Mercurial > emacs
annotate man/dired.texi @ 69202:2a2696d40bd5
(Top): Include "Load Suffixes" in the detailed menu.
author | Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu> |
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date | Tue, 28 Feb 2006 03:07:28 +0000 |
parents | f2765c96b850 |
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rev | line source |
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25829 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
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2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2000, 2001, |
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3 @c 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25829 | 4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
5 @node Dired, Calendar/Diary, Rmail, Top | |
6 @chapter Dired, the Directory Editor | |
7 @cindex Dired | |
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8 @cindex file management |
25829 | 9 |
10 Dired makes an Emacs buffer containing a listing of a directory, and | |
11 optionally some of its subdirectories as well. You can use the normal | |
12 Emacs commands to move around in this buffer, and special Dired commands | |
13 to operate on the files listed. | |
14 | |
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15 The Dired buffer is ``read-only,'' and inserting text in it is not |
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16 useful, so ordinary printing characters such as @kbd{d} and @kbd{x} are |
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17 used for special Dired commands. Some Dired commands @dfn{mark} or |
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18 @dfn{flag} the @dfn{current file} (that is, the file on the current |
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19 line); other commands operate on the marked files or on the flagged |
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20 files. |
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21 |
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22 The Dired-X package provides various extra features for Dired mode. |
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23 @xref{Top, Dired-X,,dired-x, Dired Extra Version 2 User's Manual}. |
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24 |
25829 | 25 @menu |
26 * Enter: Dired Enter. How to invoke Dired. | |
38745 | 27 * Navigation: Dired Navigation. Special motion commands in the Dired buffer. |
25829 | 28 * Deletion: Dired Deletion. Deleting files with Dired. |
29 * Flagging Many Files:: Flagging files based on their names. | |
30 * Visit: Dired Visiting. Other file operations through Dired. | |
31 * Marks vs Flags:: Flagging for deletion vs marking. | |
32 * Operating on Files:: How to copy, rename, print, compress, etc. | |
33 either one file or several files. | |
34 * Shell Commands in Dired:: Running a shell command on the marked files. | |
35 * Transforming File Names:: Using patterns to rename multiple files. | |
36 * Comparison in Dired:: Running `diff' by way of Dired. | |
37 * Subdirectories in Dired:: Adding subdirectories to the Dired buffer. | |
38 * Subdirectory Motion:: Moving across subdirectories, and up and down. | |
39 * Hiding Subdirectories:: Making subdirectories visible or invisible. | |
40 * Updating: Dired Updating. Discarding lines for files of no interest. | |
41 * Find: Dired and Find. Using `find' to choose the files for Dired. | |
61047 | 42 * Wdired:: Operating on files by editing the Dired buffer. |
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43 * Tumme:: Image file and thumbnail viewing and |
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44 manipulation from the Dired buffer. |
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45 * Misc: Misc Dired Features. Various other features. |
25829 | 46 @end menu |
47 | |
48 @node Dired Enter | |
49 @section Entering Dired | |
50 | |
51 @findex dired | |
52 @kindex C-x d | |
53 @vindex dired-listing-switches | |
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54 To invoke Dired, do @kbd{C-x d} or @kbd{M-x dired}. The command |
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55 reads a directory name or wildcard file name pattern as a minibuffer |
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56 argument to specify which files to list. @kbd{C-x C-f} given a |
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57 directory name also invokes Dired. Where @code{dired} differs from |
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58 @code{list-directory} is that it puts the buffer into Dired mode, so |
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59 that the special commands of Dired are available. |
25829 | 60 |
61 The variable @code{dired-listing-switches} specifies the options to | |
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62 give to @code{ls} for listing the directory; this string @emph{must} contain |
25829 | 63 @samp{-l}. If you use a numeric prefix argument with the @code{dired} |
64 command, you can specify the @code{ls} switches with the minibuffer | |
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65 before you enter the directory specification. No matter how they are |
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66 specified, the @code{ls} switches should all be short options (that |
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67 is, single characters) requiring no arguments. |
25829 | 68 |
69 @findex dired-other-window | |
70 @kindex C-x 4 d | |
71 @findex dired-other-frame | |
72 @kindex C-x 5 d | |
73 To display the Dired buffer in another window rather than in the | |
74 selected window, use @kbd{C-x 4 d} (@code{dired-other-window}) instead | |
75 of @kbd{C-x d}. @kbd{C-x 5 d} (@code{dired-other-frame}) uses a | |
76 separate frame to display the Dired buffer. | |
77 | |
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78 @node Dired Navigation |
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79 @section Navigation in the Dired Buffer |
25829 | 80 |
81 @kindex C-n @r{(Dired)} | |
82 @kindex C-p @r{(Dired)} | |
83 All the usual Emacs cursor motion commands are available in Dired | |
84 buffers. Some special-purpose cursor motion commands are also | |
85 provided. The keys @kbd{C-n} and @kbd{C-p} are redefined to put the | |
86 cursor at the beginning of the file name on the line, rather than at the | |
87 beginning of the line. | |
88 | |
89 @kindex SPC @r{(Dired)} | |
90 For extra convenience, @key{SPC} and @kbd{n} in Dired are equivalent | |
91 to @kbd{C-n}. @kbd{p} is equivalent to @kbd{C-p}. (Moving by lines is | |
92 so common in Dired that it deserves to be easy to type.) @key{DEL} | |
93 (move up and unflag) is often useful simply for moving up. | |
94 | |
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95 @findex dired-goto-file |
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96 @kindex M-g @r{(Dired)} |
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97 @kbd{M-g} (@code{dired-goto-file}) moves point to the line that |
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98 describes a specified file or directory. |
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99 |
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100 Some additional navigation commands are available when the Dired |
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101 buffer includes several directories. @xref{Subdirectory Motion}. |
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102 |
25829 | 103 @node Dired Deletion |
104 @section Deleting Files with Dired | |
105 @cindex flagging files (in Dired) | |
106 @cindex deleting files (in Dired) | |
107 | |
38745 | 108 One of the most frequent uses of Dired is to first @dfn{flag} files for |
109 deletion, then delete the files that were flagged. | |
25829 | 110 |
111 @table @kbd | |
112 @item d | |
113 Flag this file for deletion. | |
114 @item u | |
115 Remove deletion flag on this line. | |
116 @item @key{DEL} | |
117 Move point to previous line and remove the deletion flag on that line. | |
118 @item x | |
119 Delete the files that are flagged for deletion. | |
120 @end table | |
121 | |
122 @kindex d @r{(Dired)} | |
123 @findex dired-flag-file-deletion | |
124 You can flag a file for deletion by moving to the line describing the | |
125 file and typing @kbd{d} (@code{dired-flag-file-deletion}). The deletion flag is visible as a @samp{D} at | |
126 the beginning of the line. This command moves point to the next line, | |
127 so that repeated @kbd{d} commands flag successive files. A numeric | |
128 argument serves as a repeat count. | |
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129 |
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130 @cindex recursive deletion |
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131 @vindex dired-recursive-deletes |
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132 The variable @code{dired-recursive-deletes} controls whether the |
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133 delete command will delete non-empty directories (including their |
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134 contents). The default is to delete only empty directories. |
25829 | 135 |
136 @kindex u @r{(Dired deletion)} | |
137 @kindex DEL @r{(Dired)} | |
138 The files are flagged for deletion rather than deleted immediately to | |
139 reduce the danger of deleting a file accidentally. Until you direct | |
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140 Dired to delete the flagged files, you can remove deletion flags using |
25829 | 141 the commands @kbd{u} and @key{DEL}. @kbd{u} (@code{dired-unmark}) works |
142 just like @kbd{d}, but removes flags rather than making flags. | |
143 @key{DEL} (@code{dired-unmark-backward}) moves upward, removing flags; | |
144 it is like @kbd{u} with argument @minus{}1. | |
145 | |
146 @kindex x @r{(Dired)} | |
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147 @findex dired-do-flagged-delete |
25829 | 148 @cindex expunging (Dired) |
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149 To delete the flagged files, type @kbd{x} (@code{dired-do-flagged-delete}). |
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150 (This is also known as @dfn{expunging}.) |
25829 | 151 This command first displays a list of all the file names flagged for |
152 deletion, and requests confirmation with @kbd{yes}. If you confirm, | |
153 Dired deletes the flagged files, then deletes their lines from the text | |
154 of the Dired buffer. The shortened Dired buffer remains selected. | |
155 | |
156 If you answer @kbd{no} or quit with @kbd{C-g} when asked to confirm, you | |
157 return immediately to Dired, with the deletion flags still present in | |
158 the buffer, and no files actually deleted. | |
159 | |
160 @node Flagging Many Files | |
161 @section Flagging Many Files at Once | |
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162 @cindex flagging many files for deletion (in Dired) |
25829 | 163 |
164 @table @kbd | |
165 @item # | |
166 Flag all auto-save files (files whose names start and end with @samp{#}) | |
167 for deletion (@pxref{Auto Save}). | |
168 | |
169 @item ~ | |
170 Flag all backup files (files whose names end with @samp{~}) for deletion | |
171 (@pxref{Backup}). | |
172 | |
173 @item & | |
174 Flag for deletion all files with certain kinds of names, names that | |
175 suggest you could easily create the files again. | |
176 | |
177 @item .@: @r{(Period)} | |
178 Flag excess numeric backup files for deletion. The oldest and newest | |
179 few backup files of any one file are exempt; the middle ones are | |
180 flagged. | |
181 | |
182 @item % d @var{regexp} @key{RET} | |
183 Flag for deletion all files whose names match the regular expression | |
184 @var{regexp}. | |
185 @end table | |
186 | |
187 The @kbd{#}, @kbd{~}, @kbd{&}, and @kbd{.} commands flag many files for | |
188 deletion, based on their file names. These commands are useful | |
189 precisely because they do not themselves delete any files; you can | |
190 remove the deletion flags from any flagged files that you really wish to | |
191 keep.@refill | |
192 | |
193 @kindex & @r{(Dired)} | |
194 @findex dired-flag-garbage-files | |
195 @vindex dired-garbage-files-regexp | |
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196 @cindex deleting some backup files |
25829 | 197 @kbd{&} (@code{dired-flag-garbage-files}) flags files whose names |
198 match the regular expression specified by the variable | |
199 @code{dired-garbage-files-regexp}. By default, this matches certain | |
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200 files produced by @TeX{}, @samp{.bak} files, and the @samp{.orig} and |
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201 @samp{.rej} files produced by @code{patch}. |
25829 | 202 |
203 @kindex # @r{(Dired)} | |
204 @findex dired-flag-auto-save-files | |
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205 @cindex deleting auto-save files |
25829 | 206 @kbd{#} (@code{dired-flag-auto-save-files}) flags for deletion all |
207 files whose names look like auto-save files (@pxref{Auto Save})---that | |
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208 is, files whose names begin and end with @samp{#}. |
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209 |
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210 @kindex ~ @r{(Dired)} |
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211 @findex dired-flag-backup-files |
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212 @kbd{~} (@code{dired-flag-backup-files}) flags for deletion all files |
38745 | 213 whose names say they are backup files (@pxref{Backup})---that is, files |
214 whose names end in @samp{~}. | |
25829 | 215 |
216 @kindex . @r{(Dired)} | |
217 @vindex dired-kept-versions | |
218 @findex dired-clean-directory | |
219 @kbd{.} (period, @code{dired-clean-directory}) flags just some of the | |
220 backup files for deletion: all but the oldest few and newest few backups | |
221 of any one file. Normally @code{dired-kept-versions} (@strong{not} | |
222 @code{kept-new-versions}; that applies only when saving) specifies the | |
223 number of newest versions of each file to keep, and | |
224 @code{kept-old-versions} specifies the number of oldest versions to | |
225 keep. | |
226 | |
227 Period with a positive numeric argument, as in @kbd{C-u 3 .}, | |
228 specifies the number of newest versions to keep, overriding | |
229 @code{dired-kept-versions}. A negative numeric argument overrides | |
230 @code{kept-old-versions}, using minus the value of the argument to | |
231 specify the number of oldest versions of each file to keep. | |
232 | |
233 @findex dired-flag-files-regexp | |
234 @kindex % d @r{(Dired)} | |
235 The @kbd{% d} command flags all files whose names match a specified | |
236 regular expression (@code{dired-flag-files-regexp}). Only the | |
237 non-directory part of the file name is used in matching. You can use | |
238 @samp{^} and @samp{$} to anchor matches. You can exclude subdirectories | |
239 by hiding them (@pxref{Hiding Subdirectories}). | |
240 | |
241 @node Dired Visiting | |
242 @section Visiting Files in Dired | |
243 | |
244 There are several Dired commands for visiting or examining the files | |
245 listed in the Dired buffer. All of them apply to the current line's | |
246 file; if that file is really a directory, these commands invoke Dired on | |
247 that subdirectory (making a separate Dired buffer). | |
248 | |
249 @table @kbd | |
250 @item f | |
251 @kindex f @r{(Dired)} | |
252 @findex dired-find-file | |
253 Visit the file described on the current line, like typing @kbd{C-x C-f} | |
254 and supplying that file name (@code{dired-find-file}). @xref{Visiting}. | |
255 | |
256 @item @key{RET} | |
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257 @itemx e |
25829 | 258 @kindex RET @r{(Dired)} |
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259 @kindex e @r{(Dired)} |
25829 | 260 Equivalent to @kbd{f}. |
261 | |
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262 @ignore @c This command seems too risky to document at all. |
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263 @item a |
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264 @kindex a @r{(Dired)} |
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265 @findex dired-find-alternate-file |
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266 Like @kbd{f}, but replaces the contents of the Dired buffer with |
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267 that of an alternate file or directory (@code{dired-find-alternate-file}). |
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268 @end ignore |
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269 |
25829 | 270 @item o |
271 @kindex o @r{(Dired)} | |
272 @findex dired-find-file-other-window | |
273 Like @kbd{f}, but uses another window to display the file's buffer | |
274 (@code{dired-find-file-other-window}). The Dired buffer remains visible | |
275 in the first window. This is like using @kbd{C-x 4 C-f} to visit the | |
276 file. @xref{Windows}. | |
277 | |
278 @item C-o | |
279 @kindex C-o @r{(Dired)} | |
280 @findex dired-display-file | |
281 Visit the file described on the current line, and display the buffer in | |
282 another window, but do not select that window (@code{dired-display-file}). | |
283 | |
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284 @item Mouse-1 |
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285 @itemx Mouse-2 |
25829 | 286 @findex dired-mouse-find-file-other-window |
287 Visit the file named by the line you click on | |
288 (@code{dired-mouse-find-file-other-window}). This uses another window | |
289 to display the file, like the @kbd{o} command. | |
290 | |
291 @item v | |
292 @kindex v @r{(Dired)} | |
293 @findex dired-view-file | |
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294 View the file described on the current line, using @kbd{M-x view-file} |
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295 (@code{dired-view-file}). Viewing a file with @code{view-file} is |
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296 like visiting it, but is slanted toward moving around in the file |
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297 conveniently and does not allow changing the file. @xref{Misc File |
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298 Ops, View File, Miscellaneous File Operations}. |
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299 |
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300 @item ^ |
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301 @kindex ^ @r{(Dired)} |
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302 @findex dired-up-directory |
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303 Visit the parent directory of the current directory |
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304 (@code{dired-up-directory}). This is more convenient than moving to |
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305 the parent directory's line and typing @kbd{f} there. |
25829 | 306 @end table |
307 | |
308 @node Marks vs Flags | |
309 @section Dired Marks vs. Flags | |
310 | |
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311 @cindex marking many files (in Dired) |
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312 Instead of flagging a file with @samp{D}, you can @dfn{mark} the |
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313 file with some other character (usually @samp{*}). Most Dired |
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314 commands to operate on files use the files marked with @samp{*}, the |
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315 exception being @kbd{x} which deletes the flagged files. |
25829 | 316 |
317 Here are some commands for marking with @samp{*}, or for unmarking or | |
318 operating on marks. (@xref{Dired Deletion}, for commands to flag and | |
319 unflag files.) | |
320 | |
321 @table @kbd | |
322 @item m | |
323 @itemx * m | |
324 @kindex m @r{(Dired)} | |
325 @kindex * m @r{(Dired)} | |
326 @findex dired-mark | |
327 Mark the current file with @samp{*} (@code{dired-mark}). With a numeric | |
328 argument @var{n}, mark the next @var{n} files starting with the current | |
329 file. (If @var{n} is negative, mark the previous @minus{}@var{n} | |
330 files.) | |
331 | |
332 @item * * | |
333 @kindex * * @r{(Dired)} | |
334 @findex dired-mark-executables | |
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335 @cindex marking executable files (in Dired) |
25829 | 336 Mark all executable files with @samp{*} |
337 (@code{dired-mark-executables}). With a numeric argument, unmark all | |
338 those files. | |
339 | |
340 @item * @@ | |
341 @kindex * @@ @r{(Dired)} | |
342 @findex dired-mark-symlinks | |
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343 @cindex marking symbolic links (in Dired) |
25829 | 344 Mark all symbolic links with @samp{*} (@code{dired-mark-symlinks}). |
345 With a numeric argument, unmark all those files. | |
346 | |
347 @item * / | |
348 @kindex * / @r{(Dired)} | |
349 @findex dired-mark-directories | |
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350 @cindex marking subdirectories (in Dired) |
25829 | 351 Mark with @samp{*} all files which are actually directories, except for |
352 @file{.} and @file{..} (@code{dired-mark-directories}). With a numeric | |
353 argument, unmark all those files. | |
354 | |
355 @item * s | |
356 @kindex * s @r{(Dired)} | |
357 @findex dired-mark-subdir-files | |
358 Mark all the files in the current subdirectory, aside from @file{.} | |
359 and @file{..} (@code{dired-mark-subdir-files}). | |
360 | |
361 @item u | |
362 @itemx * u | |
363 @kindex u @r{(Dired)} | |
364 @kindex * u @r{(Dired)} | |
365 @findex dired-unmark | |
366 Remove any mark on this line (@code{dired-unmark}). | |
367 | |
368 @item @key{DEL} | |
369 @itemx * @key{DEL} | |
370 @kindex * DEL @r{(Dired)} | |
371 @findex dired-unmark-backward | |
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372 @cindex unmarking files (in Dired) |
25829 | 373 Move point to previous line and remove any mark on that line |
374 (@code{dired-unmark-backward}). | |
375 | |
376 @item * ! | |
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377 @itemx U |
25829 | 378 @kindex * ! @r{(Dired)} |
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379 @kindex U @r{(Dired)} |
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380 @findex dired-unmark-all-marks |
25829 | 381 Remove all marks from all the files in this Dired buffer |
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382 (@code{dired-unmark-all-marks}). |
25829 | 383 |
384 @item * ? @var{markchar} | |
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385 @itemx M-@key{DEL} |
25829 | 386 @kindex * ? @r{(Dired)} |
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387 @kindex M-DEL @r{(Dired)} |
25829 | 388 @findex dired-unmark-all-files |
389 Remove all marks that use the character @var{markchar} | |
390 (@code{dired-unmark-all-files}). The argument is a single | |
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391 character---do not use @key{RET} to terminate it. See the description |
36507 | 392 of the @kbd{* c} command below, which lets you replace one mark |
393 character with another. | |
25829 | 394 |
395 With a numeric argument, this command queries about each marked file, | |
396 asking whether to remove its mark. You can answer @kbd{y} meaning yes, | |
397 @kbd{n} meaning no, or @kbd{!} to remove the marks from the remaining | |
398 files without asking about them. | |
399 | |
400 @item * C-n | |
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401 @itemx M-@} |
25829 | 402 @findex dired-next-marked-file |
403 @kindex * C-n @r{(Dired)} | |
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404 @kindex M-@} @r{(Dired)} |
25829 | 405 Move down to the next marked file (@code{dired-next-marked-file}) |
406 A file is ``marked'' if it has any kind of mark. | |
407 | |
408 @item * C-p | |
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409 @itemx M-@{ |
25829 | 410 @findex dired-prev-marked-file |
411 @kindex * C-p @r{(Dired)} | |
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412 @kindex M-@{ @r{(Dired)} |
25829 | 413 Move up to the previous marked file (@code{dired-prev-marked-file}) |
414 | |
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415 @item t |
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416 @itemx * t |
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417 @kindex t @r{(Dired)} |
25829 | 418 @kindex * t @r{(Dired)} |
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419 @findex dired-toggle-marks |
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420 @cindex toggling marks (in Dired) |
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421 Toggle all marks (@code{dired-toggle-marks}): files marked with @samp{*} |
25829 | 422 become unmarked, and unmarked files are marked with @samp{*}. Files |
423 marked in any other way are not affected. | |
424 | |
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425 @item * c @var{old-markchar} @var{new-markchar} |
25829 | 426 @kindex * c @r{(Dired)} |
427 @findex dired-change-marks | |
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428 Replace all marks that use the character @var{old-markchar} with marks |
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429 that use the character @var{new-markchar} (@code{dired-change-marks}). |
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430 This command is the primary way to create or use marks other than |
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431 @samp{*} or @samp{D}. The arguments are single characters---do not use |
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432 @key{RET} to terminate them. |
25829 | 433 |
434 You can use almost any character as a mark character by means of this | |
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435 command, to distinguish various classes of files. If @var{old-markchar} |
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436 is a space (@samp{ }), then the command operates on all unmarked files; |
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437 if @var{new-markchar} is a space, then the command unmarks the files it |
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438 acts on. |
25829 | 439 |
440 To illustrate the power of this command, here is how to put @samp{D} | |
441 flags on all the files that have no marks, while unflagging all those | |
442 that already have @samp{D} flags: | |
443 | |
444 @example | |
445 * c D t * c SPC D * c t SPC | |
446 @end example | |
447 | |
36507 | 448 This assumes that no files were already marked with @samp{t}. |
25829 | 449 |
450 @item % m @var{regexp} @key{RET} | |
451 @itemx * % @var{regexp} @key{RET} | |
452 @findex dired-mark-files-regexp | |
453 @kindex % m @r{(Dired)} | |
454 @kindex * % @r{(Dired)} | |
455 Mark (with @samp{*}) all files whose names match the regular expression | |
456 @var{regexp} (@code{dired-mark-files-regexp}). This command is like | |
457 @kbd{% d}, except that it marks files with @samp{*} instead of flagging | |
458 with @samp{D}. @xref{Flagging Many Files}. | |
459 | |
460 Only the non-directory part of the file name is used in matching. Use | |
461 @samp{^} and @samp{$} to anchor matches. Exclude subdirectories by | |
462 hiding them (@pxref{Hiding Subdirectories}). | |
463 | |
464 @item % g @var{regexp} @key{RET} | |
465 @findex dired-mark-files-containing-regexp | |
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466 @kindex % g @r{(Dired)} |
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467 @cindex finding files containing regexp matches (in Dired) |
25829 | 468 Mark (with @samp{*}) all files whose @emph{contents} contain a match for |
469 the regular expression @var{regexp} | |
470 (@code{dired-mark-files-containing-regexp}). This command is like | |
471 @kbd{% m}, except that it searches the file contents instead of the file | |
472 name. | |
473 | |
474 @item C-_ | |
475 @kindex C-_ @r{(Dired)} | |
476 @findex dired-undo | |
477 Undo changes in the Dired buffer, such as adding or removing | |
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478 marks (@code{dired-undo}). @emph{This command does not revert the |
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479 actual file operations, nor recover lost files!} It just undoes |
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480 changes in the buffer itself. For example, if used after renaming one |
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481 or more files, @code{dired-undo} restores the original names, which |
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482 will get the Dired buffer out of sync with the actual contents of the |
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483 directory. |
25829 | 484 @end table |
485 | |
486 @node Operating on Files | |
487 @section Operating on Files | |
488 @cindex operating on files in Dired | |
489 | |
490 This section describes the basic Dired commands to operate on one file | |
491 or several files. All of these commands are capital letters; all of | |
492 them use the minibuffer, either to read an argument or to ask for | |
493 confirmation, before they act. All of them give you several ways to | |
494 specify which files to manipulate: | |
495 | |
496 @itemize @bullet | |
497 @item | |
498 If you give the command a numeric prefix argument @var{n}, it operates | |
499 on the next @var{n} files, starting with the current file. (If @var{n} | |
500 is negative, the command operates on the @minus{}@var{n} files preceding | |
501 the current line.) | |
502 | |
503 @item | |
504 Otherwise, if some files are marked with @samp{*}, the command operates | |
505 on all those files. | |
506 | |
507 @item | |
508 Otherwise, the command operates on the current file only. | |
509 @end itemize | |
510 | |
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511 @vindex dired-dwim-target |
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512 @cindex two directories (in Dired) |
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513 Commands which ask for a destination directory, such as those which |
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514 copy and rename files or create links for them, try to guess the default |
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515 target directory for the operation. Normally, they suggest the Dired |
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516 buffer's default directory, but if the variable @code{dired-dwim-target} |
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517 is non-@code{nil}, and if there is another Dired buffer displayed in the |
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518 next window, that other buffer's directory is suggested instead. |
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519 |
25829 | 520 Here are the file-manipulating commands that operate on files in this |
521 way. (Some other Dired commands, such as @kbd{!} and the @samp{%} | |
522 commands, also use these conventions to decide which files to work on.) | |
523 | |
524 @table @kbd | |
525 @findex dired-do-copy | |
526 @kindex C @r{(Dired)} | |
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527 @cindex copying files (in Dired) |
25829 | 528 @item C @var{new} @key{RET} |
529 Copy the specified files (@code{dired-do-copy}). The argument @var{new} | |
530 is the directory to copy into, or (if copying a single file) the new | |
531 name. | |
532 | |
533 @vindex dired-copy-preserve-time | |
534 If @code{dired-copy-preserve-time} is non-@code{nil}, then copying with | |
535 this command sets the modification time of the new file to be the same | |
536 as that of the old file. | |
537 | |
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538 @vindex dired-recursive-copies |
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539 @cindex recursive copying |
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540 The variable @code{dired-recursive-copies} controls whether |
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541 directories are copied recursively. The default is to not copy |
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542 recursively, which means that directories cannot be copied. |
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543 |
25829 | 544 @item D |
545 @findex dired-do-delete | |
546 @kindex D @r{(Dired)} | |
547 Delete the specified files (@code{dired-do-delete}). Like the other | |
548 commands in this section, this command operates on the @emph{marked} | |
549 files, or the next @var{n} files. By contrast, @kbd{x} | |
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550 (@code{dired-do-flagged-delete}) deletes all @dfn{flagged} files. |
25829 | 551 |
552 @findex dired-do-rename | |
553 @kindex R @r{(Dired)} | |
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554 @cindex renaming files (in Dired) |
25829 | 555 @item R @var{new} @key{RET} |
556 Rename the specified files (@code{dired-do-rename}). The argument | |
557 @var{new} is the directory to rename into, or (if renaming a single | |
558 file) the new name. | |
559 | |
560 Dired automatically changes the visited file name of buffers associated | |
561 with renamed files so that they refer to the new names. | |
562 | |
563 @findex dired-do-hardlink | |
564 @kindex H @r{(Dired)} | |
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565 @cindex hard links (in Dired) |
25829 | 566 @item H @var{new} @key{RET} |
567 Make hard links to the specified files (@code{dired-do-hardlink}). The | |
568 argument @var{new} is the directory to make the links in, or (if making | |
569 just one link) the name to give the link. | |
570 | |
571 @findex dired-do-symlink | |
572 @kindex S @r{(Dired)} | |
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573 @cindex symbolic links (creation in Dired) |
25829 | 574 @item S @var{new} @key{RET} |
575 Make symbolic links to the specified files (@code{dired-do-symlink}). | |
576 The argument @var{new} is the directory to make the links in, or (if | |
577 making just one link) the name to give the link. | |
578 | |
579 @findex dired-do-chmod | |
580 @kindex M @r{(Dired)} | |
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581 @cindex changing file permissions (in Dired) |
25829 | 582 @item M @var{modespec} @key{RET} |
583 Change the mode (also called ``permission bits'') of the specified files | |
584 (@code{dired-do-chmod}). This uses the @code{chmod} program, so | |
585 @var{modespec} can be any argument that @code{chmod} can handle. | |
586 | |
587 @findex dired-do-chgrp | |
588 @kindex G @r{(Dired)} | |
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589 @cindex changing file group (in Dired) |
25829 | 590 @item G @var{newgroup} @key{RET} |
591 Change the group of the specified files to @var{newgroup} | |
592 (@code{dired-do-chgrp}). | |
593 | |
594 @findex dired-do-chown | |
595 @kindex O @r{(Dired)} | |
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596 @cindex changing file owner (in Dired) |
25829 | 597 @item O @var{newowner} @key{RET} |
598 Change the owner of the specified files to @var{newowner} | |
599 (@code{dired-do-chown}). (On most systems, only the superuser can do | |
600 this.) | |
601 | |
602 @vindex dired-chown-program | |
603 The variable @code{dired-chown-program} specifies the name of the | |
604 program to use to do the work (different systems put @code{chown} in | |
605 different places). | |
606 | |
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607 @findex dired-do-touch |
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608 @kindex T @r{(Dired)} |
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609 @cindex changing file time (in Dired) |
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610 @item T @var{timestamp} @key{RET} |
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611 Change the time of the specified files (@code{dired-do-touch}). |
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612 |
25829 | 613 @findex dired-do-print |
614 @kindex P @r{(Dired)} | |
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615 @cindex printing files (in Dired) |
25829 | 616 @item P @var{command} @key{RET} |
617 Print the specified files (@code{dired-do-print}). You must specify the | |
618 command to print them with, but the minibuffer starts out with a | |
619 suitable guess made using the variables @code{lpr-command} and | |
620 @code{lpr-switches} (the same variables that @code{lpr-buffer} uses; | |
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621 @pxref{Printing}). |
25829 | 622 |
623 @findex dired-do-compress | |
624 @kindex Z @r{(Dired)} | |
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625 @cindex compressing files (in Dired) |
25829 | 626 @item Z |
627 Compress the specified files (@code{dired-do-compress}). If the file | |
628 appears to be a compressed file already, it is uncompressed instead. | |
629 | |
630 @findex dired-do-load | |
631 @kindex L @r{(Dired)} | |
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632 @cindex loading several files (in Dired) |
25829 | 633 @item L |
634 Load the specified Emacs Lisp files (@code{dired-do-load}). | |
635 @xref{Lisp Libraries}. | |
636 | |
637 @findex dired-do-byte-compile | |
638 @kindex B @r{(Dired)} | |
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639 @cindex byte-compiling several files (in Dired) |
25829 | 640 @item B |
641 Byte compile the specified Emacs Lisp files | |
642 (@code{dired-do-byte-compile}). @xref{Byte Compilation,, Byte | |
643 Compilation, elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. | |
644 | |
645 @kindex A @r{(Dired)} | |
646 @findex dired-do-search | |
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647 @cindex search multiple files (in Dired) |
25829 | 648 @item A @var{regexp} @key{RET} |
649 Search all the specified files for the regular expression @var{regexp} | |
650 (@code{dired-do-search}). | |
651 | |
652 This command is a variant of @code{tags-search}. The search stops at | |
653 the first match it finds; use @kbd{M-,} to resume the search and find | |
654 the next match. @xref{Tags Search}. | |
655 | |
656 @kindex Q @r{(Dired)} | |
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657 @findex dired-do-query-replace-regexp |
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658 @cindex search and replace in multiple files (in Dired) |
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659 @item Q @var{regexp} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET} |
25829 | 660 Perform @code{query-replace-regexp} on each of the specified files, |
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661 replacing matches for @var{regexp} with the string |
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662 @var{to} (@code{dired-do-query-replace-regexp}). |
25829 | 663 |
664 This command is a variant of @code{tags-query-replace}. If you exit the | |
665 query replace loop, you can use @kbd{M-,} to resume the scan and replace | |
666 more matches. @xref{Tags Search}. | |
667 @end table | |
668 | |
669 @kindex + @r{(Dired)} | |
670 @findex dired-create-directory | |
671 One special file-operation command is @kbd{+} | |
672 (@code{dired-create-directory}). This command reads a directory name and | |
673 creates the directory if it does not already exist. | |
674 | |
675 @node Shell Commands in Dired | |
676 @section Shell Commands in Dired | |
677 @cindex shell commands, Dired | |
678 | |
679 @findex dired-do-shell-command | |
680 @kindex ! @r{(Dired)} | |
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681 @kindex X @r{(Dired)} |
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682 The Dired command @kbd{!} (@code{dired-do-shell-command}) reads a shell |
25829 | 683 command string in the minibuffer and runs that shell command on all the |
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684 specified files. @kbd{X} is a synonym for @kbd{!}. You can specify the |
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685 files to operate on in the usual ways for Dired commands |
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686 (@pxref{Operating on Files}). There are two ways of applying a shell |
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687 command to multiple files: |
25829 | 688 |
689 @itemize @bullet | |
690 @item | |
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691 If you use @samp{*} surrounded by whitespace in the shell command, |
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692 then the command runs just once, with the list of file names |
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693 substituted for the @samp{*}. The order of file names is the order of |
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694 appearance in the Dired buffer. |
25829 | 695 |
696 Thus, @kbd{! tar cf foo.tar * @key{RET}} runs @code{tar} on the entire | |
697 list of file names, putting them into one tar file @file{foo.tar}. | |
698 | |
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699 If you want to use @samp{*} as a shell wildcard with whitespace around |
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700 it, write @samp{*""}. In the shell, this is equivalent to @samp{*}; |
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701 but since the @samp{*} is not surrounded by whitespace, Dired does |
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702 not treat it specially. |
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703 |
25829 | 704 @item |
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705 If the command string doesn't contain @samp{*} surrounded by |
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706 whitespace, then it runs once @emph{for each file}. Normally the file |
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707 name is added at the end. |
25829 | 708 |
709 For example, @kbd{! uudecode @key{RET}} runs @code{uudecode} on each | |
710 file. | |
711 | |
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712 @item |
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713 However, if the command string contains @samp{?} surrounded by |
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714 whitespace, the current file name is substituted for @samp{?} (rather |
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715 than added at the end). You can use @samp{?} this way more than once |
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716 in the command, and the same file name replaces each occurrence. |
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717 @end itemize |
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718 |
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719 To iterate over the file names in a more complicated fashion, use an |
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720 explicit shell loop. For example, here is how to uuencode each file, |
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721 making the output file name by appending @samp{.uu} to the input file |
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722 name: |
25829 | 723 |
724 @example | |
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725 for file in * ; do uuencode "$file" "$file" >"$file".uu; done |
25829 | 726 @end example |
727 | |
728 The working directory for the shell command is the top-level directory | |
729 of the Dired buffer. | |
730 | |
731 The @kbd{!} command does not attempt to update the Dired buffer to show | |
732 new or modified files, because it doesn't really understand shell | |
733 commands, and does not know what files the shell command changed. Use | |
734 the @kbd{g} command to update the Dired buffer (@pxref{Dired | |
735 Updating}). | |
736 | |
737 @node Transforming File Names | |
738 @section Transforming File Names in Dired | |
739 | |
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740 This section describes Dired commands which alter file names in a |
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741 systematic way. |
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742 |
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743 Like the basic Dired file-manipulation commands (@pxref{Operating on |
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744 Files}), the commands described here operate either on the next |
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745 @var{n} files, or on all files marked with @samp{*}, or on the current |
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746 file. (To mark files, use the commands described in @ref{Marks vs |
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747 Flags}.) |
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748 |
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749 All of the commands described in this section work |
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750 @emph{interactively}: they ask you to confirm the operation for each |
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751 candidate file. Thus, you can select more files than you actually |
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752 need to operate on (e.g., with a regexp that matches many files), and |
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753 then refine the selection by typing @kbd{y} or @kbd{n} when the |
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754 command prompts for confirmation. |
25829 | 755 |
756 @table @kbd | |
757 @findex dired-upcase | |
758 @kindex % u @r{(Dired)} | |
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759 @cindex upcase file names |
25829 | 760 @item % u |
761 Rename each of the selected files to an upper-case name | |
762 (@code{dired-upcase}). If the old file names are @file{Foo} | |
763 and @file{bar}, the new names are @file{FOO} and @file{BAR}. | |
764 | |
765 @item % l | |
766 @findex dired-downcase | |
767 @kindex % l @r{(Dired)} | |
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768 @cindex downcase file names |
25829 | 769 Rename each of the selected files to a lower-case name |
770 (@code{dired-downcase}). If the old file names are @file{Foo} and | |
771 @file{bar}, the new names are @file{foo} and @file{bar}. | |
772 | |
773 @item % R @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET} | |
774 @kindex % R @r{(Dired)} | |
775 @findex dired-do-rename-regexp | |
776 @itemx % C @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET} | |
777 @kindex % C @r{(Dired)} | |
778 @findex dired-do-copy-regexp | |
779 @itemx % H @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET} | |
780 @kindex % H @r{(Dired)} | |
781 @findex dired-do-hardlink-regexp | |
782 @itemx % S @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET} | |
783 @kindex % S @r{(Dired)} | |
784 @findex dired-do-symlink-regexp | |
785 These four commands rename, copy, make hard links and make soft links, | |
786 in each case computing the new name by regular-expression substitution | |
787 from the name of the old file. | |
788 @end table | |
789 | |
790 The four regular-expression substitution commands effectively perform | |
791 a search-and-replace on the selected file names in the Dired buffer. | |
792 They read two arguments: a regular expression @var{from}, and a | |
793 substitution pattern @var{to}. | |
794 | |
795 The commands match each ``old'' file name against the regular | |
796 expression @var{from}, and then replace the matching part with @var{to}. | |
797 You can use @samp{\&} and @samp{\@var{digit}} in @var{to} to refer to | |
798 all or part of what the pattern matched in the old file name, as in | |
799 @code{replace-regexp} (@pxref{Regexp Replace}). If the regular expression | |
800 matches more than once in a file name, only the first match is replaced. | |
801 | |
802 For example, @kbd{% R ^.*$ @key{RET} x-\& @key{RET}} renames each | |
803 selected file by prepending @samp{x-} to its name. The inverse of this, | |
804 removing @samp{x-} from the front of each file name, is also possible: | |
805 one method is @kbd{% R ^x-\(.*\)$ @key{RET} \1 @key{RET}}; another is | |
806 @kbd{% R ^x- @key{RET} @key{RET}}. (Use @samp{^} and @samp{$} to anchor | |
807 matches that should span the whole filename.) | |
808 | |
809 Normally, the replacement process does not consider the files' | |
810 directory names; it operates on the file name within the directory. If | |
811 you specify a numeric argument of zero, then replacement affects the | |
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812 entire absolute file name including directory name. (Non-zero |
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813 argument specifies the number of files to operate on.) |
25829 | 814 |
815 Often you will want to select the set of files to operate on using the | |
816 same @var{regexp} that you will use to operate on them. To do this, | |
817 mark those files with @kbd{% m @var{regexp} @key{RET}}, then use the | |
818 same regular expression in the command to operate on the files. To make | |
819 this easier, the @kbd{%} commands to operate on files use the last | |
820 regular expression specified in any @kbd{%} command as a default. | |
821 | |
822 @node Comparison in Dired | |
823 @section File Comparison with Dired | |
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824 @cindex file comparison (in Dired) |
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825 @cindex compare files (in Dired) |
25829 | 826 |
827 Here are two Dired commands that compare specified files using | |
828 @code{diff}. | |
829 | |
830 @table @kbd | |
831 @item = | |
832 @findex dired-diff | |
833 @kindex = @r{(Dired)} | |
834 Compare the current file (the file at point) with another file (the file | |
835 at the mark) using the @code{diff} program (@code{dired-diff}). The | |
836 file at the mark is the first argument of @code{diff}, and the file at | |
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837 point is the second argument. Use @kbd{C-@key{SPC}} |
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838 (@code{set-mark-command}) to set the mark at the first file's line |
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839 (@pxref{Setting Mark}), since @code{dired-diff} ignores the files marked |
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840 with the Dired's @kbd{m} command. |
25829 | 841 |
842 @findex dired-backup-diff | |
843 @kindex M-= @r{(Dired)} | |
844 @item M-= | |
845 Compare the current file with its latest backup file | |
846 (@code{dired-backup-diff}). If the current file is itself a backup, | |
847 compare it with the file it is a backup of; this way, you can compare | |
848 a file with any backup version of your choice. | |
849 | |
850 The backup file is the first file given to @code{diff}. | |
851 @end table | |
852 | |
853 @node Subdirectories in Dired | |
854 @section Subdirectories in Dired | |
855 @cindex subdirectories in Dired | |
856 @cindex expanding subdirectories in Dired | |
857 | |
858 A Dired buffer displays just one directory in the normal case; | |
859 but you can optionally include its subdirectories as well. | |
860 | |
861 The simplest way to include multiple directories in one Dired buffer is | |
862 to specify the options @samp{-lR} for running @code{ls}. (If you give a | |
863 numeric argument when you run Dired, then you can specify these options | |
864 in the minibuffer.) That produces a recursive directory listing showing | |
865 all subdirectories at all levels. | |
866 | |
867 But usually all the subdirectories are too many; usually you will | |
868 prefer to include specific subdirectories only. You can do this with | |
869 the @kbd{i} command: | |
870 | |
871 @table @kbd | |
872 @findex dired-maybe-insert-subdir | |
873 @kindex i @r{(Dired)} | |
874 @item i | |
875 @cindex inserted subdirectory (Dired) | |
876 @cindex in-situ subdirectory (Dired) | |
877 Insert the contents of a subdirectory later in the buffer. | |
878 @end table | |
879 | |
880 Use the @kbd{i} (@code{dired-maybe-insert-subdir}) command on a line | |
881 that describes a file which is a directory. It inserts the contents of | |
882 that directory into the same Dired buffer, and moves there. Inserted | |
883 subdirectory contents follow the top-level directory of the Dired | |
884 buffer, just as they do in @samp{ls -lR} output. | |
885 | |
886 If the subdirectory's contents are already present in the buffer, the | |
887 @kbd{i} command just moves to it. | |
888 | |
889 In either case, @kbd{i} sets the Emacs mark before moving, so @kbd{C-u | |
890 C-@key{SPC}} takes you back to the old position in the buffer (the line | |
891 describing that subdirectory). | |
892 | |
893 Use the @kbd{l} command (@code{dired-do-redisplay}) to update the | |
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894 subdirectory's contents. Use @kbd{C-u k} on the subdirectory header |
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895 line to delete the subdirectory. @xref{Dired Updating}. |
25829 | 896 |
897 @node Subdirectory Motion | |
898 @section Moving Over Subdirectories | |
899 | |
900 When a Dired buffer lists subdirectories, you can use the page motion | |
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901 commands @kbd{C-x [} and @kbd{C-x ]} to move by entire directories |
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902 (@pxref{Pages}). |
25829 | 903 |
904 @cindex header line (Dired) | |
905 @cindex directory header lines | |
906 The following commands move across, up and down in the tree of | |
907 directories within one Dired buffer. They move to @dfn{directory header | |
908 lines}, which are the lines that give a directory's name, at the | |
909 beginning of the directory's contents. | |
910 | |
911 @table @kbd | |
912 @findex dired-next-subdir | |
913 @kindex C-M-n @r{(Dired)} | |
914 @item C-M-n | |
915 Go to next subdirectory header line, regardless of level | |
916 (@code{dired-next-subdir}). | |
917 | |
918 @findex dired-prev-subdir | |
919 @kindex C-M-p @r{(Dired)} | |
920 @item C-M-p | |
921 Go to previous subdirectory header line, regardless of level | |
922 (@code{dired-prev-subdir}). | |
923 | |
924 @findex dired-tree-up | |
925 @kindex C-M-u @r{(Dired)} | |
926 @item C-M-u | |
927 Go up to the parent directory's header line (@code{dired-tree-up}). | |
928 | |
929 @findex dired-tree-down | |
930 @kindex C-M-d @r{(Dired)} | |
931 @item C-M-d | |
932 Go down in the directory tree, to the first subdirectory's header line | |
933 (@code{dired-tree-down}). | |
934 | |
935 @findex dired-prev-dirline | |
936 @kindex < @r{(Dired)} | |
937 @item < | |
938 Move up to the previous directory-file line (@code{dired-prev-dirline}). | |
939 These lines are the ones that describe a directory as a file in its | |
940 parent directory. | |
941 | |
942 @findex dired-next-dirline | |
943 @kindex > @r{(Dired)} | |
944 @item > | |
945 Move down to the next directory-file line (@code{dired-prev-dirline}). | |
946 @end table | |
947 | |
948 @node Hiding Subdirectories | |
949 @section Hiding Subdirectories | |
950 | |
951 @cindex hiding in Dired (Dired) | |
952 @dfn{Hiding} a subdirectory means to make it invisible, except for its | |
953 header line, via selective display (@pxref{Selective Display}). | |
954 | |
955 @table @kbd | |
956 @item $ | |
957 @findex dired-hide-subdir | |
958 @kindex $ @r{(Dired)} | |
959 Hide or reveal the subdirectory that point is in, and move point to the | |
960 next subdirectory (@code{dired-hide-subdir}). A numeric argument serves | |
961 as a repeat count. | |
962 | |
963 @item M-$ | |
964 @findex dired-hide-all | |
965 @kindex M-$ @r{(Dired)} | |
966 Hide all subdirectories in this Dired buffer, leaving only their header | |
967 lines (@code{dired-hide-all}). Or, if any subdirectory is currently | |
968 hidden, make all subdirectories visible again. You can use this command | |
969 to get an overview in very deep directory trees or to move quickly to | |
970 subdirectories far away. | |
971 @end table | |
972 | |
973 Ordinary Dired commands never consider files inside a hidden | |
974 subdirectory. For example, the commands to operate on marked files | |
975 ignore files in hidden directories even if they are marked. Thus you | |
976 can use hiding to temporarily exclude subdirectories from operations | |
977 without having to remove the markers. | |
978 | |
979 @node Dired Updating | |
980 @section Updating the Dired Buffer | |
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981 @cindex updating Dired buffer |
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982 @cindex refreshing displayed files |
25829 | 983 |
984 This section describes commands to update the Dired buffer to reflect | |
985 outside (non-Dired) changes in the directories and files, and to delete | |
986 part of the Dired buffer. | |
987 | |
988 @table @kbd | |
989 @item g | |
990 Update the entire contents of the Dired buffer (@code{revert-buffer}). | |
991 | |
992 @item l | |
993 Update the specified files (@code{dired-do-redisplay}). | |
994 | |
995 @item k | |
996 Delete the specified @emph{file lines}---not the files, just the lines | |
997 (@code{dired-do-kill-lines}). | |
998 | |
999 @item s | |
1000 Toggle between alphabetical order and date/time order | |
1001 (@code{dired-sort-toggle-or-edit}). | |
1002 | |
1003 @item C-u s @var{switches} @key{RET} | |
1004 Refresh the Dired buffer using @var{switches} as | |
1005 @code{dired-listing-switches}. | |
1006 @end table | |
1007 | |
1008 @kindex g @r{(Dired)} | |
1009 @findex revert-buffer @r{(Dired)} | |
1010 Type @kbd{g} (@code{revert-buffer}) to update the contents of the | |
1011 Dired buffer, based on changes in the files and directories listed. | |
1012 This preserves all marks except for those on files that have vanished. | |
1013 Hidden subdirectories are updated but remain hidden. | |
1014 | |
1015 @kindex l @r{(Dired)} | |
1016 @findex dired-do-redisplay | |
1017 To update only some of the files, type @kbd{l} | |
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1018 (@code{dired-do-redisplay}). Like the Dired file-operating commands, |
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1019 this command operates on the next @var{n} files (or previous |
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1020 @minus{}@var{n} files), or on the marked files if any, or on the |
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1021 current file. Updating the files means reading their current status, |
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1022 then updating their lines in the buffer to indicate that status. |
25829 | 1023 |
1024 If you use @kbd{l} on a subdirectory header line, it updates the | |
1025 contents of the corresponding subdirectory. | |
1026 | |
1027 @kindex k @r{(Dired)} | |
1028 @findex dired-do-kill-lines | |
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1029 To delete the specified @emph{file lines} from the buffer---not |
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1030 delete the files---type @kbd{k} (@code{dired-do-kill-lines}). Like |
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1031 the file-operating commands, this command operates on the next @var{n} |
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1032 files, or on the marked files if any; but it does not operate on the |
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1033 current file as a last resort. |
25829 | 1034 |
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1035 If you use @kbd{k} with a numeric prefix argument to kill the line |
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1036 for a file that is a directory, which you have inserted in the Dired |
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1037 buffer as a subdirectory, then this deletes that subdirectory from the |
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1038 buffer as well. Typing @kbd{C-u k} on the header line for a subdirectory |
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1039 is another way to delete a subdirectory from the Dired buffer. |
25829 | 1040 |
1041 The @kbd{g} command brings back any individual lines that you have | |
1042 killed in this way, but not subdirectories---you must use @kbd{i} to | |
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1043 reinsert a subdirectory. |
25829 | 1044 |
1045 @cindex Dired sorting | |
1046 @cindex sorting Dired buffer | |
1047 @kindex s @r{(Dired)} | |
1048 @findex dired-sort-toggle-or-edit | |
1049 The files in a Dired buffers are normally listed in alphabetical order | |
1050 by file names. Alternatively Dired can sort them by date/time. The | |
1051 Dired command @kbd{s} (@code{dired-sort-toggle-or-edit}) switches | |
1052 between these two sorting modes. The mode line in a Dired buffer | |
1053 indicates which way it is currently sorted---by name, or by date. | |
1054 | |
1055 @kbd{C-u s @var{switches} @key{RET}} lets you specify a new value for | |
1056 @code{dired-listing-switches}. | |
1057 | |
1058 @node Dired and Find | |
1059 @section Dired and @code{find} | |
1060 @cindex @code{find} and Dired | |
1061 | |
1062 You can select a set of files for display in a Dired buffer more | |
1063 flexibly by using the @code{find} utility to choose the files. | |
1064 | |
1065 @findex find-name-dired | |
1066 To search for files with names matching a wildcard pattern use | |
1067 @kbd{M-x find-name-dired}. It reads arguments @var{directory} and | |
1068 @var{pattern}, and chooses all the files in @var{directory} or its | |
1069 subdirectories whose individual names match @var{pattern}. | |
1070 | |
1071 The files thus chosen are displayed in a Dired buffer in which the | |
1072 ordinary Dired commands are available. | |
1073 | |
1074 @findex find-grep-dired | |
1075 If you want to test the contents of files, rather than their names, | |
1076 use @kbd{M-x find-grep-dired}. This command reads two minibuffer | |
1077 arguments, @var{directory} and @var{regexp}; it chooses all the files in | |
1078 @var{directory} or its subdirectories that contain a match for | |
1079 @var{regexp}. It works by running the programs @code{find} and | |
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1080 @code{grep}. See also @kbd{M-x grep-find}, in @ref{Grep Searching}. |
25829 | 1081 Remember to write the regular expression for @code{grep}, not for Emacs. |
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1082 (An alternative method of showing files whose contents match a given |
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1083 regexp is the @kbd{% g @var{regexp}} command, see @ref{Marks vs Flags}.) |
25829 | 1084 |
1085 @findex find-dired | |
1086 The most general command in this series is @kbd{M-x find-dired}, which | |
1087 lets you specify any condition that @code{find} can test. It takes two | |
1088 minibuffer arguments, @var{directory} and @var{find-args}; it runs | |
1089 @code{find} in @var{directory}, passing @var{find-args} to tell | |
1090 @code{find} what condition to test. To use this command, you need to | |
1091 know how to use @code{find}. | |
1092 | |
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1093 @vindex find-ls-option |
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1094 The format of listing produced by these commands is controlled by the |
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1095 variable @code{find-ls-option}, whose default value specifies using |
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1096 options @samp{-ld} for @code{ls}. If your listings are corrupted, you |
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1097 may need to change the value of this variable. |
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1098 |
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1099 @findex locate |
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1100 @findex locate-with-filter |
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1101 @cindex file database (locate) |
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1102 @vindex locate-command |
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1103 @kbd{M-x locate} provides a similar interface to the @code{locate} |
38156 | 1104 program. @kbd{M-x locate-with-filter} is similar, but keeps only lines |
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1105 matching a given regular expression. |
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1106 |
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1107 These buffers don't work entirely like ordinary Dired buffers. File |
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1108 operations work, but do not always automatically update the buffer. |
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1109 Reverting the buffer with @kbd{g} deletes all inserted subdirectories, |
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1110 and erases all flags and marks. |
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1111 |
61047 | 1112 @node Wdired |
1113 @section Editing the Dired Buffer | |
1114 | |
1115 @cindex wdired mode | |
1116 @findex wdired-change-to-wdired-mode | |
1117 Wdired is a special mode that allows you to perform file operations | |
1118 by editing the Dired buffer directly (the ``W'' in ``Wdired'' stands | |
1119 for ``writable''.) To enter Wdired mode, type @kbd{M-x | |
1120 wdired-change-to-wdired-mode} while in a Dired buffer. Alternatively, | |
1121 use @samp{Edit File Names} in the @samp{Immediate} menu bar menu. | |
1122 | |
1123 @findex wdired-finish-edit | |
1124 While in Wdired mode, you can rename files by editing the file names | |
1125 displayed in the Dired buffer. All the ordinary Emacs editing | |
1126 commands, including rectangle operations and @code{query-replace}, are | |
1127 available for this. Once you are done editing, type @kbd{C-c C-c} | |
1128 (@code{wdired-finish-edit}). This applies your changes and switches | |
1129 back to ordinary Dired mode. | |
1130 | |
1131 Apart from simply renaming files, you can move a file to another | |
1132 directory by typing in the new file name (either absolute or | |
1133 relative). To mark a file for deletion, delete the entire filename. | |
1134 To change the target of a symbolic link, just edit the target name | |
1135 displayed next to the link name. | |
1136 | |
1137 The rest of the text in the buffer, such as the file sizes and | |
1138 modification dates, is marked read-only, so you can't edit it. | |
1139 However, if you set @code{wdired-allow-to-change-permissions} to | |
1140 @code{t}, the file permission bits can also be edited. For example, | |
1141 you can change @samp{-rw-r--r--} to @samp{-rw-rw-rw-} to make a file | |
1142 world-writable. These changes also take effect when you type @kbd{C-c | |
1143 C-c}. | |
1144 | |
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1145 @node Tumme |
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1146 @section Thumbnail and image file viewing and manipulation |
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1147 |
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1148 @cindex tumme mode |
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1149 |
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1150 Tumme provides for simple viewing of thumbnails of image files. It |
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1151 provides viewing of the original file, sized or in full size, inside |
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1152 Emacs or in an external viewer. |
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1153 |
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1154 Tumme aims to be both easy to use for a beginner but also powerful |
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1155 and useful to an experienced user. |
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1156 |
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1157 The quickest way to try out Tumme is to use the command |
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1158 @code{tumme}. It will prompt for a directory where there are images |
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1159 files. All images in that directory will get thumbnail files created |
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1160 for them, and the thumbnails will be displayed in the ``thumbnail |
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1161 buffer''. |
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1162 |
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1163 If the directory contains many image files and becayse thumbnails |
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1164 are created on the fly before they can be displayed, the above command |
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1165 might take a long time, especially the first time (consecutive |
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1166 viewings will use the cached thumbnail files). Also, if the number of |
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1167 image files is higher than @code{tumme-show-all-from-dir-max-files}, |
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1168 the command will be aborted. To work around this you can instead mark |
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1169 the files you want to look at, using @kbd{m} as usual in Dired, and |
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1170 then type @kbd{C-t d} (@code{tumme-display-thumbs}). |
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1171 |
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1172 Regardless of which command you chose to display the thumbnails, a |
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1173 new buffer will open up, displaying thumbnail images of the files that |
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1174 were marked in dired. The new buffer will be the active one. |
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1175 |
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1176 With point in the thumbnail buffer, type @kbd{RET} |
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1177 (@code{tumme-display-thumbnail-original-image}) to display a sized |
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1178 version of it in another window. The image will be sized to fit the |
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1179 window. Use the arrow keys to move around in the buffer. For easy |
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1180 browing, type @kbd{SPC} (@code{tumme-display-next-thumbnail-original}) |
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1181 to advance and display the next image. Typing @kbd{DEL} |
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1182 (@code{tumme-display-previous-thumbnail-original}) backs up to the |
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1183 previous thumbnail and displays that instead. |
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1184 |
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1185 If you want to see the image in its original size, either provide a |
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1186 prefix argument (@kbd{C-u}) before pressing @kbd{RET}, or type |
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1187 @kbd{C-return} (@code{tumme-thumbnail-display-external}) to display |
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1188 the image in an external viewer. To use the latter, |
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1189 @code{tumme-external-viewer} must be configured. |
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1190 |
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1191 If you find in image that you want to delete, type @kbd{d} |
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1192 (@code{tumme-flag-thumb-original-file}) and the file will be flagged |
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1193 for deletion in the dired buffer. If you just want visually to delete |
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1194 the thumbnail image from the thumbnail buffer, type @kbd{C-d} |
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1195 (@code{tumme-delete-char}). |
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1196 |
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1197 More advanced features include commands for using ``tags''. ``Tag'' |
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1198 is just another word for ``keyword'', ``label'' or ``category''. In |
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1199 short, it is meta data used to categorize an image file. Commands |
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1200 exist to add tags for one or many image files from dired, to mark |
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1201 files having a certain tag in Dired and to remove tags from files. |
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1202 The tags put on image files are stored in a database file (currently a |
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1203 plain text file). |
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1204 |
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1205 To tag image files, mark them in the dired buffer and type @kbd{C-t |
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1206 t} (@code{tumme-tag-files}). You will be prompted for a tag. To mark |
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1207 files having a certain tag, type @kbd{C-t f} |
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1208 (@code{tumme-mark-tagged-files}). After marking image files with a |
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1209 certain tag, they can be viewed as explained earlier, by typing |
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1210 @key{C-t d}. |
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1211 |
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1212 You can also tag a file from the thumbnail buffer by typing @kbd{t |
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1213 t} and remove it by typing @kbd{t r}. There is also a special ``tag'' |
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1214 called ``comment'' for each file (it is not a tag in the exact same |
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1215 sense as the other tags, it is handled slightly different). That is |
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1216 used to enter a comment or description about the image. You comment a |
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1217 file from the thumbnail buffer by typing @kbd{c}. You will be |
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1218 prompted for a comment. Comments can also be added from Dired, and |
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1219 then also to multiple files at once, by typing @kbd{C-t c} |
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1220 (@code{tumme-dired-comment-files}). |
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1221 |
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1222 Tumme also provide simple image manipulation commands, like rotating |
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1223 thumbnails and original image files. In the thumbnail buffer, type |
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1224 @kbd{L} to rotate the original image 90 degrees anti clockwise, and |
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*** empty log message ***
Mathias Dahl <mathias.dahl@gmail.com>
parents:
68809
diff
changeset
|
1225 @kbd{R} to rotate it 90 degrees clockwise. This rotation will be done |
0e986f2bd386
*** empty log message ***
Mathias Dahl <mathias.dahl@gmail.com>
parents:
68809
diff
changeset
|
1226 lossless (the image quality will not be reduced) and needs an external |
0e986f2bd386
*** empty log message ***
Mathias Dahl <mathias.dahl@gmail.com>
parents:
68809
diff
changeset
|
1227 utility called JpegTRAN to work. |
68737
7490248dce02
Tumme documentation.
Mathias Dahl <mathias.dahl@gmail.com>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
1228 |
60791
fa4296e0e363
(Misc Dired Features): Rename node from Misc Dired Commands.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
60103
diff
changeset
|
1229 @node Misc Dired Features |
fa4296e0e363
(Misc Dired Features): Rename node from Misc Dired Commands.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
60103
diff
changeset
|
1230 @section Other Dired Features |
52576
a90f7b4afc00
(Misc Dired Commands): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52401
diff
changeset
|
1231 |
a90f7b4afc00
(Misc Dired Commands): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52401
diff
changeset
|
1232 @cindex Adding to the kill ring in Dired. |
58926
cf0908fe7bb0
(Dired Navigation): Add @r{(Dired)} to M-g.
Juri Linkov <juri@jurta.org>
parents:
56469
diff
changeset
|
1233 @kindex w @r{(Dired)} |
52576
a90f7b4afc00
(Misc Dired Commands): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52401
diff
changeset
|
1234 @findex dired-copy-filename-as-kill |
60791
fa4296e0e363
(Misc Dired Features): Rename node from Misc Dired Commands.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
60103
diff
changeset
|
1235 The @kbd{w} command (@code{dired-copy-filename-as-kill}) puts the |
52576
a90f7b4afc00
(Misc Dired Commands): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52401
diff
changeset
|
1236 names of the marked (or next @var{n}) files into the kill ring, as if |
61300
03009601147e
(Dired Visiting): `dired-view-command-alist' has been deleted.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
61047
diff
changeset
|
1237 you had killed them with @kbd{C-w}. The names are separated by a space. |
52576
a90f7b4afc00
(Misc Dired Commands): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52401
diff
changeset
|
1238 |
60791
fa4296e0e363
(Misc Dired Features): Rename node from Misc Dired Commands.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
60103
diff
changeset
|
1239 The main purpose of this command is so that you can yank the file |
fa4296e0e363
(Misc Dired Features): Rename node from Misc Dired Commands.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
60103
diff
changeset
|
1240 names into arguments for other Emacs commands. It also displays what |
fa4296e0e363
(Misc Dired Features): Rename node from Misc Dired Commands.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
60103
diff
changeset
|
1241 was pushed onto the kill ring, so you can use it to display the list |
fa4296e0e363
(Misc Dired Features): Rename node from Misc Dired Commands.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
60103
diff
changeset
|
1242 of currently marked files in the echo area. With a zero prefix |
61300
03009601147e
(Dired Visiting): `dired-view-command-alist' has been deleted.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
61047
diff
changeset
|
1243 argument, this uses the absolute file name of each marked file. With |
03009601147e
(Dired Visiting): `dired-view-command-alist' has been deleted.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
61047
diff
changeset
|
1244 just @kbd{C-u} as the prefix argument, it uses file names relative to |
03009601147e
(Dired Visiting): `dired-view-command-alist' has been deleted.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
61047
diff
changeset
|
1245 the Dired buffer's default directory. (This can still contain slashes |
03009601147e
(Dired Visiting): `dired-view-command-alist' has been deleted.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
61047
diff
changeset
|
1246 if in a subdirectory.) As a special case, if point is on a directory |
03009601147e
(Dired Visiting): `dired-view-command-alist' has been deleted.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
61047
diff
changeset
|
1247 headerline, @kbd{w} gives you the absolute name of that directory. |
03009601147e
(Dired Visiting): `dired-view-command-alist' has been deleted.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
61047
diff
changeset
|
1248 Any prefix argument or marked files are ignored in this case. |
60791
fa4296e0e363
(Misc Dired Features): Rename node from Misc Dired Commands.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
60103
diff
changeset
|
1249 |
61846
56236a372355
(Misc Dired Features): Document dired-compare-directories.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
61300
diff
changeset
|
1250 @findex dired-compare-directories |
56236a372355
(Misc Dired Features): Document dired-compare-directories.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
61300
diff
changeset
|
1251 The command @kbd{M-x dired-compare-directories} is used to compare |
56236a372355
(Misc Dired Features): Document dired-compare-directories.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
61300
diff
changeset
|
1252 the current Dired buffer with another directory. It marks all the files |
56236a372355
(Misc Dired Features): Document dired-compare-directories.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
61300
diff
changeset
|
1253 that are ``different'' between the two directories. It puts these marks |
56236a372355
(Misc Dired Features): Document dired-compare-directories.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
61300
diff
changeset
|
1254 in all Dired buffers where these files are listed, which of course includes |
56236a372355
(Misc Dired Features): Document dired-compare-directories.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
61300
diff
changeset
|
1255 the current buffer. |
56236a372355
(Misc Dired Features): Document dired-compare-directories.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
61300
diff
changeset
|
1256 |
56236a372355
(Misc Dired Features): Document dired-compare-directories.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
61300
diff
changeset
|
1257 The default comparison method (used if you type @key{RET} at the |
56236a372355
(Misc Dired Features): Document dired-compare-directories.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
61300
diff
changeset
|
1258 prompt) is to compare just the file names---each file name that does |
56236a372355
(Misc Dired Features): Document dired-compare-directories.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
61300
diff
changeset
|
1259 not appear in the other directory is ``different''. You can specify |
56236a372355
(Misc Dired Features): Document dired-compare-directories.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
61300
diff
changeset
|
1260 more stringent comparisons by entering a Lisp expression, which can |
56236a372355
(Misc Dired Features): Document dired-compare-directories.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
61300
diff
changeset
|
1261 refer to the variables @code{size1} and @code{size2}, the respective |
56236a372355
(Misc Dired Features): Document dired-compare-directories.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
61300
diff
changeset
|
1262 file sizes; @code{mtime1} and @code{mtime2}, the last modification |
56236a372355
(Misc Dired Features): Document dired-compare-directories.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
61300
diff
changeset
|
1263 times in seconds, as floating point numers; and @code{fa1} and |
56236a372355
(Misc Dired Features): Document dired-compare-directories.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
61300
diff
changeset
|
1264 @code{fa2}, the respective file attribute lists (as returned by the |
56236a372355
(Misc Dired Features): Document dired-compare-directories.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
61300
diff
changeset
|
1265 function @code{file-attributes}). This expression is evaluated for |
56236a372355
(Misc Dired Features): Document dired-compare-directories.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
61300
diff
changeset
|
1266 each pair of like-named files, and if the expression's value is |
56236a372355
(Misc Dired Features): Document dired-compare-directories.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
61300
diff
changeset
|
1267 non-@code{nil}, those files are considered ``different''. |
56236a372355
(Misc Dired Features): Document dired-compare-directories.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
61300
diff
changeset
|
1268 |
56236a372355
(Misc Dired Features): Document dired-compare-directories.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
61300
diff
changeset
|
1269 For instance, @code{M-x dired-compare-directories @key{RET} (> |
56236a372355
(Misc Dired Features): Document dired-compare-directories.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
61300
diff
changeset
|
1270 mtime1 mtime2) @key{RET}} marks files newer in this directory than in |
56236a372355
(Misc Dired Features): Document dired-compare-directories.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
61300
diff
changeset
|
1271 the other, and marks files older in the other directory than in this |
56236a372355
(Misc Dired Features): Document dired-compare-directories.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
61300
diff
changeset
|
1272 one. It also marks files with no counterpart, in both directories, as |
56236a372355
(Misc Dired Features): Document dired-compare-directories.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
61300
diff
changeset
|
1273 always. |
56236a372355
(Misc Dired Features): Document dired-compare-directories.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
61300
diff
changeset
|
1274 |
56236a372355
(Misc Dired Features): Document dired-compare-directories.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
61300
diff
changeset
|
1275 @cindex drag and drop, Dired |
60791
fa4296e0e363
(Misc Dired Features): Rename node from Misc Dired Commands.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
60103
diff
changeset
|
1276 On the X window system, Emacs supports the ``drag and drop'' |
fa4296e0e363
(Misc Dired Features): Rename node from Misc Dired Commands.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
60103
diff
changeset
|
1277 protocol. You can drag a file object from another program, and drop |
fa4296e0e363
(Misc Dired Features): Rename node from Misc Dired Commands.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
60103
diff
changeset
|
1278 it onto a Dired buffer; this either moves, copies, or creates a link |
fa4296e0e363
(Misc Dired Features): Rename node from Misc Dired Commands.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
60103
diff
changeset
|
1279 to the file in that directory. Precisely which action is taken is |
fa4296e0e363
(Misc Dired Features): Rename node from Misc Dired Commands.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
60103
diff
changeset
|
1280 determined by the originating program. Dragging files out of a Dired |
fa4296e0e363
(Misc Dired Features): Rename node from Misc Dired Commands.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
60103
diff
changeset
|
1281 buffer is currently not supported. |
52576
a90f7b4afc00
(Misc Dired Commands): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52401
diff
changeset
|
1282 |
52401 | 1283 @ignore |
1284 arch-tag: d105f9b9-fc1b-4c5f-a949-9b2cf3ca2fc1 | |
1285 @end ignore |