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annotate lispref/compile.texi @ 78113:2a4f2224c0d4
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author | Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org> |
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date | Fri, 13 Jul 2007 20:35:27 +0000 |
parents | 1473d95a7421 |
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5945 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
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3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, |
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4 @c 2005, 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
5945 | 5 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. |
6 @setfilename ../info/compile | |
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7 @node Byte Compilation, Advising Functions, Loading, Top |
5945 | 8 @chapter Byte Compilation |
76831 | 9 @cindex byte compilation |
5945 | 10 @cindex byte-code |
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11 @cindex compilation (Emacs Lisp) |
5945 | 12 |
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13 Emacs Lisp has a @dfn{compiler} that translates functions written |
5945 | 14 in Lisp into a special representation called @dfn{byte-code} that can be |
15 executed more efficiently. The compiler replaces Lisp function | |
16 definitions with byte-code. When a byte-code function is called, its | |
17 definition is evaluated by the @dfn{byte-code interpreter}. | |
18 | |
19 Because the byte-compiled code is evaluated by the byte-code | |
20 interpreter, instead of being executed directly by the machine's | |
21 hardware (as true compiled code is), byte-code is completely | |
22 transportable from machine to machine without recompilation. It is not, | |
23 however, as fast as true compiled code. | |
24 | |
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25 Compiling a Lisp file with the Emacs byte compiler always reads the |
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26 file as multibyte text, even if Emacs was started with @samp{--unibyte}, |
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27 unless the file specifies otherwise. This is so that compilation gives |
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28 results compatible with running the same file without compilation. |
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29 @xref{Loading Non-ASCII}. |
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30 |
5945 | 31 In general, any version of Emacs can run byte-compiled code produced |
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32 by recent earlier versions of Emacs, but the reverse is not true. |
5945 | 33 |
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34 @vindex no-byte-compile |
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35 If you do not want a Lisp file to be compiled, ever, put a file-local |
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36 variable binding for @code{no-byte-compile} into it, like this: |
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37 |
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38 @example |
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39 ;; -*-no-byte-compile: t; -*- |
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40 @end example |
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41 |
5945 | 42 @xref{Compilation Errors}, for how to investigate errors occurring in |
43 byte compilation. | |
44 | |
45 @menu | |
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46 * Speed of Byte-Code:: An example of speedup from byte compilation. |
5945 | 47 * Compilation Functions:: Byte compilation functions. |
12067 | 48 * Docs and Compilation:: Dynamic loading of documentation strings. |
49 * Dynamic Loading:: Dynamic loading of individual functions. | |
5945 | 50 * Eval During Compile:: Code to be evaluated when you compile. |
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51 * Compiler Errors:: Handling compiler error messages. |
5945 | 52 * Byte-Code Objects:: The data type used for byte-compiled functions. |
53 * Disassembly:: Disassembling byte-code; how to read byte-code. | |
54 @end menu | |
55 | |
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56 @node Speed of Byte-Code |
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57 @section Performance of Byte-Compiled Code |
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58 |
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59 A byte-compiled function is not as efficient as a primitive function |
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60 written in C, but runs much faster than the version written in Lisp. |
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61 Here is an example: |
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62 |
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63 @example |
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64 @group |
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65 (defun silly-loop (n) |
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66 "Return time before and after N iterations of a loop." |
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67 (let ((t1 (current-time-string))) |
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68 (while (> (setq n (1- n)) |
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69 0)) |
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70 (list t1 (current-time-string)))) |
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71 @result{} silly-loop |
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72 @end group |
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73 |
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74 @group |
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75 (silly-loop 100000) |
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76 @result{} ("Fri Mar 18 17:25:57 1994" |
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77 "Fri Mar 18 17:26:28 1994") ; @r{31 seconds} |
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78 @end group |
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79 |
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80 @group |
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81 (byte-compile 'silly-loop) |
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82 @result{} @r{[Compiled code not shown]} |
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83 @end group |
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84 |
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85 @group |
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86 (silly-loop 100000) |
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87 @result{} ("Fri Mar 18 17:26:52 1994" |
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88 "Fri Mar 18 17:26:58 1994") ; @r{6 seconds} |
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89 @end group |
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90 @end example |
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91 |
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92 In this example, the interpreted code required 31 seconds to run, |
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93 whereas the byte-compiled code required 6 seconds. These results are |
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94 representative, but actual results will vary greatly. |
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95 |
5945 | 96 @node Compilation Functions |
97 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
98 @section The Compilation Functions | |
99 @cindex compilation functions | |
100 | |
101 You can byte-compile an individual function or macro definition with | |
102 the @code{byte-compile} function. You can compile a whole file with | |
103 @code{byte-compile-file}, or several files with | |
104 @code{byte-recompile-directory} or @code{batch-byte-compile}. | |
105 | |
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106 The byte compiler produces error messages and warnings about each file |
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107 in a buffer called @samp{*Compile-Log*}. These report things in your |
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108 program that suggest a problem but are not necessarily erroneous. |
5945 | 109 |
110 @cindex macro compilation | |
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111 Be careful when writing macro calls in files that you may someday |
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112 byte-compile. Macro calls are expanded when they are compiled, so the |
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113 macros must already be defined for proper compilation. For more |
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114 details, see @ref{Compiling Macros}. If a program does not work the |
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115 same way when compiled as it does when interpreted, erroneous macro |
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116 definitions are one likely cause (@pxref{Problems with Macros}). |
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117 Inline (@code{defsubst}) functions are less troublesome; if you |
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118 compile a call to such a function before its definition is known, the |
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119 call will still work right, it will just run slower. |
5945 | 120 |
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121 Normally, compiling a file does not evaluate the file's contents or |
12098 | 122 load the file. But it does execute any @code{require} calls at top |
123 level in the file. One way to ensure that necessary macro definitions | |
124 are available during compilation is to require the file that defines | |
125 them (@pxref{Named Features}). To avoid loading the macro definition files | |
126 when someone @emph{runs} the compiled program, write | |
127 @code{eval-when-compile} around the @code{require} calls (@pxref{Eval | |
128 During Compile}). | |
5945 | 129 |
130 @defun byte-compile symbol | |
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131 This function byte-compiles the function definition of @var{symbol}, |
5945 | 132 replacing the previous definition with the compiled one. The function |
133 definition of @var{symbol} must be the actual code for the function; | |
134 i.e., the compiler does not follow indirection to another symbol. | |
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135 @code{byte-compile} returns the new, compiled definition of |
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136 @var{symbol}. |
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137 |
12067 | 138 If @var{symbol}'s definition is a byte-code function object, |
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139 @code{byte-compile} does nothing and returns @code{nil}. Lisp records |
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140 only one function definition for any symbol, and if that is already |
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141 compiled, non-compiled code is not available anywhere. So there is no |
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142 way to ``compile the same definition again.'' |
5945 | 143 |
144 @example | |
145 @group | |
146 (defun factorial (integer) | |
147 "Compute factorial of INTEGER." | |
148 (if (= 1 integer) 1 | |
149 (* integer (factorial (1- integer))))) | |
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150 @result{} factorial |
5945 | 151 @end group |
152 | |
153 @group | |
154 (byte-compile 'factorial) | |
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155 @result{} |
5945 | 156 #[(integer) |
157 "^H\301U\203^H^@@\301\207\302^H\303^HS!\"\207" | |
158 [integer 1 * factorial] | |
159 4 "Compute factorial of INTEGER."] | |
160 @end group | |
161 @end example | |
162 | |
163 @noindent | |
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164 The result is a byte-code function object. The string it contains is |
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165 the actual byte-code; each character in it is an instruction or an |
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166 operand of an instruction. The vector contains all the constants, |
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167 variable names and function names used by the function, except for |
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168 certain primitives that are coded as special instructions. |
55733 | 169 |
170 If the argument to @code{byte-compile} is a @code{lambda} expression, | |
171 it returns the corresponding compiled code, but does not store | |
172 it anywhere. | |
5945 | 173 @end defun |
174 | |
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175 @deffn Command compile-defun &optional arg |
5945 | 176 This command reads the defun containing point, compiles it, and |
177 evaluates the result. If you use this on a defun that is actually a | |
178 function definition, the effect is to install a compiled version of that | |
179 function. | |
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180 |
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181 @code{compile-defun} normally displays the result of evaluation in the |
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182 echo area, but if @var{arg} is non-@code{nil}, it inserts the result |
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183 in the current buffer after the form it compiled. |
5945 | 184 @end deffn |
185 | |
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186 @deffn Command byte-compile-file filename &optional load |
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187 This function compiles a file of Lisp code named @var{filename} into a |
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188 file of byte-code. The output file's name is made by changing the |
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189 @samp{.el} suffix into @samp{.elc}; if @var{filename} does not end in |
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190 @samp{.el}, it adds @samp{.elc} to the end of @var{filename}. |
5945 | 191 |
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192 Compilation works by reading the input file one form at a time. If it |
5945 | 193 is a definition of a function or macro, the compiled function or macro |
194 definition is written out. Other forms are batched together, then each | |
195 batch is compiled, and written so that its compiled code will be | |
196 executed when the file is read. All comments are discarded when the | |
197 input file is read. | |
198 | |
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199 This command returns @code{t} if there were no errors and @code{nil} |
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200 otherwise. When called interactively, it prompts for the file name. |
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201 |
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202 If @var{load} is non-@code{nil}, this command loads the compiled file |
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203 after compiling it. Interactively, @var{load} is the prefix argument. |
5945 | 204 |
205 @example | |
206 @group | |
207 % ls -l push* | |
208 -rw-r--r-- 1 lewis 791 Oct 5 20:31 push.el | |
209 @end group | |
210 | |
211 @group | |
212 (byte-compile-file "~/emacs/push.el") | |
213 @result{} t | |
214 @end group | |
215 | |
216 @group | |
217 % ls -l push* | |
218 -rw-r--r-- 1 lewis 791 Oct 5 20:31 push.el | |
219 -rw-rw-rw- 1 lewis 638 Oct 8 20:25 push.elc | |
220 @end group | |
221 @end example | |
222 @end deffn | |
223 | |
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224 @deffn Command byte-recompile-directory directory &optional flag force |
5945 | 225 @cindex library compilation |
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226 This command recompiles every @samp{.el} file in @var{directory} (or |
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227 its subdirectories) that needs recompilation. A file needs |
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228 recompilation if a @samp{.elc} file exists but is older than the |
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229 @samp{.el} file. |
5945 | 230 |
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231 When a @samp{.el} file has no corresponding @samp{.elc} file, |
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232 @var{flag} says what to do. If it is @code{nil}, this command ignores |
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233 these files. If @var{flag} is 0, it compiles them. If it is neither |
55733 | 234 @code{nil} nor 0, it asks the user whether to compile each such file, |
235 and asks about each subdirectory as well. | |
5945 | 236 |
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237 Interactively, @code{byte-recompile-directory} prompts for |
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238 @var{directory} and @var{flag} is the prefix argument. |
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239 |
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240 If @var{force} is non-@code{nil}, this command recompiles every |
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241 @samp{.el} file that has a @samp{.elc} file. |
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242 |
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243 The returned value is unpredictable. |
5945 | 244 @end deffn |
245 | |
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246 @defun batch-byte-compile &optional noforce |
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247 This function runs @code{byte-compile-file} on files specified on the |
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248 command line. This function must be used only in a batch execution of |
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249 Emacs, as it kills Emacs on completion. An error in one file does not |
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250 prevent processing of subsequent files, but no output file will be |
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251 generated for it, and the Emacs process will terminate with a nonzero |
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252 status code. |
5945 | 253 |
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254 If @var{noforce} is non-@code{nil}, this function does not recompile |
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255 files that have an up-to-date @samp{.elc} file. |
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256 |
5945 | 257 @example |
258 % emacs -batch -f batch-byte-compile *.el | |
259 @end example | |
260 @end defun | |
261 | |
262 @defun byte-code code-string data-vector max-stack | |
263 @cindex byte-code interpreter | |
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264 This function actually interprets byte-code. A byte-compiled function |
5945 | 265 is actually defined with a body that calls @code{byte-code}. Don't call |
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266 this function yourself---only the byte compiler knows how to generate |
5945 | 267 valid calls to this function. |
268 | |
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269 In Emacs version 18, byte-code was always executed by way of a call to |
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270 the function @code{byte-code}. Nowadays, byte-code is usually executed |
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271 as part of a byte-code function object, and only rarely through an |
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272 explicit call to @code{byte-code}. |
5945 | 273 @end defun |
274 | |
12067 | 275 @node Docs and Compilation |
276 @section Documentation Strings and Compilation | |
277 @cindex dynamic loading of documentation | |
278 | |
279 Functions and variables loaded from a byte-compiled file access their | |
280 documentation strings dynamically from the file whenever needed. This | |
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281 saves space within Emacs, and makes loading faster because the |
12067 | 282 documentation strings themselves need not be processed while loading the |
283 file. Actual access to the documentation strings becomes slower as a | |
284 result, but this normally is not enough to bother users. | |
285 | |
286 Dynamic access to documentation strings does have drawbacks: | |
287 | |
288 @itemize @bullet | |
289 @item | |
290 If you delete or move the compiled file after loading it, Emacs can no | |
291 longer access the documentation strings for the functions and variables | |
292 in the file. | |
293 | |
294 @item | |
295 If you alter the compiled file (such as by compiling a new version), | |
55733 | 296 then further access to documentation strings in this file will |
297 probably give nonsense results. | |
12067 | 298 @end itemize |
299 | |
300 If your site installs Emacs following the usual procedures, these | |
301 problems will never normally occur. Installing a new version uses a new | |
302 directory with a different name; as long as the old version remains | |
303 installed, its files will remain unmodified in the places where they are | |
304 expected to be. | |
305 | |
12124 | 306 However, if you have built Emacs yourself and use it from the |
12067 | 307 directory where you built it, you will experience this problem |
308 occasionally if you edit and recompile Lisp files. When it happens, you | |
309 can cure the problem by reloading the file after recompiling it. | |
310 | |
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311 You can turn off this feature at compile time by setting |
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312 @code{byte-compile-dynamic-docstrings} to @code{nil}; this is useful |
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313 mainly if you expect to change the file, and you want Emacs processes |
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314 that have already loaded it to keep working when the file changes. |
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315 You can do this globally, or for one source file by specifying a |
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316 file-local binding for the variable. One way to do that is by adding |
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317 this string to the file's first line: |
12067 | 318 |
319 @example | |
320 -*-byte-compile-dynamic-docstrings: nil;-*- | |
321 @end example | |
322 | |
323 @defvar byte-compile-dynamic-docstrings | |
324 If this is non-@code{nil}, the byte compiler generates compiled files | |
325 that are set up for dynamic loading of documentation strings. | |
326 @end defvar | |
327 | |
328 @cindex @samp{#@@@var{count}} | |
329 @cindex @samp{#$} | |
330 The dynamic documentation string feature writes compiled files that | |
331 use a special Lisp reader construct, @samp{#@@@var{count}}. This | |
332 construct skips the next @var{count} characters. It also uses the | |
333 @samp{#$} construct, which stands for ``the name of this file, as a | |
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334 string.'' It is usually best not to use these constructs in Lisp source |
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335 files, since they are not designed to be clear to humans reading the |
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336 file. |
12067 | 337 |
338 @node Dynamic Loading | |
339 @section Dynamic Loading of Individual Functions | |
340 | |
341 @cindex dynamic loading of functions | |
342 @cindex lazy loading | |
343 When you compile a file, you can optionally enable the @dfn{dynamic | |
344 function loading} feature (also known as @dfn{lazy loading}). With | |
345 dynamic function loading, loading the file doesn't fully read the | |
346 function definitions in the file. Instead, each function definition | |
347 contains a place-holder which refers to the file. The first time each | |
348 function is called, it reads the full definition from the file, to | |
349 replace the place-holder. | |
350 | |
351 The advantage of dynamic function loading is that loading the file | |
352 becomes much faster. This is a good thing for a file which contains | |
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353 many separate user-callable functions, if using one of them does not |
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354 imply you will probably also use the rest. A specialized mode which |
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355 provides many keyboard commands often has that usage pattern: a user may |
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356 invoke the mode, but use only a few of the commands it provides. |
12067 | 357 |
358 The dynamic loading feature has certain disadvantages: | |
359 | |
360 @itemize @bullet | |
361 @item | |
362 If you delete or move the compiled file after loading it, Emacs can no | |
363 longer load the remaining function definitions not already loaded. | |
364 | |
365 @item | |
366 If you alter the compiled file (such as by compiling a new version), | |
55733 | 367 then trying to load any function not already loaded will usually yield |
368 nonsense results. | |
12067 | 369 @end itemize |
370 | |
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371 These problems will never happen in normal circumstances with |
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372 installed Emacs files. But they are quite likely to happen with Lisp |
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373 files that you are changing. The easiest way to prevent these problems |
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374 is to reload the new compiled file immediately after each recompilation. |
12067 | 375 |
376 The byte compiler uses the dynamic function loading feature if the | |
377 variable @code{byte-compile-dynamic} is non-@code{nil} at compilation | |
378 time. Do not set this variable globally, since dynamic loading is | |
379 desirable only for certain files. Instead, enable the feature for | |
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380 specific source files with file-local variable bindings. For example, |
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381 you could do it by writing this text in the source file's first line: |
12067 | 382 |
383 @example | |
384 -*-byte-compile-dynamic: t;-*- | |
385 @end example | |
386 | |
387 @defvar byte-compile-dynamic | |
388 If this is non-@code{nil}, the byte compiler generates compiled files | |
389 that are set up for dynamic function loading. | |
390 @end defvar | |
391 | |
392 @defun fetch-bytecode function | |
55733 | 393 If @var{function} is a byte-code function object, this immediately |
394 finishes loading the byte code of @var{function} from its | |
395 byte-compiled file, if it is not fully loaded already. Otherwise, | |
396 it does nothing. It always returns @var{function}. | |
12067 | 397 @end defun |
398 | |
5945 | 399 @node Eval During Compile |
400 @section Evaluation During Compilation | |
401 | |
12067 | 402 These features permit you to write code to be evaluated during |
5945 | 403 compilation of a program. |
404 | |
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405 @defspec eval-and-compile body@dots{} |
5945 | 406 This form marks @var{body} to be evaluated both when you compile the |
407 containing code and when you run it (whether compiled or not). | |
408 | |
409 You can get a similar result by putting @var{body} in a separate file | |
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410 and referring to that file with @code{require}. That method is |
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411 preferable when @var{body} is large. Effectively @code{require} is |
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412 automatically @code{eval-and-compile}, the package is loaded both when |
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413 compiling and executing. |
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414 |
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415 @code{autoload} is also effectively @code{eval-and-compile} too. It's |
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416 recognized when compiling, so uses of such a function don't produce |
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417 ``not known to be defined'' warnings. |
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418 |
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419 Most uses of @code{eval-and-compile} are fairly sophisticated. |
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420 |
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421 If a macro has a helper function to build its result, and that macro |
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422 is used both locally and outside the package, then |
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423 @code{eval-and-compile} should be used to get the helper both when |
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424 compiling and then later when running. |
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425 |
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426 If functions are defined programmatically (with @code{fset} say), then |
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427 @code{eval-and-compile} can be used to have that done at compile-time |
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428 as well as run-time, so calls to those functions are checked (and |
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429 warnings about ``not known to be defined'' suppressed). |
5945 | 430 @end defspec |
431 | |
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432 @defspec eval-when-compile body@dots{} |
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433 This form marks @var{body} to be evaluated at compile time but not when |
7212 | 434 the compiled program is loaded. The result of evaluation by the |
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435 compiler becomes a constant which appears in the compiled program. If |
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436 you load the source file, rather than compiling it, @var{body} is |
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437 evaluated normally. |
5945 | 438 |
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439 @cindex compile-time constant |
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440 If you have a constant that needs some calculation to produce, |
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441 @code{eval-when-compile} can do that at compile-time. For example, |
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442 |
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443 @lisp |
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444 (defvar my-regexp |
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445 (eval-when-compile (regexp-opt '("aaa" "aba" "abb")))) |
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446 @end lisp |
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447 |
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448 @cindex macros, at compile time |
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449 If you're using another package, but only need macros from it (the |
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450 byte compiler will expand those), then @code{eval-when-compile} can be |
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451 used to load it for compiling, but not executing. For example, |
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452 |
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453 @lisp |
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454 (eval-when-compile |
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455 (require 'my-macro-package)) ;; only macros needed from this |
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456 @end lisp |
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457 |
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458 The same sort of thing goes for macros and @code{defsubst} functions |
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459 defined locally and only for use within the file. They are needed for |
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460 compiling the file, but in most cases they are not needed for |
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461 execution of the compiled file. For example, |
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462 |
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463 @lisp |
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464 (eval-when-compile |
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465 (unless (fboundp 'some-new-thing) |
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466 (defmacro 'some-new-thing () |
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467 (compatibility code)))) |
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468 @end lisp |
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469 |
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470 @noindent |
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471 This is often good for code that's only a fallback for compatibility |
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472 with other versions of Emacs. |
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473 |
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474 @strong{Common Lisp Note:} At top level, @code{eval-when-compile} is analogous to the Common |
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475 Lisp idiom @code{(eval-when (compile eval) @dots{})}. Elsewhere, the |
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476 Common Lisp @samp{#.} reader macro (but not when interpreting) is closer |
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477 to what @code{eval-when-compile} does. |
5945 | 478 @end defspec |
479 | |
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480 @node Compiler Errors |
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481 @section Compiler Errors |
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482 @cindex compiler errors |
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483 |
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484 Byte compilation outputs all errors and warnings into the buffer |
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485 @samp{*Compile-Log*}. The messages include file names and line |
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486 numbers that identify the location of the problem. The usual Emacs |
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487 commands for operating on compiler diagnostics work properly on |
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488 these messages. |
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489 |
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490 However, the warnings about functions that were used but not |
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491 defined are always ``located'' at the end of the file, so these |
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492 commands won't find the places they are really used. To do that, |
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493 you must search for the function names. |
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494 |
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495 You can suppress the compiler warning for calling an undefined |
55733 | 496 function @var{func} by conditionalizing the function call on an |
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497 @code{fboundp} test, like this: |
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498 |
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499 @example |
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500 (if (fboundp '@var{func}) ...(@var{func} ...)...) |
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501 @end example |
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502 |
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503 @noindent |
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504 The call to @var{func} must be in the @var{then-form} of the |
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505 @code{if}, and @var{func} must appear quoted in the call to |
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506 @code{fboundp}. (This feature operates for @code{cond} as well.) |
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507 |
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508 Likewise, you can suppress a compiler warning for an unbound variable |
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509 @var{variable} by conditionalizing its use on a @code{boundp} test, |
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510 like this: |
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511 |
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512 @example |
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513 (if (boundp '@var{variable}) ...@var{variable}...) |
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514 @end example |
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515 |
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516 @noindent |
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517 The reference to @var{variable} must be in the @var{then-form} of the |
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518 @code{if}, and @var{variable} must appear quoted in the call to |
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519 @code{boundp}. |
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520 |
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521 You can suppress any compiler warnings using the construct |
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522 @code{with-no-warnings}: |
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523 |
55733 | 524 @c This is implemented with a defun, but conceptually it is |
525 @c a special form. | |
526 | |
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527 @defspec with-no-warnings body@dots{} |
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528 In execution, this is equivalent to @code{(progn @var{body}...)}, |
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529 but the compiler does not issue warnings for anything that occurs |
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530 inside @var{body}. |
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531 |
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532 We recommend that you use this construct around the smallest |
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533 possible piece of code. |
55733 | 534 @end defspec |
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535 |
5945 | 536 @node Byte-Code Objects |
12098 | 537 @section Byte-Code Function Objects |
5945 | 538 @cindex compiled function |
539 @cindex byte-code function | |
540 | |
541 Byte-compiled functions have a special data type: they are | |
542 @dfn{byte-code function objects}. | |
543 | |
544 Internally, a byte-code function object is much like a vector; | |
545 however, the evaluator handles this data type specially when it appears | |
546 as a function to be called. The printed representation for a byte-code | |
547 function object is like that for a vector, with an additional @samp{#} | |
548 before the opening @samp{[}. | |
549 | |
550 A byte-code function object must have at least four elements; there is | |
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551 no maximum number, but only the first six elements have any normal use. |
5945 | 552 They are: |
553 | |
554 @table @var | |
555 @item arglist | |
556 The list of argument symbols. | |
557 | |
558 @item byte-code | |
559 The string containing the byte-code instructions. | |
560 | |
561 @item constants | |
7212 | 562 The vector of Lisp objects referenced by the byte code. These include |
563 symbols used as function names and variable names. | |
5945 | 564 |
565 @item stacksize | |
566 The maximum stack size this function needs. | |
567 | |
568 @item docstring | |
12098 | 569 The documentation string (if any); otherwise, @code{nil}. The value may |
570 be a number or a list, in case the documentation string is stored in a | |
571 file. Use the function @code{documentation} to get the real | |
572 documentation string (@pxref{Accessing Documentation}). | |
5945 | 573 |
574 @item interactive | |
575 The interactive spec (if any). This can be a string or a Lisp | |
576 expression. It is @code{nil} for a function that isn't interactive. | |
577 @end table | |
578 | |
579 Here's an example of a byte-code function object, in printed | |
580 representation. It is the definition of the command | |
581 @code{backward-sexp}. | |
582 | |
583 @example | |
584 #[(&optional arg) | |
585 "^H\204^F^@@\301^P\302^H[!\207" | |
586 [arg 1 forward-sexp] | |
587 2 | |
588 254435 | |
589 "p"] | |
590 @end example | |
591 | |
592 The primitive way to create a byte-code object is with | |
593 @code{make-byte-code}: | |
594 | |
595 @defun make-byte-code &rest elements | |
596 This function constructs and returns a byte-code function object | |
597 with @var{elements} as its elements. | |
598 @end defun | |
599 | |
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600 You should not try to come up with the elements for a byte-code |
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601 function yourself, because if they are inconsistent, Emacs may crash |
7212 | 602 when you call the function. Always leave it to the byte compiler to |
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603 create these objects; it makes the elements consistent (we hope). |
5945 | 604 |
605 You can access the elements of a byte-code object using @code{aref}; | |
606 you can also use @code{vconcat} to create a vector with the same | |
607 elements. | |
608 | |
609 @node Disassembly | |
610 @section Disassembled Byte-Code | |
611 @cindex disassembled byte-code | |
612 | |
613 People do not write byte-code; that job is left to the byte compiler. | |
614 But we provide a disassembler to satisfy a cat-like curiosity. The | |
615 disassembler converts the byte-compiled code into humanly readable | |
616 form. | |
617 | |
618 The byte-code interpreter is implemented as a simple stack machine. | |
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619 It pushes values onto a stack of its own, then pops them off to use them |
7212 | 620 in calculations whose results are themselves pushed back on the stack. |
621 When a byte-code function returns, it pops a value off the stack and | |
622 returns it as the value of the function. | |
5945 | 623 |
7212 | 624 In addition to the stack, byte-code functions can use, bind, and set |
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625 ordinary Lisp variables, by transferring values between variables and |
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626 the stack. |
5945 | 627 |
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628 @deffn Command disassemble object &optional buffer-or-name |
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629 This command displays the disassembled code for @var{object}. In |
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630 interactive use, or if @var{buffer-or-name} is @code{nil} or omitted, |
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631 the output goes in a buffer named @samp{*Disassemble*}. If |
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632 @var{buffer-or-name} is non-@code{nil}, it must be a buffer or the |
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633 name of an existing buffer. Then the output goes there, at point, and |
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634 point is left before the output. |
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636 The argument @var{object} can be a function name, a lambda expression |
55733 | 637 or a byte-code object. If it is a lambda expression, @code{disassemble} |
638 compiles it and disassembles the resulting compiled code. | |
5945 | 639 @end deffn |
640 | |
641 Here are two examples of using the @code{disassemble} function. We | |
642 have added explanatory comments to help you relate the byte-code to the | |
643 Lisp source; these do not appear in the output of @code{disassemble}. | |
644 These examples show unoptimized byte-code. Nowadays byte-code is | |
645 usually optimized, but we did not want to rewrite these examples, since | |
646 they still serve their purpose. | |
647 | |
648 @example | |
649 @group | |
650 (defun factorial (integer) | |
651 "Compute factorial of an integer." | |
652 (if (= 1 integer) 1 | |
653 (* integer (factorial (1- integer))))) | |
654 @result{} factorial | |
655 @end group | |
656 | |
657 @group | |
658 (factorial 4) | |
659 @result{} 24 | |
660 @end group | |
661 | |
662 @group | |
663 (disassemble 'factorial) | |
664 @print{} byte-code for factorial: | |
665 doc: Compute factorial of an integer. | |
666 args: (integer) | |
667 @end group | |
668 | |
669 @group | |
670 0 constant 1 ; @r{Push 1 onto stack.} | |
671 | |
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672 1 varref integer ; @r{Get value of @code{integer}} |
5945 | 673 ; @r{from the environment} |
674 ; @r{and push the value} | |
675 ; @r{onto the stack.} | |
676 @end group | |
677 | |
678 @group | |
679 2 eqlsign ; @r{Pop top two values off stack,} | |
680 ; @r{compare them,} | |
681 ; @r{and push result onto stack.} | |
682 @end group | |
683 | |
684 @group | |
685 3 goto-if-nil 10 ; @r{Pop and test top of stack;} | |
686 ; @r{if @code{nil}, go to 10,} | |
687 ; @r{else continue.} | |
688 @end group | |
689 | |
690 @group | |
691 6 constant 1 ; @r{Push 1 onto top of stack.} | |
692 | |
693 7 goto 17 ; @r{Go to 17 (in this case, 1 will be} | |
694 ; @r{returned by the function).} | |
695 @end group | |
696 | |
697 @group | |
698 10 constant * ; @r{Push symbol @code{*} onto stack.} | |
699 | |
700 11 varref integer ; @r{Push value of @code{integer} onto stack.} | |
701 @end group | |
702 | |
703 @group | |
704 12 constant factorial ; @r{Push @code{factorial} onto stack.} | |
705 | |
706 13 varref integer ; @r{Push value of @code{integer} onto stack.} | |
707 | |
708 14 sub1 ; @r{Pop @code{integer}, decrement value,} | |
709 ; @r{push new value onto stack.} | |
710 @end group | |
711 | |
712 @group | |
713 ; @r{Stack now contains:} | |
714 ; @minus{} @r{decremented value of @code{integer}} | |
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715 ; @minus{} @r{@code{factorial}} |
5945 | 716 ; @minus{} @r{value of @code{integer}} |
717 ; @minus{} @r{@code{*}} | |
718 @end group | |
719 | |
720 @group | |
721 15 call 1 ; @r{Call function @code{factorial} using} | |
722 ; @r{the first (i.e., the top) element} | |
723 ; @r{of the stack as the argument;} | |
724 ; @r{push returned value onto stack.} | |
725 @end group | |
726 | |
727 @group | |
728 ; @r{Stack now contains:} | |
7212 | 729 ; @minus{} @r{result of recursive} |
5945 | 730 ; @r{call to @code{factorial}} |
731 ; @minus{} @r{value of @code{integer}} | |
732 ; @minus{} @r{@code{*}} | |
733 @end group | |
734 | |
735 @group | |
736 16 call 2 ; @r{Using the first two} | |
737 ; @r{(i.e., the top two)} | |
738 ; @r{elements of the stack} | |
739 ; @r{as arguments,} | |
740 ; @r{call the function @code{*},} | |
741 ; @r{pushing the result onto the stack.} | |
742 @end group | |
743 | |
744 @group | |
745 17 return ; @r{Return the top element} | |
746 ; @r{of the stack.} | |
747 @result{} nil | |
748 @end group | |
749 @end example | |
750 | |
751 The @code{silly-loop} function is somewhat more complex: | |
752 | |
753 @example | |
754 @group | |
755 (defun silly-loop (n) | |
756 "Return time before and after N iterations of a loop." | |
757 (let ((t1 (current-time-string))) | |
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758 (while (> (setq n (1- n)) |
5945 | 759 0)) |
760 (list t1 (current-time-string)))) | |
761 @result{} silly-loop | |
762 @end group | |
763 | |
764 @group | |
765 (disassemble 'silly-loop) | |
766 @print{} byte-code for silly-loop: | |
767 doc: Return time before and after N iterations of a loop. | |
768 args: (n) | |
769 | |
770 0 constant current-time-string ; @r{Push} | |
771 ; @r{@code{current-time-string}} | |
772 ; @r{onto top of stack.} | |
773 @end group | |
774 | |
775 @group | |
776 1 call 0 ; @r{Call @code{current-time-string}} | |
777 ; @r{ with no argument,} | |
778 ; @r{ pushing result onto stack.} | |
779 @end group | |
780 | |
781 @group | |
782 2 varbind t1 ; @r{Pop stack and bind @code{t1}} | |
783 ; @r{to popped value.} | |
784 @end group | |
785 | |
786 @group | |
787 3 varref n ; @r{Get value of @code{n} from} | |
788 ; @r{the environment and push} | |
789 ; @r{the value onto the stack.} | |
790 @end group | |
791 | |
792 @group | |
793 4 sub1 ; @r{Subtract 1 from top of stack.} | |
794 @end group | |
795 | |
796 @group | |
797 5 dup ; @r{Duplicate the top of the stack;} | |
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798 ; @r{i.e., copy the top of} |
5945 | 799 ; @r{the stack and push the} |
800 ; @r{copy onto the stack.} | |
801 @end group | |
802 | |
803 @group | |
804 6 varset n ; @r{Pop the top of the stack,} | |
805 ; @r{and bind @code{n} to the value.} | |
806 | |
807 ; @r{In effect, the sequence @code{dup varset}} | |
808 ; @r{copies the top of the stack} | |
809 ; @r{into the value of @code{n}} | |
810 ; @r{without popping it.} | |
811 @end group | |
812 | |
813 @group | |
814 7 constant 0 ; @r{Push 0 onto stack.} | |
815 @end group | |
816 | |
817 @group | |
818 8 gtr ; @r{Pop top two values off stack,} | |
819 ; @r{test if @var{n} is greater than 0} | |
820 ; @r{and push result onto stack.} | |
821 @end group | |
822 | |
823 @group | |
7212 | 824 9 goto-if-nil-else-pop 17 ; @r{Goto 17 if @code{n} <= 0} |
825 ; @r{(this exits the while loop).} | |
5945 | 826 ; @r{else pop top of stack} |
827 ; @r{and continue} | |
828 @end group | |
829 | |
830 @group | |
831 12 constant nil ; @r{Push @code{nil} onto stack} | |
832 ; @r{(this is the body of the loop).} | |
833 @end group | |
834 | |
835 @group | |
836 13 discard ; @r{Discard result of the body} | |
837 ; @r{of the loop (a while loop} | |
838 ; @r{is always evaluated for} | |
839 ; @r{its side effects).} | |
840 @end group | |
841 | |
842 @group | |
843 14 goto 3 ; @r{Jump back to beginning} | |
844 ; @r{of while loop.} | |
845 @end group | |
846 | |
847 @group | |
848 17 discard ; @r{Discard result of while loop} | |
849 ; @r{by popping top of stack.} | |
7212 | 850 ; @r{This result is the value @code{nil} that} |
851 ; @r{was not popped by the goto at 9.} | |
5945 | 852 @end group |
853 | |
854 @group | |
855 18 varref t1 ; @r{Push value of @code{t1} onto stack.} | |
856 @end group | |
857 | |
858 @group | |
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859 19 constant current-time-string ; @r{Push} |
5945 | 860 ; @r{@code{current-time-string}} |
861 ; @r{onto top of stack.} | |
862 @end group | |
863 | |
864 @group | |
865 20 call 0 ; @r{Call @code{current-time-string} again.} | |
866 @end group | |
867 | |
868 @group | |
869 21 list2 ; @r{Pop top two elements off stack,} | |
870 ; @r{create a list of them,} | |
871 ; @r{and push list onto stack.} | |
872 @end group | |
873 | |
874 @group | |
875 22 unbind 1 ; @r{Unbind @code{t1} in local environment.} | |
876 | |
877 23 return ; @r{Return value of the top of stack.} | |
878 | |
879 @result{} nil | |
880 @end group | |
881 @end example | |
882 | |
883 | |
52401 | 884 @ignore |
885 arch-tag: f78e3050-2f0a-4dee-be27-d9979a0a2289 | |
886 @end ignore |