of the two adjacent fields. | |
3392 Additionally, if two fields are separated by another field with the | |
3393 special value @code{boundary}, then any point within this special field | |
3394 is also considered to be ``on the boundary.'' | |
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3395 |
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3396 If the optional argument @var{only-in-line} is non-@code{nil}, and |
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|
3397 constraining @var{new-pos} in the usual way would move it to a different |
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3398 line, @var{new-pos} is returned unconstrained. This used in commands |
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3399 that move by line, such as @code{next-line} and |
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|
3400 @code{beginning-of-line}, so that they respect field boundaries only in |
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|
3401 the case where they can still move to the right line. |
32091 | 3402 |
3403 If the optional argument @var{inhibit-capture-property} is | |
3404 non-@code{nil}, and @var{old-pos} has a non-@code{nil} property of that | |
3405 name, then any field boundaries are ignored. | |
3406 | |
3407 You can cause @code{constrain-to-field} to ignore all field boundaries | |
3408 (and so never constrain anything) by binding the variable | |
51702
82502bf293e0
(Buffer Contents): Document current-word.
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|
3409 @code{inhibit-field-text-motion} to a non-@code{nil} value. |
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3410 @end defun |
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3411 |
6558 | 3412 @node Not Intervals |
3413 @subsection Why Text Properties are not Intervals | |
3414 @cindex intervals | |
3415 | |
3416 Some editors that support adding attributes to text in the buffer do | |
3417 so by letting the user specify ``intervals'' within the text, and adding | |
3418 the properties to the intervals. Those editors permit the user or the | |
3419 programmer to determine where individual intervals start and end. We | |
3420 deliberately provided a different sort of interface in Emacs Lisp to | |
3421 avoid certain paradoxical behavior associated with text modification. | |
3422 | |
3423 If the actual subdivision into intervals is meaningful, that means you | |
3424 can distinguish between a buffer that is just one interval with a | |
3425 certain property, and a buffer containing the same text subdivided into | |
3426 two intervals, both of which have that property. | |
3427 | |
3428 Suppose you take the buffer with just one interval and kill part of | |
3429 the text. The text remaining in the buffer is one interval, and the | |
3430 copy in the kill ring (and the undo list) becomes a separate interval. | |
3431 Then if you yank back the killed text, you get two intervals with the | |
3432 same properties. Thus, editing does not preserve the distinction | |
3433 between one interval and two. | |
3434 | |
3435 Suppose we ``fix'' this problem by coalescing the two intervals when | |
3436 the text is inserted. That works fine if the buffer originally was a | |
3437 single interval. But suppose instead that we have two adjacent | |
3438 intervals with the same properties, and we kill the text of one interval | |
3439 and yank it back. The same interval-coalescence feature that rescues | |
3440 the other case causes trouble in this one: after yanking, we have just | |
3441 one interval. One again, editing does not preserve the distinction | |
3442 between one interval and two. | |
3443 | |
3444 Insertion of text at the border between intervals also raises | |
3445 questions that have no satisfactory answer. | |
3446 | |
3447 However, it is easy to arrange for editing to behave consistently for | |
3448 questions of the form, ``What are the properties of this character?'' | |
3449 So we have decided these are the only questions that make sense; we have | |
3450 not implemented asking questions about where intervals start or end. | |
3451 | |
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3452 In practice, you can usually use the text property search functions in |
6558 | 3453 place of explicit interval boundaries. You can think of them as finding |
3454 the boundaries of intervals, assuming that intervals are always | |
3455 coalesced whenever possible. @xref{Property Search}. | |
3456 | |
3457 Emacs also provides explicit intervals as a presentation feature; see | |
3458 @ref{Overlays}. | |
3459 | |
3460 @node Substitution | |
3461 @section Substituting for a Character Code | |
3462 | |
3463 The following functions replace characters within a specified region | |
3464 based on their character codes. | |
3465 | |
3466 @defun subst-char-in-region start end old-char new-char &optional noundo | |
3467 @cindex replace characters | |
3468 This function replaces all occurrences of the character @var{old-char} | |
3469 with the character @var{new-char} in the region of the current buffer | |
3470 defined by @var{start} and @var{end}. | |
3471 | |
3472 @cindex undo avoidance | |
12098 | 3473 If @var{noundo} is non-@code{nil}, then @code{subst-char-in-region} does |
3474 not record the change for undo and does not mark the buffer as modified. | |
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3475 This was useful for controlling the old selective display feature |
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3476 (@pxref{Selective Display}). |
6558 | 3477 |
3478 @code{subst-char-in-region} does not move point and returns | |
3479 @code{nil}. | |
3480 | |
3481 @example | |
3482 @group | |
3483 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
3484 This is the contents of the buffer before. | |
3485 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
3486 @end group | |
3487 | |
3488 @group | |
3489 (subst-char-in-region 1 20 ?i ?X) | |
3490 @result{} nil | |
3491 | |
3492 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
3493 ThXs Xs the contents of the buffer before. | |
3494 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
3495 @end group | |
3496 @end example | |
3497 @end defun | |
3498 | |
3499 @defun translate-region start end table | |
3500 This function applies a translation table to the characters in the | |
3501 buffer between positions @var{start} and @var{end}. | |
3502 | |
3503 The translation table @var{table} is a string; @code{(aref @var{table} | |
3504 @var{ochar})} gives the translated character corresponding to | |
3505 @var{ochar}. If the length of @var{table} is less than 256, any | |
3506 characters with codes larger than the length of @var{table} are not | |
3507 altered by the translation. | |
3508 | |
3509 The return value of @code{translate-region} is the number of | |
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3510 characters that were actually changed by the translation. This does |
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3511 not count characters that were mapped into themselves in the |
6558 | 3512 translation table. |
3513 @end defun | |
3514 | |
3515 @node Registers | |
3516 @section Registers | |
3517 @cindex registers | |
3518 | |
3519 A register is a sort of variable used in Emacs editing that can hold a | |
21682
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3520 variety of different kinds of values. Each register is named by a |
27374
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3521 single character. All @sc{ascii} characters and their meta variants |
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3522 (but with the exception of @kbd{C-g}) can be used to name registers. |
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3523 Thus, there are 255 possible registers. A register is designated in |
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3524 Emacs Lisp by the character that is its name. |
6558 | 3525 |
3526 @defvar register-alist | |
3527 This variable is an alist of elements of the form @code{(@var{name} . | |
3528 @var{contents})}. Normally, there is one element for each Emacs | |
3529 register that has been used. | |
3530 | |
3531 The object @var{name} is a character (an integer) identifying the | |
21682
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3532 register. |
6558 | 3533 @end defvar |
3534 | |
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3535 The @var{contents} of a register can have several possible types: |
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3536 |
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3537 @table @asis |
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3538 @item a number |
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3539 A number stands for itself. If @code{insert-register} finds a number |
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3540 in the register, it converts the number to decimal. |
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3541 |
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3542 @item a marker |
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3543 A marker represents a buffer position to jump to. |
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3544 |
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3545 @item a string |
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3546 A string is text saved in the register. |
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3547 |
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3548 @item a rectangle |
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3549 A rectangle is represented by a list of strings. |
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3550 |
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3551 @item @code{(@var{window-configuration} @var{position})} |
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3552 This represents a window configuration to restore in one frame, and a |
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3553 position to jump to in the current buffer. |
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3554 |
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3555 @item @code{(@var{frame-configuration} @var{position})} |
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3556 This represents a frame configuration to restore, and a position |
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3557 to jump to in the current buffer. |
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3558 |
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3559 @item (file @var{filename}) |
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3560 This represents a file to visit; jumping to this value visits file |
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3561 @var{filename}. |
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3562 |
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3563 @item (file-query @var{filename} @var{position}) |
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3564 This represents a file to visit and a position in it; jumping to this |
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3565 value visits file @var{filename} and goes to buffer position |
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3566 @var{position}. Restoring this type of position asks the user for |
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|
3567 confirmation first. |
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3568 @end table |
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3569 |
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3570 The functions in this section return unpredictable values unless |
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3571 otherwise stated. |
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|
3572 |
6558 | 3573 @defun get-register reg |
3574 This function returns the contents of the register | |
3575 @var{reg}, or @code{nil} if it has no contents. | |
3576 @end defun | |
3577 | |
3578 @defun set-register reg value | |
3579 This function sets the contents of register @var{reg} to @var{value}. | |
3580 A register can be set to any value, but the other register functions | |
3581 expect only certain data types. The return value is @var{value}. | |
3582 @end defun | |
3583 | |
3584 @deffn Command view-register reg | |
3585 This command displays what is contained in register @var{reg}. | |
3586 @end deffn | |
3587 | |
3588 @ignore | |
3589 @deffn Command point-to-register reg | |
3590 This command stores both the current location of point and the current | |
3591 buffer in register @var{reg} as a marker. | |
3592 @end deffn | |
3593 | |
3594 @deffn Command jump-to-register reg | |
3595 @deffnx Command register-to-point reg | |
3596 @comment !!SourceFile register.el | |
3597 This command restores the status recorded in register @var{reg}. | |
3598 | |
3599 If @var{reg} contains a marker, it moves point to the position stored in | |
3600 the marker. Since both the buffer and the location within the buffer | |
3601 are stored by the @code{point-to-register} function, this command can | |
3602 switch you to another buffer. | |
3603 | |
3604 If @var{reg} contains a window configuration or a frame configuration. | |
3605 @code{jump-to-register} restores that configuration. | |
3606 @end deffn | |
3607 @end ignore | |
3608 | |
3609 @deffn Command insert-register reg &optional beforep | |
3610 This command inserts contents of register @var{reg} into the current | |
3611 buffer. | |
3612 | |
3613 Normally, this command puts point before the inserted text, and the | |
3614 mark after it. However, if the optional second argument @var{beforep} | |
3615 is non-@code{nil}, it puts the mark before and point after. | |
3616 You can pass a non-@code{nil} second argument @var{beforep} to this | |
3617 function interactively by supplying any prefix argument. | |
3618 | |
3619 If the register contains a rectangle, then the rectangle is inserted | |
3620 with its upper left corner at point. This means that text is inserted | |
3621 in the current line and underneath it on successive lines. | |
3622 | |
3623 If the register contains something other than saved text (a string) or | |
3624 a rectangle (a list), currently useless things happen. This may be | |
3625 changed in the future. | |
3626 @end deffn | |
3627 | |
3628 @ignore | |
3629 @deffn Command copy-to-register reg start end &optional delete-flag | |
3630 This command copies the region from @var{start} to @var{end} into | |
3631 register @var{reg}. If @var{delete-flag} is non-@code{nil}, it deletes | |
3632 the region from the buffer after copying it into the register. | |
3633 @end deffn | |
3634 | |
3635 @deffn Command prepend-to-register reg start end &optional delete-flag | |
3636 This command prepends the region from @var{start} to @var{end} into | |
3637 register @var{reg}. If @var{delete-flag} is non-@code{nil}, it deletes | |
3638 the region from the buffer after copying it to the register. | |
3639 @end deffn | |
3640 | |
3641 @deffn Command append-to-register reg start end &optional delete-flag | |
3642 This command appends the region from @var{start} to @var{end} to the | |
3643 text already in register @var{reg}. If @var{delete-flag} is | |
3644 non-@code{nil}, it deletes the region from the buffer after copying it | |
3645 to the register. | |
3646 @end deffn | |
3647 | |
3648 @deffn Command copy-rectangle-to-register reg start end &optional delete-flag | |
3649 This command copies a rectangular region from @var{start} to @var{end} | |
3650 into register @var{reg}. If @var{delete-flag} is non-@code{nil}, it | |
3651 deletes the region from the buffer after copying it to the register. | |
3652 @end deffn | |
3653 | |
3654 @deffn Command window-configuration-to-register reg | |
3655 This function stores the window configuration of the selected frame in | |
3656 register @var{reg}. | |
3657 @end deffn | |
3658 | |
3659 @deffn Command frame-configuration-to-register reg | |
3660 This function stores the current frame configuration in register | |
3661 @var{reg}. | |
3662 @end deffn | |
3663 @end ignore | |
3664 | |
7735
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3665 @node Transposition |
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3666 @section Transposition of Text |
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3667 |
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3668 This subroutine is used by the transposition commands. |
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3669 |
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3670 @defun transpose-regions start1 end1 start2 end2 &optional leave-markers |
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3671 This function exchanges two nonoverlapping portions of the buffer. |
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3672 Arguments @var{start1} and @var{end1} specify the bounds of one portion |
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3673 and arguments @var{start2} and @var{end2} specify the bounds of the |
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3674 other portion. |
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3675 |
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3676 Normally, @code{transpose-regions} relocates markers with the transposed |
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3677 text; a marker previously positioned within one of the two transposed |
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3678 portions moves along with that portion, thus remaining between the same |
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3679 two characters in their new position. However, if @var{leave-markers} |
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3680 is non-@code{nil}, @code{transpose-regions} does not do this---it leaves |
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3681 all markers unrelocated. |
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3682 @end defun |
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3683 |
24951
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3684 @node Base 64 |
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3685 @section Base 64 Encoding |
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3686 @cindex base 64 encoding |
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3687 |
39168 | 3688 Base 64 code is used in email to encode a sequence of 8-bit bytes as |
3689 a longer sequence of @sc{ascii} graphic characters. It is defined in | |
39208
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(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
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|
3690 Internet RFC@footnote{ |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
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|
3691 An RFC, an acronym for @dfn{Request for Comments}, is a numbered |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
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|
3692 Internet informational document describing a standard. RFCs are |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
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parents:
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|
3693 usually written by technical experts acting on their own initiative, |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
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|
3694 and are traditionally written in a pragmatic, experience-driven |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
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|
3695 manner. |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
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|
3696 }2045. This section describes the functions for |
39168 | 3697 converting to and from this code. |
24951
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3698 |
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3699 @defun base64-encode-region beg end &optional no-line-break |
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3700 @tindex base64-encode-region |
33911 | 3701 This function converts the region from @var{beg} to @var{end} into base |
3702 64 code. It returns the length of the encoded text. An error is | |
3703 signaled if a character in the region is multibyte, i.e.@: in a | |
3704 multibyte buffer the region must contain only characters from the | |
3705 charsets @code{ascii}, @code{eight-bit-control} and | |
3706 @code{eight-bit-graphic}. | |
24951
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3707 |
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3708 Normally, this function inserts newline characters into the encoded |
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3709 text, to avoid overlong lines. However, if the optional argument |
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3710 @var{no-line-break} is non-@code{nil}, these newlines are not added, so |
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3711 the output is just one long line. |
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3712 @end defun |
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3713 |
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3714 @defun base64-encode-string string &optional no-line-break |
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3715 @tindex base64-encode-string |
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3716 This function converts the string @var{string} into base 64 code. It |
33911 | 3717 returns a string containing the encoded text. As for |
3718 @code{base64-encode-region}, an error is signaled if a character in the | |
3719 string is multibyte. | |
24951
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3720 |
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3721 Normally, this function inserts newline characters into the encoded |
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3722 text, to avoid overlong lines. However, if the optional argument |
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3723 @var{no-line-break} is non-@code{nil}, these newlines are not added, so |
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3724 the result string is just one long line. |
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3725 @end defun |
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3726 |
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3727 @defun base64-decode-region beg end |
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3728 @tindex base64-decode-region |
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3729 This function converts the region from @var{beg} to @var{end} from base |
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3730 64 code into the corresponding decoded text. It returns the length of |
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3731 the decoded text. |
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3732 |
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3733 The decoding functions ignore newline characters in the encoded text. |
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3734 @end defun |
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3735 |
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3736 @defun base64-decode-string string |
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3737 @tindex base64-decode-string |
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3738 This function converts the string @var{string} from base 64 code into |
51446
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3739 the corresponding decoded text. It returns a unibyte string containing the |
24951
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3740 decoded text. |
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3741 |
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3742 The decoding functions ignore newline characters in the encoded text. |
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3743 @end defun |
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3744 |
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|
3745 @node MD5 Checksum |
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3746 @section MD5 Checksum |
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|
3747 @cindex MD5 checksum |
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|
3748 @cindex message digest computation |
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3749 |
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|
3750 MD5 cryptographic checksums, or @dfn{message digests}, are 128-bit |
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|
3751 ``fingerprints'' of a document or program. They are used to verify |
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|
3752 that you have an exact and unaltered copy of the data. The algorithm |
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|
3753 to calculate the MD5 message digest is defined in Internet |
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|
3754 RFC@footnote{ |
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|
3755 For an explanation of what is an RFC, see the footnote in @ref{Base |
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|
3756 64}. |
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|
3757 }1321. This section describes the Emacs facilities for computing |
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|
3758 message digests. |
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|
3759 |
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|
3760 @defun md5 object &optional start end coding-system noerror |
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|
3761 This function returns the MD5 message digest of @var{object}, which |
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|
3762 should be a buffer or a string. |
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|
3763 |
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|
3764 The two optional arguments @var{start} and @var{end} are character |
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|
3765 positions specifying the portion of @var{object} to compute the |
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|
3766 message digest for. If they are @code{nil} or omitted, the digest is |
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diff
changeset
|
3767 computed for the whole of @var{object}. |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
3768 |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
3769 The function @code{md5} does not compute the message digest directly |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
3770 from the internal Emacs representation of the text (@pxref{Text |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
3771 Representations}). Instead, it encodes the text using a coding |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
3772 system, and computes the message digest from the encoded text. The |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
3773 optional fourth argument @var{coding-system} specifies which coding |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
3774 system to use for encoding the text. It should be the same coding |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
3775 system that you used to read the text, or that you used or will use |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
3776 when saving or sending the text. @xref{Coding Systems}, for more |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
3777 information about coding systems. |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
3778 |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
3779 If @var{coding-system} is @code{nil} or omitted, the default depends |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
3780 on @var{object}. If @var{object} is a buffer, the default for |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
3781 @var{coding-system} is whatever coding system would be chosen by |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
3782 default for writing this text into a file. If @var{object} is a |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
3783 string, the user's most preferred coding system (@pxref{Recognize |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
3784 Coding, prefer-coding-system, the description of |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
3785 @code{prefer-coding-system}, emacs, GNU Emacs Manual}) is used. |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
3786 |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
3787 Normally, @code{md5} signals an error if the text can't be encoded |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
3788 using the specified or chosen coding system. However, if |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
3789 @var{noerror} is non-@code{nil}, it silently uses @code{raw-text} |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
3790 coding instead. |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
3791 @end defun |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
3792 |
52192
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(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3793 @node Atomic Changes |
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(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3794 @section Atomic Change Groups |
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(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3795 @cindex atomic changes |
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(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3796 |
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(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3797 In data base terminology, an @dfn{atomic} change is an indivisible |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3798 change---it can succeed entirely or it can fail entirely, but it |
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(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3799 cannot partly succeed. A Lisp program can make a series of changes to |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3800 one or several buffers as an @dfn{atomic change group}, meaning that |
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(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
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|
3801 either the entire series of changes will be installed in their buffers |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3802 or, in case of an error, none of them will be. |
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(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
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parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3803 |
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(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3804 To do this for one buffer, the one already current, simply write a |
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(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3805 call to @code{atomic-change-group} around the code that makes the |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3806 changes, like this: |
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(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3807 |
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(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3808 @example |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3809 (atomic-change-group |
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(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3810 (insert foo) |
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(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3811 (delete-region x y)) |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3812 @end example |
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(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3813 |
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(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3814 @noindent |
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(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3815 If an error (or other nonlocal exit) occurs inside the body of |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3816 @code{atomic-change-group}, it unmakes all the changes in that buffer |
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(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3817 that were during the execution of the body. This kind of change group |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3818 has no effect on any other buffers--any such changes remain. |
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(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3819 |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3820 If you need something more sophisticated, such as to make changes in |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3821 various buffers constitute one atomic group, you must directly call |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3822 lower-level functions that @code{atomic-change-group} uses. |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3823 |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3824 @defun prepare-change-group &optional buffer |
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(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3825 This function sets up a change group for buffer @var{buffer}, which |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3826 defaults to the current buffer. It returns a ``handle'' that |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3827 represents the change group. You must use this handle to activate the |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3828 change group and subsequently to finish it. |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3829 @end defun |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3830 |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3831 To use the change group, you must @dfn{activate} it. You must do |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3832 this before making any changes in the text of @var{buffer}. |
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(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3833 |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3834 @defun activate-change-group handle |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3835 This function activates the change group that @var{handle} designates. |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3836 @end defun |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3837 |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3838 After you activate the change group, any changes you make in that |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3839 buffer become part of it. Once you have made all the desired changes |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3840 in the buffer, you must @dfn{finish} the change group. There are two |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3841 ways to do this: you can either accept (and finalize) all the changes, |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3842 or cancel them all. |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3843 |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3844 @defun accept-change-group handle |
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(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3845 This function accepts all the changes in the change group specified by |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3846 @var{handle}, making them final. |
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(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3847 @end defun |
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(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3848 |
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(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3849 @defun cancel-change-group handle |
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(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3850 This function cancels and undoes all the changes in the change group |
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(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3851 specified by @var{handle}. |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3852 @end defun |
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(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3853 |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3854 Your code should use @code{unwind-protect} to make sure the group is |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3855 always finished. The call to @code{activate-change-group} should be |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3856 inside the @code{unwind-protect}, in case the user types @kbd{C-g} |
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(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3857 just after it runs. (This is one reason why |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3858 @code{prepare-change-group} and @code{activate-change-group} are |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3859 separate functions, because normally you would call |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3860 @code{prepare-change-group} before the start of that |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3861 @code{unwind-protect}.) Once you finish the group, don't use the |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
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51911
diff
changeset
|
3862 handle again---in particular, don't try to finish the same group |
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(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
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parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3863 twice. |
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(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
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parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3864 |
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(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
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51911
diff
changeset
|
3865 To make a multibuffer change group, call @code{prepare-change-group} |
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3866 once for each buffer you want to cover, then use @code{nconc} to |
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(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
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51911
diff
changeset
|
3867 combine the returned values, like this: |
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(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
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parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
3868 |
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diff
changeset
|
3869 @example |
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diff
changeset
|
3870 (nconc (prepare-change-group buffer-1) |
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diff
changeset
|
3871 (prepare-change-group buffer-2)) |
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(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
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diff
changeset
|
3872 @end example |
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(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
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diff
changeset
|
3873 |
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3874 You can then activate the multibuffer change group with a single call |
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3875 to @code{activate-change-group}, and finish it with a single call to |
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3876 @code{accept-change-group} or @code{cancel-change-group}. |
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3877 |
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3878 Nested use of several change groups for the same buffer works as you |
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3879 would expect. Non-nested use of change groups for the same buffer |
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3880 will get Emacs confused, so don't let it happen; the first change |
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3881 group you start for any given buffer should be the last one finished. |
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3882 |
6558 | 3883 @node Change Hooks |
3884 @section Change Hooks | |
3885 @cindex change hooks | |
3886 @cindex hooks for text changes | |
3887 | |
3888 These hook variables let you arrange to take notice of all changes in | |
3889 all buffers (or in a particular buffer, if you make them buffer-local). | |
3890 See also @ref{Special Properties}, for how to detect changes to specific | |
3891 parts of the text. | |
3892 | |
3893 The functions you use in these hooks should save and restore the match | |
3894 data if they do anything that uses regular expressions; otherwise, they | |
3895 will interfere in bizarre ways with the editing operations that call | |
3896 them. | |
3897 | |
6782
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3898 @defvar before-change-functions |
21007
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3899 This variable holds a list of functions to call before any buffer |
6782
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3900 modification. Each function gets two arguments, the beginning and end |
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3901 of the region that is about to change, represented as integers. The |
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3902 buffer that is about to change is always the current buffer. |
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3903 @end defvar |
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3904 |
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3905 @defvar after-change-functions |
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3906 This variable holds a list of functions to call after any buffer |
6782
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3907 modification. Each function receives three arguments: the beginning and |
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3908 end of the region just changed, and the length of the text that existed |
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3909 before the change. All three arguments are integers. The buffer that's |
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3910 about to change is always the current buffer. |
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3911 |
22252
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3912 The length of the old text is the difference between the buffer positions |
22138
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3913 before and after that text as it was before the change. As for the |
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3914 changed text, its length is simply the difference between the first two |
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3915 arguments. |
6782
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3916 @end defvar |
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3917 |
51702
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3918 Output of messges into the @samp{*Messages*} buffer does not |
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3919 call these functions. |
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3920 |
22138
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3921 @defmac combine-after-change-calls body... |
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3922 The macro executes @var{body} normally, but arranges to call the |
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3923 after-change functions just once for a series of several changes---if |
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3924 that seems safe. |
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3925 |
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3926 If a program makes several text changes in the same area of the buffer, |
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3927 using the macro @code{combine-after-change-calls} around that part of |
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3928 the program can make it run considerably faster when after-change hooks |
21682
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3929 are in use. When the after-change hooks are ultimately called, the |
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3930 arguments specify a portion of the buffer including all of the changes |
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3931 made within the @code{combine-after-change-calls} body. |
21007
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3932 |
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3933 @strong{Warning:} You must not alter the values of |
31079 | 3934 @code{after-change-functions} within |
21007
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3935 the body of a @code{combine-after-change-calls} form. |
21682
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3936 |
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3937 @strong{Note:} If the changes you combine occur in widely scattered |
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3938 parts of the buffer, this will still work, but it is not advisable, |
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3939 because it may lead to inefficient behavior for some change hook |
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3940 functions. |
21007
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3941 @end defmac |
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3942 |
31079 | 3943 The two variables above are temporarily bound to @code{nil} during the |
6782
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3944 time that any of these functions is running. This means that if one of |
6558 | 3945 these functions changes the buffer, that change won't run these |
6782
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3946 functions. If you do want a hook function to make changes that run |
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3947 these functions, make it bind these variables back to their usual |
6558 | 3948 values. |
3949 | |
7735
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3950 One inconvenient result of this protective feature is that you cannot |
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3951 have a function in @code{after-change-functions} or |
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3952 @code{before-change-functions} which changes the value of that variable. |
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3953 But that's not a real limitation. If you want those functions to change |
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3954 the list of functions to run, simply add one fixed function to the hook, |
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3955 and code that function to look in another variable for other functions |
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3956 to call. Here is an example: |
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3957 |
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3958 @example |
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3959 (setq my-own-after-change-functions nil) |
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3960 (defun indirect-after-change-function (beg end len) |
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3961 (let ((list my-own-after-change-functions)) |
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3962 (while list |
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3963 (funcall (car list) beg end len) |
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3964 (setq list (cdr list))))) |
21682
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3965 |
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3966 @group |
7735
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3967 (add-hooks 'after-change-functions |
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3968 'indirect-after-change-function) |
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3969 @end group |
7735
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3970 @end example |
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3971 |
6558 | 3972 @defvar first-change-hook |
3973 This variable is a normal hook that is run whenever a buffer is changed | |
3974 that was previously in the unmodified state. | |
3975 @end defvar | |
25751
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3976 |
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3977 @defvar inhibit-modification-hooks |
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3978 @tindex inhibit-modification-hooks |
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3979 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, all of the change hooks are |
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3980 disabled; none of them run. This affects all the hook variables |
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3981 described above in this section, as well as the hooks attached to |
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3982 certain special text properties (@pxref{Special Properties}) and overlay |
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3983 properties (@pxref{Overlay Properties}). |
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3984 |
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3985 This variable is available starting in Emacs 21. |
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3986 @end defvar |
52401 | 3987 |
3988 @ignore | |
3989 arch-tag: 3721e738-a1cb-4085-bc1a-6cb8d8e1d32b | |
3990 @end ignore |