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annotate etc/emacs.1 @ 69320:2e2803d83fb7
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author | Carsten Dominik <dominik@science.uva.nl> |
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date | Tue, 07 Mar 2006 10:03:46 +0000 |
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1 .\" Copyright (C) 1995, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, |
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2 .\" 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
36223 | 3 .\" |
4 .\" This file is part of GNU Emacs. | |
5 .\" | |
6 .\" GNU Emacs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify | |
7 .\" it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by | |
8 .\" the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) | |
9 .\" any later version. | |
10 .\" | |
11 .\" GNU Emacs is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, | |
12 .\" but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of | |
13 .\" MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the | |
14 .\" GNU General Public License for more details. | |
15 .\" | |
16 .\" You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License | |
17 .\" along with GNU Emacs; see the file COPYING. If not, write to the | |
64083 | 18 .\" Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, |
19 .\" Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA. | |
36223 | 20 .\" |
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21 '\" t |
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22 .TH EMACS 1 "2001 November 23" |
25852 | 23 .UC 4 |
24 .SH NAME | |
25 emacs \- GNU project Emacs | |
26 .SH SYNOPSIS | |
27 .B emacs | |
28 [ | |
29 .I command-line switches | |
30 ] [ | |
31 .I files ... | |
32 ] | |
33 .br | |
34 .SH DESCRIPTION | |
35 .I GNU Emacs | |
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36 is a version of |
25852 | 37 .I Emacs, |
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38 written by the author of the original (PDP-10) |
25852 | 39 .I Emacs, |
40 Richard Stallman. | |
41 .br | |
42 The primary documentation of GNU Emacs is in the GNU Emacs Manual, | |
43 which you can read on line using Info, a subsystem of Emacs. Please | |
44 look there for complete and up-to-date documentation. This man page | |
45 is updated only when someone volunteers to do so; the Emacs | |
46 maintainers' priority goal is to minimize the amount of time this man | |
47 page takes away from other more useful projects. | |
48 .br | |
49 The user functionality of GNU Emacs encompasses | |
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50 everything other |
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51 .I Emacs |
25852 | 52 editors do, and it is easily extensible since its |
53 editing commands are written in Lisp. | |
54 .PP | |
55 .I Emacs | |
56 has an extensive interactive help facility, | |
57 but the facility assumes that you know how to manipulate | |
58 .I Emacs | |
59 windows and buffers. | |
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60 CTRL-h or F1 enters the Help facility. Help Tutorial (CTRL-h t) |
25852 | 61 requests an interactive tutorial which can teach beginners the fundamentals |
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62 of |
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63 .I Emacs |
25852 | 64 in a few minutes. |
65 Help Apropos (CTRL-h a) helps you | |
66 find a command given its functionality, Help Character (CTRL-h c) | |
67 describes a given character's effect, and Help Function (CTRL-h f) | |
68 describes a given Lisp function specified by name. | |
69 .PP | |
70 .I Emacs's | |
71 Undo can undo several steps of modification to your buffers, so it is | |
72 easy to recover from editing mistakes. | |
73 .PP | |
74 .I GNU Emacs's | |
75 many special packages handle mail reading (RMail) and sending (Mail), | |
76 outline editing (Outline), compiling (Compile), running subshells | |
77 within | |
78 .I Emacs | |
79 windows (Shell), running a Lisp read-eval-print loop | |
80 (Lisp-Interaction-Mode), and automated psychotherapy (Doctor). | |
81 .PP | |
82 There is an extensive reference manual, but | |
83 users of other Emacses | |
84 should have little trouble adapting even | |
85 without a copy. Users new to | |
86 .I Emacs | |
87 will be able | |
88 to use basic features fairly rapidly by studying the tutorial and | |
89 using the self-documentation features. | |
90 .PP | |
91 .SM Emacs Options | |
92 .PP | |
93 The following options are of general interest: | |
94 .TP 8 | |
95 .I file | |
96 Edit | |
97 .I file. | |
98 .TP | |
99 .BI \+ number | |
100 Go to the line specified by | |
101 .I number | |
102 (do not insert a space between the "+" sign and | |
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103 the number). This applies only to the next file specified. |
25852 | 104 .TP |
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105 .BI \+ line:column |
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106 Go to the specified |
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107 .I line |
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108 and |
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109 .I column |
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110 .TP |
25852 | 111 .B \-q |
112 Do not load an init file. | |
113 .TP | |
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114 .B \-no-site-file |
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115 Do not load the site-wide startup file. |
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116 .TP |
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117 .BI \-debug-init |
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118 Enable |
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119 .I Emacs |
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120 Lisp debugger during the processing of the user init file |
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121 .BI ~/.emacs. |
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122 This is useful for debugging problems in the init file. |
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123 .TP |
25852 | 124 .BI \-u " user" |
125 Load | |
126 .I user's | |
127 init file. | |
128 .TP | |
129 .BI \-t " file" | |
130 Use specified | |
131 .I file | |
132 as the terminal instead of using stdin/stdout. | |
133 This must be the first argument specified in the command line. | |
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134 .TP |
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135 .B \-version |
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136 Display |
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137 .I Emacs |
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138 version information and exit. |
25852 | 139 .PP |
140 The following options are lisp-oriented | |
141 (these options are processed in the order encountered): | |
142 .TP 8 | |
143 .BI \-f " function" | |
144 Execute the lisp function | |
145 .I function. | |
146 .TP | |
147 .BI \-l " file" | |
148 Load the lisp code in the file | |
149 .I file. | |
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150 .TP |
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151 .BI \-eval " expr" |
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152 Evaluate the Lisp expression |
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153 .I expr. |
25852 | 154 .PP |
155 The following options are useful when running | |
156 .I Emacs | |
157 as a batch editor: | |
158 .TP 8 | |
159 .BI \-batch | |
160 Edit in batch mode. The editor will send messages to stderr. This | |
161 option must be the first in the argument list. You must use -l and -f | |
162 options to specify files to execute and functions to call. | |
163 .TP | |
164 .B \-kill | |
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165 Exit |
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166 .I Emacs |
25852 | 167 while in batch mode. |
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168 .TP |
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169 .BI \-L " directory" |
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170 Add |
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171 .I directory |
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172 to the list of directories |
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173 .I Emacs |
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174 searches for Lisp files. |
25852 | 175 .\" START DELETING HERE IF YOU'RE NOT USING X |
176 .PP | |
177 .SM Using Emacs with X | |
178 .PP | |
179 .I Emacs | |
180 has been tailored to work well with the X window system. | |
181 If you run | |
182 .I Emacs | |
183 from under X windows, it will create its own X window to | |
184 display in. You will probably want to start the editor | |
185 as a background process | |
186 so that you can continue using your original window. | |
187 .PP | |
188 .I Emacs | |
189 can be started with the following X switches: | |
190 .TP 8 | |
191 .BI \-name " name" | |
192 Specifies the name which should be assigned to the initial | |
193 .I Emacs | |
194 window. This controls looking up X resources as well as the window title. | |
195 .TP 8 | |
196 .BI \-title " name" | |
197 Specifies the title for the initial X window. | |
198 .TP 8 | |
199 .B \-r | |
200 Display the | |
201 .I Emacs | |
202 window in reverse video. | |
203 .TP | |
204 .B \-i | |
205 Use the "kitchen sink" bitmap icon when iconifying the | |
206 .I Emacs | |
207 window. | |
208 .TP | |
209 .BI \-font " font, " \-fn " font" | |
210 Set the | |
211 .I Emacs | |
212 window's font to that specified by | |
213 .I font. | |
214 You will find the various | |
215 .I X | |
216 fonts in the | |
217 .I /usr/lib/X11/fonts | |
218 directory. | |
219 Note that | |
220 .I Emacs | |
221 will only accept fixed width fonts. | |
222 Under the X11 Release 4 font-naming conventions, any font with the | |
223 value "m" or "c" in the eleventh field of the font name is a fixed | |
224 width font. Furthermore, fonts whose name are of the form | |
225 .IR width x height | |
226 are generally fixed width, as is the font | |
227 .IR fixed . | |
228 See | |
229 .IR xlsfonts (1) | |
230 for more information. | |
231 | |
232 When you specify a font, be sure to put a space between the | |
233 switch and the font name. | |
234 .TP | |
30349 | 235 .BI \-bw " pixels" |
25852 | 236 Set the |
237 .I Emacs | |
238 window's border width to the number of pixels specified by | |
239 .I pixels. | |
240 Defaults to one pixel on each side of the window. | |
241 .TP | |
242 .BI \-ib " pixels" | |
243 Set the window's internal border width to the number of pixels specified | |
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244 by |
25852 | 245 .I pixels. |
246 Defaults to one pixel of padding on each side of the window. | |
247 .PP | |
248 .TP 8 | |
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249 .BI \-\-geometry " geometry" |
25852 | 250 Set the |
251 .I Emacs | |
252 window's width, height, and position as specified. The geometry | |
253 specification is in the standard X format; see | |
254 .IR X (1) | |
255 for more information. | |
256 The width and height are specified in characters; the default is 80 by | |
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257 24. See the Emacs manual, section "Options for Window Size and Position", |
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258 for information on how window sizes interact |
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259 with selecting or deselecting the tool bar and menu bar. |
25852 | 260 .PP |
261 .TP 8 | |
262 .BI \-fg " color" | |
263 On color displays, sets the color of the text. | |
264 | |
265 See the file | |
266 .I /usr/lib/X11/rgb.txt | |
267 for a list of valid | |
268 color names. | |
269 .TP | |
270 .BI \-bg " color" | |
271 On color displays, | |
272 sets the color of the window's background. | |
273 .TP | |
274 .BI \-bd " color" | |
275 On color displays, | |
276 sets the color of the window's border. | |
277 .TP | |
278 .BI \-cr " color" | |
279 On color displays, | |
280 sets the color of the window's text cursor. | |
281 .TP | |
282 .BI \-ms " color" | |
283 On color displays, | |
284 sets the color of the window's mouse cursor. | |
285 .TP | |
286 .BI \-d " displayname, " \-display " displayname" | |
287 Create the | |
288 .I Emacs | |
289 window on the display specified by | |
290 .IR displayname . | |
291 Must be the first option specified in the command line. | |
292 .TP | |
293 .B \-nw | |
294 Tells | |
295 .I Emacs | |
296 not to use its special interface to X. If you use this | |
297 switch when invoking | |
298 .I Emacs | |
299 from an | |
300 .IR xterm (1) | |
301 window, display is done in that window. | |
302 This must be the first option specified in the command line. | |
303 .PP | |
304 You can set | |
305 .I X | |
306 default values for your | |
307 .I Emacs | |
308 windows in your | |
309 .I \.Xresources | |
310 file (see | |
311 .IR xrdb (1)). | |
312 Use the following format: | |
313 .IP | |
314 emacs.keyword:value | |
315 .PP | |
316 where | |
317 .I value | |
318 specifies the default value of | |
319 .I keyword. | |
320 .I Emacs | |
321 lets you set default values for the following keywords: | |
322 .TP 8 | |
323 .B font (\fPclass\fB Font) | |
324 Sets the window's text font. | |
325 .TP | |
326 .B reverseVideo (\fPclass\fB ReverseVideo) | |
327 If | |
328 .I reverseVideo's | |
329 value is set to | |
330 .I on, | |
331 the window will be displayed in reverse video. | |
332 .TP | |
333 .B bitmapIcon (\fPclass\fB BitmapIcon) | |
334 If | |
335 .I bitmapIcon's | |
336 value is set to | |
337 .I on, | |
338 the window will iconify into the "kitchen sink." | |
339 .TP | |
340 .B borderWidth (\fPclass\fB BorderWidth) | |
341 Sets the window's border width in pixels. | |
342 .TP | |
343 .B internalBorder (\fPclass\fB BorderWidth) | |
344 Sets the window's internal border width in pixels. | |
345 .TP | |
346 .B foreground (\fPclass\fB Foreground) | |
347 For color displays, | |
348 sets the window's text color. | |
349 .TP | |
350 .B background (\fPclass\fB Background) | |
351 For color displays, | |
352 sets the window's background color. | |
353 .TP | |
354 .B borderColor (\fPclass\fB BorderColor) | |
355 For color displays, | |
356 sets the color of the window's border. | |
357 .TP | |
358 .B cursorColor (\fPclass\fB Foreground) | |
359 For color displays, | |
360 sets the color of the window's text cursor. | |
361 .TP | |
362 .B pointerColor (\fPclass\fB Foreground) | |
363 For color displays, | |
364 sets the color of the window's mouse cursor. | |
365 .TP | |
366 .B geometry (\fPclass\fB Geometry) | |
367 Sets the geometry of the | |
368 .I Emacs | |
369 window (as described above). | |
370 .TP | |
371 .B title (\fPclass\fB Title) | |
372 Sets the title of the | |
373 .I Emacs | |
374 window. | |
375 .TP | |
376 .B iconName (\fPclass\fB Title) | |
377 Sets the icon name for the | |
378 .I Emacs | |
379 window icon. | |
380 .PP | |
381 If you try to set color values while using a black and white display, | |
382 the window's characteristics will default as follows: | |
383 the foreground color will be set to black, | |
384 the background color will be set to white, | |
385 the border color will be set to grey, | |
386 and the text and mouse cursors will be set to black. | |
387 .PP | |
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388 .SM Using the Mouse |
25852 | 389 .PP |
390 The following lists the mouse button bindings for the | |
391 .I Emacs | |
392 window under X11. | |
393 | |
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394 .TS |
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395 l l. |
25852 | 396 MOUSE BUTTON FUNCTION |
397 left Set point. | |
398 middle Paste text. | |
399 right Cut text into X cut buffer. | |
400 SHIFT-middle Cut text into X cut buffer. | |
401 SHIFT-right Paste text. | |
402 CTRL-middle Cut text into X cut buffer and kill it. | |
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403 CTRL-right T{ |
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404 Select this window, then split it into |
25852 | 405 two windows. Same as typing CTRL-x 2. |
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406 T} |
25852 | 407 .\" START DELETING HERE IF YOU'RE NOT USING X MENUS |
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408 CTRL-SHIFT-left T{ |
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409 X buffer menu--hold the buttons and keys |
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410 down, wait for menu to appear, select |
25852 | 411 buffer, and release. Move mouse out of |
412 menu and release to cancel. | |
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413 T} |
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414 CTRL-SHIFT-middle X help menu--pop up index card menu for Emacs help. |
25852 | 415 .\" STOP DELETING HERE IF YOU'RE NOT USING X MENUS |
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416 CTRL-SHIFT-right T{ |
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417 Select window with mouse, and delete all |
25852 | 418 other windows. Same as typing CTRL-x 1. |
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419 T} |
25852 | 420 .\" STOP DELETING HERE IF YOU'RE NOT USING X |
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421 .TE |
25852 | 422 .PP |
423 .SH MANUALS | |
424 You can order printed copies of the GNU Emacs Manual from the Free | |
425 Software Foundation, which develops GNU software. See the file ORDERS | |
426 for ordering information. | |
427 .br | |
428 Your local Emacs maintainer might also have copies available. As | |
429 with all software and publications from FSF, everyone is permitted to | |
430 make and distribute copies of the Emacs manual. The TeX source to the | |
431 manual is also included in the Emacs source distribution. | |
432 .PP | |
433 .SH FILES | |
434 /usr/local/info - files for the Info documentation browser | |
435 (a subsystem of Emacs) to refer to. Currently not much of Unix | |
436 is documented here, but the complete text of the Emacs reference | |
437 manual is included in a convenient tree structured form. | |
438 | |
439 /usr/local/share/emacs/$VERSION/src - C source files and object files | |
440 | |
441 /usr/local/share/emacs/$VERSION/lisp - Lisp source files and compiled files | |
442 that define most editing commands. Some are preloaded; | |
443 others are autoloaded from this directory when used. | |
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444 |
25852 | 445 /usr/local/share/emacs/$VERSION/etc - various programs that are used with |
446 GNU Emacs, and some files of information. | |
447 | |
448 /usr/local/share/emacs/$VERSION/etc/DOC.* - contains the documentation | |
449 strings for the Lisp primitives and preloaded Lisp functions | |
450 of GNU Emacs. They are stored here to reduce the size of | |
451 Emacs proper. | |
452 | |
453 /usr/local/share/emacs/$VERSION/etc/OTHER.EMACSES discusses GNU Emacs | |
454 vs. other versions of Emacs. | |
455 .br | |
456 /usr/local/share/emacs/$VERSION/etc/SERVICE lists people offering | |
457 various services to assist users of GNU Emacs, including education, | |
458 troubleshooting, porting and customization. | |
459 .br | |
460 These files also have information useful to anyone wishing to write | |
461 programs in the Emacs Lisp extension language, which has not yet been fully | |
462 documented. | |
463 | |
464 /usr/local/com/emacs/lock - holds lock files that are made for all | |
465 files being modified in Emacs, to prevent simultaneous modification | |
466 of one file by two users. | |
467 | |
468 .\" START DELETING HERE IF YOU'RE NOT USING X | |
469 /usr/lib/X11/rgb.txt - list of valid X color names. | |
470 .\" STOP DELETING HERE IF YOU'RE NOT USING X | |
471 .PP | |
472 .SH BUGS | |
473 There is a mailing list, bug-gnu-emacs@prep.ai.mit.edu on the internet | |
474 (ucbvax!prep.ai.mit.edu!bug-gnu-emacs on UUCPnet), for reporting Emacs | |
475 bugs and fixes. But before reporting something as a bug, please try | |
476 to be sure that it really is a bug, not a misunderstanding or a | |
477 deliberate feature. We ask you to read the section ``Reporting Emacs | |
478 Bugs'' near the end of the reference manual (or Info system) for hints | |
479 on how and when to report bugs. Also, include the version number of | |
480 the Emacs you are running in \fIevery\fR bug report that you send in. | |
481 | |
482 Do not expect a personal answer to a bug report. The purpose of reporting | |
483 bugs is to get them fixed for everyone in the next release, if possible. | |
484 For personal assistance, look in the SERVICE file (see above) for | |
485 a list of people who offer it. | |
486 | |
487 Please do not send anything but bug reports to this mailing list. | |
488 Send requests to be added to mailing lists to the special list | |
489 info-gnu-emacs-request@prep.ai.mit.edu (or the corresponding UUCP | |
490 address). For more information about Emacs mailing lists, see the | |
491 file /usr/local/emacs/etc/MAILINGLISTS. Bugs tend actually to be | |
492 fixed if they can be isolated, so it is in your interest to report | |
493 them in such a way that they can be easily reproduced. | |
494 .PP | |
495 Bugs that I know about are: shell will not work with programs | |
496 running in Raw mode on some Unix versions. | |
497 .SH UNRESTRICTIONS | |
498 .PP | |
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499 .I Emacs |
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500 is free; anyone may redistribute copies of |
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501 .I Emacs |
25852 | 502 to |
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503 anyone under the terms stated in the |
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504 .I Emacs |
25852 | 505 General Public License, |
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506 a copy of which accompanies each copy of |
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507 .I Emacs |
25852 | 508 and which also |
509 appears in the reference manual. | |
510 .PP | |
511 Copies of | |
512 .I Emacs | |
513 may sometimes be received packaged with distributions of Unix systems, | |
514 but it is never included in the scope of any license covering those | |
515 systems. Such inclusion violates the terms on which distribution | |
516 is permitted. In fact, the primary purpose of the General Public | |
517 License is to prohibit anyone from attaching any other restrictions | |
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518 to redistribution of |
25852 | 519 .I Emacs. |
520 .PP | |
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521 Richard Stallman encourages you to improve and extend |
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522 .I Emacs, |
25852 | 523 and urges that |
524 you contribute your extensions to the GNU library. Eventually GNU | |
525 (Gnu's Not Unix) will be a complete replacement for Berkeley | |
526 Unix. | |
527 Everyone will be free to use, copy, study and change the GNU system. | |
528 .SH SEE ALSO | |
529 X(1), xlsfonts(1), xterm(1), xrdb(1) | |
530 .SH AUTHORS | |
531 .PP | |
532 .I Emacs | |
533 was written by Richard Stallman and the Free Software Foundation. | |
534 Joachim Martillo and Robert Krawitz added the X features. | |
37455 | 535 .SH COPYING |
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536 Copyright |
37455 | 537 .if t \(co |
538 .if n (c) | |
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539 1995, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, |
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540 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
37455 | 541 .PP |
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542 Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this |
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543 document provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are |
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544 preserved on all copies. |
37455 | 545 .PP |
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546 Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of |
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547 this document under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that |
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548 the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of |
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549 a permission notice identical to this one. |
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550 .PP |
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551 Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this |
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552 document into another language, under the above conditions for |
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553 modified versions, except that this permission notice may be stated |
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554 in a translation approved by the Free Software Foundation. |
52401 | 555 |
556 .\" arch-tag: 04dfd376-b46e-4924-919a-cecc3b257eaa |