Mercurial > emacs
annotate man/emacs.texi @ 79673:2aef5e9680f7
(version): Just use current year for short copyright; update to 2008.
author | Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org> |
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date | Fri, 04 Jan 2008 03:00:11 +0000 |
parents | 4d8938a97d96 |
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2 | |
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3 @setfilename ../info/emacs |
24093 | 4 @settitle GNU Emacs Manual |
5 | |
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6 @c The edition number appears in several places in this file |
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7 @set EDITION Sixteenth |
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8 @set EMACSVER 22.1.50 |
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9 |
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10 @copying |
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12 updated for Emacs version @value{EMACSVER}. |
24093 | 13 |
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14 Copyright @copyright{} 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, |
75348 | 15 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 Free Software |
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16 Foundation, Inc. |
24093 | 17 |
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18 @quotation |
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19 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document |
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20 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or |
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21 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the |
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22 Invariant Sections being ``The GNU Manifesto,'' ``Distribution'' and |
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23 ``GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE,'' with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU |
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24 Manual,'' and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the |
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25 license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation |
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26 License.'' |
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27 |
78048 | 28 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You are free to copy and modify |
29 this GNU Manual. Buying copies from GNU Press supports the FSF in | |
30 developing GNU and promoting software freedom.'' | |
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31 @end quotation |
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32 @end copying |
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33 |
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34 @dircategory Emacs |
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35 @direntry |
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36 * Emacs: (emacs). The extensible self-documenting text editor. |
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37 @end direntry |
24093 | 38 |
39 @c in general, keep the following line commented out, unless doing a | |
78048 | 40 @c copy of this manual that will be published. The manual should go |
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41 @c onto the distribution in the full, 8.5 x 11" size. |
77597 | 42 @c set smallbook |
24093 | 43 |
77129 | 44 @ifset smallbook |
69012 | 45 @smallbook |
77129 | 46 @end ifset |
24093 | 47 |
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48 @c per rms and peterb, use 10pt fonts for the main text, mostly to |
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49 @c save on paper cost. |
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50 @c Do this inside @tex for now, so current makeinfo does not complain. |
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51 @tex |
77129 | 52 @ifset smallbook |
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53 @fonttextsize 10 |
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54 @set EMACSVER 22.1 |
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55 \global\let\urlcolor=\Black % don't print links in grayscale |
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56 \global\let\linkcolor=\Black |
77129 | 57 @end ifset |
58 \global\hbadness=6666 % don't worry about not-too-underfull boxes | |
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59 @end tex |
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60 |
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61 @defcodeindex op |
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62 @synindex pg cp |
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63 |
24093 | 64 @iftex |
65 @kbdinputstyle code | |
66 | |
67 @shorttitlepage GNU Emacs Manual | |
68 @end iftex | |
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69 |
24093 | 70 @titlepage |
71 @sp 6 | |
72 @center @titlefont{GNU Emacs Manual} | |
73 @sp 4 | |
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74 @center @value{EDITION} Edition, Updated for Emacs Version @value{EMACSVER}. |
24093 | 75 @sp 5 |
76 @center Richard Stallman | |
77 @page | |
78 @vskip 0pt plus 1filll | |
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79 @insertcopying |
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80 |
24093 | 81 @sp 2 |
82 Published by the Free Software Foundation @* | |
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83 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor @* |
77597 | 84 Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA @* |
85 ISBN 1-882114-86-8 | |
24093 | 86 |
87 @sp 2 | |
88 Cover art by Etienne Suvasa. | |
89 | |
90 @end titlepage | |
69885 | 91 |
92 | |
93 @summarycontents | |
94 @contents | |
95 | |
96 | |
30870 | 97 @ifnottex |
24093 | 98 @node Top, Distrib, (dir), (dir) |
99 @top The Emacs Editor | |
100 | |
101 Emacs is the extensible, customizable, self-documenting real-time | |
102 display editor. This Info file describes how to edit with Emacs and | |
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103 some of how to customize it; it corresponds to GNU Emacs version |
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104 @value{EMACSVER}. |
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105 |
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106 @ifinfo |
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107 To learn more about the Info documentation system, type @kbd{h}, and |
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108 Emacs will take you to a programmed instruction sequence for the Info |
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109 commands. |
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110 @end ifinfo |
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111 |
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112 For information on extending Emacs, see @ref{Top, Emacs Lisp,, elisp, The |
24093 | 113 Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. |
30870 | 114 @end ifnottex |
24093 | 115 |
116 @ignore | |
117 These subcategories have been deleted for simplicity | |
118 and to avoid conflicts. | |
119 Completion | |
120 Backup Files | |
121 Auto-Saving: Protection Against Disasters | |
122 Snapshots | |
123 Text Mode | |
124 Outline Mode | |
125 @TeX{} Mode | |
126 Formatted Text | |
127 Shell Command History | |
128 | |
129 The ones for Dired and Rmail have had the items turned into :: items | |
130 to avoid conflicts. | |
131 Also Running Shell Commands from Emacs | |
132 and Sending Mail and Registers and Minibuffer. | |
133 @end ignore | |
134 | |
135 @menu | |
136 * Distrib:: How to get the latest Emacs distribution. | |
137 * Copying:: The GNU General Public License gives you permission | |
138 to redistribute GNU Emacs on certain terms; | |
139 it also explains that there is no warranty. | |
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140 * GNU Free Documentation License:: The license for this documentation. |
24093 | 141 * Intro:: An introduction to Emacs concepts. |
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142 * Glossary:: Terms used in this manual. |
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143 * Antinews:: Information about Emacs version 21. |
34199 | 144 * Mac OS:: Using Emacs in the Mac. |
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145 * Microsoft Windows:: Using Emacs on Microsoft Windows and MS-DOS. |
24093 | 146 * Manifesto:: What's GNU? Gnu's Not Unix! |
53695 | 147 * Acknowledgments:: Major contributors to GNU Emacs. |
24093 | 148 |
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149 Indexes (each index contains a large menu) |
24093 | 150 * Key Index:: An item for each standard Emacs key sequence. |
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151 * Option Index:: An item for every command-line option. |
24093 | 152 * Command Index:: An item for each command name. |
153 * Variable Index:: An item for each documented variable. | |
154 * Concept Index:: An item for each concept. | |
155 | |
156 Important General Concepts | |
157 * Screen:: How to interpret what you see on the screen. | |
158 * User Input:: Kinds of input events (characters, buttons, | |
159 function keys). | |
160 * Keys:: Key sequences: what you type to request one | |
161 editing action. | |
162 * Commands:: Named functions run by key sequences to do editing. | |
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163 * Text Characters:: Character set for text (the contents of buffers |
24093 | 164 and strings). |
165 * Entering Emacs:: Starting Emacs from the shell. | |
166 * Exiting:: Stopping or killing Emacs. | |
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167 * Emacs Invocation:: Hairy startup options. |
24093 | 168 |
169 Fundamental Editing Commands | |
170 * Basic:: The most basic editing commands. | |
171 * Minibuffer:: Entering arguments that are prompted for. | |
172 * M-x:: Invoking commands by their names. | |
173 * Help:: Commands for asking Emacs about its commands. | |
174 | |
175 Important Text-Changing Commands | |
176 * Mark:: The mark: how to delimit a ``region'' of text. | |
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177 * Killing:: Killing (cutting) text. |
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178 * Yanking:: Recovering killed text. Moving text. (Pasting.) |
24093 | 179 * Accumulating Text:: Other ways of copying text. |
180 * Rectangles:: Operating on the text inside a rectangle on the screen. | |
181 * Registers:: Saving a text string or a location in the buffer. | |
182 * Display:: Controlling what text is displayed. | |
183 * Search:: Finding or replacing occurrences of a string. | |
184 * Fixit:: Commands especially useful for fixing typos. | |
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185 * Keyboard Macros:: A keyboard macro records a sequence of |
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186 keystrokes to be replayed with a single command. |
24093 | 187 |
188 Major Structures of Emacs | |
189 * Files:: All about handling files. | |
190 * Buffers:: Multiple buffers; editing several files at once. | |
191 * Windows:: Viewing two pieces of text at once. | |
192 * Frames:: Running the same Emacs session in multiple X windows. | |
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193 * International:: Using non-@acronym{ASCII} character sets (the MULE features). |
24093 | 194 |
195 Advanced Features | |
196 * Major Modes:: Text mode vs. Lisp mode vs. C mode ... | |
197 * Indentation:: Editing the white space at the beginnings of lines. | |
198 * Text:: Commands and modes for editing English. | |
199 * Programs:: Commands and modes for editing programs. | |
200 * Building:: Compiling, running and debugging programs. | |
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201 * Maintaining:: Features for maintaining large programs. |
24093 | 202 * Abbrevs:: How to define text abbreviations to reduce |
203 the number of characters you must type. | |
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204 @ifnottex |
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205 * Picture Mode:: Editing pictures made up of characters using |
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206 the quarter-plane screen model. |
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207 @end ifnottex |
24093 | 208 * Sending Mail:: Sending mail in Emacs. |
209 * Rmail:: Reading mail in Emacs. | |
210 * Dired:: You can ``edit'' a directory to manage files in it. | |
211 * Calendar/Diary:: The calendar and diary facilities. | |
212 * Gnus:: How to read netnews with Emacs. | |
213 * Shell:: Executing shell commands from Emacs. | |
214 * Emacs Server:: Using Emacs as an editing server for @code{mail}, etc. | |
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215 * Printing:: Printing hardcopies of buffers or regions. |
24093 | 216 * Sorting:: Sorting lines, paragraphs or pages within Emacs. |
217 * Narrowing:: Restricting display and editing to a portion | |
218 of the buffer. | |
219 * Two-Column:: Splitting apart columns to edit them | |
220 in side-by-side windows. | |
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221 * Editing Binary Files::Using Hexl mode to edit binary files. |
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222 * Saving Emacs Sessions:: Saving Emacs state from one session to the next. |
24093 | 223 * Recursive Edit:: A command can allow you to do editing |
224 "within the command". This is called a | |
36211 | 225 "recursive editing level". |
24093 | 226 * Emulation:: Emulating some other editors with Emacs. |
30870 | 227 * Hyperlinking:: Following links in buffers. |
24093 | 228 * Dissociated Press:: Dissociating text for fun. |
229 * Amusements:: Various games and hacks. | |
230 * Customization:: Modifying the behavior of Emacs. | |
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231 * X Resources:: X resources for customizing Emacs. |
24093 | 232 |
233 Recovery from Problems | |
234 * Quitting:: Quitting and aborting. | |
235 * Lossage:: What to do if Emacs is hung or malfunctioning. | |
236 * Bugs:: How and when to report a bug. | |
237 * Contributing:: How to contribute improvements to Emacs. | |
238 * Service:: How to get help for your own Emacs needs. | |
239 | |
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240 @c Do NOT modify the following 3 lines! They must have this form to |
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241 @c be correctly identified by `texinfo-multiple-files-update'. In |
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242 @c particular, the detailed menu header line MUST be identical to the |
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243 @c value of `texinfo-master-menu-header'. See texnfo-upd.el. |
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244 |
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245 @detailmenu |
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246 --- The Detailed Node Listing --- |
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247 --------------------------------- |
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248 |
24093 | 249 Here are some other nodes which are really inferiors of the ones |
250 already listed, mentioned here so you can get to them in one step: | |
251 | |
252 The Organization of the Screen | |
253 | |
254 * Point:: The place in the text where editing commands operate. | |
255 * Echo Area:: Short messages appear at the bottom of the screen. | |
256 * Mode Line:: Interpreting the mode line. | |
257 * Menu Bar:: How to use the menu bar. | |
258 | |
259 Basic Editing Commands | |
260 | |
261 * Inserting Text:: Inserting text by simply typing it. | |
262 * Moving Point:: How to move the cursor to the place where you want to | |
263 change something. | |
264 * Erasing:: Deleting and killing text. | |
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265 * Basic Undo:: Undoing recent changes in the text. |
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266 * Basic Files:: Visiting, creating, and saving files. |
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267 * Basic Help:: Asking what a character does. |
24093 | 268 * Blank Lines:: Commands to make or delete blank lines. |
269 * Continuation Lines:: Lines too wide for the screen. | |
270 * Position Info:: What page, line, row, or column is point on? | |
271 * Arguments:: Numeric arguments for repeating a command. | |
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272 * Repeating:: A short-cut for repeating the previous command. |
24093 | 273 |
274 The Minibuffer | |
275 | |
276 * Minibuffer File:: Entering file names with the minibuffer. | |
277 * Minibuffer Edit:: How to edit in the minibuffer. | |
278 * Completion:: An abbreviation facility for minibuffer input. | |
279 * Minibuffer History:: Reusing recent minibuffer arguments. | |
280 * Repetition:: Re-executing commands that used the minibuffer. | |
281 | |
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282 Completion |
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283 |
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284 * Example: Completion Example. Examples of using completion. |
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285 * Commands: Completion Commands. A list of completion commands. |
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286 * Strict Completion:: Different types of completion. |
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287 * Options: Completion Options. Options for completion. |
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288 |
24093 | 289 Help |
290 | |
291 * Help Summary:: Brief list of all Help commands. | |
292 * Key Help:: Asking what a key does in Emacs. | |
293 * Name Help:: Asking about a command, variable or function name. | |
294 * Apropos:: Asking what pertains to a given topic. | |
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295 * Help Mode:: Special features of Help mode and Help buffers. |
24093 | 296 * Library Keywords:: Finding Lisp libraries by keywords (topics). |
297 * Language Help:: Help relating to international language support. | |
298 * Misc Help:: Other help commands. | |
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299 * Help Files:: Commands to display pre-written help files. |
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300 * Help Echo:: Help on active text and tooltips (`balloon help') |
24093 | 301 |
302 The Mark and the Region | |
303 | |
304 * Setting Mark:: Commands to set the mark. | |
305 * Transient Mark:: How to make Emacs highlight the region-- | |
306 when there is one. | |
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307 * Momentary Mark:: Enabling Transient Mark mode momentarily. |
24093 | 308 * Using Region:: Summary of ways to operate on contents of the region. |
309 * Marking Objects:: Commands to put region around textual units. | |
310 * Mark Ring:: Previous mark positions saved so you can go back there. | |
311 * Global Mark Ring:: Previous mark positions in various buffers. | |
312 | |
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313 Killing and Moving Text |
24093 | 314 |
315 * Deletion:: Commands for deleting small amounts of text and | |
316 blank areas. | |
317 * Killing by Lines:: How to kill entire lines of text at one time. | |
318 * Other Kill Commands:: Commands to kill large regions of text and | |
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319 syntactic units such as words and sentences. |
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320 * CUA Bindings:: Using @kbd{C-x}, @kbd{C-c}, @kbd{C-v} for copy |
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321 and paste, with enhanced rectangle support. |
24093 | 322 |
323 Yanking | |
324 | |
325 * Kill Ring:: Where killed text is stored. Basic yanking. | |
326 * Appending Kills:: Several kills in a row all yank together. | |
327 * Earlier Kills:: Yanking something killed some time ago. | |
328 | |
329 Registers | |
330 | |
331 * RegPos:: Saving positions in registers. | |
332 * RegText:: Saving text in registers. | |
333 * RegRect:: Saving rectangles in registers. | |
334 * RegConfig:: Saving window configurations in registers. | |
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335 * RegNumbers:: Numbers in registers. |
24093 | 336 * RegFiles:: File names in registers. |
337 * Bookmarks:: Bookmarks are like registers, but persistent. | |
338 | |
339 Controlling the Display | |
340 | |
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341 * Scrolling:: Moving text up and down in a window. |
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342 * Auto Scrolling:: Redisplay scrolls text automatically when needed. |
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343 * Horizontal Scrolling:: Moving text left and right in a window. |
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344 * Follow Mode:: Follow mode lets two windows scroll as one. |
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345 * Faces:: How to change the display style using faces. |
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346 * Standard Faces:: Emacs' predefined faces. |
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347 * Font Lock:: Minor mode for syntactic highlighting using faces. |
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348 * Highlight Interactively:: Tell Emacs what text to highlight. |
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349 * Fringes:: Enabling or disabling window fringes. |
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350 * Displaying Boundaries:: Displaying top and bottom of the buffer. |
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351 * Useless Whitespace:: Showing possibly-spurious trailing whitespace. |
24093 | 352 * Selective Display:: Hiding lines with lots of indentation. |
353 * Optional Mode Line:: Optional mode line display features. | |
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354 * Text Display:: How text characters are normally displayed. |
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355 * Cursor Display:: Features for displaying the cursor. |
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356 * Line Truncation:: Truncating lines to fit the screen width instead |
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357 of continuing them to multiple screen lines. |
36211 | 358 * Display Custom:: Information on variables for customizing display. |
24093 | 359 |
360 Searching and Replacement | |
361 | |
362 * Incremental Search:: Search happens as you type the string. | |
363 * Nonincremental Search:: Specify entire string and then search. | |
364 * Word Search:: Search for sequence of words. | |
365 * Regexp Search:: Search for match for a regexp. | |
366 * Regexps:: Syntax of regular expressions. | |
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367 * Regexp Backslash:: Regular expression constructs starting with `\'. |
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368 * Regexp Example:: A complex regular expression explained. |
24093 | 369 * Search Case:: To ignore case while searching, or not. |
370 * Replace:: Search, and replace some or all matches. | |
371 * Other Repeating Search:: Operating on all matches for some regexp. | |
372 | |
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373 Incremental Search |
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374 |
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375 * Basic Isearch:: Basic incremental search commands. |
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376 * Repeat Isearch:: Searching for the same string again. |
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377 * Error in Isearch:: When your string is not found. |
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378 * Special Isearch:: Special input in incremental search. |
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379 * Non-ASCII Isearch:: How to search for non-ASCII characters. |
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380 * Isearch Yank:: Commands that grab text into the search string |
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381 or else edit the search string. |
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382 * Highlight Isearch:: Isearch highlights the other possible matches. |
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383 * Isearch Scroll:: Scrolling during an incremental search. |
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384 * Slow Isearch:: Incremental search features for slow terminals. |
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385 |
24093 | 386 Replacement Commands |
387 | |
388 * Unconditional Replace:: Replacing all matches for a string. | |
389 * Regexp Replace:: Replacing all matches for a regexp. | |
390 * Replacement and Case:: How replacements preserve case of letters. | |
391 * Query Replace:: How to use querying. | |
392 | |
393 Commands for Fixing Typos | |
394 | |
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395 * Undo:: Full details of Emacs undo commands. |
24093 | 396 * Kill Errors:: Commands to kill a batch of recently entered text. |
397 * Transpose:: Exchanging two characters, words, lines, lists... | |
398 * Fixing Case:: Correcting case of last word entered. | |
399 * Spelling:: Apply spelling checker to a word or a whole buffer. | |
400 | |
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401 Keyboard Macros |
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402 |
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403 * Basic Keyboard Macro:: Defining and running keyboard macros. |
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404 * Keyboard Macro Ring:: Where previous keyboard macros are saved. |
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405 * Keyboard Macro Counter:: Inserting incrementing numbers in macros. |
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406 * Keyboard Macro Query:: Making keyboard macros do different things each time. |
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407 * Save Keyboard Macro:: Giving keyboard macros names; saving them in files. |
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408 * Edit Keyboard Macro:: Editing keyboard macros. |
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409 * Keyboard Macro Step-Edit:: Interactively executing and editing a keyboard |
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410 macro. |
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411 |
24093 | 412 File Handling |
413 | |
414 * File Names:: How to type and edit file-name arguments. | |
415 * Visiting:: Visiting a file prepares Emacs to edit the file. | |
416 * Saving:: Saving makes your changes permanent. | |
417 * Reverting:: Reverting cancels all the changes not saved. | |
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418 * Autorevert:: Auto Reverting non-file buffers. |
24093 | 419 * Auto Save:: Auto Save periodically protects against loss of data. |
420 * File Aliases:: Handling multiple names for one file. | |
421 * Version Control:: Version control systems (RCS, CVS and SCCS). | |
422 * Directories:: Creating, deleting, and listing file directories. | |
423 * Comparing Files:: Finding where two files differ. | |
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424 * Diff Mode:: Editing diff output. |
24093 | 425 * Misc File Ops:: Other things you can do on files. |
426 * Compressed Files:: Accessing compressed files. | |
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427 * File Archives:: Operating on tar, zip, jar etc. archive files. |
24093 | 428 * Remote Files:: Accessing files on other sites. |
429 * Quoted File Names:: Quoting special characters in file names. | |
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430 * File Name Cache:: Completion against a list of files you often use. |
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431 * File Conveniences:: Convenience Features for Finding Files. |
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432 * Filesets:: Handling sets of files. |
24093 | 433 |
434 Saving Files | |
435 | |
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436 * Save Commands:: Commands for saving files. |
24093 | 437 * Backup:: How Emacs saves the old version of your file. |
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438 * Customize Save:: Customizing the saving of files. |
24093 | 439 * Interlocking:: How Emacs protects against simultaneous editing |
440 of one file by two users. | |
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441 * File Shadowing:: Copying files to "shadows" automatically. |
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442 * Time Stamps:: Emacs can update time stamps on saved files. |
24093 | 443 |
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444 Backup Files |
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445 |
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446 * One or Many: Numbered Backups. Whether to make one backup file or many. |
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447 * Names: Backup Names. How backup files are named. |
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448 * Deletion: Backup Deletion. Emacs deletes excess numbered backups. |
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449 * Copying: Backup Copying. Backups can be made by copying or renaming. |
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450 |
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451 Auto-Saving: Protection Against Disasters |
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452 |
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453 * Files: Auto Save Files. The file where auto-saved changes are |
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454 actually made until you save the file. |
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455 * Control: Auto Save Control. Controlling when and how often to auto-save. |
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456 * Recover:: Recovering text from auto-save files. |
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457 |
24093 | 458 Version Control |
459 | |
460 * Introduction to VC:: How version control works in general. | |
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461 * VC Mode Line:: How the mode line shows version control status. |
24093 | 462 * Basic VC Editing:: How to edit a file under version control. |
463 * Old Versions:: Examining and comparing old versions. | |
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464 * Secondary VC Commands:: The commands used a little less frequently. |
24093 | 465 * Branches:: Multiple lines of development. |
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466 * Remote Repositories:: Efficient access to remote CVS servers. |
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467 * Snapshots:: Sets of file versions treated as a unit. |
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468 * Miscellaneous VC:: Various other commands and features of VC. |
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469 * Customizing VC:: Variables that change VC's behavior. |
24093 | 470 |
471 Using Multiple Buffers | |
472 | |
473 * Select Buffer:: Creating a new buffer or reselecting an old one. | |
474 * List Buffers:: Getting a list of buffers that exist. | |
39267 | 475 * Misc Buffer:: Renaming; changing read-onliness; copying text. |
24093 | 476 * Kill Buffer:: Killing buffers you no longer need. |
477 * Several Buffers:: How to go through the list of all buffers | |
478 and operate variously on several of them. | |
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479 * Indirect Buffers:: An indirect buffer shares the text of another buffer. |
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480 * Buffer Convenience:: Convenience and customization features for |
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481 buffer handling. |
24093 | 482 |
483 Multiple Windows | |
484 | |
485 * Basic Window:: Introduction to Emacs windows. | |
486 * Split Window:: New windows are made by splitting existing windows. | |
487 * Other Window:: Moving to another window or doing something to it. | |
488 * Pop Up Window:: Finding a file or buffer in another window. | |
489 * Force Same Window:: Forcing certain buffers to appear in the selected | |
490 window rather than in another window. | |
491 * Change Window:: Deleting windows and changing their sizes. | |
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492 * Window Convenience:: Convenience functions for window handling. |
24093 | 493 |
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494 Frames and Graphical Displays |
24093 | 495 |
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496 * Cut and Paste:: Mouse commands for cut and paste. |
24093 | 497 * Mouse References:: Using the mouse to select an item from a list. |
498 * Menu Mouse Clicks:: Mouse clicks that bring up menus. | |
499 * Mode Line Mouse:: Mouse clicks on the mode line. | |
500 * Creating Frames:: Creating additional Emacs frames with various contents. | |
36211 | 501 * Frame Commands:: Iconifying, deleting, and switching frames. |
502 * Speedbar:: How to make and use a speedbar frame. | |
24093 | 503 * Multiple Displays:: How one Emacs job can talk to several displays. |
504 * Special Buffer Frames:: You can make certain buffers have their own frames. | |
505 * Frame Parameters:: Changing the colors and other modes of frames. | |
506 * Scroll Bars:: How to enable and disable scroll bars; how to use them. | |
36211 | 507 * Wheeled Mice:: Using mouse wheels for scrolling. |
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508 * Drag and Drop:: Using drag and drop to open files and insert text. |
24093 | 509 * Menu Bars:: Enabling and disabling the menu bar. |
36211 | 510 * Tool Bars:: Enabling and disabling the tool bar. |
511 * Dialog Boxes:: Controlling use of dialog boxes. | |
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512 * Tooltips:: Showing "tooltips", AKA "balloon help" for active text. |
36211 | 513 * Mouse Avoidance:: Moving the mouse pointer out of the way. |
24093 | 514 * Non-Window Terminals:: Multiple frames on terminals that show only one. |
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515 * Text-Only Mouse:: Using the mouse in text-only terminals. |
24093 | 516 |
517 International Character Set Support | |
518 | |
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519 * International Chars:: Basic concepts of multibyte characters. |
24093 | 520 * Enabling Multibyte:: Controlling whether to use multibyte characters. |
521 * Language Environments:: Setting things up for the language you use. | |
522 * Input Methods:: Entering text characters not on your keyboard. | |
523 * Select Input Method:: Specifying your choice of input methods. | |
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524 * Multibyte Conversion:: How single-byte characters convert to multibyte. |
24093 | 525 * Coding Systems:: Character set conversion when you read and |
526 write files, and so on. | |
527 * Recognize Coding:: How Emacs figures out which conversion to use. | |
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528 * Specify Coding:: Specifying a file's coding system explicitly. |
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529 * Output Coding:: Choosing coding systems for output. |
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530 * Text Coding:: Choosing conversion to use for file text. |
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531 * Communication Coding:: Coding systems for interprocess communication. |
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532 * File Name Coding:: Coding systems for file @emph{names}. |
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533 * Terminal Coding:: Specifying coding systems for converting |
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534 terminal input and output. |
24093 | 535 * Fontsets:: Fontsets are collections of fonts |
536 that cover the whole spectrum of characters. | |
537 * Defining Fontsets:: Defining a new fontset. | |
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538 * Undisplayable Characters::When characters don't display. |
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539 * Unibyte Mode:: You can pick one European character set |
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540 to use without multibyte characters. |
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541 * Charsets:: How Emacs groups its internal character codes. |
24093 | 542 |
543 Major Modes | |
544 | |
545 * Choosing Modes:: How major modes are specified or chosen. | |
546 | |
547 Indentation | |
548 | |
549 * Indentation Commands:: Various commands and techniques for indentation. | |
550 * Tab Stops:: You can set arbitrary "tab stops" and then | |
551 indent to the next tab stop when you want to. | |
552 * Just Spaces:: You can request indentation using just spaces. | |
553 | |
554 Commands for Human Languages | |
555 | |
556 * Words:: Moving over and killing words. | |
557 * Sentences:: Moving over and killing sentences. | |
558 * Paragraphs:: Moving over paragraphs. | |
559 * Pages:: Moving over pages. | |
560 * Filling:: Filling or justifying text. | |
561 * Case:: Changing the case of text. | |
562 * Text Mode:: The major modes for editing text files. | |
563 * Outline Mode:: Editing outlines. | |
564 * TeX Mode:: Editing input to the formatter TeX. | |
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565 * HTML Mode:: Editing HTML, SGML, and XML files. |
24093 | 566 * Nroff Mode:: Editing input to the formatter nroff. |
567 * Formatted Text:: Editing formatted text directly in WYSIWYG fashion. | |
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568 * Text Based Tables:: Editing text-based tables in WYSIWYG fashion. |
24093 | 569 |
570 Filling Text | |
571 | |
572 * Auto Fill:: Auto Fill mode breaks long lines automatically. | |
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573 * Refill:: Keeping paragraphs filled. |
24093 | 574 * Fill Commands:: Commands to refill paragraphs and center lines. |
575 * Fill Prefix:: Filling paragraphs that are indented | |
576 or in a comment, etc. | |
577 * Adaptive Fill:: How Emacs can determine the fill prefix automatically. | |
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578 * Longlines:: Editing text with very long lines. |
24093 | 579 |
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580 Outline Mode |
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581 |
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582 * Format: Outline Format. What the text of an outline looks like. |
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583 * Motion: Outline Motion. Special commands for moving through |
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584 outlines. |
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585 * Visibility: Outline Visibility. Commands to control what is visible. |
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586 * Views: Outline Views. Outlines and multiple views. |
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587 * Foldout:: Folding means zooming in on outlines. |
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588 |
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589 @TeX{} Mode |
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590 |
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591 * Editing: TeX Editing. Special commands for editing in TeX mode. |
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592 * LaTeX: LaTeX Editing. Additional commands for LaTeX input files. |
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593 * Printing: TeX Print. Commands for printing part of a file with TeX. |
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594 * Misc: TeX Misc. Customization of TeX mode, and related features. |
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595 |
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596 Editing Formatted Text |
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597 |
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598 * Requesting Formatted Text:: Entering and exiting Enriched mode. |
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599 * Hard and Soft Newlines:: There are two different kinds of newlines. |
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600 * Editing Format Info:: How to edit text properties. |
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601 * Faces: Format Faces. Bold, italic, underline, etc. |
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602 * Color: Format Colors. Changing the color of text. |
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603 * Indent: Format Indentation. Changing the left and right margins. |
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604 * Justification: Format Justification. |
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605 Centering, setting text flush with the |
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606 left or right margin, etc. |
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607 * Other: Format Properties. The "special" text properties submenu. |
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608 * Forcing Enriched Mode:: How to force use of Enriched mode. |
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609 |
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610 Editing Text-based Tables |
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611 |
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612 * Table Definition:: What is a text based table. |
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613 * Table Creation:: How to create a table. |
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614 * Table Recognition:: How to activate and deactivate tables. |
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615 * Cell Commands:: Cell-oriented commands in a table. |
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616 * Cell Justification:: Justifying cell contents. |
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617 * Row Commands:: Manipulating rows of table cell. |
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618 * Column Commands:: Manipulating columns of table cell. |
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619 * Fixed Width Mode:: Fixing cell width. |
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620 * Table Conversion:: Converting between plain text and tables. |
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621 * Measuring Tables:: Analyzing table dimension. |
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622 * Table Misc:: Table miscellany. |
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623 |
24093 | 624 Editing Programs |
625 | |
626 * Program Modes:: Major modes for editing programs. | |
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627 * Defuns:: Commands to operate on major top-level parts |
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628 of a program. |
24093 | 629 * Program Indent:: Adjusting indentation to show the nesting. |
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630 * Parentheses:: Commands that operate on parentheses. |
24093 | 631 * Comments:: Inserting, killing, and aligning comments. |
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632 * Documentation:: Getting documentation of functions you plan to call. |
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633 * Hideshow:: Displaying blocks selectively. |
24093 | 634 * Symbol Completion:: Completion on symbol names of your program or language. |
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635 * Glasses:: Making identifiersLikeThis more readable. |
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636 * Misc for Programs:: Other Emacs features useful for editing programs. |
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637 * C Modes:: Special commands of C, C++, Objective-C, |
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638 Java, and Pike modes. |
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639 * Asm Mode:: Asm mode and its special features. |
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640 * Fortran:: Fortran mode and its special features. |
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641 |
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642 Top-Level Definitions, or Defuns |
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643 |
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644 * Left Margin Paren:: An open-paren or similar opening delimiter |
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645 starts a defun if it is at the left margin. |
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646 * Moving by Defuns:: Commands to move over or mark a major definition. |
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647 * Imenu:: Making buffer indexes as menus. |
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648 * Which Function:: Which Function mode shows which function you are in. |
24093 | 649 |
650 Indentation for Programs | |
651 | |
652 * Basic Indent:: Indenting a single line. | |
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653 * Multi-line Indent:: Commands to reindent many lines at once. |
24093 | 654 * Lisp Indent:: Specifying how each Lisp function should be indented. |
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655 * C Indent:: Extra features for indenting C and related modes. |
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656 * Custom C Indent:: Controlling indentation style for C and related modes. |
24093 | 657 |
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658 Commands for Editing with Parentheses |
24093 | 659 |
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660 * Expressions:: Expressions with balanced parentheses. |
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661 * Moving by Parens:: Commands for moving up, down and across |
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662 in the structure of parentheses. |
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663 * Matching:: Insertion of a close-delimiter flashes matching open. |
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664 |
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665 Manipulating Comments |
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666 |
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667 * Comment Commands:: Inserting, killing, and aligning comments. |
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668 * Multi-Line Comments:: Commands for adding and editing multi-line comments. |
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669 * Options for Comments::Customizing the comment features. |
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670 |
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671 Documentation Lookup |
24093 | 672 |
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673 * Info Lookup:: Looking up library functions and commands |
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674 in Info files. |
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675 * Man Page:: Looking up man pages of library functions and commands. |
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676 * Lisp Doc:: Looking up Emacs Lisp functions, etc. |
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677 |
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678 C and Related Modes |
24093 | 679 |
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680 * Motion in C:: Commands to move by C statements, etc. |
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681 * Electric C:: Colon and other chars can automatically reindent. |
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682 * Hungry Delete:: A more powerful DEL command. |
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683 * Other C Commands:: Filling comments, viewing expansion of macros, |
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684 and other neat features. |
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685 |
24093 | 686 Compiling and Testing Programs |
687 | |
688 * Compilation:: Compiling programs in languages other | |
689 than Lisp (C, Pascal, etc.). | |
690 * Compilation Mode:: The mode for visiting compiler errors. | |
691 * Compilation Shell:: Customizing your shell properly | |
692 for use in the compilation buffer. | |
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693 * Grep Searching:: Searching with grep. |
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694 * Flymake:: Finding syntax errors on the fly. |
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695 * Debuggers:: Running symbolic debuggers for non-Lisp programs. |
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696 * Executing Lisp:: Various modes for editing Lisp programs, |
24093 | 697 with different facilities for running |
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698 the Lisp programs. |
24093 | 699 * Lisp Libraries:: Creating Lisp programs to run in Emacs. |
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700 * Lisp Eval:: Executing a single Lisp expression in Emacs. |
24093 | 701 * Lisp Interaction:: Executing Lisp in an Emacs buffer. |
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702 * External Lisp:: Communicating through Emacs with a separate Lisp. |
24093 | 703 |
704 Running Debuggers Under Emacs | |
705 | |
706 * Starting GUD:: How to start a debugger subprocess. | |
707 * Debugger Operation:: Connection between the debugger and source buffers. | |
708 * Commands of GUD:: Key bindings for common commands. | |
709 * GUD Customization:: Defining your own commands for GUD. | |
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710 * GDB Graphical Interface:: An enhanced mode that uses GDB features to |
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711 implement a graphical debugging environment through |
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712 Emacs. |
24093 | 713 |
69012 | 714 Maintaining Large Programs |
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715 |
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716 * Change Log:: Maintaining a change history for your program. |
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717 * Format of ChangeLog:: What the change log file looks like. |
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718 * Tags:: Go direct to any function in your program in one |
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719 command. Tags remembers which file it is in. |
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720 * Emerge:: A convenient way of merging two versions of a program. |
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721 |
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722 Tags Tables |
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723 |
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724 * Tag Syntax:: Tag syntax for various types of code and text files. |
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725 * Create Tags Table:: Creating a tags table with @code{etags}. |
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726 * Etags Regexps:: Create arbitrary tags using regular expressions. |
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727 * Select Tags Table:: How to visit a tags table. |
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728 * Find Tag:: Commands to find the definition of a specific tag. |
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729 * Tags Search:: Using a tags table for searching and replacing. |
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730 * List Tags:: Listing and finding tags defined in a file. |
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731 |
24093 | 732 Abbrevs |
733 | |
734 * Abbrev Concepts:: Fundamentals of defined abbrevs. | |
735 * Defining Abbrevs:: Defining an abbrev, so it will expand when typed. | |
736 * Expanding Abbrevs:: Controlling expansion: prefixes, canceling expansion. | |
737 * Editing Abbrevs:: Viewing or editing the entire list of defined abbrevs. | |
738 * Saving Abbrevs:: Saving the entire list of abbrevs for another session. | |
739 * Dynamic Abbrevs:: Abbreviations for words already in the buffer. | |
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740 * Dabbrev Customization:: What is a word, for dynamic abbrevs. Case handling. |
24093 | 741 |
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742 @ifnottex |
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743 Editing Pictures |
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744 |
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745 * Basic Picture:: Basic concepts and simple commands of Picture Mode. |
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746 * Insert in Picture:: Controlling direction of cursor motion |
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747 after "self-inserting" characters. |
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748 * Tabs in Picture:: Various features for tab stops and indentation. |
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749 * Rectangles in Picture:: Clearing and superimposing rectangles. |
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750 @end ifnottex |
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751 |
24093 | 752 Sending Mail |
753 | |
754 * Mail Format:: Format of the mail being composed. | |
755 * Mail Headers:: Details of permitted mail header fields. | |
756 * Mail Aliases:: Abbreviating and grouping mail addresses. | |
757 * Mail Mode:: Special commands for editing mail being composed. | |
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758 * Mail Amusements:: Distract the NSA's attention; add a fortune to a msg. |
24093 | 759 * Mail Methods:: Using alternative mail-composition methods. |
760 | |
761 Reading Mail with Rmail | |
762 | |
763 * Rmail Basics:: Basic concepts of Rmail, and simple use. | |
764 * Rmail Scrolling:: Scrolling through a message. | |
765 * Rmail Motion:: Moving to another message. | |
766 * Rmail Deletion:: Deleting and expunging messages. | |
767 * Rmail Inbox:: How mail gets into the Rmail file. | |
768 * Rmail Files:: Using multiple Rmail files. | |
769 * Rmail Output:: Copying message out to files. | |
770 * Rmail Labels:: Classifying messages by labeling them. | |
771 * Rmail Attributes:: Certain standard labels, called attributes. | |
772 * Rmail Reply:: Sending replies to messages you are viewing. | |
773 * Rmail Summary:: Summaries show brief info on many messages. | |
774 * Rmail Sorting:: Sorting messages in Rmail. | |
775 * Rmail Display:: How Rmail displays a message; customization. | |
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776 * Rmail Coding:: How Rmail handles decoding character sets. |
24093 | 777 * Rmail Editing:: Editing message text and headers in Rmail. |
778 * Rmail Digest:: Extracting the messages from a digest message. | |
779 * Out of Rmail:: Converting an Rmail file to mailbox format. | |
780 * Rmail Rot13:: Reading messages encoded in the rot13 code. | |
781 * Movemail:: More details of fetching new mail. | |
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782 * Remote Mailboxes:: Retrieving Mail from Remote Mailboxes. |
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783 * Other Mailbox Formats:: Retrieving Mail from Local Mailboxes in |
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784 Various Formats |
24093 | 785 |
786 Dired, the Directory Editor | |
787 | |
788 * Dired Enter:: How to invoke Dired. | |
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789 * Dired Navigation:: How to move in the Dired buffer. |
24093 | 790 * Dired Deletion:: Deleting files with Dired. |
791 * Flagging Many Files:: Flagging files based on their names. | |
792 * Dired Visiting:: Other file operations through Dired. | |
793 * Marks vs Flags:: Flagging for deletion vs marking. | |
794 * Operating on Files:: How to copy, rename, print, compress, etc. | |
795 either one file or several files. | |
796 * Shell Commands in Dired:: Running a shell command on the marked files. | |
797 * Transforming File Names:: Using patterns to rename multiple files. | |
798 * Comparison in Dired:: Running `diff' by way of Dired. | |
799 * Subdirectories in Dired:: Adding subdirectories to the Dired buffer. | |
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800 * Subdir Switches:: Subdirectory switches in Dired. |
24093 | 801 * Subdirectory Motion:: Moving across subdirectories, and up and down. |
802 * Hiding Subdirectories:: Making subdirectories visible or invisible. | |
803 * Dired Updating:: Discarding lines for files of no interest. | |
804 * Dired and Find:: Using `find' to choose the files for Dired. | |
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805 * Wdired:: Operating on files by editing the Dired buffer. |
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806 * Image-Dired:: Viewing image thumbnails in Dired |
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807 * Misc Dired Features:: Various other features. |
24093 | 808 |
809 The Calendar and the Diary | |
810 | |
811 * Calendar Motion:: Moving through the calendar; selecting a date. | |
812 * Scroll Calendar:: Bringing earlier or later months onto the screen. | |
813 * Counting Days:: How many days are there between two dates? | |
814 * General Calendar:: Exiting or recomputing the calendar. | |
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815 * Writing Calendar Files:: Writing calendars to files of various formats. |
24093 | 816 * Holidays:: Displaying dates of holidays. |
817 * Sunrise/Sunset:: Displaying local times of sunrise and sunset. | |
818 * Lunar Phases:: Displaying phases of the moon. | |
819 * Other Calendars:: Converting dates to other calendar systems. | |
820 * Diary:: Displaying events from your diary. | |
821 * Appointments:: Reminders when it's time to do something. | |
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822 * Importing Diary:: Converting diary events to/from other formats. |
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|
823 * Daylight Saving:: How to specify when daylight saving time is active. |
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824 * Time Intervals:: Keeping track of time intervals. |
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825 * Advanced Calendar/Diary Usage:: Advanced Calendar/Diary customization. |
24093 | 826 |
827 Movement in the Calendar | |
828 | |
829 * Calendar Unit Motion:: Moving by days, weeks, months, and years. | |
830 * Move to Beginning or End:: Moving to start/end of weeks, months, and years. | |
831 * Specified Dates:: Moving to the current date or another | |
832 specific date. | |
833 | |
834 Conversion To and From Other Calendars | |
835 | |
836 * Calendar Systems:: The calendars Emacs understands | |
837 (aside from Gregorian). | |
838 * To Other Calendar:: Converting the selected date to various calendars. | |
839 * From Other Calendar:: Moving to a date specified in another calendar. | |
840 * Mayan Calendar:: Moving to a date specified in a Mayan calendar. | |
841 | |
842 The Diary | |
843 | |
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|
844 * Displaying the Diary:: Viewing diary entries and associated calendar dates. |
24093 | 845 * Format of Diary File:: Entering events in your diary. |
846 * Date Formats:: Various ways you can specify dates. | |
847 * Adding to Diary:: Commands to create diary entries. | |
848 * Special Diary Entries:: Anniversaries, blocks of dates, cyclic entries, etc. | |
849 | |
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|
850 Gnus |
24093 | 851 |
852 * Buffers of Gnus:: The group, summary, and article buffers. | |
853 * Gnus Startup:: What you should know about starting Gnus. | |
854 * Summary of Gnus:: A short description of the basic Gnus commands. | |
855 | |
856 Running Shell Commands from Emacs | |
857 | |
858 * Single Shell:: How to run one shell command and return. | |
859 * Interactive Shell:: Permanent shell taking input via Emacs. | |
860 * Shell Mode:: Special Emacs commands used with permanent shell. | |
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861 * Shell Prompts:: Two ways to recognize shell prompts. |
24093 | 862 * Shell History:: Repeating previous commands in a shell buffer. |
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|
863 * Directory Tracking:: Keeping track when the subshell changes directory. |
24093 | 864 * Shell Options:: Options for customizing Shell mode. |
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865 * Terminal emulator:: An Emacs window as a terminal emulator. |
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|
866 * Term Mode:: Special Emacs commands used in Term mode. |
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|
867 * Paging in Term:: Paging in the terminal emulator. |
24093 | 868 * Remote Host:: Connecting to another computer. |
869 | |
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|
870 Using Emacs as a Server |
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|
871 |
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|
872 * Invoking emacsclient:: Emacs client startup options. |
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|
873 |
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874 Printing Hard Copies |
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875 |
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|
876 * PostScript:: Printing buffers or regions as PostScript. |
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877 * PostScript Variables:: Customizing the PostScript printing commands. |
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|
878 * Printing Package:: An optional advanced printing interface. |
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|
879 |
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|
880 Hyperlinking and Navigation Features |
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|
881 |
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|
882 * Browse-URL:: Following URLs. |
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|
883 * Goto-address:: Activating URLs. |
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|
884 * FFAP:: Finding files etc. at point. |
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|
885 |
24093 | 886 Customization |
887 | |
888 * Minor Modes:: Each minor mode is one feature you can turn on | |
889 independently of any others. | |
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|
890 * Easy Customization:: Convenient way to browse and change user options. |
24093 | 891 * Variables:: Many Emacs commands examine Emacs variables |
892 to decide what to do; by setting variables, | |
893 you can control their functioning. | |
894 * Key Bindings:: The keymaps say what command each key runs. | |
895 By changing them, you can "redefine keys". | |
896 * Syntax:: The syntax table controls how words and | |
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|
897 expressions are parsed. |
24093 | 898 * Init File:: How to write common customizations in the |
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|
899 @file{.emacs} file. |
24093 | 900 |
901 Variables | |
902 | |
903 * Examining:: Examining or setting one variable's value. | |
904 * Hooks:: Hook variables let you specify programs for parts | |
905 of Emacs to run on particular occasions. | |
906 * Locals:: Per-buffer values of variables. | |
907 * File Variables:: How files can specify variable values. | |
908 | |
909 Customizing Key Bindings | |
910 | |
911 * Keymaps:: Generalities. The global keymap. | |
912 * Prefix Keymaps:: Keymaps for prefix keys. | |
913 * Local Keymaps:: Major and minor modes have their own keymaps. | |
914 * Minibuffer Maps:: The minibuffer uses its own local keymaps. | |
915 * Rebinding:: How to redefine one key's meaning conveniently. | |
916 * Init Rebinding:: Rebinding keys with your init file, @file{.emacs}. | |
917 * Function Keys:: Rebinding terminal function keys. | |
918 * Named ASCII Chars:: Distinguishing @key{TAB} from @kbd{C-i}, and so on. | |
919 * Mouse Buttons:: Rebinding mouse buttons in Emacs. | |
920 * Disabling:: Disabling a command means confirmation is required | |
921 before it can be executed. This is done to protect | |
922 beginners from surprises. | |
923 | |
924 The Init File, @file{~/.emacs} | |
925 | |
926 * Init Syntax:: Syntax of constants in Emacs Lisp. | |
927 * Init Examples:: How to do some things with an init file. | |
928 * Terminal Init:: Each terminal type can have an init file. | |
929 * Find Init:: How Emacs finds the init file. | |
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930 * Init Non-ASCII:: Using non-@acronym{ASCII} characters in an init file. |
24093 | 931 |
932 Dealing with Emacs Trouble | |
933 | |
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934 * DEL Does Not Delete:: What to do if @key{DEL} doesn't delete. |
24093 | 935 * Stuck Recursive:: `[...]' in mode line around the parentheses. |
936 * Screen Garbled:: Garbage on the screen. | |
937 * Text Garbled:: Garbage in the text. | |
938 * Memory Full:: How to cope when you run out of memory. | |
62472
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939 * After a Crash:: Recovering editing in an Emacs session that crashed. |
24093 | 940 * Emergency Escape:: Emergency escape--- |
941 What to do if Emacs stops responding. | |
942 * Total Frustration:: When you are at your wits' end. | |
943 | |
944 Reporting Bugs | |
945 | |
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946 * Bug Criteria:: Have you really found a bug? |
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947 * Understanding Bug Reporting:: How to report a bug effectively. |
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948 * Checklist:: Steps to follow for a good bug report. |
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949 * Sending Patches:: How to send a patch for GNU Emacs. |
24093 | 950 |
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951 Command Line Arguments for Emacs Invocation |
24093 | 952 |
953 * Action Arguments:: Arguments to visit files, load libraries, | |
954 and call functions. | |
955 * Initial Options:: Arguments that take effect while starting Emacs. | |
956 * Command Example:: Examples of using command line arguments. | |
957 * Resume Arguments:: Specifying arguments when you resume a running Emacs. | |
958 * Environment:: Environment variables that Emacs uses. | |
959 * Display X:: Changing the default display and using remote login. | |
960 * Font X:: Choosing a font for text, under X. | |
43015 | 961 * Colors:: Choosing display colors. |
24093 | 962 * Window Size X:: Start-up window size, under X. |
963 * Borders X:: Internal and external borders, under X. | |
964 * Title X:: Specifying the initial frame's title. | |
965 * Icons X:: Choosing what sort of icon to use, under X. | |
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966 * Misc X:: Other display options. |
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967 |
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968 Environment Variables |
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969 |
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970 * General Variables:: Environment variables that all versions of Emacs use. |
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971 * Misc Variables:: Certain system specific variables. |
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972 * MS-Windows Registry:: An alternative to the environment on MS-Windows. |
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973 |
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974 X Options and Resources |
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975 |
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976 * Resources:: Using X resources with Emacs (in general). |
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977 * Table of Resources:: Table of specific X resources that affect Emacs. |
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978 * Face Resources:: X resources for customizing faces. |
24093 | 979 * Lucid Resources:: X resources for Lucid menus. |
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980 * LessTif Resources:: X resources for LessTif and Motif menus. |
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981 * GTK resources:: Resources for GTK widgets. |
24093 | 982 |
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983 Emacs and Mac OS |
24093 | 984 |
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985 * Mac Input:: Keyboard and mouse input on Mac. |
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986 * Mac International:: International character sets on Mac. |
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987 * Mac Environment Variables:: Setting environment variables for Emacs. |
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988 * Mac Directories:: Volumes and directories on Mac. |
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989 * Mac Font Specs:: Specifying fonts on Mac. |
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990 * Mac Functions:: Mac-specific Lisp functions. |
24093 | 991 |
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992 Emacs and Microsoft Windows/MS-DOS |
24093 | 993 |
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994 * Text and Binary:: Text files use CRLF to terminate lines. |
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995 * Windows Files:: File-name conventions on Windows. |
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996 * ls in Lisp:: Emulation of @code{ls} for Dired. |
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997 * Windows HOME:: Where Emacs looks for your @file{.emacs}. |
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998 * Windows Keyboard:: Windows-specific keyboard features. |
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999 * Windows Mouse:: Windows-specific mouse features. |
24093 | 1000 * Windows Processes:: Running subprocesses on Windows. |
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1001 * Windows Printing:: How to specify the printer on MS-Windows. |
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1002 * Windows Misc:: Miscellaneous Windows features. |
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1003 * MS-DOS:: Using Emacs on MS-DOS (otherwise known as @dfn{MS-DOG}). |
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1004 @end detailmenu |
24093 | 1005 @end menu |
1006 | |
1007 @iftex | |
1008 @unnumbered Preface | |
1009 | |
1010 This manual documents the use and simple customization of the Emacs | |
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1011 editor. Simple Emacs customizations do not require you to be a |
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1012 programmer, but if you are not interested in customizing, you can |
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1013 ignore the customization hints. |
24093 | 1014 |
1015 This is primarily a reference manual, but can also be used as a | |
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1016 primer. If you are new to Emacs, we recommend you start with |
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1017 the on-line, learn-by-doing tutorial, before reading the manual. To |
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1018 run the tutorial, start Emacs and type @kbd{C-h t}. The tutorial |
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1019 describes commands, tells you when to try them, and explains the |
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1020 results. |
24093 | 1021 |
1022 On first reading, just skim chapters 1 and 2, which describe the | |
1023 notational conventions of the manual and the general appearance of the | |
1024 Emacs display screen. Note which questions are answered in these | |
1025 chapters, so you can refer back later. After reading chapter 4, you | |
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1026 should practice the commands shown there. The next few chapters |
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1027 describe fundamental techniques and concepts that are used constantly. |
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1028 You need to understand them thoroughly, so experiment with them |
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1029 until you are fluent. |
24093 | 1030 |
1031 Chapters 14 through 19 describe intermediate-level features that are | |
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1032 useful for many kinds of editing. Chapter 20 and following chapters |
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1033 describe optional but useful features; read those chapters when you |
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1034 need them. |
24093 | 1035 |
1036 Read the Trouble chapter if Emacs does not seem to be working | |
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1037 properly. It explains how to cope with several common problems |
24093 | 1038 (@pxref{Lossage}), as well as when and how to report Emacs bugs |
1039 (@pxref{Bugs}). | |
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1040 |
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1041 To find the documentation of a particular command, look in the index. |
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1042 Keys (character commands) and command names have separate indexes. |
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1043 There is also a glossary, with a cross reference for each term. |
24093 | 1044 |
1045 This manual is available as a printed book and also as an Info file. | |
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1046 The Info file is for on-line perusal with the Info program, which is |
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1047 the principal means of accessing on-line documentation in the GNU |
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1048 system. Both the Emacs Info file and an Info reader are included with |
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1049 GNU Emacs. The Info file and the printed book contain substantially |
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1050 the same text and are generated from the same source files, which are |
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1051 also distributed with GNU Emacs. |
24093 | 1052 |
69012 | 1053 GNU Emacs is a member of the Emacs editor family. There are many |
1054 Emacs editors, all sharing common principles of organization. For | |
1055 information on the underlying philosophy of Emacs and the lessons | |
1056 learned from its development, see @cite{Emacs, the Extensible, | |
1057 Customizable Self-Documenting Display Editor}, available from | |
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1058 @url{ftp://publications.ai.mit.edu/ai-publications/pdf/AIM-519A.pdf}. |
24093 | 1059 |
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1060 This edition of the manual is intended for use with GNU Emacs |
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1061 installed on GNU and Unix systems. GNU Emacs can also be used on VMS, |
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1062 MS-DOS (also called MS-DOG), Microsoft Windows, and Macintosh systems. |
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1063 Those systems use different file name syntax; in addition, VMS and |
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1064 MS-DOS do not support all GNU Emacs features. @xref{Microsoft |
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1065 Windows}, for information about using Emacs on Windows. |
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1066 @xref{Mac OS}, for information about using Emacs on Macintosh. We |
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1067 don't try to describe VMS usage in this manual. |
24093 | 1068 @end iftex |
1069 | |
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1070 @node Distrib, Intro, Top, Top |
24093 | 1071 @unnumbered Distribution |
1072 | |
1073 GNU Emacs is @dfn{free software}; this means that everyone is free to | |
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1074 use it and free to redistribute it on certain conditions. GNU Emacs |
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1075 is not in the public domain; it is copyrighted and there are |
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1076 restrictions on its distribution, but these restrictions are designed |
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1077 to permit everything that a good cooperating citizen would want to do. |
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1078 What is not allowed is to try to prevent others from further sharing |
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1079 any version of GNU Emacs that they might get from you. The precise |
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1080 conditions are found in the GNU General Public License that comes with |
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1081 Emacs and also appears in this manual@footnote{This manual is itself |
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1082 covered by the GNU Free Documentation License. This license is |
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1083 similar in spirit to the General Public License, but is more suitable |
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1084 for documentation. @xref{GNU Free Documentation License}.}. |
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1085 @xref{Copying}. |
24093 | 1086 |
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1087 One way to get a copy of GNU Emacs is from someone else who has it. |
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1088 You need not ask for our permission to do so, or tell any one else; |
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1089 just copy it. If you have access to the Internet, you can get the |
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1090 latest distribution version of GNU Emacs by anonymous FTP; see |
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1091 @url{http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs} on our website for more |
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1092 information. |
24093 | 1093 |
1094 You may also receive GNU Emacs when you buy a computer. Computer | |
1095 manufacturers are free to distribute copies on the same terms that apply to | |
1096 everyone else. These terms require them to give you the full sources, | |
1097 including whatever changes they may have made, and to permit you to | |
1098 redistribute the GNU Emacs received from them under the usual terms of the | |
1099 General Public License. In other words, the program must be free for you | |
1100 when you get it, not just free for the manufacturer. | |
1101 | |
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1102 You can also order copies of GNU Emacs from the Free Software |
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1103 Foundation. This is a convenient and reliable way to get a copy; it is |
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1104 also a good way to help fund our work. We also sell hardcopy versions |
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1105 of this manual and @cite{An Introduction to Programming in Emacs Lisp}, |
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1106 by Robert J. Chassell. You can find an order form on our web site at |
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1107 @url{http://www.gnu.org/order/order.html}. For further information, |
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1108 write to |
24093 | 1109 |
1110 @display | |
1111 Free Software Foundation | |
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1112 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor |
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1113 Boston, MA 02110-1301 |
24093 | 1114 USA |
1115 @end display | |
1116 | |
1117 The income from distribution fees goes to support the foundation's | |
1118 purpose: the development of new free software, and improvements to our | |
1119 existing programs including GNU Emacs. | |
1120 | |
1121 If you find GNU Emacs useful, please @strong{send a donation} to the | |
1122 Free Software Foundation to support our work. Donations to the Free | |
1123 Software Foundation are tax deductible in the US. If you use GNU Emacs | |
1124 at your workplace, please suggest that the company make a donation. If | |
1125 company policy is unsympathetic to the idea of donating to charity, you | |
1126 might instead suggest ordering a CD-ROM from the Foundation | |
1127 occasionally, or subscribing to periodic updates. | |
1128 | |
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1129 @iftex |
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1130 @node Acknowledgments, Intro, Distrib, Top |
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1131 @unnumberedsec Acknowledgments |
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1132 |
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1133 Contributors to GNU Emacs include Jari Aalto, Per Abrahamsen, Tomas |
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1134 Abrahamsson, Jay K.@: Adams, Michael Albinus, Nagy Andras, Ralf |
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1135 Angeli, Joe Arceneaux, Miles Bader, David Bakhash, Juanma Barranquero, |
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1136 Eli Barzilay, Steven L.@: Baur, Jay Belanger, Alexander L.@: Belikoff, |
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(Acknowledgments): Fix name spelling, add Anna Bigatti.
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1137 Boaz Ben-Zvi, Karl Berry, Anna M.@: Bigatti, Ray Blaak, Jim Blandy, Johan Bockg@aa{}rd, |
73247
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1138 Per Bothner, Terrence Brannon, Frank Bresz, Peter Breton, Emmanuel |
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1139 Briot, Kevin Broadey, Vincent Broman, David M.@: Brown, Georges |
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1140 Brun-Cottan, Joe Buehler, W@l{}odek Bzyl, Bill Carpenter, Per |
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1141 Cederqvist, Hans Chalupsky, Chris Chase, Bob Chassell, Andrew Choi, |
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1142 Sacha Chua, James Clark, Mike Clarkson, Glynn Clements, Andrew |
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1143 Csillag, Doug Cutting, Mathias Dahl, Satyaki Das, Michael DeCorte, |
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1144 Gary Delp, Matthieu Devin, Eri Ding, Jan Dj@"{a}rv, Carsten Dominik, |
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1145 Scott Draves, Benjamin Drieu, Viktor Dukhovni, John Eaton, Rolf Ebert, |
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1146 Paul Eggert, Stephen Eglen, Torbj@"orn Einarsson, Tsugutomo Enami, |
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1147 Hans Henrik Eriksen, Michael Ernst, Ata Etemadi, Frederick Farnbach, |
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1148 Oscar Figueiredo, Fred Fish, Karl Fogel, Gary Foster, Romain |
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1149 Francoise, Noah Friedman, Andreas Fuchs, Hallvard Furuseth, Keith |
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1150 Gabryelski, Peter S.@: Galbraith, Kevin Gallagher, Kevin Gallo, Juan |
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1151 Le@'{o}n Lahoz Garc@'{@dotless{i}}a, Howard Gayle, Stephen Gildea, Julien |
73247
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1152 Gilles, David Gillespie, Bob Glickstein, Deepak Goel, Boris Goldowsky, |
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1153 Michelangelo Grigni, Odd Gripenstam, Kai Gro@ss{}johann, Michael |
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1154 Gschwind, Henry Guillaume, Doug Gwyn, Ken'ichi Handa, Lars Hansen, |
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1155 Chris Hanson, K. Shane Hartman, John Heidemann, Jon K.@: Hellan, |
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1156 Jesper Harder, Markus Heritsch, Karl Heuer, Manabu Higashida, Anders |
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1157 Holst, Jeffrey C.@: Honig, Kurt Hornik, Tom Houlder, Joakim Hove, |
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1158 Denis Howe, Lars Ingebrigtsen, Andrew Innes, Seiichiro Inoue, Pavel |
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1159 Janik, Paul Jarc, Ulf Jasper, Michael K. Johnson, Kyle Jones, Terry |
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parents:
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1160 Jones, Simon Josefsson, Arne J@o{}rgensen, Tomoji Kagatani, Brewster |
73247
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1161 Kahle, Lute Kamstra, David Kastrup, David Kaufman, Henry Kautz, Taichi |
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1162 Kawabata, Howard Kaye, Michael Kifer, Richard King, Peter Kleiweg, |
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1163 Shuhei Kobayashi, Pavel Kobiakov, Larry K.@: Kolodney, David M.@: |
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1164 Koppelman, Koseki Yoshinori, Robert Krawitz, Sebastian Kremer, Ryszard |
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1165 Kubiak, Geoff Kuenning, David K@aa{}gedal, Daniel LaLiberte, Mario |
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1166 Lang, Aaron Larson, James R.@: Larus, Vinicius Jose Latorre, Werner |
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1167 Lemberg, Frederic Lepied, Peter Liljenberg, Lars Lindberg, Chris |
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1168 Lindblad, Anders Lindgren, Thomas Link, Juri Linkov, Francis Litterio, |
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1169 Emilio C. Lopes, Dave Love, Sascha L@"{u}decke, Eric Ludlam,Alan |
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1170 Mackenzie, Christopher J.@: Madsen, Neil M.@: Mager, Ken Manheimer, |
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1171 Bill Mann, Brian Marick, Simon Marshall, Bengt Martensson, Charlie |
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1172 Martin, Thomas May, Roland McGrath, Will Mengarini, David Megginson, |
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1173 Ben A. Mesander, Wayne Mesard, Brad Miller, Lawrence Mitchell, Richard |
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1174 Mlynarik, Gerd Moellmann, Stefan Monnier, Morioka Tomohiko, Keith |
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1175 Moore, Glenn Morris, Diane Murray, Sen Nagata, Erik Naggum, Thomas |
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1176 Neumann, Thien-Thi Nguyen, Mike Newton, Jurgen Nickelsen, Dan |
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1177 Nicolaescu, Hrvoje Niksic, Jeff Norden, Andrew Norman, Alexandre |
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1178 Oliva, Bob Olson, Michael Olson, Takaaki Ota, Pieter E.@: J.@: Pareit, |
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1179 David Pearson, Jeff Peck, Damon Anton Permezel, Tom Perrine, William |
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1180 M.@: Perry, Per Persson, Jens Petersen, Daniel Pfeiffer, Richard L.@: |
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1181 Pieri, Fred Pierresteguy, Christian Plaunt, David Ponce, Francesco |
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1182 A.@: Potorti, Michael D. Prange, Mukesh Prasad, Ken Raeburn, Marko |
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1183 Rahamaa, Ashwin Ram, Eric S. Raymond, Paul Reilly, Edward M. Reingold, |
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1184 Alex Rezinsky, Rob Riepel, David Reitter, Nick Roberts, Roland B.@: |
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1185 Roberts, John Robinson, Danny Roozendaal, William Rosenblatt, |
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1186 Guillermo J.@: Rozas, Martin Rudalics, Ivar Rummelhoff, Jason Rumney, |
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1187 Wolfgang Rupprecht, Kevin Ryde, James B. Salem, Masahiko Sato, Jorgen |
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1188 Schaefer, Holger Schauer, William Schelter, Ralph Schleicher, Gregor |
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1189 Schmid, Michael Schmidt, Ronald S. Schnell, Philippe Schnoebelen, Jan |
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1190 Schormann, Alex Schroeder, Stephen Schoef, Raymond Scholz, Randal |
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1191 Schwartz, Oliver Seidel, Manuel Serrano, Hovav Shacham, Stanislav |
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1192 Shalunov, Marc Shapiro, Richard Sharman, Olin Shivers, Espen Skoglund, |
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1193 Rick Sladkey, Lynn Slater, Chris Smith, David Smith, Paul D.@: Smith, |
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1194 Andre Spiegel, Michael Staats, William Sommerfeld, Michael Staats, |
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1195 Reiner Steib, Sam Steingold, Ake Stenhoff, Peter Stephenson, Ken |
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1196 Stevens, Jonathan Stigelman, Martin Stjernholm, Kim F.@: Storm, Steve |
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1197 Strassman, Olaf Sylvester, Naoto Takahashi, Steven Tamm, Jean-Philippe |
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1198 Theberge, Jens T.@: Berger Thielemann, Spencer Thomas, Jim Thompson, |
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1199 Luc Teirlinck, Tom Tromey, Enami Tsugutomo, Eli Tziperman, Daiki Ueno, |
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1200 Masanobu Umeda, Rajesh Vaidheeswarran, Neil W.@: Van Dyke, Didier |
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1201 Verna, Ulrik Vieth, Geoffrey Voelker, Johan Vromans, Inge Wallin, John |
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1202 Paul Wallington, Colin Walters, Barry Warsaw, Morten Welinder, Joseph |
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1203 Brian Wells, Rodney Whitby, John Wiegley, Ed Wilkinson, Mike Williams, |
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1204 Bill Wohler, Steven A. Wood, Dale R.@: Worley, Francis J.@: Wright, |
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1205 Felix S. T. Wu, Tom Wurgler, Katsumi Yamaoka, Masatake Yamato, |
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1206 Jonathan Yavner, Ryan Yeske, Chong Yidong, Ilya Zakharevich, Milan |
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1207 Zamazal, Victor Zandy, Eli Zaretskii, Jamie Zawinski, Shenghuo Zhu, |
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1208 Ian T.@: Zimmermann, Reto Zimmermann, Neal Ziring, Teodor Zlatanov, |
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1209 and Detlev Zundel. |
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1210 @end iftex |
24093 | 1211 |
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1212 @node Intro, Glossary, Distrib, Top |
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1213 @unnumbered Introduction |
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1214 |
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1215 You are reading about GNU Emacs, the GNU incarnation of the |
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1216 advanced, self-documenting, customizable, extensible editor Emacs. |
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1217 (The `G' in `GNU' is not silent.) |
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1218 |
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1219 We call Emacs advanced because it provides much more than simple |
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1220 insertion and deletion. It can control subprocesses, indent programs |
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1221 automatically, show two or more files at once, and edit formatted |
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1222 text. Emacs editing commands operate in terms of characters, words, |
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1223 lines, sentences, paragraphs, and pages, as well as expressions and |
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1224 comments in various programming languages. |
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1225 |
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1226 @dfn{Self-documenting} means that at any time you can type a special |
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1227 character, @kbd{Control-h}, to find out what your options are. You can |
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1228 also use it to find out what any command does, or to find all the commands |
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1229 that pertain to a topic. @xref{Help}. |
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|
1230 |
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1231 @dfn{Customizable} means that you can alter Emacs commands' behavior |
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1232 in simple ways. For example, if you use a programming language in |
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1233 which comments start with @samp{<**} and end with @samp{**>}, you can |
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1234 tell the Emacs comment manipulation commands to use those strings |
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1235 (@pxref{Comments}). Another sort of customization is rearrangement of |
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1236 the command set. For example, you can rebind the basic cursor motion |
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1237 commands (up, down, left and right) to any keys on the keyboard that |
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1238 you find comfortable. @xref{Customization}. |
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1239 |
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1240 @dfn{Extensible} means that you can go beyond simple customization |
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1241 and write entirely new commands---programs in the Lisp language to be |
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1242 run by Emacs's own Lisp interpreter. Emacs is an ``on-line |
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1243 extensible'' system, which means that it is divided into many |
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1244 functions that call each other, any of which can be redefined in the |
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1245 middle of an editing session. Almost any part of Emacs can be |
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1246 replaced without making a separate copy of all of Emacs. Most of the |
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1247 editing commands of Emacs are written in Lisp; the few exceptions |
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1248 could have been written in Lisp but use C instead for efficiency. |
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1249 Writing an extension is programming, but non-programmers can use it |
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1250 afterwards. @xref{Top, Emacs Lisp Intro, Preface, eintr, An |
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1251 Introduction to Programming in Emacs Lisp}, if you want to learn Emacs |
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1252 Lisp programming. |
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|
1253 |
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1254 When running on a graphical display, Emacs provides its own menus |
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1255 and convenient handling of mouse buttons. In addition, Emacs provides |
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1256 many of the benefits of a graphical display even on a text-only |
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1257 terminal. For instance, it can highlight parts of a file, display and |
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1258 edit several files at once, move text between files, and edit files |
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1259 while running shell commands. |
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1260 |
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1261 @include screen.texi |
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1262 @include commands.texi |
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1263 @include entering.texi |
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1264 @include basic.texi |
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1265 @include mini.texi |
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1266 @include m-x.texi |
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1267 @include help.texi |
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1268 @include mark.texi |
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1269 @include killing.texi |
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1270 @include regs.texi |
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1271 @include display.texi |
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1272 @include search.texi |
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1273 @include fixit.texi |
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1274 @include kmacro.texi |
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1275 @include files.texi |
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1276 @include buffers.texi |
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1277 @include windows.texi |
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1278 @include frames.texi |
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1279 @include mule.texi |
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1280 @include major.texi |
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1281 @include indent.texi |
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1282 @include text.texi |
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1283 @include programs.texi |
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1284 @include building.texi |
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1285 @include maintaining.texi |
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1286 @include abbrevs.texi |
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1287 @ifnottex |
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1288 @include picture-xtra.texi |
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1289 @end ifnottex |
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1290 @include sending.texi |
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1291 @include rmail.texi |
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1292 @include dired.texi |
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1293 @include calendar.texi |
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1294 @include misc.texi |
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1295 @include custom.texi |
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1296 @include trouble.texi |
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1297 |
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1298 @node Copying, GNU Free Documentation License, Service, Top |
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1299 @appendix GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE |
78340
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(Copying): Include license text from gpl.texi, rather than in-line.
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1300 @include gpl.texi |
24093 | 1301 |
77237
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1302 @node GNU Free Documentation License, Emacs Invocation, Copying, Top |
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1303 @appendix GNU Free Documentation License |
31309
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1304 @include doclicense.texi |
77237
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1305 |
24093 | 1306 @include cmdargs.texi |
40525
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1307 @include xresources.texi |
24093 | 1308 |
1309 @include anti.texi | |
34199 | 1310 @include macos.texi |
24093 | 1311 @include msdog.texi |
1312 @include gnu.texi | |
1313 @include glossary.texi | |
55626 | 1314 @ifnottex |
24093 | 1315 @include ack.texi |
55626 | 1316 @end ifnottex |
24093 | 1317 |
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1318 @c The Option Index is produced only in the on-line version, |
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1319 @c because the index entries related to command-line options |
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1320 @c tend to point to the same pages and all begin with a dash. |
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1321 @c This, and the need to keep the node links consistent, are |
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1322 @c the reasons for the funky @iftex/@ifnottex dance below. |
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1323 @c The Option Index is _not_ before Key Index, because that |
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1324 @c would require changes in the glossary.texi's @node line. |
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1325 @c It is not after Concept Index for similar reasons. |
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1326 |
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1327 @iftex |
24093 | 1328 @node Key Index, Command Index, Glossary, Top |
1329 @unnumbered Key (Character) Index | |
1330 @printindex ky | |
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1331 @end iftex |
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1332 |
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1333 @ifnottex |
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1334 @node Key Index, Option Index, Glossary, Top |
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1335 @unnumbered Key (Character) Index |
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1336 @printindex ky |
24093 | 1337 |
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1338 @node Option Index, Command Index, Key Index, Top |
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1339 @unnumbered Command-Line Options Index |
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1340 @printindex op |
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1341 |
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1342 @node Command Index, Variable Index, Option Index, Top |
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1343 @unnumbered Command and Function Index |
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1344 @printindex fn |
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1345 @end ifnottex |
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1346 |
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|
1347 @iftex |
24093 | 1348 @node Command Index, Variable Index, Key Index, Top |
1349 @unnumbered Command and Function Index | |
1350 @printindex fn | |
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1351 @end iftex |
24093 | 1352 |
1353 @node Variable Index, Concept Index, Command Index, Top | |
1354 @unnumbered Variable Index | |
1355 @printindex vr | |
1356 | |
1357 @node Concept Index, Acknowledgments, Variable Index, Top | |
1358 @unnumbered Concept Index | |
1359 @printindex cp | |
1360 | |
1361 @bye | |
1362 | |
52401 | 1363 @ignore |
1364 arch-tag: ed48740a-410b-46ea-9387-c9a9252a3392 | |
1365 @end ignore |