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annotate man/text.texi @ 71953:2cbf89629cad
(custom-variable-state-set): If the variable was originally set outside
custom, but to the same value as the default, consider it to be standard.
author | Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca> |
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date | Mon, 17 Jul 2006 21:24:17 +0000 |
parents | 4d628cade603 |
children | a8302420a574 138ce2701550 |
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25829 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
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2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2000, 2001, |
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3 @c 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25829 | 4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
5 @node Text, Programs, Indentation, Top | |
6 @chapter Commands for Human Languages | |
7 @cindex text | |
8 @cindex manipulating text | |
9 | |
10 The term @dfn{text} has two widespread meanings in our area of the | |
11 computer field. One is data that is a sequence of characters. Any file | |
12 that you edit with Emacs is text, in this sense of the word. The other | |
13 meaning is more restrictive: a sequence of characters in a human language | |
14 for humans to read (possibly after processing by a text formatter), as | |
68701 | 15 opposed to a program or binary data. This chapter is concerned with |
16 editing text in the narrower sense. | |
25829 | 17 |
18 Human languages have syntactic/stylistic conventions that can be | |
19 supported or used to advantage by editor commands: conventions involving | |
20 words, sentences, paragraphs, and capital letters. This chapter | |
21 describes Emacs commands for all of these things. There are also | |
22 commands for @dfn{filling}, which means rearranging the lines of a | |
23 paragraph to be approximately equal in length. The commands for moving | |
24 over and killing words, sentences and paragraphs, while intended | |
25 primarily for editing text, are also often useful for editing programs. | |
26 | |
27 Emacs has several major modes for editing human-language text. If the | |
28 file contains text pure and simple, use Text mode, which customizes | |
29 Emacs in small ways for the syntactic conventions of text. Outline mode | |
30 provides special commands for operating on text with an outline | |
31 structure. | |
32 @iftex | |
33 @xref{Outline Mode}. | |
34 @end iftex | |
35 | |
36 For text which contains embedded commands for text formatters, Emacs | |
37 has other major modes, each for a particular text formatter. Thus, for | |
38 input to @TeX{}, you would use @TeX{} | |
39 @iftex | |
40 mode (@pxref{TeX Mode}). | |
41 @end iftex | |
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42 @ifnottex |
25829 | 43 mode. |
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44 @end ifnottex |
68701 | 45 For input to groff or nroff, use Nroff mode. |
25829 | 46 |
47 Instead of using a text formatter, you can edit formatted text in | |
48 WYSIWYG style (``what you see is what you get''), with Enriched mode. | |
49 Then the formatting appears on the screen in Emacs while you edit. | |
50 @iftex | |
51 @xref{Formatted Text}. | |
52 @end iftex | |
53 | |
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54 @cindex ASCII art |
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55 If you need to edit pictures made out of text characters (commonly |
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56 referred to as ``ASCII art''), use @kbd{M-x edit-picture} to enter |
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57 Picture mode, a special major mode for editing such pictures. |
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58 @iftex |
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59 @xref{Picture Mode,,, emacs-xtra, Specialized Emacs Features}. |
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60 @end iftex |
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61 @ifnottex |
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62 @xref{Picture Mode}. |
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63 @end ifnottex |
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64 |
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65 |
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66 @cindex skeletons |
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67 @cindex templates |
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68 @cindex autotyping |
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69 @cindex automatic typing |
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70 The ``automatic typing'' features may be useful when writing text. |
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71 @inforef{Top,, autotype}. |
27207 | 72 |
25829 | 73 @menu |
74 * Words:: Moving over and killing words. | |
75 * Sentences:: Moving over and killing sentences. | |
76 * Paragraphs:: Moving over paragraphs. | |
77 * Pages:: Moving over pages. | |
78 * Filling:: Filling or justifying text. | |
79 * Case:: Changing the case of text. | |
80 * Text Mode:: The major modes for editing text files. | |
81 * Outline Mode:: Editing outlines. | |
82 * TeX Mode:: Editing input to the formatter TeX. | |
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83 * HTML Mode:: Editing HTML, SGML, and XML files. |
25829 | 84 * Nroff Mode:: Editing input to the formatter nroff. |
85 * Formatted Text:: Editing formatted text directly in WYSIWYG fashion. | |
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86 * Text Based Tables:: Editing text-based tables in WYSIWYG fashion. |
25829 | 87 @end menu |
88 | |
89 @node Words | |
90 @section Words | |
91 @cindex words | |
92 @cindex Meta commands and words | |
93 | |
94 Emacs has commands for moving over or operating on words. By convention, | |
95 the keys for them are all Meta characters. | |
96 | |
97 @table @kbd | |
98 @item M-f | |
99 Move forward over a word (@code{forward-word}). | |
100 @item M-b | |
101 Move backward over a word (@code{backward-word}). | |
102 @item M-d | |
103 Kill up to the end of a word (@code{kill-word}). | |
104 @item M-@key{DEL} | |
105 Kill back to the beginning of a word (@code{backward-kill-word}). | |
106 @item M-@@ | |
107 Mark the end of the next word (@code{mark-word}). | |
108 @item M-t | |
109 Transpose two words or drag a word across other words | |
110 (@code{transpose-words}). | |
111 @end table | |
112 | |
113 Notice how these keys form a series that parallels the character-based | |
114 @kbd{C-f}, @kbd{C-b}, @kbd{C-d}, @key{DEL} and @kbd{C-t}. @kbd{M-@@} is | |
115 cognate to @kbd{C-@@}, which is an alias for @kbd{C-@key{SPC}}. | |
116 | |
117 @kindex M-f | |
118 @kindex M-b | |
119 @findex forward-word | |
120 @findex backward-word | |
121 The commands @kbd{M-f} (@code{forward-word}) and @kbd{M-b} | |
122 (@code{backward-word}) move forward and backward over words. These | |
123 Meta characters are thus analogous to the corresponding control | |
124 characters, @kbd{C-f} and @kbd{C-b}, which move over single characters | |
125 in the text. The analogy extends to numeric arguments, which serve as | |
126 repeat counts. @kbd{M-f} with a negative argument moves backward, and | |
127 @kbd{M-b} with a negative argument moves forward. Forward motion | |
128 stops right after the last letter of the word, while backward motion | |
68701 | 129 stops right before the first letter. |
25829 | 130 |
131 @kindex M-d | |
132 @findex kill-word | |
133 @kbd{M-d} (@code{kill-word}) kills the word after point. To be | |
134 precise, it kills everything from point to the place @kbd{M-f} would | |
135 move to. Thus, if point is in the middle of a word, @kbd{M-d} kills | |
136 just the part after point. If some punctuation comes between point and the | |
137 next word, it is killed along with the word. (If you wish to kill only the | |
138 next word but not the punctuation before it, simply do @kbd{M-f} to get | |
139 the end, and kill the word backwards with @kbd{M-@key{DEL}}.) | |
140 @kbd{M-d} takes arguments just like @kbd{M-f}. | |
141 | |
142 @findex backward-kill-word | |
143 @kindex M-DEL | |
144 @kbd{M-@key{DEL}} (@code{backward-kill-word}) kills the word before | |
145 point. It kills everything from point back to where @kbd{M-b} would | |
68701 | 146 move to. For instance, if point is after the space in @w{@samp{FOO, |
147 BAR}}, it kills @w{@samp{FOO, }}. If you wish to kill just | |
148 @samp{FOO}, and not the comma and the space, use @kbd{M-b M-d} instead | |
149 of @kbd{M-@key{DEL}}. | |
25829 | 150 |
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151 @c Don't index M-t and transpose-words here, they are indexed in |
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152 @c fixit.texi, in the node "Transpose". |
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153 @c @kindex M-t |
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154 @c @findex transpose-words |
25829 | 155 @kbd{M-t} (@code{transpose-words}) exchanges the word before or |
156 containing point with the following word. The delimiter characters between | |
157 the words do not move. For example, @w{@samp{FOO, BAR}} transposes into | |
158 @w{@samp{BAR, FOO}} rather than @samp{@w{BAR FOO,}}. @xref{Transpose}, for | |
159 more on transposition and on arguments to transposition commands. | |
160 | |
161 @kindex M-@@ | |
162 @findex mark-word | |
163 To operate on the next @var{n} words with an operation which applies | |
164 between point and mark, you can either set the mark at point and then move | |
165 over the words, or you can use the command @kbd{M-@@} (@code{mark-word}) | |
166 which does not move point, but sets the mark where @kbd{M-f} would move | |
167 to. @kbd{M-@@} accepts a numeric argument that says how many words to | |
168 scan for the place to put the mark. In Transient Mark mode, this command | |
169 activates the mark. | |
170 | |
68701 | 171 The word commands' understanding of word boundaries is controlled |
172 by the syntax table. Any character can, for example, be declared to | |
173 be a word delimiter. @xref{Syntax}. | |
25829 | 174 |
175 @node Sentences | |
176 @section Sentences | |
177 @cindex sentences | |
178 @cindex manipulating sentences | |
179 | |
180 The Emacs commands for manipulating sentences and paragraphs are mostly | |
181 on Meta keys, so as to be like the word-handling commands. | |
182 | |
183 @table @kbd | |
184 @item M-a | |
185 Move back to the beginning of the sentence (@code{backward-sentence}). | |
186 @item M-e | |
187 Move forward to the end of the sentence (@code{forward-sentence}). | |
188 @item M-k | |
189 Kill forward to the end of the sentence (@code{kill-sentence}). | |
190 @item C-x @key{DEL} | |
191 Kill back to the beginning of the sentence (@code{backward-kill-sentence}). | |
192 @end table | |
193 | |
194 @kindex M-a | |
195 @kindex M-e | |
196 @findex backward-sentence | |
197 @findex forward-sentence | |
198 The commands @kbd{M-a} and @kbd{M-e} (@code{backward-sentence} and | |
199 @code{forward-sentence}) move to the beginning and end of the current | |
200 sentence, respectively. They were chosen to resemble @kbd{C-a} and | |
59889 | 201 @kbd{C-e}, which move to the beginning and end of a line. Unlike |
202 them, @kbd{M-a} and @kbd{M-e} move over successive sentences if | |
203 repeated. | |
25829 | 204 |
205 Moving backward over a sentence places point just before the first | |
206 character of the sentence; moving forward places point right after the | |
207 punctuation that ends the sentence. Neither one moves over the | |
208 whitespace at the sentence boundary. | |
209 | |
210 @kindex M-k | |
211 @kindex C-x DEL | |
212 @findex kill-sentence | |
213 @findex backward-kill-sentence | |
214 Just as @kbd{C-a} and @kbd{C-e} have a kill command, @kbd{C-k}, to go | |
215 with them, so @kbd{M-a} and @kbd{M-e} have a corresponding kill command | |
216 @kbd{M-k} (@code{kill-sentence}) which kills from point to the end of | |
217 the sentence. With minus one as an argument it kills back to the | |
218 beginning of the sentence. Larger arguments serve as a repeat count. | |
219 There is also a command, @kbd{C-x @key{DEL}} | |
220 (@code{backward-kill-sentence}), for killing back to the beginning of a | |
221 sentence. This command is useful when you change your mind in the | |
68701 | 222 middle of composing text. |
25829 | 223 |
224 The sentence commands assume that you follow the American typist's | |
225 convention of putting two spaces at the end of a sentence; they consider | |
226 a sentence to end wherever there is a @samp{.}, @samp{?} or @samp{!} | |
227 followed by the end of a line or two spaces, with any number of | |
228 @samp{)}, @samp{]}, @samp{'}, or @samp{"} characters allowed in between. | |
229 A sentence also begins or ends wherever a paragraph begins or ends. | |
68701 | 230 It is useful to follow this convention, because it makes a distinction |
231 between periods that end a sentence and periods that indicate | |
232 abbreviations; that enables the Emacs sentence commands to distinguish, | |
233 too. These commands to not stop for periods that indicate abbreviations. | |
234 | |
235 @vindex sentence-end-double-space | |
236 If you want to use just one space between sentences, you can set the | |
237 variable @code{sentence-end-double-space} to @code{nil} to make the | |
238 sentence commands stop for single spaces. However, this mode has a | |
239 drawback: there is no way to distinguish between periods that end | |
240 sentences and those that indicate abbreviations. For convenient and | |
241 reliable editing, we therefore recommend you follow the two-space | |
242 convention. The variable @code{sentence-end-double-space} also | |
243 affects filling (@pxref{Fill Commands}) in related ways. | |
25829 | 244 |
245 @vindex sentence-end | |
68701 | 246 The variable @code{sentence-end} controls how to recognize the end |
247 of a sentence. If non-@code{nil}, it is a regexp that matches the | |
248 last few characters of a sentence, together with the whitespace | |
249 following the sentence. If the value is @code{nil}, the default, then | |
250 Emacs computes the regexp according to various criteria such as the | |
251 value of @code{sentence-end-double-space}. @xref{Regexp Example}, for | |
252 a detailed explanation of one of the regular expressions Emacs uses | |
253 for this purpose. | |
254 | |
255 @vindex sentence-end-without-period | |
256 Some languages do not use period to indicate end of sentence. For | |
257 example, a sentence in Thai text ends with double space but without a | |
258 period. Set the variable @code{sentence-end-without-period} to | |
259 @code{t} to tell the sentence commands that a period is not necessary. | |
25829 | 260 |
261 @node Paragraphs | |
262 @section Paragraphs | |
263 @cindex paragraphs | |
264 @cindex manipulating paragraphs | |
265 @kindex M-@{ | |
266 @kindex M-@} | |
267 @findex backward-paragraph | |
268 @findex forward-paragraph | |
269 | |
270 The Emacs commands for manipulating paragraphs are also Meta keys. | |
271 | |
272 @table @kbd | |
273 @item M-@{ | |
274 Move back to previous paragraph beginning (@code{backward-paragraph}). | |
275 @item M-@} | |
276 Move forward to next paragraph end (@code{forward-paragraph}). | |
277 @item M-h | |
278 Put point and mark around this or next paragraph (@code{mark-paragraph}). | |
279 @end table | |
280 | |
281 @kbd{M-@{} moves to the beginning of the current or previous | |
282 paragraph, while @kbd{M-@}} moves to the end of the current or next | |
283 paragraph. Blank lines and text-formatter command lines separate | |
68701 | 284 paragraphs and are not considered part of any paragraph. If there is |
285 a blank line before the paragraph, @kbd{M-@{} moves to the blank line, | |
286 because that is convenient in practice. | |
287 | |
288 In Text mode, an indented line is not a paragraph break. If you | |
289 want indented lines to have this effect, use Paragraph-Indent Text | |
290 mode instead. @xref{Text Mode}. | |
25829 | 291 |
292 In major modes for programs, paragraphs begin and end only at blank | |
68701 | 293 lines. This makes the paragraph commands useful, even though there |
294 are no paragraphs as such in a program. | |
295 | |
296 When you have set a fill prefix, then paragraphs are delimited by | |
297 all lines which don't start with the fill prefix. @xref{Filling}. | |
25829 | 298 |
299 @kindex M-h | |
300 @findex mark-paragraph | |
301 When you wish to operate on a paragraph, you can use the command | |
302 @kbd{M-h} (@code{mark-paragraph}) to set the region around it. Thus, | |
303 for example, @kbd{M-h C-w} kills the paragraph around or after point. | |
304 The @kbd{M-h} command puts point at the beginning and mark at the end of | |
305 the paragraph point was in. In Transient Mark mode, it activates the | |
306 mark. If point is between paragraphs (in a run of blank lines, or at a | |
307 boundary), the paragraph following point is surrounded by point and | |
308 mark. If there are blank lines preceding the first line of the | |
309 paragraph, one of these blank lines is included in the region. | |
310 | |
311 @vindex paragraph-start | |
312 @vindex paragraph-separate | |
313 The precise definition of a paragraph boundary is controlled by the | |
314 variables @code{paragraph-separate} and @code{paragraph-start}. The | |
315 value of @code{paragraph-start} is a regexp that should match any line | |
316 that either starts or separates paragraphs. The value of | |
317 @code{paragraph-separate} is another regexp that should match only lines | |
318 that separate paragraphs without being part of any paragraph (for | |
319 example, blank lines). Lines that start a new paragraph and are | |
320 contained in it must match only @code{paragraph-start}, not | |
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321 @code{paragraph-separate}. Each regular expression must match at the |
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322 left margin. For example, in Fundamental mode, @code{paragraph-start} |
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323 is @w{@code{"\f\\|[ \t]*$"}}, and @code{paragraph-separate} is |
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324 @w{@code{"[ \t\f]*$"}}. |
25829 | 325 |
326 Normally it is desirable for page boundaries to separate paragraphs. | |
327 The default values of these variables recognize the usual separator for | |
328 pages. | |
329 | |
330 @node Pages | |
331 @section Pages | |
332 | |
333 @cindex pages | |
334 @cindex formfeed | |
335 Files are often thought of as divided into @dfn{pages} by the | |
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336 @dfn{formfeed} character (@acronym{ASCII} control-L, octal code 014). |
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337 When you print hardcopy for a file, this character forces a page break; |
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338 thus, each page of the file goes on a separate page on paper. Most Emacs |
25829 | 339 commands treat the page-separator character just like any other |
340 character: you can insert it with @kbd{C-q C-l}, and delete it with | |
341 @key{DEL}. Thus, you are free to paginate your file or not. However, | |
342 since pages are often meaningful divisions of the file, Emacs provides | |
343 commands to move over them and operate on them. | |
344 | |
345 @table @kbd | |
346 @item C-x [ | |
347 Move point to previous page boundary (@code{backward-page}). | |
348 @item C-x ] | |
349 Move point to next page boundary (@code{forward-page}). | |
350 @item C-x C-p | |
351 Put point and mark around this page (or another page) (@code{mark-page}). | |
352 @item C-x l | |
353 Count the lines in this page (@code{count-lines-page}). | |
354 @end table | |
355 | |
356 @kindex C-x [ | |
357 @kindex C-x ] | |
358 @findex forward-page | |
359 @findex backward-page | |
360 The @kbd{C-x [} (@code{backward-page}) command moves point to immediately | |
361 after the previous page delimiter. If point is already right after a page | |
362 delimiter, it skips that one and stops at the previous one. A numeric | |
363 argument serves as a repeat count. The @kbd{C-x ]} (@code{forward-page}) | |
364 command moves forward past the next page delimiter. | |
365 | |
366 @kindex C-x C-p | |
367 @findex mark-page | |
368 The @kbd{C-x C-p} command (@code{mark-page}) puts point at the | |
369 beginning of the current page and the mark at the end. The page | |
370 delimiter at the end is included (the mark follows it). The page | |
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371 delimiter at the front is excluded (point follows it). In Transient |
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372 Mark mode, this command activates the mark. |
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373 |
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374 @kbd{C-x C-p C-w} is a handy way to kill a page to move it |
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375 elsewhere. If you move to another page delimiter with @kbd{C-x [} and |
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376 @kbd{C-x ]}, then yank the killed page, all the pages will be properly |
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377 delimited once again. The reason @kbd{C-x C-p} includes only the |
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378 following page delimiter in the region is to ensure that. |
25829 | 379 |
380 A numeric argument to @kbd{C-x C-p} is used to specify which page to go | |
381 to, relative to the current one. Zero means the current page. One means | |
382 the next page, and @minus{}1 means the previous one. | |
383 | |
384 @kindex C-x l | |
385 @findex count-lines-page | |
386 The @kbd{C-x l} command (@code{count-lines-page}) is good for deciding | |
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387 where to break a page in two. It displays in the echo area the total number |
25829 | 388 of lines in the current page, and then divides it up into those preceding |
389 the current line and those following, as in | |
390 | |
391 @example | |
392 Page has 96 (72+25) lines | |
393 @end example | |
394 | |
395 @noindent | |
396 Notice that the sum is off by one; this is correct if point is not at the | |
397 beginning of a line. | |
398 | |
399 @vindex page-delimiter | |
400 The variable @code{page-delimiter} controls where pages begin. Its | |
401 value is a regexp that matches the beginning of a line that separates | |
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402 pages. The normal value of this variable is @code{"^\f"}, which |
25829 | 403 matches a formfeed character at the beginning of a line. |
404 | |
405 @node Filling | |
406 @section Filling Text | |
407 @cindex filling text | |
408 | |
409 @dfn{Filling} text means breaking it up into lines that fit a | |
410 specified width. Emacs does filling in two ways. In Auto Fill mode, | |
411 inserting text with self-inserting characters also automatically fills | |
412 it. There are also explicit fill commands that you can use when editing | |
413 text leaves it unfilled. When you edit formatted text, you can specify | |
414 a style of filling for each portion of the text (@pxref{Formatted | |
415 Text}). | |
416 | |
417 @menu | |
418 * Auto Fill:: Auto Fill mode breaks long lines automatically. | |
419 * Fill Commands:: Commands to refill paragraphs and center lines. | |
420 * Fill Prefix:: Filling paragraphs that are indented | |
421 or in a comment, etc. | |
422 * Adaptive Fill:: How Emacs can determine the fill prefix automatically. | |
68701 | 423 * Refill:: Keeping paragraphs filled. |
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424 * Longlines:: Editing text with very long lines. |
25829 | 425 @end menu |
426 | |
427 @node Auto Fill | |
428 @subsection Auto Fill Mode | |
429 @cindex Auto Fill mode | |
430 @cindex mode, Auto Fill | |
431 | |
432 @dfn{Auto Fill} mode is a minor mode in which lines are broken | |
433 automatically when they become too wide. Breaking happens only when | |
434 you type a @key{SPC} or @key{RET}. | |
435 | |
436 @table @kbd | |
437 @item M-x auto-fill-mode | |
438 Enable or disable Auto Fill mode. | |
439 @item @key{SPC} | |
440 @itemx @key{RET} | |
441 In Auto Fill mode, break lines when appropriate. | |
442 @end table | |
443 | |
444 @findex auto-fill-mode | |
445 @kbd{M-x auto-fill-mode} turns Auto Fill mode on if it was off, or off | |
446 if it was on. With a positive numeric argument it always turns Auto | |
447 Fill mode on, and with a negative argument always turns it off. You can | |
448 see when Auto Fill mode is in effect by the presence of the word | |
449 @samp{Fill} in the mode line, inside the parentheses. Auto Fill mode is | |
450 a minor mode which is enabled or disabled for each buffer individually. | |
451 @xref{Minor Modes}. | |
452 | |
453 In Auto Fill mode, lines are broken automatically at spaces when they | |
454 get longer than the desired width. Line breaking and rearrangement | |
455 takes place only when you type @key{SPC} or @key{RET}. If you wish to | |
456 insert a space or newline without permitting line-breaking, type | |
457 @kbd{C-q @key{SPC}} or @kbd{C-q C-j} (recall that a newline is really a | |
458 control-J). Also, @kbd{C-o} inserts a newline without line breaking. | |
459 | |
460 Auto Fill mode works well with programming-language modes, because it | |
461 indents new lines with @key{TAB}. If a line ending in a comment gets | |
462 too long, the text of the comment is split into two comment lines. | |
463 Optionally, new comment delimiters are inserted at the end of the first | |
464 line and the beginning of the second so that each line is a separate | |
465 comment; the variable @code{comment-multi-line} controls the choice | |
466 (@pxref{Comments}). | |
467 | |
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468 Adaptive filling (@pxref{Adaptive Fill}) works for Auto Filling as |
25829 | 469 well as for explicit fill commands. It takes a fill prefix |
470 automatically from the second or first line of a paragraph. | |
471 | |
472 Auto Fill mode does not refill entire paragraphs; it can break lines but | |
473 cannot merge lines. So editing in the middle of a paragraph can result in | |
474 a paragraph that is not correctly filled. The easiest way to make the | |
475 paragraph properly filled again is usually with the explicit fill commands. | |
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476 @ifnottex |
25829 | 477 @xref{Fill Commands}. |
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478 @end ifnottex |
25829 | 479 |
480 Many users like Auto Fill mode and want to use it in all text files. | |
481 The section on init files says how to arrange this permanently for yourself. | |
482 @xref{Init File}. | |
483 | |
484 @node Fill Commands | |
485 @subsection Explicit Fill Commands | |
486 | |
487 @table @kbd | |
488 @item M-q | |
489 Fill current paragraph (@code{fill-paragraph}). | |
490 @item C-x f | |
491 Set the fill column (@code{set-fill-column}). | |
492 @item M-x fill-region | |
493 Fill each paragraph in the region (@code{fill-region}). | |
494 @item M-x fill-region-as-paragraph | |
495 Fill the region, considering it as one paragraph. | |
496 @item M-s | |
497 Center a line. | |
498 @end table | |
499 | |
500 @kindex M-q | |
501 @findex fill-paragraph | |
502 To refill a paragraph, use the command @kbd{M-q} | |
503 (@code{fill-paragraph}). This operates on the paragraph that point is | |
504 inside, or the one after point if point is between paragraphs. | |
505 Refilling works by removing all the line-breaks, then inserting new ones | |
506 where necessary. | |
507 | |
508 @findex fill-region | |
509 To refill many paragraphs, use @kbd{M-x fill-region}, which | |
68701 | 510 finds the paragraphs in the region and fills each of them. |
25829 | 511 |
512 @findex fill-region-as-paragraph | |
513 @kbd{M-q} and @code{fill-region} use the same criteria as @kbd{M-h} | |
514 for finding paragraph boundaries (@pxref{Paragraphs}). For more | |
515 control, you can use @kbd{M-x fill-region-as-paragraph}, which refills | |
68701 | 516 everything between point and mark as a single paragraph. This command |
517 deletes any blank lines within the region, so separate blocks of text | |
518 end up combined into one block. | |
25829 | 519 |
520 @cindex justification | |
68701 | 521 A numeric argument to @kbd{M-q} tells it to @dfn{justify} the text |
522 as well as filling it. This means that extra spaces are inserted to | |
523 make the right margin line up exactly at the fill column. To remove | |
524 the extra spaces, use @kbd{M-q} with no argument. (Likewise for | |
25829 | 525 @code{fill-region}.) Another way to control justification, and choose |
68701 | 526 other styles of filling, is with the @code{justification} text |
527 property; see @ref{Format Justification}. | |
25829 | 528 |
529 @kindex M-s @r{(Text mode)} | |
530 @cindex centering | |
531 @findex center-line | |
532 The command @kbd{M-s} (@code{center-line}) centers the current line | |
533 within the current fill column. With an argument @var{n}, it centers | |
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534 @var{n} lines individually and moves past them. This binding is |
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535 made by Text mode and is available only in that and related modes |
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536 (@pxref{Text Mode}). |
25829 | 537 |
538 @vindex fill-column | |
539 @kindex C-x f | |
540 @findex set-fill-column | |
541 The maximum line width for filling is in the variable | |
542 @code{fill-column}. Altering the value of @code{fill-column} makes it | |
543 local to the current buffer; until that time, the default value is in | |
544 effect. The default is initially 70. @xref{Locals}. The easiest way | |
545 to set @code{fill-column} is to use the command @kbd{C-x f} | |
546 (@code{set-fill-column}). With a numeric argument, it uses that as the | |
547 new fill column. With just @kbd{C-u} as argument, it sets | |
548 @code{fill-column} to the current horizontal position of point. | |
549 | |
550 Emacs commands normally consider a period followed by two spaces or by | |
551 a newline as the end of a sentence; a period followed by just one space | |
552 indicates an abbreviation and not the end of a sentence. To preserve | |
553 the distinction between these two ways of using a period, the fill | |
554 commands do not break a line after a period followed by just one space. | |
555 | |
556 If the variable @code{sentence-end-double-space} is @code{nil}, the | |
557 fill commands expect and leave just one space at the end of a sentence. | |
558 Ordinarily this variable is @code{t}, so the fill commands insist on | |
559 two spaces for the end of a sentence, as explained above. @xref{Sentences}. | |
560 | |
561 @vindex colon-double-space | |
562 If the variable @code{colon-double-space} is non-@code{nil}, the | |
563 fill commands put two spaces after a colon. | |
564 | |
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565 @vindex fill-nobreak-predicate |
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566 The variable @code{fill-nobreak-predicate} is a hook (an abnormal |
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567 hook, @pxref{Hooks}) specifying additional conditions where |
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568 line-breaking is not allowed. Each function is called with no |
68701 | 569 arguments, with point at a place where Emacs is considering breaking |
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570 the line. If a function returns a non-@code{nil} value, then that's |
68701 | 571 a bad place to break the line. Two standard functions you can use are |
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572 @code{fill-single-word-nobreak-p} (don't break after the first word of |
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573 a sentence or before the last) and @code{fill-french-nobreak-p} (don't |
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574 break after @samp{(} or before @samp{)}, @samp{:} or @samp{?}). |
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575 |
25829 | 576 @node Fill Prefix |
577 @subsection The Fill Prefix | |
578 | |
579 @cindex fill prefix | |
580 To fill a paragraph in which each line starts with a special marker | |
581 (which might be a few spaces, giving an indented paragraph), you can use | |
582 the @dfn{fill prefix} feature. The fill prefix is a string that Emacs | |
583 expects every line to start with, and which is not included in filling. | |
584 You can specify a fill prefix explicitly; Emacs can also deduce the | |
585 fill prefix automatically (@pxref{Adaptive Fill}). | |
586 | |
587 @table @kbd | |
588 @item C-x . | |
589 Set the fill prefix (@code{set-fill-prefix}). | |
590 @item M-q | |
591 Fill a paragraph using current fill prefix (@code{fill-paragraph}). | |
592 @item M-x fill-individual-paragraphs | |
593 Fill the region, considering each change of indentation as starting a | |
594 new paragraph. | |
595 @item M-x fill-nonuniform-paragraphs | |
596 Fill the region, considering only paragraph-separator lines as starting | |
597 a new paragraph. | |
598 @end table | |
599 | |
600 @kindex C-x . | |
601 @findex set-fill-prefix | |
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602 To specify a fill prefix for the current buffer, move to a line that |
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603 starts with the desired prefix, put point at the end of the prefix, |
68701 | 604 and type @w{@kbd{C-x .}}@: (@code{set-fill-prefix}). (That's a period |
605 after the @kbd{C-x}.) To turn off the fill prefix, specify an empty | |
606 prefix: type @w{@kbd{C-x .}}@: with point at the beginning of a line. | |
25829 | 607 |
608 When a fill prefix is in effect, the fill commands remove the fill | |
68701 | 609 prefix from each line of the paragraph before filling and insert it on |
610 each line after filling. (The beginning of the first line of the | |
611 paragraph is left unchanged, since often that is intentionally | |
612 different.) Auto Fill mode also inserts the fill prefix automatically | |
613 when it makes a new line. The @kbd{C-o} command inserts the fill | |
614 prefix on new lines it creates, when you use it at the beginning of a | |
615 line (@pxref{Blank Lines}). Conversely, the command @kbd{M-^} deletes | |
616 the prefix (if it occurs) after the newline that it deletes | |
617 (@pxref{Indentation}). | |
25829 | 618 |
619 For example, if @code{fill-column} is 40 and you set the fill prefix | |
620 to @samp{;; }, then @kbd{M-q} in the following text | |
621 | |
622 @example | |
623 ;; This is an | |
624 ;; example of a paragraph | |
625 ;; inside a Lisp-style comment. | |
626 @end example | |
627 | |
628 @noindent | |
629 produces this: | |
630 | |
631 @example | |
632 ;; This is an example of a paragraph | |
633 ;; inside a Lisp-style comment. | |
634 @end example | |
635 | |
636 Lines that do not start with the fill prefix are considered to start | |
637 paragraphs, both in @kbd{M-q} and the paragraph commands; this gives | |
638 good results for paragraphs with hanging indentation (every line | |
639 indented except the first one). Lines which are blank or indented once | |
640 the prefix is removed also separate or start paragraphs; this is what | |
641 you want if you are writing multi-paragraph comments with a comment | |
642 delimiter on each line. | |
643 | |
644 @findex fill-individual-paragraphs | |
645 You can use @kbd{M-x fill-individual-paragraphs} to set the fill | |
646 prefix for each paragraph automatically. This command divides the | |
647 region into paragraphs, treating every change in the amount of | |
648 indentation as the start of a new paragraph, and fills each of these | |
649 paragraphs. Thus, all the lines in one ``paragraph'' have the same | |
650 amount of indentation. That indentation serves as the fill prefix for | |
651 that paragraph. | |
652 | |
653 @findex fill-nonuniform-paragraphs | |
654 @kbd{M-x fill-nonuniform-paragraphs} is a similar command that divides | |
655 the region into paragraphs in a different way. It considers only | |
656 paragraph-separating lines (as defined by @code{paragraph-separate}) as | |
657 starting a new paragraph. Since this means that the lines of one | |
658 paragraph may have different amounts of indentation, the fill prefix | |
659 used is the smallest amount of indentation of any of the lines of the | |
660 paragraph. This gives good results with styles that indent a paragraph's | |
661 first line more or less that the rest of the paragraph. | |
662 | |
663 @vindex fill-prefix | |
664 The fill prefix is stored in the variable @code{fill-prefix}. Its value | |
665 is a string, or @code{nil} when there is no fill prefix. This is a | |
666 per-buffer variable; altering the variable affects only the current buffer, | |
667 but there is a default value which you can change as well. @xref{Locals}. | |
668 | |
669 The @code{indentation} text property provides another way to control | |
670 the amount of indentation paragraphs receive. @xref{Format Indentation}. | |
671 | |
672 @node Adaptive Fill | |
673 @subsection Adaptive Filling | |
674 | |
675 @cindex adaptive filling | |
676 The fill commands can deduce the proper fill prefix for a paragraph | |
677 automatically in certain cases: either whitespace or certain punctuation | |
678 characters at the beginning of a line are propagated to all lines of the | |
679 paragraph. | |
680 | |
681 If the paragraph has two or more lines, the fill prefix is taken from | |
682 the paragraph's second line, but only if it appears on the first line as | |
683 well. | |
684 | |
685 If a paragraph has just one line, fill commands @emph{may} take a | |
686 prefix from that line. The decision is complicated because there are | |
687 three reasonable things to do in such a case: | |
688 | |
689 @itemize @bullet | |
690 @item | |
691 Use the first line's prefix on all the lines of the paragraph. | |
692 | |
693 @item | |
694 Indent subsequent lines with whitespace, so that they line up under the | |
695 text that follows the prefix on the first line, but don't actually copy | |
696 the prefix from the first line. | |
697 | |
698 @item | |
699 Don't do anything special with the second and following lines. | |
700 @end itemize | |
701 | |
702 All three of these styles of formatting are commonly used. So the | |
703 fill commands try to determine what you would like, based on the prefix | |
704 that appears and on the major mode. Here is how. | |
705 | |
706 @vindex adaptive-fill-first-line-regexp | |
707 If the prefix found on the first line matches | |
708 @code{adaptive-fill-first-line-regexp}, or if it appears to be a | |
709 comment-starting sequence (this depends on the major mode), then the | |
710 prefix found is used for filling the paragraph, provided it would not | |
711 act as a paragraph starter on subsequent lines. | |
712 | |
713 Otherwise, the prefix found is converted to an equivalent number of | |
714 spaces, and those spaces are used as the fill prefix for the rest of the | |
715 lines, provided they would not act as a paragraph starter on subsequent | |
716 lines. | |
717 | |
718 In Text mode, and other modes where only blank lines and page | |
719 delimiters separate paragraphs, the prefix chosen by adaptive filling | |
720 never acts as a paragraph starter, so it can always be used for filling. | |
721 | |
722 @vindex adaptive-fill-mode | |
723 @vindex adaptive-fill-regexp | |
724 The variable @code{adaptive-fill-regexp} determines what kinds of line | |
725 beginnings can serve as a fill prefix: any characters at the start of | |
726 the line that match this regular expression are used. If you set the | |
727 variable @code{adaptive-fill-mode} to @code{nil}, the fill prefix is | |
728 never chosen automatically. | |
729 | |
730 @vindex adaptive-fill-function | |
731 You can specify more complex ways of choosing a fill prefix | |
732 automatically by setting the variable @code{adaptive-fill-function} to a | |
733 function. This function is called with point after the left margin of a | |
734 line, and it should return the appropriate fill prefix based on that | |
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736 a chance to find a prefix. |
25829 | 737 |
68701 | 738 @node Refill |
739 @subsection Refill Mode | |
740 @cindex refilling text, word processor style | |
741 @cindex modes, Refill | |
742 @cindex Refill minor mode | |
743 | |
744 Refill minor mode provides support for keeping paragraphs filled as | |
745 you type or modify them in other ways. It provides an effect similar | |
746 to typical word processor behavior. This works by running a | |
747 paragraph-filling command at suitable times. | |
748 | |
749 To toggle the use of Refill mode in the current buffer, type | |
750 @kbd{M-x refill-mode}. When you are typing text, only characters | |
751 which normally trigger auto filling, like the space character, will | |
752 trigger refilling. This is to avoid making it too slow. Apart from | |
753 self-inserting characters, other commands which modify the text cause | |
754 refilling. | |
755 | |
756 The current implementation is preliminary and not robust. You can | |
757 get better ``line wrapping'' behavior using Longlines mode. | |
758 @xref{Longlines}. However, Longlines mode has an important | |
759 side-effect: the newlines that it inserts for you are not saved to | |
760 disk, so the files that you make with Longlines mode will appear to be | |
761 completely unfilled if you edit them without Longlines mode. | |
762 | |
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763 @node Longlines |
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764 @subsection Long Lines Mode |
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765 @cindex refilling text, word processor style |
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766 @cindex modes, Long Lines |
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767 @cindex word wrap |
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768 @cindex Long Lines minor mode |
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769 |
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770 Long Lines mode is a minor mode for @dfn{word wrapping}; it lets you |
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771 edit ``unfilled'' text files, which Emacs would normally display as a |
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772 bunch of extremely long lines. Many text editors, such as those built |
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773 into many web browsers, normally do word wrapping. |
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774 |
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775 @findex longlines-mode |
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776 To enable Long Lines mode, type @kbd{M-x longlines-mode}. If the |
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777 text is full of long lines, this will ``wrap'' them |
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778 immediately---i.e., break up to fit in the window. As you edit the |
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779 text, Long Lines mode automatically re-wraps lines by inserting or |
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780 deleting @dfn{soft newlines} as necessary (@pxref{Hard and Soft |
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781 Newlines}.) These soft newlines won't show up when you save the |
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782 buffer into a file, or when you copy the text into the kill ring, |
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783 clipboard, or a register. |
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784 |
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785 @findex longlines-auto-wrap |
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786 Word wrapping is @emph{not} the same as ordinary filling |
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787 (@pxref{Fill Commands}). It does not contract multiple spaces into a |
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788 single space, recognize fill prefixes (@pxref{Fill Prefix}), or |
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789 perform adaptive filling (@pxref{Adaptive Fill}). The reason for this |
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790 is that a wrapped line is still, conceptually, a single line. Each |
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791 soft newline is equivalent to exactly one space in that long line, and |
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792 vice versa. However, you can still call filling functions such as |
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793 @kbd{M-q}, and these will work as expected, inserting soft newlines |
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794 that won't show up on disk or when the text is copied. You can even |
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795 rely entirely on the normal fill commands by turning off automatic |
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796 line wrapping, with @kbd{C-u M-x longlines-auto-wrap}. To turn |
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797 automatic line wrapping back on, type @kbd{M-x longlines-auto-wrap}. |
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798 |
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799 @findex longlines-show-hard-newlines |
68701 | 800 Type @kbd{RET} to insert a hard newline, one which automatic |
801 refilling will not remove. If you want to see where all the hard | |
802 newlines are, type @kbd{M-x longlines-show-hard-newlines}. This will | |
803 mark each hard newline with a special symbol. The same command with a | |
804 prefix argument turns this display off. | |
61115
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805 |
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806 Long Lines mode does not change normal text files that are already |
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807 filled, since the existing newlines are considered hard newlines. |
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808 Before Long Lines can do anything, you need to transform each |
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809 paragraph into a long line. One way is to set @code{fill-column} to a |
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810 large number (e.g., @kbd{C-u 9999 C-x f}), re-fill all the paragraphs, |
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811 and then set @code{fill-column} back to its original value. |
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812 |
25829 | 813 @node Case |
814 @section Case Conversion Commands | |
815 @cindex case conversion | |
816 | |
817 Emacs has commands for converting either a single word or any arbitrary | |
818 range of text to upper case or to lower case. | |
819 | |
820 @table @kbd | |
821 @item M-l | |
822 Convert following word to lower case (@code{downcase-word}). | |
823 @item M-u | |
824 Convert following word to upper case (@code{upcase-word}). | |
825 @item M-c | |
826 Capitalize the following word (@code{capitalize-word}). | |
827 @item C-x C-l | |
828 Convert region to lower case (@code{downcase-region}). | |
829 @item C-x C-u | |
830 Convert region to upper case (@code{upcase-region}). | |
831 @end table | |
832 | |
833 @kindex M-l | |
834 @kindex M-u | |
835 @kindex M-c | |
836 @cindex words, case conversion | |
837 @cindex converting text to upper or lower case | |
838 @cindex capitalizing words | |
839 @findex downcase-word | |
840 @findex upcase-word | |
841 @findex capitalize-word | |
842 The word conversion commands are the most useful. @kbd{M-l} | |
843 (@code{downcase-word}) converts the word after point to lower case, moving | |
844 past it. Thus, repeating @kbd{M-l} converts successive words. | |
845 @kbd{M-u} (@code{upcase-word}) converts to all capitals instead, while | |
846 @kbd{M-c} (@code{capitalize-word}) puts the first letter of the word | |
847 into upper case and the rest into lower case. All these commands convert | |
848 several words at once if given an argument. They are especially convenient | |
849 for converting a large amount of text from all upper case to mixed case, | |
850 because you can move through the text using @kbd{M-l}, @kbd{M-u} or | |
851 @kbd{M-c} on each word as appropriate, occasionally using @kbd{M-f} instead | |
852 to skip a word. | |
853 | |
854 When given a negative argument, the word case conversion commands apply | |
855 to the appropriate number of words before point, but do not move point. | |
856 This is convenient when you have just typed a word in the wrong case: you | |
857 can give the case conversion command and continue typing. | |
858 | |
68701 | 859 If a word case conversion command is given in the middle of a word, |
860 it applies only to the part of the word which follows point. (This is | |
861 comparable to what @kbd{M-d} (@code{kill-word}) does.) With a | |
862 negative argument, case conversion applies only to the part of the | |
863 word before point. | |
25829 | 864 |
865 @kindex C-x C-l | |
866 @kindex C-x C-u | |
867 @findex downcase-region | |
868 @findex upcase-region | |
869 The other case conversion commands are @kbd{C-x C-u} | |
870 (@code{upcase-region}) and @kbd{C-x C-l} (@code{downcase-region}), which | |
871 convert everything between point and mark to the specified case. Point and | |
872 mark do not move. | |
873 | |
874 The region case conversion commands @code{upcase-region} and | |
875 @code{downcase-region} are normally disabled. This means that they ask | |
876 for confirmation if you try to use them. When you confirm, you may | |
877 enable the command, which means it will not ask for confirmation again. | |
878 @xref{Disabling}. | |
879 | |
880 @node Text Mode | |
881 @section Text Mode | |
882 @cindex Text mode | |
883 @cindex mode, Text | |
884 @findex text-mode | |
885 | |
886 When you edit files of text in a human language, it's more convenient | |
887 to use Text mode rather than Fundamental mode. To enter Text mode, type | |
888 @kbd{M-x text-mode}. | |
889 | |
890 In Text mode, only blank lines and page delimiters separate | |
891 paragraphs. As a result, paragraphs can be indented, and adaptive | |
892 filling determines what indentation to use when filling a paragraph. | |
893 @xref{Adaptive Fill}. | |
894 | |
895 @kindex TAB @r{(Text mode)} | |
896 Text mode defines @key{TAB} to run @code{indent-relative} | |
897 (@pxref{Indentation}), so that you can conveniently indent a line like | |
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898 the previous line. |
25829 | 899 |
900 Text mode turns off the features concerned with comments except when | |
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901 you explicitly invoke them. It changes the syntax table so that |
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902 single-quotes are considered part of words. However, if a word starts |
68701 | 903 with single-quotes, these are treated as a prefix for purposes such as |
904 capitalization. That is, @kbd{M-c} will convert @samp{'hello'} into | |
905 @samp{'Hello'}, as expected. | |
25829 | 906 |
907 @cindex Paragraph-Indent Text mode | |
908 @cindex mode, Paragraph-Indent Text | |
909 @findex paragraph-indent-text-mode | |
27207 | 910 @findex paragraph-indent-minor-mode |
25829 | 911 If you indent the first lines of paragraphs, then you should use |
68701 | 912 Paragraph-Indent Text mode rather than Text mode. In this mode, you |
913 do not need to have blank lines between paragraphs, because the | |
914 first-line indentation is sufficient to start a paragraph; however | |
915 paragraphs in which every line is indented are not supported. Use | |
916 @kbd{M-x paragraph-indent-text-mode} to enter this mode. Use @kbd{M-x | |
917 paragraph-indent-minor-mode} to enable an equivalent minor mode in | |
918 situations where you can't change the major mode---in mail | |
919 composition, for instance. | |
25829 | 920 |
921 @kindex M-TAB @r{(Text mode)} | |
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922 Text mode, and all the modes based on it, define @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} |
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923 as the command @code{ispell-complete-word}, which performs completion |
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924 of the partial word in the buffer before point, using the spelling |
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925 dictionary as the space of possible words. @xref{Spelling}. If your |
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926 window manager defines @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} to switch windows, you can |
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927 type @kbd{@key{ESC} @key{TAB}} or @kbd{C-M-i}. |
25829 | 928 |
929 @vindex text-mode-hook | |
930 Entering Text mode runs the hook @code{text-mode-hook}. Other major | |
931 modes related to Text mode also run this hook, followed by hooks of | |
932 their own; this includes Paragraph-Indent Text mode, Nroff mode, @TeX{} | |
933 mode, Outline mode, and Mail mode. Hook functions on | |
934 @code{text-mode-hook} can look at the value of @code{major-mode} to see | |
935 which of these modes is actually being entered. @xref{Hooks}. | |
936 | |
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937 @ifnottex |
25829 | 938 Emacs provides two other modes for editing text that is to be passed |
939 through a text formatter to produce fancy formatted printed output. | |
940 @xref{Nroff Mode}, for editing input to the formatter nroff. | |
941 @xref{TeX Mode}, for editing input to the formatter TeX. | |
942 | |
943 Another mode is used for editing outlines. It allows you to view the | |
944 text at various levels of detail. You can view either the outline | |
945 headings alone or both headings and text; you can also hide some of the | |
946 headings at lower levels from view to make the high level structure more | |
947 visible. @xref{Outline Mode}. | |
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948 @end ifnottex |
25829 | 949 |
950 @node Outline Mode | |
951 @section Outline Mode | |
952 @cindex Outline mode | |
953 @cindex mode, Outline | |
954 @cindex invisible lines | |
955 | |
956 @findex outline-mode | |
957 @findex outline-minor-mode | |
958 @vindex outline-minor-mode-prefix | |
959 Outline mode is a major mode much like Text mode but intended for | |
960 editing outlines. It allows you to make parts of the text temporarily | |
961 invisible so that you can see the outline structure. Type @kbd{M-x | |
962 outline-mode} to switch to Outline mode as the major mode of the current | |
963 buffer. | |
964 | |
59889 | 965 When Outline mode makes a line invisible, the line does not appear |
966 on the screen. The screen appears exactly as if the invisible line | |
967 were deleted, except that an ellipsis (three periods in a row) appears | |
968 at the end of the previous visible line. (Multiple consecutive | |
969 invisible lines produce just one ellipsis.) | |
25829 | 970 |
971 Editing commands that operate on lines, such as @kbd{C-n} and | |
972 @kbd{C-p}, treat the text of the invisible line as part of the previous | |
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973 visible line. Killing the ellipsis at the end of a visible line |
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974 really kills all the following invisible lines. |
25829 | 975 |
976 Outline minor mode provides the same commands as the major mode, | |
977 Outline mode, but you can use it in conjunction with other major modes. | |
978 Type @kbd{M-x outline-minor-mode} to enable the Outline minor mode in | |
979 the current buffer. You can also specify this in the text of a file, | |
980 with a file local variable of the form @samp{mode: outline-minor} | |
981 (@pxref{File Variables}). | |
982 | |
983 @kindex C-c @@ @r{(Outline minor mode)} | |
984 The major mode, Outline mode, provides special key bindings on the | |
985 @kbd{C-c} prefix. Outline minor mode provides similar bindings with | |
986 @kbd{C-c @@} as the prefix; this is to reduce the conflicts with the | |
987 major mode's special commands. (The variable | |
988 @code{outline-minor-mode-prefix} controls the prefix used.) | |
989 | |
990 @vindex outline-mode-hook | |
991 Entering Outline mode runs the hook @code{text-mode-hook} followed by | |
992 the hook @code{outline-mode-hook} (@pxref{Hooks}). | |
993 | |
994 @menu | |
995 * Format: Outline Format. What the text of an outline looks like. | |
996 * Motion: Outline Motion. Special commands for moving through | |
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997 outlines. |
25829 | 998 * Visibility: Outline Visibility. Commands to control what is visible. |
999 * Views: Outline Views. Outlines and multiple views. | |
59889 | 1000 * Foldout:: Folding means zooming in on outlines. |
25829 | 1001 @end menu |
1002 | |
1003 @node Outline Format | |
1004 @subsection Format of Outlines | |
1005 | |
1006 @cindex heading lines (Outline mode) | |
1007 @cindex body lines (Outline mode) | |
1008 Outline mode assumes that the lines in the buffer are of two types: | |
1009 @dfn{heading lines} and @dfn{body lines}. A heading line represents a | |
1010 topic in the outline. Heading lines start with one or more stars; the | |
1011 number of stars determines the depth of the heading in the outline | |
1012 structure. Thus, a heading line with one star is a major topic; all the | |
1013 heading lines with two stars between it and the next one-star heading | |
1014 are its subtopics; and so on. Any line that is not a heading line is a | |
1015 body line. Body lines belong with the preceding heading line. Here is | |
1016 an example: | |
1017 | |
1018 @example | |
1019 * Food | |
1020 This is the body, | |
1021 which says something about the topic of food. | |
1022 | |
1023 ** Delicious Food | |
1024 This is the body of the second-level header. | |
1025 | |
1026 ** Distasteful Food | |
1027 This could have | |
1028 a body too, with | |
1029 several lines. | |
1030 | |
1031 *** Dormitory Food | |
1032 | |
1033 * Shelter | |
1034 Another first-level topic with its header line. | |
1035 @end example | |
1036 | |
1037 A heading line together with all following body lines is called | |
1038 collectively an @dfn{entry}. A heading line together with all following | |
1039 deeper heading lines and their body lines is called a @dfn{subtree}. | |
1040 | |
1041 @vindex outline-regexp | |
1042 You can customize the criterion for distinguishing heading lines | |
1043 by setting the variable @code{outline-regexp}. Any line whose | |
1044 beginning has a match for this regexp is considered a heading line. | |
1045 Matches that start within a line (not at the left margin) do not count. | |
1046 The length of the matching text determines the level of the heading; | |
1047 longer matches make a more deeply nested level. Thus, for example, | |
1048 if a text formatter has commands @samp{@@chapter}, @samp{@@section} | |
1049 and @samp{@@subsection} to divide the document into chapters and | |
1050 sections, you could make those lines count as heading lines by | |
1051 setting @code{outline-regexp} to @samp{"@@chap\\|@@\\(sub\\)*section"}. | |
1052 Note the trick: the two words @samp{chapter} and @samp{section} are equally | |
1053 long, but by defining the regexp to match only @samp{chap} we ensure | |
1054 that the length of the text matched on a chapter heading is shorter, | |
1055 so that Outline mode will know that sections are contained in chapters. | |
1056 This works as long as no other command starts with @samp{@@chap}. | |
1057 | |
1058 @vindex outline-level | |
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1059 You can change the rule for calculating the level of a heading line |
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1060 by setting the variable @code{outline-level}. The value of |
25829 | 1061 @code{outline-level} should be a function that takes no arguments and |
1062 returns the level of the current heading. Some major modes such as C, | |
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1063 Nroff, and Emacs Lisp mode set this variable and @code{outline-regexp} |
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1064 in order to work with Outline minor mode. |
25829 | 1065 |
1066 @node Outline Motion | |
1067 @subsection Outline Motion Commands | |
1068 | |
1069 Outline mode provides special motion commands that move backward and | |
1070 forward to heading lines. | |
1071 | |
1072 @table @kbd | |
1073 @item C-c C-n | |
1074 Move point to the next visible heading line | |
1075 (@code{outline-next-visible-heading}). | |
1076 @item C-c C-p | |
1077 Move point to the previous visible heading line | |
1078 (@code{outline-previous-visible-heading}). | |
1079 @item C-c C-f | |
1080 Move point to the next visible heading line at the same level | |
1081 as the one point is on (@code{outline-forward-same-level}). | |
1082 @item C-c C-b | |
1083 Move point to the previous visible heading line at the same level | |
1084 (@code{outline-backward-same-level}). | |
1085 @item C-c C-u | |
1086 Move point up to a lower-level (more inclusive) visible heading line | |
1087 (@code{outline-up-heading}). | |
1088 @end table | |
1089 | |
1090 @findex outline-next-visible-heading | |
1091 @findex outline-previous-visible-heading | |
1092 @kindex C-c C-n @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1093 @kindex C-c C-p @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1094 @kbd{C-c C-n} (@code{outline-next-visible-heading}) moves down to the next | |
1095 heading line. @kbd{C-c C-p} (@code{outline-previous-visible-heading}) moves | |
1096 similarly backward. Both accept numeric arguments as repeat counts. The | |
1097 names emphasize that invisible headings are skipped, but this is not really | |
1098 a special feature. All editing commands that look for lines ignore the | |
68701 | 1099 invisible lines automatically. |
25829 | 1100 |
1101 @findex outline-up-heading | |
1102 @findex outline-forward-same-level | |
1103 @findex outline-backward-same-level | |
1104 @kindex C-c C-f @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1105 @kindex C-c C-b @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1106 @kindex C-c C-u @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1107 More powerful motion commands understand the level structure of headings. | |
1108 @kbd{C-c C-f} (@code{outline-forward-same-level}) and | |
1109 @kbd{C-c C-b} (@code{outline-backward-same-level}) move from one | |
1110 heading line to another visible heading at the same depth in | |
1111 the outline. @kbd{C-c C-u} (@code{outline-up-heading}) moves | |
1112 backward to another heading that is less deeply nested. | |
1113 | |
1114 @node Outline Visibility | |
1115 @subsection Outline Visibility Commands | |
1116 | |
1117 The other special commands of outline mode are used to make lines visible | |
1118 or invisible. Their names all start with @code{hide} or @code{show}. | |
1119 Most of them fall into pairs of opposites. They are not undoable; instead, | |
1120 you can undo right past them. Making lines visible or invisible is simply | |
1121 not recorded by the undo mechanism. | |
1122 | |
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1123 Many of these commands act on the ``current'' heading line. If |
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1124 point is on a heading line, that is the current heading line; if point |
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1125 is on a body line, the current heading line is the nearest preceding |
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1126 header line. |
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1127 |
25829 | 1128 @table @kbd |
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1129 @item C-c C-c |
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1130 Make the current heading line's body invisible (@code{hide-entry}). |
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1131 @item C-c C-e |
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1132 Make the current heading line's body visible (@code{show-entry}). |
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1133 @item C-c C-d |
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1134 Make everything under the current heading invisible, not including the |
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1135 heading itself (@code{hide-subtree}). |
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1136 @item C-c C-s |
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1137 Make everything under the current heading visible, including body, |
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1138 subheadings, and their bodies (@code{show-subtree}). |
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1139 @item C-c C-l |
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1140 Make the body of the current heading line, and of all its subheadings, |
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1141 invisible (@code{hide-leaves}). |
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1142 @item C-c C-k |
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1143 Make all subheadings of the current heading line, at all levels, |
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1144 visible (@code{show-branches}). |
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1145 @item C-c C-i |
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1146 Make immediate subheadings (one level down) of the current heading |
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1147 line visible (@code{show-children}). |
25829 | 1148 @item C-c C-t |
1149 Make all body lines in the buffer invisible (@code{hide-body}). | |
1150 @item C-c C-a | |
1151 Make all lines in the buffer visible (@code{show-all}). | |
1152 @item C-c C-q | |
1153 Hide everything except the top @var{n} levels of heading lines | |
1154 (@code{hide-sublevels}). | |
1155 @item C-c C-o | |
1156 Hide everything except for the heading or body that point is in, plus | |
1157 the headings leading up from there to the top level of the outline | |
1158 (@code{hide-other}). | |
1159 @end table | |
1160 | |
1161 @findex hide-entry | |
1162 @findex show-entry | |
1163 @kindex C-c C-c @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1164 @kindex C-c C-e @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1165 Two commands that are exact opposites are @kbd{C-c C-c} | |
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1166 (@code{hide-entry}) and @kbd{C-c C-e} (@code{show-entry}). They apply |
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1167 to the body lines directly following the current heading line. |
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1168 Subheadings and their bodies are not affected. |
25829 | 1169 |
1170 @findex hide-subtree | |
1171 @findex show-subtree | |
1172 @kindex C-c C-s @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1173 @kindex C-c C-d @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1174 @cindex subtree (Outline mode) | |
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1175 Two more powerful opposites are @kbd{C-c C-d} (@code{hide-subtree}) |
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1176 and @kbd{C-c C-s} (@code{show-subtree}). Both apply to the current |
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1177 heading line's @dfn{subtree}: its body, all its subheadings, both |
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1178 direct and indirect, and all of their bodies. In other words, the |
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1179 subtree contains everything following the current heading line, up to |
68701 | 1180 and not including the next heading of the same or higher rank. |
25829 | 1181 |
1182 @findex hide-leaves | |
1183 @findex show-branches | |
1184 @kindex C-c C-l @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1185 @kindex C-c C-k @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1186 Intermediate between a visible subtree and an invisible one is having | |
1187 all the subheadings visible but none of the body. There are two | |
1188 commands for doing this, depending on whether you want to hide the | |
1189 bodies or make the subheadings visible. They are @kbd{C-c C-l} | |
1190 (@code{hide-leaves}) and @kbd{C-c C-k} (@code{show-branches}). | |
1191 | |
1192 @kindex C-c C-i @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1193 @findex show-children | |
1194 A little weaker than @code{show-branches} is @kbd{C-c C-i} | |
1195 (@code{show-children}). It makes just the direct subheadings | |
1196 visible---those one level down. Deeper subheadings remain invisible, if | |
68701 | 1197 they were invisible. |
25829 | 1198 |
1199 @findex hide-body | |
1200 @findex show-all | |
1201 @kindex C-c C-t @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1202 @kindex C-c C-a @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1203 Two commands have a blanket effect on the whole file. @kbd{C-c C-t} | |
1204 (@code{hide-body}) makes all body lines invisible, so that you see just | |
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1205 the outline structure (as a special exception, it will not hide lines |
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1206 at the top of the file, preceding the first header line, even though |
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1207 these are technically body lines). @kbd{C-c C-a} (@code{show-all}) |
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1208 makes all lines visible. These commands can be thought of as a pair |
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1209 of opposites even though @kbd{C-c C-a} applies to more than just body |
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1210 lines. |
25829 | 1211 |
1212 @findex hide-sublevels | |
1213 @kindex C-c C-q @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1214 The command @kbd{C-c C-q} (@code{hide-sublevels}) hides all but the | |
1215 top level headings. With a numeric argument @var{n}, it hides everything | |
1216 except the top @var{n} levels of heading lines. | |
1217 | |
1218 @findex hide-other | |
1219 @kindex C-c C-o @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1220 The command @kbd{C-c C-o} (@code{hide-other}) hides everything except | |
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1221 the heading and body text that point is in, plus its parents (the headers |
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1222 leading up from there to top level in the outline) and the top level |
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1223 headings. |
25829 | 1224 |
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1225 @findex reveal-mode |
25829 | 1226 When incremental search finds text that is hidden by Outline mode, |
1227 it makes that part of the buffer visible. If you exit the search | |
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1228 at that position, the text remains visible. You can also |
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1229 automatically make text visible as you navigate in it by using |
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1230 @kbd{M-x reveal-mode}. |
25829 | 1231 |
1232 @node Outline Views | |
1233 @subsection Viewing One Outline in Multiple Views | |
1234 | |
1235 @cindex multiple views of outline | |
1236 @cindex views of an outline | |
1237 @cindex outline with multiple views | |
1238 @cindex indirect buffers and outlines | |
1239 You can display two views of a single outline at the same time, in | |
1240 different windows. To do this, you must create an indirect buffer using | |
1241 @kbd{M-x make-indirect-buffer}. The first argument of this command is | |
1242 the existing outline buffer name, and its second argument is the name to | |
1243 use for the new indirect buffer. @xref{Indirect Buffers}. | |
1244 | |
1245 Once the indirect buffer exists, you can display it in a window in the | |
1246 normal fashion, with @kbd{C-x 4 b} or other Emacs commands. The Outline | |
1247 mode commands to show and hide parts of the text operate on each buffer | |
1248 independently; as a result, each buffer can have its own view. If you | |
1249 want more than two views on the same outline, create additional indirect | |
1250 buffers. | |
1251 | |
28328 | 1252 @node Foldout |
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1253 @subsection Folding Editing |
28328 | 1254 |
1255 @cindex folding editing | |
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1256 The Foldout package extends Outline mode and Outline minor mode with |
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1257 ``folding'' commands. The idea of folding is that you zoom in on a |
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1258 nested portion of the outline, while hiding its relatives at higher |
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1259 levels. |
30867 | 1260 |
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1261 Consider an Outline mode buffer with all the text and subheadings under |
28328 | 1262 level-1 headings hidden. To look at what is hidden under one of these |
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1263 headings, you could use @kbd{C-c C-e} (@kbd{M-x show-entry}) to expose |
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1264 the body, or @kbd{C-c C-i} to expose the child (level-2) headings. |
28328 | 1265 |
1266 @kindex C-c C-z | |
1267 @findex foldout-zoom-subtree | |
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1268 With Foldout, you use @kbd{C-c C-z} (@kbd{M-x foldout-zoom-subtree}). |
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1269 This exposes the body and child subheadings, and narrows the buffer so |
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1270 that only the @w{level-1} heading, the body and the level-2 headings are |
28328 | 1271 visible. Now to look under one of the level-2 headings, position the |
1272 cursor on it and use @kbd{C-c C-z} again. This exposes the level-2 body | |
1273 and its level-3 child subheadings and narrows the buffer again. Zooming | |
1274 in on successive subheadings can be done as much as you like. A string | |
39267 | 1275 in the mode line shows how deep you've gone. |
28328 | 1276 |
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1277 When zooming in on a heading, to see only the child subheadings specify |
28328 | 1278 a numeric argument: @kbd{C-u C-c C-z}. The number of levels of children |
1279 can be specified too (compare @kbd{M-x show-children}), e.g.@: @kbd{M-2 | |
1280 C-c C-z} exposes two levels of child subheadings. Alternatively, the | |
39267 | 1281 body can be specified with a negative argument: @kbd{M-- C-c C-z}. The |
28328 | 1282 whole subtree can be expanded, similarly to @kbd{C-c C-s} (@kbd{M-x |
1283 show-subtree}), by specifying a zero argument: @kbd{M-0 C-c C-z}. | |
1284 | |
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1285 While you're zoomed in, you can still use Outline mode's exposure and |
28328 | 1286 hiding functions without disturbing Foldout. Also, since the buffer is |
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1287 narrowed, ``global'' editing actions will only affect text under the |
28328 | 1288 zoomed-in heading. This is useful for restricting changes to a |
1289 particular chapter or section of your document. | |
1290 | |
1291 @kindex C-c C-x | |
1292 @findex foldout-exit-fold | |
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1293 To unzoom (exit) a fold, use @kbd{C-c C-x} (@kbd{M-x foldout-exit-fold}). |
28328 | 1294 This hides all the text and subheadings under the top-level heading and |
1295 returns you to the previous view of the buffer. Specifying a numeric | |
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1296 argument exits that many levels of folds. Specifying a zero argument |
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1297 exits all folds. |
28328 | 1298 |
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1299 To cancel the narrowing of a fold without hiding the text and |
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1300 subheadings, specify a negative argument. For example, @kbd{M--2 C-c |
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1301 C-x} exits two folds and leaves the text and subheadings exposed. |
28328 | 1302 |
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1303 Foldout mode also provides mouse commands for entering and exiting |
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1304 folds, and for showing and hiding text: |
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|
1305 |
28328 | 1306 @table @asis |
40651 | 1307 @item @kbd{C-M-Mouse-1} zooms in on the heading clicked on |
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1308 @itemize @asis |
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Get rid of inexplicable @t's in values of paragraph-start and
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|
1309 @item |
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Get rid of inexplicable @t's in values of paragraph-start and
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|
1310 single click: expose body. |
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Get rid of inexplicable @t's in values of paragraph-start and
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|
1311 @item |
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|
1312 double click: expose subheadings. |
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|
1313 @item |
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|
1314 triple click: expose body and subheadings. |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1315 @item |
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|
1316 quad click: expose entire subtree. |
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|
1317 @end itemize |
40651 | 1318 @item @kbd{C-M-Mouse-2} exposes text under the heading clicked on |
38951
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Convert subtables in Foldout mode into @itemize.
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|
1319 @itemize @asis |
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Convert subtables in Foldout mode into @itemize.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1320 @item |
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Convert subtables in Foldout mode into @itemize.
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|
1321 single click: expose body. |
7495f1fcfe14
Convert subtables in Foldout mode into @itemize.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1322 @item |
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Convert subtables in Foldout mode into @itemize.
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|
1323 double click: expose subheadings. |
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Convert subtables in Foldout mode into @itemize.
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|
1324 @item |
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Convert subtables in Foldout mode into @itemize.
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|
1325 triple click: expose body and subheadings. |
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Convert subtables in Foldout mode into @itemize.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1326 @item |
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Convert subtables in Foldout mode into @itemize.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1327 quad click: expose entire subtree. |
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Convert subtables in Foldout mode into @itemize.
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|
1328 @end itemize |
40651 | 1329 @item @kbd{C-M-Mouse-3} hides text under the heading clicked on or exits fold |
38951
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Convert subtables in Foldout mode into @itemize.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1330 @itemize @asis |
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Convert subtables in Foldout mode into @itemize.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1331 @item |
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Convert subtables in Foldout mode into @itemize.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1332 single click: hide subtree. |
7495f1fcfe14
Convert subtables in Foldout mode into @itemize.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
1333 @item |
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Convert subtables in Foldout mode into @itemize.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1334 double click: exit fold and hide text. |
7495f1fcfe14
Convert subtables in Foldout mode into @itemize.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1335 @item |
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Convert subtables in Foldout mode into @itemize.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
1336 triple click: exit fold without hiding text. |
7495f1fcfe14
Convert subtables in Foldout mode into @itemize.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
1337 @item |
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Convert subtables in Foldout mode into @itemize.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
1338 quad click: exit all folds and hide text. |
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Convert subtables in Foldout mode into @itemize.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1339 @end itemize |
28328 | 1340 @end table |
1341 | |
1342 @vindex foldout-mouse-modifiers | |
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32fc1ec13574
Move the Refill Mode node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1343 You can specify different modifier keys (instead of |
32fc1ec13574
Move the Refill Mode node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
32782
diff
changeset
|
1344 @kbd{Control-Meta-}) by setting @code{foldout-mouse-modifiers}; but if |
32fc1ec13574
Move the Refill Mode node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
1345 you have already loaded the @file{foldout.el} library, you must reload |
32fc1ec13574
Move the Refill Mode node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
1346 it in order for this to take effect. |
32fc1ec13574
Move the Refill Mode node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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changeset
|
1347 |
32fc1ec13574
Move the Refill Mode node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1348 To use the Foldout package, you can type @kbd{M-x load-library |
32fc1ec13574
Move the Refill Mode node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
1349 @key{RET} foldout @key{RET}}; or you can arrange for to do that |
32fc1ec13574
Move the Refill Mode node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
1350 automatically by putting this in your @file{.emacs} file: |
32fc1ec13574
Move the Refill Mode node.
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diff
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|
1351 |
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Move the Refill Mode node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1352 @example |
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Move the Refill Mode node.
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diff
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|
1353 (eval-after-load "outline" '(require 'foldout)) |
32fc1ec13574
Move the Refill Mode node.
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|
1354 @end example |
28328 | 1355 |
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(TeX Mode): Remove explicit next/prev/up in @node line.
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
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|
1356 @node TeX Mode |
25829 | 1357 @section @TeX{} Mode |
1358 @cindex @TeX{} mode | |
1359 @cindex La@TeX{} mode | |
1360 @cindex Sli@TeX{} mode | |
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(Outline Visibility): Introduce "current heading
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1361 @cindex Doc@TeX{} mode |
25829 | 1362 @cindex mode, @TeX{} |
1363 @cindex mode, La@TeX{} | |
1364 @cindex mode, Sli@TeX{} | |
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(Outline Visibility): Introduce "current heading
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1365 @cindex mode, Doc@TeX{} |
25829 | 1366 @findex tex-mode |
1367 @findex plain-tex-mode | |
1368 @findex latex-mode | |
1369 @findex slitex-mode | |
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(Outline Visibility): Introduce "current heading
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1370 @findex doctex-mode |
25829 | 1371 |
68701 | 1372 @TeX{} is a powerful text formatter written by Donald Knuth; it is |
1373 also free software, like GNU Emacs. La@TeX{} is a simplified input | |
1374 format for @TeX{}, implemented by @TeX{} macros; it comes with @TeX{}. | |
1375 Sli@TeX{} is a special form of La@TeX{}.@footnote{Sli@TeX{} is | |
1376 obsoleted by the @samp{slides} document class in recent La@TeX{} | |
1377 versions.} Doc@TeX{} (@file{.dtx}) is a special file format in which | |
1378 the La@TeX{} sources are written, combining sources with | |
1379 documentation. | |
25829 | 1380 |
1381 Emacs has a special @TeX{} mode for editing @TeX{} input files. | |
1382 It provides facilities for checking the balance of delimiters and for | |
1383 invoking @TeX{} on all or part of the file. | |
1384 | |
1385 @vindex tex-default-mode | |
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(Outline Visibility): Introduce "current heading
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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1386 @TeX{} mode has four variants: Plain @TeX{} mode, La@TeX{} mode, |
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(Outline Visibility): Introduce "current heading
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1387 Sli@TeX{} mode, and Doc@TeX{} mode (these distinct major modes differ |
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(Outline Visibility): Introduce "current heading
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|
1388 only slightly). They are designed for editing the four different |
5270dfec18f9
(Outline Visibility): Introduce "current heading
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1389 formats. The command @kbd{M-x tex-mode} looks at the contents of the |
5270dfec18f9
(Outline Visibility): Introduce "current heading
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diff
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|
1390 buffer to determine whether the contents appear to be either La@TeX{} |
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(Outline Visibility): Introduce "current heading
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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1391 input, Sli@TeX{}, or Doc@TeX{} input; if so, it selects the |
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(Outline Visibility): Introduce "current heading
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|
1392 appropriate mode. If the file contents do not appear to be La@TeX{}, |
5270dfec18f9
(Outline Visibility): Introduce "current heading
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1393 Sli@TeX{} or Doc@TeX{}, it selects Plain @TeX{} mode. If the contents |
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(Outline Visibility): Introduce "current heading
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diff
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|
1394 are insufficient to determine this, the variable |
25829 | 1395 @code{tex-default-mode} controls which mode is used. |
1396 | |
1397 When @kbd{M-x tex-mode} does not guess right, you can use the commands | |
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(Outline Visibility): Introduce "current heading
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1398 @kbd{M-x plain-tex-mode}, @kbd{M-x latex-mode}, @kbd{M-x slitex-mode}, |
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(Outline Visibility): Introduce "current heading
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|
1399 and @kbd{doctex-mode} to select explicitly the particular variants of |
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(Outline Visibility): Introduce "current heading
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|
1400 @TeX{} mode. |
25829 | 1401 |
1402 @menu | |
1403 * Editing: TeX Editing. Special commands for editing in TeX mode. | |
1404 * LaTeX: LaTeX Editing. Additional commands for LaTeX input files. | |
1405 * Printing: TeX Print. Commands for printing part of a file with TeX. | |
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1406 * Misc: TeX Misc. Customization of TeX mode, and related features. |
25829 | 1407 @end menu |
1408 | |
1409 @node TeX Editing | |
1410 @subsection @TeX{} Editing Commands | |
1411 | |
1412 Here are the special commands provided in @TeX{} mode for editing the | |
1413 text of the file. | |
1414 | |
1415 @table @kbd | |
1416 @item " | |
1417 Insert, according to context, either @samp{``} or @samp{"} or | |
1418 @samp{''} (@code{tex-insert-quote}). | |
1419 @item C-j | |
1420 Insert a paragraph break (two newlines) and check the previous | |
1421 paragraph for unbalanced braces or dollar signs | |
1422 (@code{tex-terminate-paragraph}). | |
1423 @item M-x tex-validate-region | |
1424 Check each paragraph in the region for unbalanced braces or dollar signs. | |
1425 @item C-c @{ | |
1426 Insert @samp{@{@}} and position point between them (@code{tex-insert-braces}). | |
1427 @item C-c @} | |
1428 Move forward past the next unmatched close brace (@code{up-list}). | |
1429 @end table | |
1430 | |
1431 @findex tex-insert-quote | |
1432 @kindex " @r{(@TeX{} mode)} | |
1433 In @TeX{}, the character @samp{"} is not normally used; we use | |
1434 @samp{``} to start a quotation and @samp{''} to end one. To make | |
1435 editing easier under this formatting convention, @TeX{} mode overrides | |
1436 the normal meaning of the key @kbd{"} with a command that inserts a pair | |
1437 of single-quotes or backquotes (@code{tex-insert-quote}). To be | |
1438 precise, this command inserts @samp{``} after whitespace or an open | |
1439 brace, @samp{"} after a backslash, and @samp{''} after any other | |
1440 character. | |
1441 | |
1442 If you need the character @samp{"} itself in unusual contexts, use | |
1443 @kbd{C-q} to insert it. Also, @kbd{"} with a numeric argument always | |
1444 inserts that number of @samp{"} characters. You can turn off the | |
1445 feature of @kbd{"} expansion by eliminating that binding in the local | |
1446 map (@pxref{Key Bindings}). | |
1447 | |
1448 In @TeX{} mode, @samp{$} has a special syntax code which attempts to | |
1449 understand the way @TeX{} math mode delimiters match. When you insert a | |
1450 @samp{$} that is meant to exit math mode, the position of the matching | |
1451 @samp{$} that entered math mode is displayed for a second. This is the | |
1452 same feature that displays the open brace that matches a close brace that | |
1453 is inserted. However, there is no way to tell whether a @samp{$} enters | |
1454 math mode or leaves it; so when you insert a @samp{$} that enters math | |
1455 mode, the previous @samp{$} position is shown as if it were a match, even | |
1456 though they are actually unrelated. | |
1457 | |
1458 @findex tex-insert-braces | |
1459 @kindex C-c @{ @r{(@TeX{} mode)} | |
1460 @findex up-list | |
1461 @kindex C-c @} @r{(@TeX{} mode)} | |
1462 @TeX{} uses braces as delimiters that must match. Some users prefer | |
1463 to keep braces balanced at all times, rather than inserting them | |
1464 singly. Use @kbd{C-c @{} (@code{tex-insert-braces}) to insert a pair of | |
1465 braces. It leaves point between the two braces so you can insert the | |
1466 text that belongs inside. Afterward, use the command @kbd{C-c @}} | |
1467 (@code{up-list}) to move forward past the close brace. | |
1468 | |
1469 @findex tex-validate-region | |
1470 @findex tex-terminate-paragraph | |
1471 @kindex C-j @r{(@TeX{} mode)} | |
1472 There are two commands for checking the matching of braces. @kbd{C-j} | |
1473 (@code{tex-terminate-paragraph}) checks the paragraph before point, and | |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1474 inserts two newlines to start a new paragraph. It outputs a message in |
25829 | 1475 the echo area if any mismatch is found. @kbd{M-x tex-validate-region} |
1476 checks a region, paragraph by paragraph. The errors are listed in the | |
1477 @samp{*Occur*} buffer, and you can use @kbd{C-c C-c} or @kbd{Mouse-2} in | |
1478 that buffer to go to a particular mismatch. | |
1479 | |
1480 Note that Emacs commands count square brackets and parentheses in | |
1481 @TeX{} mode, not just braces. This is not strictly correct for the | |
1482 purpose of checking @TeX{} syntax. However, parentheses and square | |
1483 brackets are likely to be used in text as matching delimiters and it is | |
1484 useful for the various motion commands and automatic match display to | |
1485 work with them. | |
1486 | |
1487 @node LaTeX Editing | |
1488 @subsection La@TeX{} Editing Commands | |
1489 | |
1490 La@TeX{} mode, and its variant, Sli@TeX{} mode, provide a few extra | |
1491 features not applicable to plain @TeX{}. | |
1492 | |
1493 @table @kbd | |
1494 @item C-c C-o | |
1495 Insert @samp{\begin} and @samp{\end} for La@TeX{} block and position | |
1496 point on a line between them (@code{tex-latex-block}). | |
1497 @item C-c C-e | |
1498 Close the innermost La@TeX{} block not yet closed | |
1499 (@code{tex-close-latex-block}). | |
1500 @end table | |
1501 | |
1502 @findex tex-latex-block | |
1503 @kindex C-c C-o @r{(La@TeX{} mode)} | |
1504 @vindex latex-block-names | |
1505 In La@TeX{} input, @samp{\begin} and @samp{\end} commands are used to | |
1506 group blocks of text. To insert a @samp{\begin} and a matching | |
1507 @samp{\end} (on a new line following the @samp{\begin}), use @kbd{C-c | |
1508 C-o} (@code{tex-latex-block}). A blank line is inserted between the | |
1509 two, and point is left there. You can use completion when you enter the | |
1510 block type; to specify additional block type names beyond the standard | |
1511 list, set the variable @code{latex-block-names}. For example, here's | |
1512 how to add @samp{theorem}, @samp{corollary}, and @samp{proof}: | |
1513 | |
1514 @example | |
1515 (setq latex-block-names '("theorem" "corollary" "proof")) | |
1516 @end example | |
1517 | |
1518 @findex tex-close-latex-block | |
1519 @kindex C-c C-e @r{(La@TeX{} mode)} | |
1520 In La@TeX{} input, @samp{\begin} and @samp{\end} commands must | |
1521 balance. You can use @kbd{C-c C-e} (@code{tex-close-latex-block}) to | |
1522 insert automatically a matching @samp{\end} to match the last unmatched | |
1523 @samp{\begin}. It indents the @samp{\end} to match the corresponding | |
1524 @samp{\begin}. It inserts a newline after @samp{\end} if point is at | |
1525 the beginning of a line. | |
1526 | |
1527 @node TeX Print | |
1528 @subsection @TeX{} Printing Commands | |
1529 | |
1530 You can invoke @TeX{} as an inferior of Emacs on either the entire | |
1531 contents of the buffer or just a region at a time. Running @TeX{} in | |
1532 this way on just one chapter is a good way to see what your changes | |
1533 look like without taking the time to format the entire file. | |
1534 | |
1535 @table @kbd | |
1536 @item C-c C-r | |
1537 Invoke @TeX{} on the current region, together with the buffer's header | |
1538 (@code{tex-region}). | |
1539 @item C-c C-b | |
1540 Invoke @TeX{} on the entire current buffer (@code{tex-buffer}). | |
1541 @item C-c @key{TAB} | |
1542 Invoke Bib@TeX{} on the current file (@code{tex-bibtex-file}). | |
1543 @item C-c C-f | |
1544 Invoke @TeX{} on the current file (@code{tex-file}). | |
1545 @item C-c C-l | |
1546 Recenter the window showing output from the inferior @TeX{} so that | |
1547 the last line can be seen (@code{tex-recenter-output-buffer}). | |
1548 @item C-c C-k | |
1549 Kill the @TeX{} subprocess (@code{tex-kill-job}). | |
1550 @item C-c C-p | |
1551 Print the output from the last @kbd{C-c C-r}, @kbd{C-c C-b}, or @kbd{C-c | |
1552 C-f} command (@code{tex-print}). | |
1553 @item C-c C-v | |
1554 Preview the output from the last @kbd{C-c C-r}, @kbd{C-c C-b}, or @kbd{C-c | |
1555 C-f} command (@code{tex-view}). | |
1556 @item C-c C-q | |
1557 Show the printer queue (@code{tex-show-print-queue}). | |
61849
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1558 @item C-c C-c |
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(TeX Print): Document tex-compile.
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1559 Invoke some other compilation command on the entire current buffer |
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1560 (@code{tex-compile}). |
25829 | 1561 @end table |
1562 | |
1563 @findex tex-buffer | |
1564 @kindex C-c C-b @r{(@TeX{} mode)} | |
1565 @findex tex-print | |
1566 @kindex C-c C-p @r{(@TeX{} mode)} | |
1567 @findex tex-view | |
1568 @kindex C-c C-v @r{(@TeX{} mode)} | |
1569 @findex tex-show-print-queue | |
1570 @kindex C-c C-q @r{(@TeX{} mode)} | |
1571 You can pass the current buffer through an inferior @TeX{} by means of | |
1572 @kbd{C-c C-b} (@code{tex-buffer}). The formatted output appears in a | |
1573 temporary file; to print it, type @kbd{C-c C-p} (@code{tex-print}). | |
1574 Afterward, you can use @kbd{C-c C-q} (@code{tex-show-print-queue}) to | |
1575 view the progress of your output towards being printed. If your terminal | |
1576 has the ability to display @TeX{} output files, you can preview the | |
1577 output on the terminal with @kbd{C-c C-v} (@code{tex-view}). | |
1578 | |
29107 | 1579 @cindex @env{TEXINPUTS} environment variable |
25829 | 1580 @vindex tex-directory |
1581 You can specify the directory to use for running @TeX{} by setting the | |
1582 variable @code{tex-directory}. @code{"."} is the default value. If | |
29107 | 1583 your environment variable @env{TEXINPUTS} contains relative directory |
25829 | 1584 names, or if your files contains @samp{\input} commands with relative |
1585 file names, then @code{tex-directory} @emph{must} be @code{"."} or you | |
1586 will get the wrong results. Otherwise, it is safe to specify some other | |
1587 directory, such as @code{"/tmp"}. | |
1588 | |
1589 @vindex tex-run-command | |
1590 @vindex latex-run-command | |
1591 @vindex slitex-run-command | |
1592 @vindex tex-dvi-print-command | |
1593 @vindex tex-dvi-view-command | |
1594 @vindex tex-show-queue-command | |
1595 If you want to specify which shell commands are used in the inferior @TeX{}, | |
1596 you can do so by setting the values of the variables @code{tex-run-command}, | |
1597 @code{latex-run-command}, @code{slitex-run-command}, | |
1598 @code{tex-dvi-print-command}, @code{tex-dvi-view-command}, and | |
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1599 @code{tex-show-queue-command}. The default values may |
25829 | 1600 (or may not) be appropriate for your system. |
1601 | |
1602 Normally, the file name given to these commands comes at the end of | |
1603 the command string; for example, @samp{latex @var{filename}}. In some | |
1604 cases, however, the file name needs to be embedded in the command; an | |
1605 example is when you need to provide the file name as an argument to one | |
1606 command whose output is piped to another. You can specify where to put | |
1607 the file name with @samp{*} in the command string. For example, | |
1608 | |
1609 @example | |
1610 (setq tex-dvi-print-command "dvips -f * | lpr") | |
1611 @end example | |
1612 | |
1613 @findex tex-kill-job | |
1614 @kindex C-c C-k @r{(@TeX{} mode)} | |
1615 @findex tex-recenter-output-buffer | |
1616 @kindex C-c C-l @r{(@TeX{} mode)} | |
1617 The terminal output from @TeX{}, including any error messages, appears | |
1618 in a buffer called @samp{*tex-shell*}. If @TeX{} gets an error, you can | |
1619 switch to this buffer and feed it input (this works as in Shell mode; | |
1620 @pxref{Interactive Shell}). Without switching to this buffer you can | |
1621 scroll it so that its last line is visible by typing @kbd{C-c | |
1622 C-l}. | |
1623 | |
1624 Type @kbd{C-c C-k} (@code{tex-kill-job}) to kill the @TeX{} process if | |
1625 you see that its output is no longer useful. Using @kbd{C-c C-b} or | |
68701 | 1626 @kbd{C-c C-r} also kills any @TeX{} process still running. |
25829 | 1627 |
1628 @findex tex-region | |
1629 @kindex C-c C-r @r{(@TeX{} mode)} | |
1630 You can also pass an arbitrary region through an inferior @TeX{} by typing | |
1631 @kbd{C-c C-r} (@code{tex-region}). This is tricky, however, because most files | |
1632 of @TeX{} input contain commands at the beginning to set parameters and | |
1633 define macros, without which no later part of the file will format | |
1634 correctly. To solve this problem, @kbd{C-c C-r} allows you to designate a | |
1635 part of the file as containing essential commands; it is included before | |
1636 the specified region as part of the input to @TeX{}. The designated part | |
1637 of the file is called the @dfn{header}. | |
1638 | |
1639 @cindex header (@TeX{} mode) | |
1640 To indicate the bounds of the header in Plain @TeX{} mode, you insert two | |
1641 special strings in the file. Insert @samp{%**start of header} before the | |
1642 header, and @samp{%**end of header} after it. Each string must appear | |
1643 entirely on one line, but there may be other text on the line before or | |
1644 after. The lines containing the two strings are included in the header. | |
1645 If @samp{%**start of header} does not appear within the first 100 lines of | |
1646 the buffer, @kbd{C-c C-r} assumes that there is no header. | |
1647 | |
1648 In La@TeX{} mode, the header begins with @samp{\documentclass} or | |
1649 @samp{\documentstyle} and ends with @samp{\begin@{document@}}. These | |
1650 are commands that La@TeX{} requires you to use in any case, so nothing | |
1651 special needs to be done to identify the header. | |
1652 | |
1653 @findex tex-file | |
1654 @kindex C-c C-f @r{(@TeX{} mode)} | |
1655 The commands (@code{tex-buffer}) and (@code{tex-region}) do all of their | |
1656 work in a temporary directory, and do not have available any of the auxiliary | |
1657 files needed by @TeX{} for cross-references; these commands are generally | |
1658 not suitable for running the final copy in which all of the cross-references | |
1659 need to be correct. | |
1660 | |
1661 When you want the auxiliary files for cross references, use @kbd{C-c | |
1662 C-f} (@code{tex-file}) which runs @TeX{} on the current buffer's file, | |
1663 in that file's directory. Before running @TeX{}, it offers to save any | |
1664 modified buffers. Generally, you need to use (@code{tex-file}) twice to | |
1665 get the cross-references right. | |
1666 | |
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1667 @vindex tex-start-options |
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1668 The value of the variable @code{tex-start-options} specifies |
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1669 options for the @TeX{} run. |
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1670 |
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1671 @vindex tex-start-commands |
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1672 The value of the variable @code{tex-start-commands} specifies @TeX{} |
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1673 commands for starting @TeX{}. The default value causes @TeX{} to run |
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1674 in nonstop mode. To run @TeX{} interactively, set the variable to |
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1675 @code{""}. |
25829 | 1676 |
1677 @vindex tex-main-file | |
1678 Large @TeX{} documents are often split into several files---one main | |
1679 file, plus subfiles. Running @TeX{} on a subfile typically does not | |
1680 work; you have to run it on the main file. In order to make | |
1681 @code{tex-file} useful when you are editing a subfile, you can set the | |
1682 variable @code{tex-main-file} to the name of the main file. Then | |
1683 @code{tex-file} runs @TeX{} on that file. | |
1684 | |
1685 The most convenient way to use @code{tex-main-file} is to specify it | |
1686 in a local variable list in each of the subfiles. @xref{File | |
1687 Variables}. | |
1688 | |
1689 @findex tex-bibtex-file | |
1690 @kindex C-c TAB @r{(@TeX{} mode)} | |
1691 @vindex tex-bibtex-command | |
1692 For La@TeX{} files, you can use Bib@TeX{} to process the auxiliary | |
1693 file for the current buffer's file. Bib@TeX{} looks up bibliographic | |
1694 citations in a data base and prepares the cited references for the | |
68313 | 1695 bibliography section. The command @kbd{C-c @key{TAB}} |
25829 | 1696 (@code{tex-bibtex-file}) runs the shell command |
1697 (@code{tex-bibtex-command}) to produce a @samp{.bbl} file for the | |
1698 current buffer's file. Generally, you need to do @kbd{C-c C-f} | |
1699 (@code{tex-file}) once to generate the @samp{.aux} file, then do | |
68313 | 1700 @kbd{C-c @key{TAB}} (@code{tex-bibtex-file}), and then repeat @kbd{C-c C-f} |
25829 | 1701 (@code{tex-file}) twice more to get the cross-references correct. |
1702 | |
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1703 @findex tex-compile |
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1704 @kindex C-c C-c @r{(@TeX{} mode)} |
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1705 To invoke some other compilation program on the current @TeX{} |
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1706 buffer, type @kbd{C-c C-c} (@code{tex-compile}). This command knows |
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1707 how to pass arguments to many common programs, including |
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1708 @file{pdflatex}, @file{yap}, @file{xdvi}, and @file{dvips}. You can |
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(TeX Print): Document tex-compile.
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1709 select your desired compilation program using the standard completion |
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1710 keys (@pxref{Completion}). |
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1711 |
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1712 @node TeX Misc |
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1713 @subsection @TeX{} Mode Miscellany |
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1714 |
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1715 @vindex tex-shell-hook |
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1716 @vindex tex-mode-hook |
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1717 @vindex latex-mode-hook |
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1718 @vindex slitex-mode-hook |
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1719 @vindex plain-tex-mode-hook |
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1720 Entering any variant of @TeX{} mode runs the hooks |
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1721 @code{text-mode-hook} and @code{tex-mode-hook}. Then it runs either |
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1722 @code{plain-tex-mode-hook}, @code{latex-mode-hook}, or |
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1723 @code{slitex-mode-hook}, whichever is appropriate. Starting the |
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1724 @TeX{} shell runs the hook @code{tex-shell-hook}. @xref{Hooks}. |
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|
1725 |
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|
1726 @findex iso-iso2tex |
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|
1727 @findex iso-tex2iso |
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|
1728 @findex iso-iso2gtex |
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|
1729 @findex iso-gtex2iso |
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1730 @cindex Latin-1 @TeX{} encoding |
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1731 @cindex @TeX{} encoding |
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1732 The commands @kbd{M-x iso-iso2tex}, @kbd{M-x iso-tex2iso}, @kbd{M-x |
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1733 iso-iso2gtex} and @kbd{M-x iso-gtex2iso} can be used to convert |
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1734 between Latin-1 encoded files and @TeX{}-encoded equivalents. |
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|
1735 @ignore |
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|
1736 @c Too cryptic to be useful, too cryptic for me to make it better -- rms. |
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|
1737 They |
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|
1738 are included by default in the @code{format-alist} variable, so they |
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1739 can be used with @kbd{M-x format-find-file}, for instance. |
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|
1740 @end ignore |
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|
1741 |
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1742 @ignore @c Not worth documenting if it is only for Czech -- rms. |
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1743 @findex tildify-buffer |
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|
1744 @findex tildify-region |
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1745 @cindex ties, @TeX{}, inserting |
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1746 @cindex hard spaces, @TeX{}, inserting |
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1747 The commands @kbd{M-x tildify-buffer} and @kbd{M-x tildify-region} |
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1748 insert @samp{~} (@dfn{tie}) characters where they are conventionally |
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1749 required. This is set up for Czech---customize the group |
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1750 @samp{tildify} for other languages or for other sorts of markup. |
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|
1751 @end ignore |
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|
1752 |
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|
1753 @cindex Ref@TeX{} package |
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|
1754 @cindex references, La@TeX{} |
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|
1755 @cindex La@TeX{} references |
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|
1756 For managing all kinds of references for La@TeX{}, you can use |
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1757 Ref@TeX{}. @inforef{Top,, reftex}. |
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1758 |
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|
1759 @node HTML Mode |
46397
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*** empty log message ***
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|
1760 @section SGML, XML, and HTML Modes |
46234
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1761 |
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|
1762 The major modes for SGML and HTML include indentation support and |
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|
1763 commands to operate on tags. This section describes the special |
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|
1764 commands of these modes. (HTML mode is a slightly customized variant |
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|
1765 of SGML mode.) |
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|
1766 |
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|
1767 @table @kbd |
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|
1768 @item C-c C-n |
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|
1769 @kindex C-c C-n @r{(SGML mode)} |
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|
1770 @findex sgml-name-char |
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|
1771 Interactively specify a special character and insert the SGML |
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|
1772 @samp{&}-command for that character. |
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|
1773 |
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|
1774 @item C-c C-t |
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changeset
|
1775 @kindex C-c C-t @r{(SGML mode)} |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1776 @findex sgml-tag |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1777 Interactively specify a tag and its attributes (@code{sgml-tag}). |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1778 This command asks you for a tag name and for the attribute values, |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1779 then inserts both the opening tag and the closing tag, leaving point |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1780 between them. |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1781 |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1782 With a prefix argument @var{n}, the command puts the tag around the |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1783 @var{n} words already present in the buffer after point. With |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1784 @minus{}1 as argument, it puts the tag around the region. (In |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1785 Transient Mark mode, it does this whenever a region is active.) |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1786 |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1787 @item C-c C-a |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1788 @kindex C-c C-a @r{(SGML mode)} |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1789 @findex sgml-attributes |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1790 Interactively insert attribute values for the current tag |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1791 (@code{sgml-attributes}). |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1792 |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1793 @item C-c C-f |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1794 @kindex C-c C-f @r{(SGML mode)} |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1795 @findex sgml-skip-tag-forward |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1796 Skip across a balanced tag group (which extends from an opening tag |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1797 through its corresponding closing tag) (@code{sgml-skip-tag-forward}). |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1798 A numeric argument acts as a repeat count. |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1799 |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1800 @item C-c C-b |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
1801 @kindex C-c C-b @r{(SGML mode)} |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1802 @findex sgml-skip-tag-backward |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1803 Skip backward across a balanced tag group (which extends from an |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1804 opening tag through its corresponding closing tag) |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1805 (@code{sgml-skip-tag-forward}). A numeric argument acts as a repeat |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1806 count. |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1807 |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1808 @item C-c C-d |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1809 @kindex C-c C-d @r{(SGML mode)} |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1810 @findex sgml-delete-tag |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1811 Delete the tag at or after point, and delete the matching tag too |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1812 (@code{sgml-delete-tag}). If the tag at or after point is an opening |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1813 tag, delete the closing tag too; if it is a closing tag, delete the |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1814 opening tag too. |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1815 |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
1816 @item C-c ? @var{tag} @key{RET} |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1817 @kindex C-c ? @r{(SGML mode)} |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1818 @findex sgml-tag-help |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1819 Display a description of the meaning of tag @var{tag} |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1820 (@code{sgml-tag-help}). If the argument @var{tag} is empty, describe |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1821 the tag at point. |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1822 |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
1823 @item C-c / |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
1824 @kindex C-c / @r{(SGML mode)} |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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46209
diff
changeset
|
1825 @findex sgml-close-tag |
46397
2f9698c0ca31
*** empty log message ***
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents:
46247
diff
changeset
|
1826 Insert a close tag for the innermost unterminated tag |
2f9698c0ca31
*** empty log message ***
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents:
46247
diff
changeset
|
1827 (@code{sgml-close-tag}). If called from within a tag or a comment, |
2f9698c0ca31
*** empty log message ***
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents:
46247
diff
changeset
|
1828 close this element instead of inserting a close tag. |
46234
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
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diff
changeset
|
1829 |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
1830 @item C-c 8 |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
1831 @kindex C-c 8 @r{(SGML mode)} |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
1832 @findex sgml-name-8bit-mode |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1833 Toggle a minor mode in which Latin-1 characters insert the |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1834 corresponding SGML commands that stand for them, instead of the |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1835 characters themselves (@code{sgml-name-8bit-mode}). |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1836 |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
1837 @item C-c C-v |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
1838 @kindex C-c C-v @r{(SGML mode)} |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1839 @findex sgml-validate |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1840 Run a shell command (which you must specify) to validate the current |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1841 buffer as SGML (@code{sgml-validate}). |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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46209
diff
changeset
|
1842 |
46397
2f9698c0ca31
*** empty log message ***
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1843 @item C-x TAB |
2f9698c0ca31
*** empty log message ***
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1844 @kindex C-c TAB @r{(SGML mode)} |
2f9698c0ca31
*** empty log message ***
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
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46247
diff
changeset
|
1845 @findex sgml-tags-invisible |
2f9698c0ca31
*** empty log message ***
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents:
46247
diff
changeset
|
1846 Toggle the visibility of existing tags in the buffer. This can be |
2f9698c0ca31
*** empty log message ***
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents:
46247
diff
changeset
|
1847 used as a cheap preview. |
46398
77eee86ab97d
(HTML Mode): Put `@end table' at end of table.
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
46397
diff
changeset
|
1848 @end table |
46397
2f9698c0ca31
*** empty log message ***
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
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diff
changeset
|
1849 |
46234
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
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changeset
|
1850 @vindex sgml-xml-mode |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
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diff
changeset
|
1851 SGML mode and HTML mode support XML also. In XML, every opening tag |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1852 must have an explicit closing tag. When @code{sgml-xml-mode} is |
68701 | 1853 non-@code{nil}, SGML mode and HTML mode always insert explicit |
46234
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1854 closing tags. When you visit a file, these modes determine from the |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46209
diff
changeset
|
1855 file contents whether it is XML or not, and set @code{sgml-xml-mode} |
46397
2f9698c0ca31
*** empty log message ***
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents:
46247
diff
changeset
|
1856 accordingly, so that they do the right thing for the file in either |
46234
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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46209
diff
changeset
|
1857 case. |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
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diff
changeset
|
1858 |
25829 | 1859 @node Nroff Mode |
1860 @section Nroff Mode | |
1861 | |
1862 @cindex nroff | |
1863 @findex nroff-mode | |
1864 Nroff mode is a mode like Text mode but modified to handle nroff commands | |
1865 present in the text. Invoke @kbd{M-x nroff-mode} to enter this mode. It | |
1866 differs from Text mode in only a few ways. All nroff command lines are | |
1867 considered paragraph separators, so that filling will never garble the | |
1868 nroff commands. Pages are separated by @samp{.bp} commands. Comments | |
1869 start with backslash-doublequote. Also, three special commands are | |
1870 provided that are not in Text mode: | |
1871 | |
1872 @findex forward-text-line | |
1873 @findex backward-text-line | |
1874 @findex count-text-lines | |
1875 @kindex M-n @r{(Nroff mode)} | |
1876 @kindex M-p @r{(Nroff mode)} | |
1877 @kindex M-? @r{(Nroff mode)} | |
1878 @table @kbd | |
1879 @item M-n | |
1880 Move to the beginning of the next line that isn't an nroff command | |
1881 (@code{forward-text-line}). An argument is a repeat count. | |
1882 @item M-p | |
1883 Like @kbd{M-n} but move up (@code{backward-text-line}). | |
1884 @item M-? | |
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d44abb4e68b2
Don't use "print" for displaying a message.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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38478
diff
changeset
|
1885 Displays in the echo area the number of text lines (lines that are not |
25829 | 1886 nroff commands) in the region (@code{count-text-lines}). |
1887 @end table | |
1888 | |
1889 @findex electric-nroff-mode | |
1890 The other feature of Nroff mode is that you can turn on Electric Nroff | |
1891 mode. This is a minor mode that you can turn on or off with @kbd{M-x | |
1892 electric-nroff-mode} (@pxref{Minor Modes}). When the mode is on, each | |
1893 time you use @key{RET} to end a line that contains an nroff command that | |
1894 opens a kind of grouping, the matching nroff command to close that | |
1895 grouping is automatically inserted on the following line. For example, | |
1896 if you are at the beginning of a line and type @kbd{.@: ( b @key{RET}}, | |
1897 this inserts the matching command @samp{.)b} on a new line following | |
1898 point. | |
1899 | |
1900 If you use Outline minor mode with Nroff mode (@pxref{Outline Mode}), | |
1901 heading lines are lines of the form @samp{.H} followed by a number (the | |
1902 header level). | |
1903 | |
1904 @vindex nroff-mode-hook | |
1905 Entering Nroff mode runs the hook @code{text-mode-hook}, followed by | |
1906 the hook @code{nroff-mode-hook} (@pxref{Hooks}). | |
1907 | |
1908 @node Formatted Text | |
1909 @section Editing Formatted Text | |
1910 | |
1911 @cindex Enriched mode | |
1912 @cindex mode, Enriched | |
1913 @cindex formatted text | |
1914 @cindex WYSIWYG | |
1915 @cindex word processing | |
1916 @dfn{Enriched mode} is a minor mode for editing files that contain | |
1917 formatted text in WYSIWYG fashion, as in a word processor. Currently, | |
1918 formatted text in Enriched mode can specify fonts, colors, underlining, | |
1919 margins, and types of filling and justification. In the future, we plan | |
1920 to implement other formatting features as well. | |
1921 | |
38229
ae24bb82158d
Get rid of inexplicable @t's in values of paragraph-start and
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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38134
diff
changeset
|
1922 Enriched mode is a minor mode (@pxref{Minor Modes}). It is |
ae24bb82158d
Get rid of inexplicable @t's in values of paragraph-start and
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
1923 typically used in conjunction with Text mode (@pxref{Text Mode}), but |
ae24bb82158d
Get rid of inexplicable @t's in values of paragraph-start and
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
1924 you can also use it with other major modes such as Outline mode and |
25829 | 1925 Paragraph-Indent Text mode. |
1926 | |
30867 | 1927 @cindex text/enriched MIME format |
25829 | 1928 Potentially, Emacs can store formatted text files in various file |
1929 formats. Currently, only one format is implemented: @dfn{text/enriched} | |
1930 format, which is defined by the MIME protocol. @xref{Format | |
1931 Conversion,, Format Conversion, elisp, the Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}, | |
1932 for details of how Emacs recognizes and converts file formats. | |
1933 | |
1934 The Emacs distribution contains a formatted text file that can serve as | |
1935 an example. Its name is @file{etc/enriched.doc}. It contains samples | |
1936 illustrating all the features described in this section. It also | |
1937 contains a list of ideas for future enhancements. | |
1938 | |
1939 @menu | |
1940 * Requesting Formatted Text:: Entering and exiting Enriched mode. | |
1941 * Hard and Soft Newlines:: There are two different kinds of newlines. | |
1942 * Editing Format Info:: How to edit text properties. | |
1943 * Faces: Format Faces. Bold, italic, underline, etc. | |
1944 * Color: Format Colors. Changing the color of text. | |
1945 * Indent: Format Indentation. Changing the left and right margins. | |
1946 * Justification: Format Justification. | |
49600
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Trailing whitespace deleted.
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
1947 Centering, setting text flush with the |
25829 | 1948 left or right margin, etc. |
1949 * Other: Format Properties. The "special" text properties submenu. | |
1950 * Forcing Enriched Mode:: How to force use of Enriched mode. | |
1951 @end menu | |
1952 | |
1953 @node Requesting Formatted Text | |
1954 @subsection Requesting to Edit Formatted Text | |
1955 | |
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f80386540ed6
Doc tex-start-options and tex-start-commands
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|
1956 Whenever you visit a file that Emacs saved in the text/enriched |
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Doc tex-start-options and tex-start-commands
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|
1957 format, Emacs automatically converts the formatting information in the |
f80386540ed6
Doc tex-start-options and tex-start-commands
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diff
changeset
|
1958 file into Emacs's own internal format (known as @dfn{text |
f80386540ed6
Doc tex-start-options and tex-start-commands
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|
1959 properties}), and turns on Enriched mode. |
25829 | 1960 |
1961 @findex enriched-mode | |
1962 To create a new file of formatted text, first visit the nonexistent | |
1963 file, then type @kbd{M-x enriched-mode} before you start inserting text. | |
1964 This command turns on Enriched mode. Do this before you begin inserting | |
1965 text, to ensure that the text you insert is handled properly. | |
1966 | |
1967 More generally, the command @code{enriched-mode} turns Enriched mode | |
1968 on if it was off, and off if it was on. With a prefix argument, this | |
1969 command turns Enriched mode on if the argument is positive, and turns | |
1970 the mode off otherwise. | |
1971 | |
1972 When you save a buffer while Enriched mode is enabled in it, Emacs | |
1973 automatically converts the text to text/enriched format while writing it | |
1974 into the file. When you visit the file again, Emacs will automatically | |
1975 recognize the format, reconvert the text, and turn on Enriched mode | |
1976 again. | |
1977 | |
1978 @vindex enriched-translations | |
1979 You can add annotations for saving additional text properties, which | |
1980 Emacs normally does not save, by adding to @code{enriched-translations}. | |
1981 Note that the text/enriched standard requires any non-standard | |
1982 annotations to have names starting with @samp{x-}, as in | |
1983 @samp{x-read-only}. This ensures that they will not conflict with | |
1984 standard annotations that may be added later. | |
1985 | |
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1986 @xref{Text Properties,,, elisp, the Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}, |
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1987 for more information about text properties. |
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1988 |
25829 | 1989 @node Hard and Soft Newlines |
1990 @subsection Hard and Soft Newlines | |
1991 @cindex hard newline | |
1992 @cindex soft newline | |
1993 @cindex newlines, hard and soft | |
1994 | |
59889 | 1995 @cindex use-hard-newlines |
25829 | 1996 In formatted text, Emacs distinguishes between two different kinds of |
59889 | 1997 newlines, @dfn{hard} newlines and @dfn{soft} newlines. (You can enable |
1998 or disable this feature separately in any buffer with the command | |
1999 @code{use-hard-newlines}.) | |
25829 | 2000 |
2001 Hard newlines are used to separate paragraphs, or items in a list, or | |
2002 anywhere that there should always be a line break regardless of the | |
2003 margins. The @key{RET} command (@code{newline}) and @kbd{C-o} | |
2004 (@code{open-line}) insert hard newlines. | |
2005 | |
2006 Soft newlines are used to make text fit between the margins. All the | |
2007 fill commands, including Auto Fill, insert soft newlines---and they | |
2008 delete only soft newlines. | |
2009 | |
2010 Although hard and soft newlines look the same, it is important to bear | |
2011 the difference in mind. Do not use @key{RET} to break lines in the | |
2012 middle of filled paragraphs, or else you will get hard newlines that are | |
2013 barriers to further filling. Instead, let Auto Fill mode break lines, | |
2014 so that if the text or the margins change, Emacs can refill the lines | |
2015 properly. @xref{Auto Fill}. | |
2016 | |
2017 On the other hand, in tables and lists, where the lines should always | |
2018 remain as you type them, you can use @key{RET} to end lines. For these | |
2019 lines, you may also want to set the justification style to | |
2020 @code{unfilled}. @xref{Format Justification}. | |
2021 | |
2022 @node Editing Format Info | |
2023 @subsection Editing Format Information | |
2024 | |
2025 There are two ways to alter the formatting information for a formatted | |
2026 text file: with keyboard commands, and with the mouse. | |
2027 | |
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2028 The easiest way to add properties to your document is with the Text |
25829 | 2029 Properties menu. You can get to this menu in two ways: from the Edit |
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2030 menu in the menu bar (use @kbd{@key{F10} e t} if you have no mouse), |
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2031 or with @kbd{C-Mouse-2} (hold the @key{CTRL} key and press the middle |
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2032 mouse button). There are also keyboard commands described in the |
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2033 following section. |
25829 | 2034 |
2035 Most of the items in the Text Properties menu lead to other submenus. | |
2036 These are described in the sections that follow. Some items run | |
2037 commands directly: | |
2038 | |
2039 @table @code | |
40778 | 2040 @findex facemenu-remove-face-props |
2041 @item Remove Face Properties | |
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2042 Delete from the region all face and color text properties |
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2043 (@code{facemenu-remove-face-props}). |
25829 | 2044 |
2045 @findex facemenu-remove-all | |
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2046 @item Remove Text Properties |
25829 | 2047 Delete @emph{all} text properties from the region |
2048 (@code{facemenu-remove-all}). | |
2049 | |
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2050 @findex describe-text-properties |
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2051 @cindex text properties of characters |
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2052 @cindex overlays at character position |
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2053 @cindex widgets at buffer position |
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2054 @cindex buttons at buffer position |
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2055 @item Describe Properties |
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2056 List all the text properties, widgets, buttons, and overlays of the |
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2057 character following point (@code{describe-text-properties}). |
25829 | 2058 |
2059 @item Display Faces | |
40778 | 2060 Display a list of all the defined faces (@code{list-faces-display}). |
25829 | 2061 |
2062 @item Display Colors | |
40778 | 2063 Display a list of all the defined colors (@code{list-colors-display}). |
25829 | 2064 @end table |
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2065 |
25829 | 2066 @node Format Faces |
2067 @subsection Faces in Formatted Text | |
2068 | |
2069 The Faces submenu lists various Emacs faces including @code{bold}, | |
2070 @code{italic}, and @code{underline}. Selecting one of these adds the | |
2071 chosen face to the region. @xref{Faces}. You can also specify a face | |
2072 with these keyboard commands: | |
2073 | |
2074 @table @kbd | |
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2075 @kindex M-o d @r{(Enriched mode)} |
25829 | 2076 @findex facemenu-set-default |
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2077 @item M-o d |
25829 | 2078 Set the region, or the next inserted character, to the @code{default} face |
2079 (@code{facemenu-set-default}). | |
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2080 @kindex M-o b @r{(Enriched mode)} |
25829 | 2081 @findex facemenu-set-bold |
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2082 @item M-o b |
25829 | 2083 Set the region, or the next inserted character, to the @code{bold} face |
2084 (@code{facemenu-set-bold}). | |
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2085 @kindex M-o i @r{(Enriched mode)} |
25829 | 2086 @findex facemenu-set-italic |
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2087 @item M-o i |
25829 | 2088 Set the region, or the next inserted character, to the @code{italic} face |
2089 (@code{facemenu-set-italic}). | |
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2090 @kindex M-o l @r{(Enriched mode)} |
25829 | 2091 @findex facemenu-set-bold-italic |
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2092 @item M-o l |
25829 | 2093 Set the region, or the next inserted character, to the @code{bold-italic} face |
2094 (@code{facemenu-set-bold-italic}). | |
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2095 @kindex M-o u @r{(Enriched mode)} |
25829 | 2096 @findex facemenu-set-underline |
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2097 @item M-o u |
25829 | 2098 Set the region, or the next inserted character, to the @code{underline} face |
2099 (@code{facemenu-set-underline}). | |
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2100 @kindex M-o o @r{(Enriched mode)} |
25829 | 2101 @findex facemenu-set-face |
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2102 @item M-o o @var{face} @key{RET} |
25829 | 2103 Set the region, or the next inserted character, to the face @var{face} |
2104 (@code{facemenu-set-face}). | |
2105 @end table | |
2106 | |
2107 If you use these commands with a prefix argument---or, in Transient Mark | |
2108 mode, if the region is not active---then these commands specify a face | |
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2109 to use for any immediately following self-inserting input. |
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2110 @xref{Transient Mark}. This applies to both the keyboard commands and |
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2111 the menu commands. |
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2112 |
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2113 Specifying the @code{default} face also resets foreground and |
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2114 background color to their defaults.(@pxref{Format Colors}). |
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2115 |
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2116 Any self-inserting character you type inherits, by default, the face |
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2117 properties (as well as most other text properties) of the preceding |
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2118 character. Specifying any face property, including foreground or |
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2119 background color, for your next self-inserting character will prevent |
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2120 it from inheriting any face properties from the preceding character, |
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2121 although it will still inherit other text properties. Characters |
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2122 inserted by yanking do not inherit text properties. |
25829 | 2123 |
2124 Enriched mode defines two additional faces: @code{excerpt} and | |
2125 @code{fixed}. These correspond to codes used in the text/enriched file | |
2126 format. | |
2127 | |
2128 The @code{excerpt} face is intended for quotations. This face is the | |
2129 same as @code{italic} unless you customize it (@pxref{Face Customization}). | |
2130 | |
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2131 The @code{fixed} face means, ``Use a fixed-width font for this part |
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2132 of the text.'' Applying the @code{fixed} face to a part of the text |
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2133 will cause that part of the text to appear in a fixed-width font, even |
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2134 if the default font is variable-width. This applies to Emacs and to |
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2135 other systems that display text/enriched format. So if you |
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2136 specifically want a certain part of the text to use a fixed-width |
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2137 font, you should specify the @code{fixed} face for that part. |
25829 | 2138 |
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2139 By default, the @code{fixed} face looks the same as @code{bold}. |
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2140 This is an attempt to distinguish it from @code{default}. You may |
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2141 wish to customize @code{fixed} to some other fixed-width medium font. |
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2142 @xref{Face Customization}. |
25829 | 2143 |
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2144 If your terminal cannot display different faces, you will not be |
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2145 able to see them, but you can still edit documents containing faces, |
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2146 and even add faces and colors to documents. The faces you specify |
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2147 will be visible when the file is viewed on a terminal that can display |
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2148 them. |
25829 | 2149 |
2150 @node Format Colors | |
2151 @subsection Colors in Formatted Text | |
2152 | |
2153 You can specify foreground and background colors for portions of the | |
2154 text. There is a menu for specifying the foreground color and a menu | |
2155 for specifying the background color. Each color menu lists all the | |
2156 colors that you have used in Enriched mode in the current Emacs session. | |
2157 | |
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2158 If you specify a color with a prefix argument---or, in Transient |
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2159 Mark mode, if the region is not active---then it applies to any |
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2160 immediately following self-inserting input. @xref{Transient Mark}. |
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2161 Otherwise, the command applies to the region. |
25829 | 2162 |
2163 Each color menu contains one additional item: @samp{Other}. You can use | |
2164 this item to specify a color that is not listed in the menu; it reads | |
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2165 the color name with the minibuffer. To display a list of available colors |
25829 | 2166 and their names, use the @samp{Display Colors} menu item in the Text |
2167 Properties menu (@pxref{Editing Format Info}). | |
2168 | |
2169 Any color that you specify in this way, or that is mentioned in a | |
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2170 formatted text file that you read in, is added to the corresponding |
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2171 color menu for the duration of the Emacs session. |
25829 | 2172 |
2173 @findex facemenu-set-foreground | |
2174 @findex facemenu-set-background | |
71593 | 2175 There are no predefined key bindings for specifying colors, but you can do so |
25829 | 2176 with the extended commands @kbd{M-x facemenu-set-foreground} and |
2177 @kbd{M-x facemenu-set-background}. Both of these commands read the name | |
2178 of the color with the minibuffer. | |
2179 | |
2180 @node Format Indentation | |
2181 @subsection Indentation in Formatted Text | |
2182 | |
2183 When editing formatted text, you can specify different amounts of | |
2184 indentation for the right or left margin of an entire paragraph or a | |
2185 part of a paragraph. The margins you specify automatically affect the | |
2186 Emacs fill commands (@pxref{Filling}) and line-breaking commands. | |
2187 | |
2188 The Indentation submenu provides a convenient interface for specifying | |
2189 these properties. The submenu contains four items: | |
2190 | |
2191 @table @code | |
2192 @kindex C-x TAB @r{(Enriched mode)} | |
2193 @findex increase-left-margin | |
2194 @item Indent More | |
2195 Indent the region by 4 columns (@code{increase-left-margin}). In | |
2196 Enriched mode, this command is also available on @kbd{C-x @key{TAB}}; if | |
2197 you supply a numeric argument, that says how many columns to add to the | |
2198 margin (a negative argument reduces the number of columns). | |
2199 | |
2200 @item Indent Less | |
2201 Remove 4 columns of indentation from the region. | |
2202 | |
2203 @item Indent Right More | |
2204 Make the text narrower by indenting 4 columns at the right margin. | |
2205 | |
2206 @item Indent Right Less | |
2207 Remove 4 columns of indentation from the right margin. | |
2208 @end table | |
2209 | |
2210 You can use these commands repeatedly to increase or decrease the | |
2211 indentation. | |
2212 | |
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2213 The most common way to use them is to change the indentation of an |
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2214 entire paragraph. For other uses, the effects of refilling can be |
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2215 hard to predict, except in some special cases like the one described |
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2216 next. |
25829 | 2217 |
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2218 The most common other use is to format paragraphs with @dfn{hanging |
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2219 indents}, which means that the first line is indented less than |
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2220 subsequent lines. To set up a hanging indent, increase the |
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2221 indentation of the region starting after the first word of the |
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2222 paragraph and running until the end of the paragraph. |
25829 | 2223 |
2224 Indenting the first line of a paragraph is easier. Set the margin for | |
2225 the whole paragraph where you want it to be for the body of the | |
2226 paragraph, then indent the first line by inserting extra spaces or tabs. | |
2227 | |
2228 @vindex standard-indent | |
2229 The variable @code{standard-indent} specifies how many columns these | |
2230 commands should add to or subtract from the indentation. The default | |
2231 value is 4. The overall default right margin for Enriched mode is | |
2232 controlled by the variable @code{fill-column}, as usual. | |
2233 | |
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2234 @kindex C-c [ @r{(Enriched mode)} |
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2235 @kindex C-c ] @r{(Enriched mode)} |
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2236 @findex set-left-margin |
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2237 @findex set-right-margin |
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2238 There are also two commands for setting the left or right margin of |
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2239 the region absolutely: @code{set-left-margin} and |
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2240 @code{set-right-margin}. Enriched mode binds these commands to |
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2241 @kbd{C-c [} and @kbd{C-c ]}, respectively. You can specify the |
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2242 margin width either with a numeric argument or in the minibuffer. |
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2243 |
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2244 Sometimes, as a result of editing, the filling of a paragraph becomes |
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2245 messed up---parts of the paragraph may extend past the left or right |
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2246 margins. When this happens, use @kbd{M-q} (@code{fill-paragraph}) to |
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2247 refill the paragraph. |
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2248 |
25829 | 2249 The fill prefix, if any, works in addition to the specified paragraph |
2250 indentation: @kbd{C-x .} does not include the specified indentation's | |
2251 whitespace in the new value for the fill prefix, and the fill commands | |
2252 look for the fill prefix after the indentation on each line. @xref{Fill | |
2253 Prefix}. | |
2254 | |
2255 @node Format Justification | |
2256 @subsection Justification in Formatted Text | |
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2257 |
25829 | 2258 When editing formatted text, you can specify various styles of |
2259 justification for a paragraph. The style you specify automatically | |
2260 affects the Emacs fill commands. | |
2261 | |
2262 The Justification submenu provides a convenient interface for specifying | |
2263 the style. The submenu contains five items: | |
2264 | |
2265 @table @code | |
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2266 @item Left |
25829 | 2267 This is the most common style of justification (at least for English). |
2268 Lines are aligned at the left margin but left uneven at the right. | |
2269 | |
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2270 @item Right |
25829 | 2271 This aligns each line with the right margin. Spaces and tabs are added |
2272 on the left, if necessary, to make lines line up on the right. | |
2273 | |
2274 @item Full | |
2275 This justifies the text, aligning both edges of each line. Justified | |
2276 text looks very nice in a printed book, where the spaces can all be | |
2277 adjusted equally, but it does not look as nice with a fixed-width font | |
2278 on the screen. Perhaps a future version of Emacs will be able to adjust | |
2279 the width of spaces in a line to achieve elegant justification. | |
2280 | |
2281 @item Center | |
2282 This centers every line between the current margins. | |
2283 | |
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2284 @item Unfilled |
25829 | 2285 This turns off filling entirely. Each line will remain as you wrote it; |
2286 the fill and auto-fill functions will have no effect on text which has | |
2287 this setting. You can, however, still indent the left margin. In | |
2288 unfilled regions, all newlines are treated as hard newlines (@pxref{Hard | |
2289 and Soft Newlines}) . | |
2290 @end table | |
2291 | |
2292 In Enriched mode, you can also specify justification from the keyboard | |
2293 using the @kbd{M-j} prefix character: | |
2294 | |
2295 @table @kbd | |
2296 @kindex M-j l @r{(Enriched mode)} | |
2297 @findex set-justification-left | |
2298 @item M-j l | |
2299 Make the region left-filled (@code{set-justification-left}). | |
2300 @kindex M-j r @r{(Enriched mode)} | |
2301 @findex set-justification-right | |
2302 @item M-j r | |
2303 Make the region right-filled (@code{set-justification-right}). | |
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2304 @kindex M-j b @r{(Enriched mode)} |
25829 | 2305 @findex set-justification-full |
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2306 @item M-j b |
54477 | 2307 Make the region fully justified (@code{set-justification-full}). |
25829 | 2308 @kindex M-j c @r{(Enriched mode)} |
2309 @kindex M-S @r{(Enriched mode)} | |
2310 @findex set-justification-center | |
2311 @item M-j c | |
2312 @itemx M-S | |
2313 Make the region centered (@code{set-justification-center}). | |
2314 @kindex M-j u @r{(Enriched mode)} | |
2315 @findex set-justification-none | |
2316 @item M-j u | |
2317 Make the region unfilled (@code{set-justification-none}). | |
2318 @end table | |
2319 | |
2320 Justification styles apply to entire paragraphs. All the | |
2321 justification-changing commands operate on the paragraph containing | |
2322 point, or, if the region is active, on all paragraphs which overlap the | |
2323 region. | |
2324 | |
2325 @vindex default-justification | |
2326 The default justification style is specified by the variable | |
2327 @code{default-justification}. Its value should be one of the symbols | |
2328 @code{left}, @code{right}, @code{full}, @code{center}, or @code{none}. | |
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2329 This is a per-buffer variable. Setting the variable directly affects |
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2330 only the current buffer. However, customizing it in a Custom buffer |
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2331 sets (as always) the default value for buffers that do not override it. |
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2332 @xref{Locals}, and @ref{Easy Customization}. |
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2333 |
25829 | 2334 @node Format Properties |
2335 @subsection Setting Other Text Properties | |
2336 | |
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2337 The Special Properties menu lets you add or remove three other useful text |
25829 | 2338 properties: @code{read-only}, @code{invisible} and @code{intangible}. |
2339 The @code{intangible} property disallows moving point within the text, | |
2340 the @code{invisible} text property hides text from display, and the | |
2341 @code{read-only} property disallows alteration of the text. | |
2342 | |
2343 Each of these special properties has a menu item to add it to the | |
2344 region. The last menu item, @samp{Remove Special}, removes all of these | |
2345 special properties from the text in the region. | |
2346 | |
2347 Currently, the @code{invisible} and @code{intangible} properties are | |
2348 @emph{not} saved in the text/enriched format. The @code{read-only} | |
2349 property is saved, but it is not a standard part of the text/enriched | |
2350 format, so other editors may not respect it. | |
2351 | |
2352 @node Forcing Enriched Mode | |
2353 @subsection Forcing Enriched Mode | |
2354 | |
2355 Normally, Emacs knows when you are editing formatted text because it | |
2356 recognizes the special annotations used in the file that you visited. | |
2357 However, there are situations in which you must take special actions | |
2358 to convert file contents or turn on Enriched mode: | |
2359 | |
2360 @itemize @bullet | |
2361 @item | |
2362 When you visit a file that was created with some other editor, Emacs may | |
2363 not recognize the file as being in the text/enriched format. In this | |
2364 case, when you visit the file you will see the formatting commands | |
2365 rather than the formatted text. Type @kbd{M-x format-decode-buffer} to | |
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2366 translate it. This also automatically turns on Enriched mode. |
25829 | 2367 |
2368 @item | |
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2369 When you @emph{insert} a file into a buffer, rather than visiting it, |
25829 | 2370 Emacs does the necessary conversions on the text which you insert, but |
2371 it does not enable Enriched mode. If you wish to do that, type @kbd{M-x | |
2372 enriched-mode}. | |
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2373 @end itemize |
25829 | 2374 |
2375 The command @code{format-decode-buffer} translates text in various | |
2376 formats into Emacs's internal format. It asks you to specify the format | |
2377 to translate from; however, normally you can type just @key{RET}, which | |
2378 tells Emacs to guess the format. | |
2379 | |
2380 @findex format-find-file | |
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2381 If you wish to look at a text/enriched file in its raw form, as a |
25829 | 2382 sequence of characters rather than as formatted text, use the @kbd{M-x |
2383 find-file-literally} command. This visits a file, like | |
2384 @code{find-file}, but does not do format conversion. It also inhibits | |
2385 character code conversion (@pxref{Coding Systems}) and automatic | |
2386 uncompression (@pxref{Compressed Files}). To disable format conversion | |
2387 but allow character code conversion and/or automatic uncompression if | |
2388 appropriate, use @code{format-find-file} with suitable arguments. | |
2389 | |
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2390 @node Text Based Tables |
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2391 @section Editing Text-based Tables |
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2392 @cindex table mode |
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2393 @cindex text-based tables |
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2394 |
68701 | 2395 Table mode provides an easy and intuitive way to create and edit WYSIWYG |
57657
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2396 text-based tables. Here is an example of such a table: |
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2397 |
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2398 @smallexample |
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2399 +-----------------+--------------------------------+-----------------+ |
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2400 | Command | Description | Key Binding | |
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2401 +-----------------+--------------------------------+-----------------+ |
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2402 | forward-char |Move point right N characters | C-f | |
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2403 | |(left if N is negative). | | |
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2404 | | | | |
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2405 | |On reaching end of buffer, stop | | |
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2406 | |and signal error. | | |
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2407 +-----------------+--------------------------------+-----------------+ |
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2408 | backward-char |Move point left N characters | C-b | |
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2409 | |(right if N is negative). | | |
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2410 | | | | |
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2411 | |On attempt to pass beginning or | | |
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2412 | |end of buffer, stop and signal | | |
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2413 | |error. | | |
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2414 +-----------------+--------------------------------+-----------------+ |
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2415 @end smallexample |
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2416 |
68701 | 2417 Table mode allows the contents of the table such as this one to be |
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2418 easily manipulated by inserting or deleting characters inside a cell. |
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2419 A cell is effectively a localized rectangular edit region and edits to |
57659 | 2420 a cell do not affect the contents of the surrounding cells. If the |
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2421 contents do not fit into a cell, then the cell is automatically |
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2422 expanded in the vertical and/or horizontal directions and the rest of |
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2423 the table is restructured and reformatted in accordance with the |
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2424 growth of the cell. |
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2425 |
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2426 @menu |
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2427 * Table Definition:: What is a text based table. |
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2428 * Table Creation:: How to create a table. |
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2429 * Table Recognition:: How to activate and deactivate tables. |
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2430 * Cell Commands:: Cell-oriented commands in a table. |
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2431 * Cell Justification:: Justifying cell contents. |
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2432 * Row Commands:: Manipulating rows of table cell. |
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2433 * Column Commands:: Manipulating columns of table cell. |
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2434 * Fixed Width Mode:: Fixing cell width. |
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2435 * Table Conversion:: Converting between plain text and tables. |
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2436 * Measuring Tables:: Analyzing table dimension. |
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2437 * Table Misc:: Table miscellany. |
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2438 @end menu |
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2439 |
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2440 @node Table Definition |
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2441 @subsection What is a Text-based Table? |
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2442 |
68701 | 2443 Keep the following examples of valid tables in mind as a reference |
2444 while you read this section: | |
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2445 |
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2446 @example |
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2447 +--+----+---+ +-+ +--+-----+ |
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2448 | | | | | | | | | |
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2449 +--+----+---+ +-+ | +--+--+ |
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2450 | | | | | | | | |
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2451 +--+----+---+ +--+--+ | |
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2452 | | | |
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2453 +-----+--+ |
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2454 @end example |
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2455 |
68701 | 2456 A table consists of a rectangular frame whose inside is divided into |
2457 cells. Each cell must be at least one character wide and one | |
2458 character high, not counting its border lines. A cell can be | |
2459 subdivided into multiple rectangular cells, but cells cannot overlap. | |
2460 | |
2461 The table frame and cell border lines are made of three special | |
2462 characters. These variables specify those characters: | |
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2463 |
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2464 @table @code |
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2465 @vindex table-cell-vertical-char |
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2466 @item table-cell-vertical-char |
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|
2467 Holds the character used for vertical lines. The default value is |
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2468 @samp{|}. |
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|
2469 |
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|
2470 @vindex table-cell-horizontal-char |
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2471 @item table-cell-horizontal-char |
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|
2472 Holds the character used for horizontal lines. The default value is |
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|
2473 @samp{-}. |
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|
2474 |
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|
2475 @vindex table-cell-intersection-char |
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|
2476 @item table-cell-intersection-char |
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|
2477 Holds the character used at where horizontal line and vertical line |
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2478 meet. The default value is @samp{+}. |
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2479 @end table |
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2480 |
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|
2481 @noindent |
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2482 Based on this definition, the following five tables are examples of invalid |
9085c341d39f
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|
2483 tables: |
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|
2484 |
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|
2485 @example |
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2486 +-----+ +-----+ +--+ +-++--+ ++ |
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|
2487 | | | | | | | || | ++ |
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|
2488 | +-+ | | | | | | || | |
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|
2489 | | | | +--+ | +--+--+ +-++--+ |
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|
2490 | +-+ | | | | | | | +-++--+ |
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|
2491 | | | | | | | | | || | |
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|
2492 +-----+ +--+--+ +--+--+ +-++--+ |
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|
2493 a b c d e |
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|
2494 @end example |
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|
2495 |
9085c341d39f
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|
2496 From left to right: |
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(Text Based Tables, Table Definition)
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|
2497 |
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|
2498 @enumerate a |
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|
2499 @item |
68701 | 2500 Overlapped cells or non-rectangular cells are not allowed. |
57657
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|
2501 @item |
68701 | 2502 Same as a. |
57657
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|
2503 @item |
57659 | 2504 The border must be rectangular. |
57657
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|
2505 @item |
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|
2506 Cells must have a minimum width/height of one character. |
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|
2507 @item |
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|
2508 Same as d. |
9085c341d39f
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|
2509 @end enumerate |
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|
2510 |
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|
2511 @node Table Creation |
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|
2512 @subsection How to Create a Table? |
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(Text Based Tables, Table Definition)
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|
2513 @cindex create a text-based table |
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|
2514 @cindex table creation |
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|
2515 |
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|
2516 @findex table-insert |
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parents:
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diff
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|
2517 The command to create a table is @code{table-insert}. When called |
9085c341d39f
(Text Based Tables, Table Definition)
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parents:
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|
2518 interactively, it asks for the number of columns, number of rows, cell |
68701 | 2519 width and cell height. The number of columns is the number of cells |
2520 horizontally side by side. The number of rows is the number of cells | |
2521 vertically within the table's height. The cell width is a number of | |
2522 characters that each cell holds, left to right. The cell height is a | |
2523 number of lines each cell holds. The cell width and the cell height | |
2524 can be either an integer (when the value is constant across the table) | |
2525 or a series of integer, separated by spaces or commas, where each | |
2526 number corresponds to the next cell within a row from left to right, | |
2527 or the next cell within a column from top to bottom. | |
57657
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diff
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|
2528 |
9085c341d39f
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|
2529 @node Table Recognition |
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|
2530 @subsection Table Recognition |
9085c341d39f
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|
2531 @cindex table recognition |
9085c341d39f
(Text Based Tables, Table Definition)
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diff
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|
2532 |
9085c341d39f
(Text Based Tables, Table Definition)
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diff
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|
2533 @findex table-recognize |
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diff
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|
2534 @findex table-unrecognize |
68701 | 2535 Table mode maintains special text properties in the buffer to allow |
57657
9085c341d39f
(Text Based Tables, Table Definition)
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diff
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|
2536 editing in a convenient fashion. When a buffer with tables is saved |
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diff
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|
2537 to its file, these text properties are lost, so when you visit this |
9085c341d39f
(Text Based Tables, Table Definition)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
2538 file again later, Emacs does not see a table, but just formatted text. |
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(Text Based Tables, Table Definition)
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diff
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|
2539 To resurrect the table text properties, issue the @kbd{M-x |
9085c341d39f
(Text Based Tables, Table Definition)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
57340
diff
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|
2540 table-recognize} command. It scans the current buffer, recognizes |
9085c341d39f
(Text Based Tables, Table Definition)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
2541 valid table cells, and attaches appropriate text properties to allow |
9085c341d39f
(Text Based Tables, Table Definition)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
2542 for table editing. The converse command, @code{table-unrecognize}, is |
68701 | 2543 used to remove the special text properties and convert the buffer back |
57657
9085c341d39f
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diff
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|
2544 to plain text. |
9085c341d39f
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diff
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|
2545 |
68701 | 2546 Special commands exist to enable or disable tables within a region, |
57657
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diff
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|
2547 enable or disable individual tables, and enable/disable individual |
9085c341d39f
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Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
2548 cells. These commands are: |
9085c341d39f
(Text Based Tables, Table Definition)
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|
2549 |
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|
2550 @table @kbd |
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|
2551 @findex table-recognize-region |
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|
2552 @item M-x table-recognize-region |
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|
2553 Recognize tables within the current region and activate them. |
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|
2554 @findex table-unrecognize-region |
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|
2555 @item M-x table-unrecognize-region |
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|
2556 Deactivate tables within the current region. |
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|
2557 @findex table-recognize-table |
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|
2558 @item M-x table-recognize-table |
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diff
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|
2559 Recognize the table under point and activate it. |
9085c341d39f
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|
2560 @findex table-unrecognize-table |
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|
2561 @item M-x table-unrecognize-table |
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|
2562 Deactivate the table under point. |
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|
2563 @findex table-recognize-cell |
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|
2564 @item M-x table-recognize-cell |
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|
2565 Recognize the cell under point and activate it. |
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|
2566 @findex table-unrecognize-cell |
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|
2567 @item M-x table-unrecognize-cell |
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|
2568 Deactivate the cell under point. |
9085c341d39f
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|
2569 @end table |
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|
2570 |
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diff
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|
2571 For another way of converting text into tables, see @ref{Table |
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|
2572 Conversion}. |
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|
2573 |
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|
2574 @node Cell Commands |
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|
2575 @subsection Commands for Table Cells |
9085c341d39f
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|
2576 |
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|
2577 @findex table-forward-cell |
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|
2578 @findex table-backward-cell |
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diff
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|
2579 The commands @code{table-forward-cell} and |
9085c341d39f
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|
2580 @code{table-backward-cell} move point from the current cell to an |
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|
2581 adjacent cell forward and backward respectively. The order of the |
68701 | 2582 cells is cyclic: when point is in the last cell of a table, typing |
2583 @kbd{M-x table-forward-cell} moves to the first cell in the table. | |
2584 Likewise @kbd{M-x table-backward-cell} from the first cell in a table | |
2585 moves to the last cell. | |
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|
2586 |
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|
2587 @findex table-span-cell |
68819
a87d4de213c5
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
2588 The command @code{table-span-cell} merges the current cell with the |
a87d4de213c5
(Cell Commands): Clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2589 adjacent cell in a specified direction---right, left, above or below. |
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(Cell Commands): Clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
2590 You specify the direction with the minibuffer. It does not allow |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
2591 merges which don't result in a legitimate cell layout. |
57657
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|
2592 |
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|
2593 @findex table-split-cell |
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|
2594 @cindex text-based tables, split a cell |
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|
2595 @cindex split table cell |
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|
2596 The command @code{table-split-cell} splits the current cell |
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|
2597 vertically or horizontally. This command is a wrapper to the |
9085c341d39f
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|
2598 direction specific commands @code{table-split-cell-vertically} and |
68819
a87d4de213c5
(Cell Commands): Clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68701
diff
changeset
|
2599 @code{table-split-cell-horizontally}. You specify the direction with |
a87d4de213c5
(Cell Commands): Clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
2600 a minibuffer argument. |
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|
2601 |
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|
2602 @findex table-split-cell-vertically |
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|
2603 The command @code{table-split-cell-vertically} splits the current |
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|
2604 cell vertically and creates a pair of cells above and below where |
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|
2605 point is located. The content in the original cell is split as well. |
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|
2606 |
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|
2607 @findex table-split-cell-horizontally |
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|
2608 The command @code{table-split-cell-horizontally} splits the current |
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|
2609 cell horizontally and creates a pair of cells right and left of where |
68701 | 2610 point is located. If the cell being split is not empty, this asks you |
2611 how to handle the cell contents. The three options are: @code{split}, | |
2612 @code{left}, or @code{right}. @code{split} splits the contents at | |
2613 point literally, while the @code{left} and @code{right} options move | |
2614 the entire contents into the left or right cell respectively. | |
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|
2615 |
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|
2616 @cindex enlarge a table cell |
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|
2617 @cindex shrink a table cell |
68701 | 2618 The next four commands enlarge or shrink a cell. They use numeric |
2619 arguments (@pxref{Arguments}) to specify how many columns or rows to | |
2620 enlarge or shrink a particular table. | |
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|
2621 |
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|
2622 @table @kbd |
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|
2623 @findex table-heighten-cell |
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|
2624 @item M-x table-heighten-cell |
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|
2625 Enlarge the current cell vertically. |
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|
2626 @findex table-shorten-cell |
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|
2627 @item M-x table-shorten-cell |
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|
2628 Shrink the current cell vertically. |
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|
2629 @findex table-widen-cell |
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|
2630 @item M-x table-widen-cell |
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|
2631 Enlarge the current cell horizontally. |
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|
2632 @findex table-narrow-cell |
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|
2633 @item M-x table-narrow-cell |
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parents:
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|
2634 Shrink the current cell horizontally. |
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Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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|
2635 @end table |
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|
2636 |
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|
2637 @node Cell Justification |
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|
2638 @subsection Cell Justification |
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|
2639 @cindex cell text justification |
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|
2640 |
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|
2641 You can specify text justification for each cell. The justification |
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Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
2642 is remembered independently for each cell and the subsequent editing |
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parents:
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|
2643 of cell contents is subject to the specified justification. |
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|
2644 |
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|
2645 @findex table-justify |
68701 | 2646 The command @code{table-justify} ask you to specify what to justify: |
2647 a cell, a column, or a row. If you select cell justification, this | |
2648 command sets the justification only for the current cell. Selecting | |
2649 column or row justification sets the justification for all the cells | |
2650 within a column or row respectively. The command then ask you which | |
2651 kind of justification to apply: @code{left}, @code{center}, | |
2652 @code{right}, @code{top}, @code{middle}, @code{bottom}, or | |
2653 @code{none}. Horizontal justification and vertical justification are | |
2654 specified independently. The options @code{left}, @code{center}, and | |
57657
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|
2655 @code{right} specify horizontal justification while the options |
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|
2656 @code{top}, @code{middle}, @code{bottom}, and @code{none} specify |
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|
2657 vertical justification. The vertical justification @code{none} |
68701 | 2658 effectively removes vertical justification. Horizontal justification |
2659 must be one of @code{left}, @code{center}, or @code{right}. | |
57657
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|
2660 |
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|
2661 @vindex table-detect-cell-alignment |
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|
2662 Justification information is stored in the buffer as a part of text |
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Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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|
2663 property. Therefore, this information is ephemeral and does not |
9085c341d39f
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Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
2664 survive through the loss of the buffer (closing the buffer and |
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(Text Based Tables, Table Definition)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
2665 revisiting the buffer erase any previous text properties). To |
9085c341d39f
(Text Based Tables, Table Definition)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
2666 countermand for this, the command @code{table-recognize} and other |
9085c341d39f
(Text Based Tables, Table Definition)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
2667 recognition commands (@pxref{Table Recognition}) are equipped with a |
9085c341d39f
(Text Based Tables, Table Definition)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
2668 convenience feature (turned on by default). During table recognition, |
9085c341d39f
(Text Based Tables, Table Definition)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
2669 the contents of a cell are examined to determine which justification |
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Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
2670 was originally applied to the cell and then applies this justification |
64463
286c76cc00c3
(Cell Justification): Delete duplicate words.
Juri Linkov <juri@jurta.org>
parents:
63544
diff
changeset
|
2671 to the cell. This is a speculative algorithm and is therefore not |
57657
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diff
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|
2672 perfect, however, the justification is deduced correctly most of the |
68701 | 2673 time. To disable this feature, customize the variable |
2674 @code{table-detect-cell-alignment} and set it to @code{nil}. | |
57657
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|
2675 |
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|
2676 @node Row Commands |
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|
2677 @subsection Commands for Table Rows |
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|
2678 @cindex table row commands |
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|
2679 |
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|
2680 @cindex insert row in table |
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|
2681 @findex table-insert-row |
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|
2682 The command @code{table-insert-row} inserts a row of cells before |
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parents:
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diff
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|
2683 the current row in a table. The current row where point is located is |
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parents:
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|
2684 pushed down after the newly inserted row. A numeric prefix argument |
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2685 specifies the number of rows to insert. Note that in order to insert |
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|
2686 rows @emph{after} the last row at the bottom of a table, you must |
68701 | 2687 place point below the table---that is, outside the table---prior to |
57657
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|
2688 invoking this command. |
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|
2689 |
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|
2690 @cindex delete row in table |
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|
2691 @findex table-delete-row |
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|
2692 The command @code{table-delete-row} deletes a row of cells at point. |
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|
2693 A numeric prefix argument specifies the number of rows to delete. |
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|
2694 |
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|
2695 @node Column Commands |
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|
2696 @subsection Commands for Table Columns |
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|
2697 @cindex table column commands |
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|
2698 |
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|
2699 @cindex insert column in table |
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|
2700 @findex table-insert-column |
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changeset
|
2701 The command @code{table-insert-column} inserts a column of cells to |
68701 | 2702 the left of the current row in a table. This pushes the current |
2703 column to the right. To insert a column to the right side of the | |
2704 rightmost column, place point to the right of the rightmost column, | |
2705 which is outside of the table, prior to invoking this command. A | |
2706 numeric prefix argument specifies the number of columns to insert. | |
57657
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|
2707 |
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|
2708 @cindex delete column in table |
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|
2709 A command @code{table-delete-column} deletes a column of cells at |
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|
2710 point. A numeric prefix argument specifies the number of columns to |
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|
2711 delete. |
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|
2712 |
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|
2713 @node Fixed Width Mode |
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|
2714 @subsection Fix Width of Cells |
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|
2715 @cindex fix width of table cells |
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|
2716 |
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|
2717 @findex table-fixed-width-mode |
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Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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changeset
|
2718 The command @code{table-fixed-width-mode} toggles fixed width mode |
68701 | 2719 on and off. When fixed width mode is turned on, editing inside a |
57657
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|
2720 cell never changes the cell width; when it is off, the cell width |
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2721 expands automatically in order to prevent a word from being folded |
68701 | 2722 into multiple lines. By default, fixed width mode is disabled. |
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2723 |
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|
2724 @node Table Conversion |
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|
2725 @subsection Conversion Between Plain Text and Tables |
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2726 @cindex text to table |
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|
2727 @cindex table to text |
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2728 |
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2729 @findex table-capture |
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|
2730 The command @code{table-capture} captures plain text in a region and |
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|
2731 turns it into a table. Unlike @code{table-recognize} (@pxref{Table |
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|
2732 Recognition}), the original text does not have a table appearance but |
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2733 may hold a logical table structure. For example, some elements |
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|
2734 separated by known patterns form a two dimensional structure which can |
68701 | 2735 be turned into a table. |
2736 | |
2737 Here's an example of data that @code{table-capture} can operate on. | |
2738 The numbers are horizontally separated by a comma and vertically | |
2739 separated by a newline character. | |
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2740 |
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2741 @example |
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2742 1, 2, 3, 4 |
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2743 5, 6, 7, 8 |
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2744 , 9, 10 |
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2745 @end example |
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2746 |
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|
2747 @noindent |
68701 | 2748 Invoking @kbd{M-x table-capture} on that text produces this table: |
57657
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2749 |
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2750 @example |
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2751 +-----+-----+-----+-----+ |
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2752 |1 |2 |3 |4 | |
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2753 +-----+-----+-----+-----+ |
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2754 |5 |6 |7 |8 | |
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2755 +-----+-----+-----+-----+ |
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|
2756 | |9 |10 | | |
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2757 +-----+-----+-----+-----+ |
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2758 @end example |
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|
2759 |
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|
2760 @noindent |
68701 | 2761 The conversion uses @samp{,} for the column delimiter and newline for |
2762 a row delimiter, cells are left justified, and minimum cell width is | |
2763 5. | |
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|
2764 |
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2765 @findex table-release |
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|
2766 The command @code{table-release} does the opposite of |
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|
2767 @code{table-capture}. It releases a table by removing the table frame |
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2768 and cell borders. This leaves the table contents as plain text. One |
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|
2769 of the useful applications of @code{table-capture} and |
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|
2770 @code{table-release} is to edit a text in layout. Look at the |
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|
2771 following three paragraphs (the latter two are indented with header |
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2772 lines): |
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|
2773 |
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|
2774 @example |
71593 | 2775 @samp{table-capture} is a powerful command, but mastering its |
2776 power requires some practice. Here are some things it can do: | |
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|
2777 |
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|
2778 Parse Cell Items By using column delimiter regular |
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|
2779 expression and raw delimiter regular |
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|
2780 expression, it parses the specified text |
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2781 area and extracts cell items from |
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|
2782 non-table text and then forms a table out |
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|
2783 of them. |
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|
2784 |
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|
2785 Capture Text Area When no delimiters are specified it |
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|
2786 creates a single cell table. The text in |
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|
2787 the specified region is placed in that |
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|
2788 cell. |
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|
2789 @end example |
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|
2790 |
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|
2791 @noindent |
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|
2792 Applying @code{table-capture} to a region containing the above three |
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|
2793 paragraphs, with empty strings for column delimiter regexp and row |
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|
2794 delimiter regexp, creates a table with a single cell like the |
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|
2795 following one. |
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|
2796 |
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|
2797 @c The first line's right-hand frame in the following two examples |
57659 | 2798 @c sticks out to accommodate for the removal of @samp in the |
57657
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|
2799 @c produced output!! |
71593 | 2800 @smallexample |
57657
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|
2801 +-----------------------------------------------------------------+ |
68701 | 2802 |@samp{table-capture} is a powerful command, but mastering its | |
2803 |power requires some practice. Here are some things it can do: | | |
57657
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|
2804 | | |
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|
2805 |Parse Cell Items By using column delimiter regular | |
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|
2806 | expression and raw delimiter regular | |
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|
2807 | expression, it parses the specified text | |
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|
2808 | area and extracts cell items from | |
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|
2809 | non-table text and then forms a table out | |
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|
2810 | of them. | |
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|
2811 | | |
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|
2812 |Capture Text Area When no delimiters are specified it | |
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|
2813 | creates a single cell table. The text in | |
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|
2814 | the specified region is placed in that | |
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|
2815 | cell. | |
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|
2816 +-----------------------------------------------------------------+ |
71593 | 2817 @end smallexample |
57657
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|
2818 |
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|
2819 @noindent |
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|
2820 By splitting the cell appropriately we now have a table consisting of |
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|
2821 paragraphs occupying its own cell. Each cell can now be edited |
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|
2822 independently without affecting the layout of other cells. |
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|
2823 |
71593 | 2824 @smallexample |
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|
2825 +-----------------------------------------------------------------+ |
68701 | 2826 |@samp{table-capture} is a powerful command, but mastering its | |
2827 |power requires some practice. Here are some things it can do: | | |
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|
2828 +---------------------+-------------------------------------------+ |
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|
2829 |Parse Cell Items |By using column delimiter regular | |
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|
2830 | |expression and raw delimiter regular | |
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|
2831 | |expression, it parses the specified text | |
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|
2832 | |area and extracts cell items from | |
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|
2833 | |non-table text and then forms a table out | |
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2834 | |of them. | |
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|
2835 +---------------------+-------------------------------------------+ |
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|
2836 |Capture Text Area |When no delimiters are specified it | |
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|
2837 | |creates a single cell table. The text in | |
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|
2838 | |the specified region is placed in that | |
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2839 | |cell. | |
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|
2840 +---------------------+-------------------------------------------+ |
71593 | 2841 @end smallexample |
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2842 |
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|
2843 @noindent |
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|
2844 By applying @code{table-release}, which does the opposite process, the |
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|
2845 contents become once again plain text. @code{table-release} works as |
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|
2846 a companion command to @code{table-capture}. |
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2847 |
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|
2848 @node Measuring Tables |
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2849 @subsection Analyzing Table Dimensions |
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2850 @cindex table dimensions |
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2851 |
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2852 @findex table-query-dimension |
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|
2853 The command @code{table-query-dimension} analyzes a table structure |
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|
2854 and reports information regarding its dimensions. In case of the |
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|
2855 above example table, the @code{table-query-dimension} command displays |
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|
2856 in echo area: |
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|
2857 |
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|
2858 @smallexample |
9085c341d39f
(Text Based Tables, Table Definition)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
57340
diff
changeset
|
2859 Cell: (21w, 6h), Table: (67w, 16h), Dim: (2c, 3r), Total Cells: 5 |
9085c341d39f
(Text Based Tables, Table Definition)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
57340
diff
changeset
|
2860 @end smallexample |
9085c341d39f
(Text Based Tables, Table Definition)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
57340
diff
changeset
|
2861 |
9085c341d39f
(Text Based Tables, Table Definition)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
57340
diff
changeset
|
2862 @noindent |
9085c341d39f
(Text Based Tables, Table Definition)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
57340
diff
changeset
|
2863 This indicates that the current cell is 21 character wide and 6 lines |
9085c341d39f
(Text Based Tables, Table Definition)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
57340
diff
changeset
|
2864 high, the entire table is 67 characters wide and 16 lines high. The |
9085c341d39f
(Text Based Tables, Table Definition)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
57340
diff
changeset
|
2865 table has 2 columns and 3 rows. It has a total of 5 cells, since the |
9085c341d39f
(Text Based Tables, Table Definition)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
57340
diff
changeset
|
2866 first row has a spanned cell. |
9085c341d39f
(Text Based Tables, Table Definition)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
57340
diff
changeset
|
2867 |
9085c341d39f
(Text Based Tables, Table Definition)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
57340
diff
changeset
|
2868 @node Table Misc |
9085c341d39f
(Text Based Tables, Table Definition)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
57340
diff
changeset
|
2869 @subsection Table Miscellany |
9085c341d39f
(Text Based Tables, Table Definition)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
57340
diff
changeset
|
2870 |
9085c341d39f
(Text Based Tables, Table Definition)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
57340
diff
changeset
|
2871 @cindex insert string into table cells |
9085c341d39f
(Text Based Tables, Table Definition)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
57340
diff
changeset
|
2872 @findex table-insert-sequence |
9085c341d39f
(Text Based Tables, Table Definition)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
57340
diff
changeset
|
2873 The command @code{table-insert-sequence} inserts a string into each |
9085c341d39f
(Text Based Tables, Table Definition)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
57340
diff
changeset
|
2874 cell. Each string is a part of a sequence i.e.@: a series of |
9085c341d39f
(Text Based Tables, Table Definition)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
57340
diff
changeset
|
2875 increasing integer numbers. |
9085c341d39f
(Text Based Tables, Table Definition)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
57340
diff
changeset
|
2876 |
9085c341d39f
(Text Based Tables, Table Definition)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
57340
diff
changeset
|
2877 @cindex table in language format |
9085c341d39f
(Text Based Tables, Table Definition)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
57340
diff
changeset
|
2878 @cindex table for HTML and LaTeX |
9085c341d39f
(Text Based Tables, Table Definition)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
57340
diff
changeset
|
2879 @findex table-generate-source |
68701 | 2880 The command @code{table-generate-source} generates a table formatted |
57657
9085c341d39f
(Text Based Tables, Table Definition)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
57340
diff
changeset
|
2881 for a specific markup language. It asks for a language (which must be |
9085c341d39f
(Text Based Tables, Table Definition)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
57340
diff
changeset
|
2882 one of @code{html}, @code{latex}, or @code{cals}), a destination |
9085c341d39f
(Text Based Tables, Table Definition)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
57340
diff
changeset
|
2883 buffer where to put the result, and the table caption (a string), and |
9085c341d39f
(Text Based Tables, Table Definition)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
57340
diff
changeset
|
2884 then inserts the generated table in the proper syntax into the |
9085c341d39f
(Text Based Tables, Table Definition)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
57340
diff
changeset
|
2885 destination buffer. The default destination buffer is |
9085c341d39f
(Text Based Tables, Table Definition)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
57340
diff
changeset
|
2886 @code{table.@var{lang}}, where @var{lang} is the language you |
9085c341d39f
(Text Based Tables, Table Definition)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
57340
diff
changeset
|
2887 specified. |
9085c341d39f
(Text Based Tables, Table Definition)
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
57340
diff
changeset
|
2888 |
52401 | 2889 @ignore |
2890 arch-tag: 8db54ed8-2036-49ca-b0df-23811d03dc70 | |
2891 @end ignore |