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annotate lispref/keymaps.texi @ 40484:2e6c799155b3
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author | Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca> |
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date | Tue, 30 Oct 2001 06:00:10 +0000 |
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6558 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
31374 | 3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1998, 1999, 2000 |
27189 | 4 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
6558 | 5 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. |
6 @setfilename ../info/keymaps | |
7 @node Keymaps, Modes, Command Loop, Top | |
8 @chapter Keymaps | |
9 @cindex keymap | |
10 | |
11 The bindings between input events and commands are recorded in data | |
12 structures called @dfn{keymaps}. Each binding in a keymap associates | |
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13 (or @dfn{binds}) an individual event type either to another keymap or to |
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14 a command. When an event type is bound to a keymap, that keymap is used |
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15 to look up the next input event; this continues until a command is |
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16 found. The whole process is called @dfn{key lookup}. |
6558 | 17 |
18 @menu | |
19 * Keymap Terminology:: Definitions of terms pertaining to keymaps. | |
20 * Format of Keymaps:: What a keymap looks like as a Lisp object. | |
21 * Creating Keymaps:: Functions to create and copy keymaps. | |
22 * Inheritance and Keymaps:: How one keymap can inherit the bindings | |
23 of another keymap. | |
24 * Prefix Keys:: Defining a key with a keymap as its definition. | |
25 * Active Keymaps:: Each buffer has a local keymap | |
26 to override the standard (global) bindings. | |
27 A minor mode can also override them. | |
28 * Key Lookup:: How extracting elements from keymaps works. | |
29 * Functions for Key Lookup:: How to request key lookup. | |
30 * Changing Key Bindings:: Redefining a key in a keymap. | |
31 * Key Binding Commands:: Interactive interfaces for redefining keys. | |
32 * Scanning Keymaps:: Looking through all keymaps, for printing help. | |
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33 * Menu Keymaps:: Defining a menu as a keymap. |
6558 | 34 @end menu |
35 | |
36 @node Keymap Terminology | |
37 @section Keymap Terminology | |
38 @cindex key | |
39 @cindex keystroke | |
40 @cindex key binding | |
41 @cindex binding of a key | |
42 @cindex complete key | |
43 @cindex undefined key | |
44 | |
45 A @dfn{keymap} is a table mapping event types to definitions (which | |
46 can be any Lisp objects, though only certain types are meaningful for | |
47 execution by the command loop). Given an event (or an event type) and a | |
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48 keymap, Emacs can get the event's definition. Events include |
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49 characters, function keys, and mouse actions (@pxref{Input Events}). |
6558 | 50 |
51 A sequence of input events that form a unit is called a | |
52 @dfn{key sequence}, or @dfn{key} for short. A sequence of one event | |
53 is always a key sequence, and so are some multi-event sequences. | |
54 | |
55 A keymap determines a binding or definition for any key sequence. If | |
56 the key sequence is a single event, its binding is the definition of the | |
57 event in the keymap. The binding of a key sequence of more than one | |
58 event is found by an iterative process: the binding of the first event | |
59 is found, and must be a keymap; then the second event's binding is found | |
60 in that keymap, and so on until all the events in the key sequence are | |
61 used up. | |
62 | |
63 If the binding of a key sequence is a keymap, we call the key sequence | |
64 a @dfn{prefix key}. Otherwise, we call it a @dfn{complete key} (because | |
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65 no more events can be added to it). If the binding is @code{nil}, |
6558 | 66 we call the key @dfn{undefined}. Examples of prefix keys are @kbd{C-c}, |
67 @kbd{C-x}, and @kbd{C-x 4}. Examples of defined complete keys are | |
68 @kbd{X}, @key{RET}, and @kbd{C-x 4 C-f}. Examples of undefined complete | |
69 keys are @kbd{C-x C-g}, and @kbd{C-c 3}. @xref{Prefix Keys}, for more | |
70 details. | |
71 | |
72 The rule for finding the binding of a key sequence assumes that the | |
73 intermediate bindings (found for the events before the last) are all | |
74 keymaps; if this is not so, the sequence of events does not form a | |
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75 unit---it is not really one key sequence. In other words, removing one |
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76 or more events from the end of any valid key sequence must always yield |
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77 a prefix key. For example, @kbd{C-f C-n} is not a key sequence; |
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78 @kbd{C-f} is not a prefix key, so a longer sequence starting with |
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79 @kbd{C-f} cannot be a key sequence. |
6558 | 80 |
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81 The set of possible multi-event key sequences depends on the bindings |
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82 for prefix keys; therefore, it can be different for different keymaps, |
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83 and can change when bindings are changed. However, a one-event sequence |
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84 is always a key sequence, because it does not depend on any prefix keys |
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85 for its well-formedness. |
6558 | 86 |
87 At any time, several primary keymaps are @dfn{active}---that is, in | |
88 use for finding key bindings. These are the @dfn{global map}, which is | |
89 shared by all buffers; the @dfn{local keymap}, which is usually | |
90 associated with a specific major mode; and zero or more @dfn{minor mode | |
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91 keymaps}, which belong to currently enabled minor modes. (Not all minor |
6558 | 92 modes have keymaps.) The local keymap bindings shadow (i.e., take |
93 precedence over) the corresponding global bindings. The minor mode | |
94 keymaps shadow both local and global keymaps. @xref{Active Keymaps}, | |
95 for details. | |
96 | |
97 @node Format of Keymaps | |
98 @section Format of Keymaps | |
99 @cindex format of keymaps | |
100 @cindex keymap format | |
101 @cindex full keymap | |
102 @cindex sparse keymap | |
103 | |
104 A keymap is a list whose @sc{car} is the symbol @code{keymap}. The | |
105 remaining elements of the list define the key bindings of the keymap. | |
106 Use the function @code{keymapp} (see below) to test whether an object is | |
107 a keymap. | |
108 | |
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109 Several kinds of elements may appear in a keymap, after the symbol |
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110 @code{keymap} that begins it: |
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111 |
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112 @table @code |
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113 @item (@var{type} .@: @var{binding}) |
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114 This specifies one binding, for events of type @var{type}. Each |
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115 ordinary binding applies to events of a particular @dfn{event type}, |
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116 which is always a character or a symbol. @xref{Classifying Events}. |
6558 | 117 |
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118 @item (t .@: @var{binding}) |
6558 | 119 @cindex default key binding |
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120 This specifies a @dfn{default key binding}; any event not bound by other |
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121 elements of the keymap is given @var{binding} as its binding. Default |
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122 bindings allow a keymap to bind all possible event types without having |
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123 to enumerate all of them. A keymap that has a default binding |
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124 completely masks any lower-precedence keymap. |
6558 | 125 |
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126 @item @var{vector} |
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127 If an element of a keymap is a vector, the vector counts as bindings for |
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128 all the @sc{ascii} characters, codes 0 through 127; vector element |
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129 @var{n} is the binding for the character with code @var{n}. This is a |
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130 compact way to record lots of bindings. A keymap with such a vector is |
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131 called a @dfn{full keymap}. Other keymaps are called @dfn{sparse |
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132 keymaps}. |
6558 | 133 |
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134 A @code{nil} binding is used to mean that a key is explicitly not bound. |
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135 Just like any other binding, it takes precedence over a default binding |
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136 or a binding in the parent keymap, but on the other hand, it does not |
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137 take precedence over keymaps of lower priority. |
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138 |
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139 When a keymap contains a vector, it always defines a binding for each |
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140 @sc{ascii} character, even if the vector contains @code{nil} for that |
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141 character. Such a binding of @code{nil} overrides any default key |
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142 binding in the keymap, for @sc{ascii} characters. However, default |
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143 bindings are still meaningful for events other than @sc{ascii} |
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144 characters. A binding of @code{nil} does @emph{not} override |
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145 lower-precedence keymaps; thus, if the local map gives a binding of |
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146 @code{nil}, Emacs uses the binding from the global map. |
6558 | 147 |
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148 @item @var{string} |
6558 | 149 @cindex keymap prompt string |
150 @cindex overall prompt string | |
151 @cindex prompt string of keymap | |
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152 Aside from bindings, a keymap can also have a string as an element. |
6558 | 153 This is called the @dfn{overall prompt string} and makes it possible to |
28873 | 154 use the keymap as a menu. @xref{Defining Menus}. |
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155 @end table |
6558 | 156 |
157 @cindex meta characters lookup | |
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158 Keymaps do not directly record bindings for the meta characters. |
34656 | 159 Instead, meta characters are regarded for purposes of key lookup as |
160 sequences of two characters, the first of which is @key{ESC} (or | |
161 whatever is currently the value of @code{meta-prefix-char}). Thus, the | |
162 key @kbd{M-a} is internally represented as @kbd{@key{ESC} a}, and its | |
163 global binding is found at the slot for @kbd{a} in @code{esc-map} | |
164 (@pxref{Prefix Keys}). | |
165 | |
166 This conversion applies only to characters, not to function keys or | |
167 other input events; thus, @kbd{M-@key{end}} has nothing to do with | |
168 @kbd{@key{ESC} @key{end}}. | |
6558 | 169 |
170 Here as an example is the local keymap for Lisp mode, a sparse | |
171 keymap. It defines bindings for @key{DEL} and @key{TAB}, plus @kbd{C-c | |
172 C-l}, @kbd{M-C-q}, and @kbd{M-C-x}. | |
173 | |
174 @example | |
175 @group | |
176 lisp-mode-map | |
177 @result{} | |
178 @end group | |
179 @group | |
180 (keymap | |
181 ;; @key{TAB} | |
182 (9 . lisp-indent-line) | |
183 @end group | |
184 @group | |
185 ;; @key{DEL} | |
186 (127 . backward-delete-char-untabify) | |
187 @end group | |
188 @group | |
189 (3 keymap | |
190 ;; @kbd{C-c C-l} | |
191 (12 . run-lisp)) | |
192 @end group | |
193 @group | |
194 (27 keymap | |
195 ;; @r{@kbd{M-C-q}, treated as @kbd{@key{ESC} C-q}} | |
196 (17 . indent-sexp) | |
197 ;; @r{@kbd{M-C-x}, treated as @kbd{@key{ESC} C-x}} | |
198 (24 . lisp-send-defun))) | |
199 @end group | |
200 @end example | |
201 | |
202 @defun keymapp object | |
203 This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a keymap, @code{nil} | |
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204 otherwise. More precisely, this function tests for a list whose |
6558 | 205 @sc{car} is @code{keymap}. |
206 | |
207 @example | |
208 @group | |
209 (keymapp '(keymap)) | |
210 @result{} t | |
211 @end group | |
212 @group | |
213 (keymapp (current-global-map)) | |
214 @result{} t | |
215 @end group | |
216 @end example | |
217 @end defun | |
218 | |
219 @node Creating Keymaps | |
220 @section Creating Keymaps | |
221 @cindex creating keymaps | |
222 | |
223 Here we describe the functions for creating keymaps. | |
224 | |
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225 @c ??? This should come after make-sparse-keymap |
6558 | 226 @defun make-keymap &optional prompt |
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227 This function creates and returns a new full keymap. That keymap |
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228 contains a char-table (@pxref{Char-Tables}) with 384 slots: the first |
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229 128 slots are for defining all the @sc{ascii} characters, the next 128 |
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230 slots are for 8-bit European characters, and each one of the final 128 |
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231 slots is for one character set of non-@sc{ascii} characters supported by |
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232 Emacs. The new keymap initially binds all these characters to |
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233 @code{nil}, and does not bind any other kind of event. |
6558 | 234 |
235 @example | |
236 @group | |
237 (make-keymap) | |
238 @result{} (keymap [nil nil nil @dots{} nil nil]) | |
239 @end group | |
240 @end example | |
241 | |
242 If you specify @var{prompt}, that becomes the overall prompt string for | |
31374 | 243 the keymap. The prompt string should be provided for menu keymaps |
28873 | 244 (@pxref{Defining Menus}). |
6558 | 245 @end defun |
246 | |
247 @defun make-sparse-keymap &optional prompt | |
248 This function creates and returns a new sparse keymap with no entries. | |
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249 The new keymap does not contain a char-table, unlike @code{make-keymap}, |
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250 and does not bind any events. The argument @var{prompt} specifies a |
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251 prompt string, as in @code{make-keymap}. |
6558 | 252 |
253 @example | |
254 @group | |
255 (make-sparse-keymap) | |
256 @result{} (keymap) | |
257 @end group | |
258 @end example | |
259 @end defun | |
260 | |
261 @defun copy-keymap keymap | |
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262 This function returns a copy of @var{keymap}. Any keymaps that |
6558 | 263 appear directly as bindings in @var{keymap} are also copied recursively, |
264 and so on to any number of levels. However, recursive copying does not | |
265 take place when the definition of a character is a symbol whose function | |
266 definition is a keymap; the same symbol appears in the new copy. | |
267 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
268 | |
269 @example | |
270 @group | |
271 (setq map (copy-keymap (current-local-map))) | |
272 @result{} (keymap | |
273 @end group | |
274 @group | |
275 ;; @r{(This implements meta characters.)} | |
276 (27 keymap | |
277 (83 . center-paragraph) | |
278 (115 . center-line)) | |
279 (9 . tab-to-tab-stop)) | |
280 @end group | |
281 | |
282 @group | |
283 (eq map (current-local-map)) | |
284 @result{} nil | |
285 @end group | |
286 @group | |
287 (equal map (current-local-map)) | |
288 @result{} t | |
289 @end group | |
290 @end example | |
291 @end defun | |
292 | |
293 @node Inheritance and Keymaps | |
294 @section Inheritance and Keymaps | |
295 @cindex keymap inheritance | |
296 @cindex inheriting a keymap's bindings | |
297 | |
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298 A keymap can inherit the bindings of another keymap, which we call the |
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299 @dfn{parent keymap}. Such a keymap looks like this: |
6558 | 300 |
301 @example | |
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302 (keymap @var{bindings}@dots{} . @var{parent-keymap}) |
6558 | 303 @end example |
304 | |
305 @noindent | |
306 The effect is that this keymap inherits all the bindings of | |
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307 @var{parent-keymap}, whatever they may be at the time a key is looked up, |
6558 | 308 but can add to them or override them with @var{bindings}. |
309 | |
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310 If you change the bindings in @var{parent-keymap} using @code{define-key} |
6558 | 311 or other key-binding functions, these changes are visible in the |
312 inheriting keymap unless shadowed by @var{bindings}. The converse is | |
313 not true: if you use @code{define-key} to change the inheriting keymap, | |
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314 that affects @var{bindings}, but has no effect on @var{parent-keymap}. |
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315 |
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316 The proper way to construct a keymap with a parent is to use |
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317 @code{set-keymap-parent}; if you have code that directly constructs a |
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318 keymap with a parent, please convert the program to use |
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319 @code{set-keymap-parent} instead. |
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320 |
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321 @defun keymap-parent keymap |
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322 This returns the parent keymap of @var{keymap}. If @var{keymap} |
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323 has no parent, @code{keymap-parent} returns @code{nil}. |
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324 @end defun |
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325 |
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326 @defun set-keymap-parent keymap parent |
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327 This sets the parent keymap of @var{keymap} to @var{parent}, and returns |
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328 @var{parent}. If @var{parent} is @code{nil}, this function gives |
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329 @var{keymap} no parent at all. |
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330 |
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331 If @var{keymap} has submaps (bindings for prefix keys), they too receive |
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332 new parent keymaps that reflect what @var{parent} specifies for those |
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333 prefix keys. |
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334 @end defun |
6558 | 335 |
336 Here is an example showing how to make a keymap that inherits | |
337 from @code{text-mode-map}: | |
338 | |
339 @example | |
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340 (let ((map (make-sparse-keymap))) |
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341 (set-keymap-parent map text-mode-map) |
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342 map) |
6558 | 343 @end example |
344 | |
345 @node Prefix Keys | |
346 @section Prefix Keys | |
347 @cindex prefix key | |
348 | |
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349 A @dfn{prefix key} is a key sequence whose binding is a keymap. The |
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350 keymap defines what to do with key sequences that extend the prefix key. |
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351 For example, @kbd{C-x} is a prefix key, and it uses a keymap that is |
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352 also stored in the variable @code{ctl-x-map}. This keymap defines |
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353 bindings for key sequences starting with @kbd{C-x}. |
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354 |
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355 Some of the standard Emacs prefix keys use keymaps that are |
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356 also found in Lisp variables: |
6558 | 357 |
358 @itemize @bullet | |
359 @item | |
360 @vindex esc-map | |
361 @findex ESC-prefix | |
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362 @code{esc-map} is the global keymap for the @key{ESC} prefix key. Thus, |
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363 the global definitions of all meta characters are actually found here. |
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364 This map is also the function definition of @code{ESC-prefix}. |
6558 | 365 |
366 @item | |
367 @cindex @kbd{C-h} | |
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368 @code{help-map} is the global keymap for the @kbd{C-h} prefix key. |
6558 | 369 |
370 @item | |
371 @cindex @kbd{C-c} | |
372 @vindex mode-specific-map | |
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373 @code{mode-specific-map} is the global keymap for the prefix key |
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374 @kbd{C-c}. This map is actually global, not mode-specific, but its name |
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375 provides useful information about @kbd{C-c} in the output of @kbd{C-h b} |
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376 (@code{display-bindings}), since the main use of this prefix key is for |
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377 mode-specific bindings. |
6558 | 378 |
379 @item | |
380 @cindex @kbd{C-x} | |
381 @vindex ctl-x-map | |
382 @findex Control-X-prefix | |
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383 @code{ctl-x-map} is the global keymap used for the @kbd{C-x} prefix key. |
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384 This map is found via the function cell of the symbol |
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385 @code{Control-X-prefix}. |
6558 | 386 |
387 @item | |
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388 @cindex @kbd{C-x @key{RET}} |
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389 @vindex mule-keymap |
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390 @code{mule-keymap} is the global keymap used for the @kbd{C-x @key{RET}} |
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391 prefix key. |
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392 |
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393 @item |
6558 | 394 @cindex @kbd{C-x 4} |
395 @vindex ctl-x-4-map | |
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396 @code{ctl-x-4-map} is the global keymap used for the @kbd{C-x 4} prefix |
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397 key. |
6558 | 398 |
399 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
400 @item | |
401 @cindex @kbd{C-x 5} | |
402 @vindex ctl-x-5-map | |
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403 @code{ctl-x-5-map} is the global keymap used for the @kbd{C-x 5} prefix |
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404 key. |
6558 | 405 |
406 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
407 @item | |
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408 @cindex @kbd{C-x 6} |
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409 @vindex 2C-mode-map |
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410 @code{2C-mode-map} is the global keymap used for the @kbd{C-x 6} prefix |
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411 key. |
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412 |
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413 @item |
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414 @cindex @kbd{C-x v} |
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415 @vindex vc-prefix-map |
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416 @code{vc-prefix-map} is the global keymap used for the @kbd{C-x v} prefix |
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417 key. |
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418 |
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419 @item |
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420 @cindex @kbd{M-g} |
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421 @vindex facemenu-keymap |
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422 @code{facemenu-keymap} is the global keymap used for the @kbd{M-g} |
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423 prefix key. |
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424 |
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425 @c Emacs 19 feature |
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426 @item |
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427 The other Emacs prefix keys are @kbd{C-x @@}, @kbd{C-x a i}, @kbd{C-x |
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428 @key{ESC}} and @kbd{@key{ESC} @key{ESC}}. They use keymaps that have no |
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429 special names. |
6558 | 430 @end itemize |
431 | |
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432 The keymap binding of a prefix key is used for looking up the event |
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433 that follows the prefix key. (It may instead be a symbol whose function |
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434 definition is a keymap. The effect is the same, but the symbol serves |
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435 as a name for the prefix key.) Thus, the binding of @kbd{C-x} is the |
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436 symbol @code{Control-X-prefix}, whose function cell holds the keymap |
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437 for @kbd{C-x} commands. (The same keymap is also the value of |
6558 | 438 @code{ctl-x-map}.) |
439 | |
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440 Prefix key definitions can appear in any active keymap. The |
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441 definitions of @kbd{C-c}, @kbd{C-x}, @kbd{C-h} and @key{ESC} as prefix |
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442 keys appear in the global map, so these prefix keys are always |
6558 | 443 available. Major and minor modes can redefine a key as a prefix by |
444 putting a prefix key definition for it in the local map or the minor | |
445 mode's map. @xref{Active Keymaps}. | |
446 | |
447 If a key is defined as a prefix in more than one active map, then its | |
448 various definitions are in effect merged: the commands defined in the | |
449 minor mode keymaps come first, followed by those in the local map's | |
450 prefix definition, and then by those from the global map. | |
451 | |
452 In the following example, we make @kbd{C-p} a prefix key in the local | |
453 keymap, in such a way that @kbd{C-p} is identical to @kbd{C-x}. Then | |
454 the binding for @kbd{C-p C-f} is the function @code{find-file}, just | |
455 like @kbd{C-x C-f}. The key sequence @kbd{C-p 6} is not found in any | |
456 active keymap. | |
457 | |
458 @example | |
459 @group | |
460 (use-local-map (make-sparse-keymap)) | |
461 @result{} nil | |
462 @end group | |
463 @group | |
464 (local-set-key "\C-p" ctl-x-map) | |
465 @result{} nil | |
466 @end group | |
467 @group | |
468 (key-binding "\C-p\C-f") | |
469 @result{} find-file | |
470 @end group | |
471 | |
472 @group | |
473 (key-binding "\C-p6") | |
474 @result{} nil | |
475 @end group | |
476 @end example | |
477 | |
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478 @defun define-prefix-command symbol &optional mapvar prompt |
6558 | 479 @cindex prefix command |
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480 This function prepares @var{symbol} for use as a prefix key's binding: |
28496 | 481 it creates a sparse keymap and stores it as @var{symbol}'s function |
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482 definition. Subsequently binding a key sequence to @var{symbol} will |
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483 make that key sequence into a prefix key. The return value is @code{symbol}. |
6558 | 484 |
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485 This function also sets @var{symbol} as a variable, with the keymap as |
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486 its value. But if @var{mapvar} is non-@code{nil}, it sets @var{mapvar} |
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487 as a variable instead. |
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488 |
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489 If @var{prompt} is non-@code{nil}, that becomes the overall prompt |
31374 | 490 string for the keymap. The prompt string should be given for menu keymaps |
28873 | 491 (@pxref{Defining Menus}). |
6558 | 492 @end defun |
493 | |
494 @node Active Keymaps | |
495 @section Active Keymaps | |
496 @cindex active keymap | |
497 @cindex global keymap | |
498 @cindex local keymap | |
499 | |
500 Emacs normally contains many keymaps; at any given time, just a few of | |
501 them are @dfn{active} in that they participate in the interpretation | |
502 of user input. These are the global keymap, the current buffer's | |
503 local keymap, and the keymaps of any enabled minor modes. | |
504 | |
505 The @dfn{global keymap} holds the bindings of keys that are defined | |
506 regardless of the current buffer, such as @kbd{C-f}. The variable | |
507 @code{global-map} holds this keymap, which is always active. | |
508 | |
509 Each buffer may have another keymap, its @dfn{local keymap}, which may | |
510 contain new or overriding definitions for keys. The current buffer's | |
511 local keymap is always active except when @code{overriding-local-map} | |
512 overrides it. Text properties can specify an alternative local map for | |
513 certain parts of the buffer; see @ref{Special Properties}. | |
514 | |
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515 Each minor mode can have a keymap; if it does, the keymap is active |
6558 | 516 when the minor mode is enabled. |
517 | |
518 The variable @code{overriding-local-map}, if non-@code{nil}, specifies | |
519 another local keymap that overrides the buffer's local map and all the | |
520 minor mode keymaps. | |
521 | |
522 All the active keymaps are used together to determine what command to | |
523 execute when a key is entered. Emacs searches these maps one by one, in | |
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524 order of decreasing precedence, until it finds a binding in one of the |
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525 maps. The procedure for searching a single keymap is called @dfn{key |
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526 lookup}; see @ref{Key Lookup}. |
6558 | 527 |
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528 Normally, Emacs first searches for the key in the minor mode maps, in |
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529 the order specified by @code{minor-mode-map-alist}; if they do not |
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530 supply a binding for the key, Emacs searches the local map; if that too |
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531 has no binding, Emacs then searches the global map. However, if |
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532 @code{overriding-local-map} is non-@code{nil}, Emacs searches that map |
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533 first, before the global map. |
6558 | 534 |
535 @cindex major mode keymap | |
536 Since every buffer that uses the same major mode normally uses the | |
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537 same local keymap, you can think of the keymap as local to the mode. A |
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538 change to the local keymap of a buffer (using @code{local-set-key}, for |
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539 example) is seen also in the other buffers that share that keymap. |
6558 | 540 |
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541 The local keymaps that are used for Lisp mode and some other major |
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542 modes exist even if they have not yet been used. These local maps are |
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543 the values of variables such as @code{lisp-mode-map}. For most major |
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544 modes, which are less frequently used, the local keymap is constructed |
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545 only when the mode is used for the first time in a session. |
6558 | 546 |
547 The minibuffer has local keymaps, too; they contain various completion | |
548 and exit commands. @xref{Intro to Minibuffers}. | |
549 | |
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550 Emacs has other keymaps that are used in a different way---translating |
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551 events within @code{read-key-sequence}. @xref{Translating Input}. |
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552 |
6558 | 553 @xref{Standard Keymaps}, for a list of standard keymaps. |
554 | |
555 @defvar global-map | |
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556 This variable contains the default global keymap that maps Emacs |
6558 | 557 keyboard input to commands. The global keymap is normally this keymap. |
558 The default global keymap is a full keymap that binds | |
559 @code{self-insert-command} to all of the printing characters. | |
560 | |
561 It is normal practice to change the bindings in the global map, but you | |
562 should not assign this variable any value other than the keymap it starts | |
563 out with. | |
564 @end defvar | |
565 | |
566 @defun current-global-map | |
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567 This function returns the current global keymap. This is the |
6558 | 568 same as the value of @code{global-map} unless you change one or the |
569 other. | |
570 | |
571 @example | |
572 @group | |
573 (current-global-map) | |
574 @result{} (keymap [set-mark-command beginning-of-line @dots{} | |
575 delete-backward-char]) | |
576 @end group | |
577 @end example | |
578 @end defun | |
579 | |
580 @defun current-local-map | |
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581 This function returns the current buffer's local keymap, or @code{nil} |
6558 | 582 if it has none. In the following example, the keymap for the |
583 @samp{*scratch*} buffer (using Lisp Interaction mode) is a sparse keymap | |
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584 in which the entry for @key{ESC}, @sc{ascii} code 27, is another sparse |
6558 | 585 keymap. |
586 | |
587 @example | |
588 @group | |
589 (current-local-map) | |
590 @result{} (keymap | |
591 (10 . eval-print-last-sexp) | |
592 (9 . lisp-indent-line) | |
593 (127 . backward-delete-char-untabify) | |
594 @end group | |
595 @group | |
596 (27 keymap | |
597 (24 . eval-defun) | |
598 (17 . indent-sexp))) | |
599 @end group | |
600 @end example | |
601 @end defun | |
602 | |
603 @defun current-minor-mode-maps | |
604 This function returns a list of the keymaps of currently enabled minor modes. | |
605 @end defun | |
606 | |
607 @defun use-global-map keymap | |
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608 This function makes @var{keymap} the new current global keymap. It |
6558 | 609 returns @code{nil}. |
610 | |
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611 It is very unusual to change the global keymap. |
6558 | 612 @end defun |
613 | |
614 @defun use-local-map keymap | |
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615 This function makes @var{keymap} the new local keymap of the current |
6558 | 616 buffer. If @var{keymap} is @code{nil}, then the buffer has no local |
617 keymap. @code{use-local-map} returns @code{nil}. Most major mode | |
618 commands use this function. | |
619 @end defun | |
620 | |
621 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
622 @defvar minor-mode-map-alist | |
623 This variable is an alist describing keymaps that may or may not be | |
624 active according to the values of certain variables. Its elements look | |
625 like this: | |
626 | |
627 @example | |
628 (@var{variable} . @var{keymap}) | |
629 @end example | |
630 | |
631 The keymap @var{keymap} is active whenever @var{variable} has a | |
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632 non-@code{nil} value. Typically @var{variable} is the variable that |
6558 | 633 enables or disables a minor mode. @xref{Keymaps and Minor Modes}. |
634 | |
635 Note that elements of @code{minor-mode-map-alist} do not have the same | |
636 structure as elements of @code{minor-mode-alist}. The map must be the | |
25875 | 637 @sc{cdr} of the element; a list with the map as the second element will |
638 not do. The @sc{cdr} can be either a keymap (a list) or a symbol whose | |
639 function definition is a keymap. | |
6558 | 640 |
641 When more than one minor mode keymap is active, their order of priority | |
642 is the order of @code{minor-mode-map-alist}. But you should design | |
643 minor modes so that they don't interfere with each other. If you do | |
644 this properly, the order will not matter. | |
645 | |
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646 See @ref{Keymaps and Minor Modes}, for more information about minor |
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647 modes. See also @code{minor-mode-key-binding} (@pxref{Functions for Key |
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648 Lookup}). |
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649 @end defvar |
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650 |
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651 @defvar minor-mode-overriding-map-alist |
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652 This variable allows major modes to override the key bindings for |
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653 particular minor modes. The elements of this alist look like the |
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654 elements of @code{minor-mode-map-alist}: @code{(@var{variable} |
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655 . @var{keymap})}. |
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656 |
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657 If a variable appears as an element of |
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658 @code{minor-mode-overriding-map-alist}, the map specified by that |
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659 element totally replaces any map specified for the same variable in |
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660 @code{minor-mode-map-alist}. |
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661 |
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662 @code{minor-mode-overriding-map-alist} is automatically buffer-local in |
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663 all buffers. |
6558 | 664 @end defvar |
665 | |
666 @defvar overriding-local-map | |
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667 If non-@code{nil}, this variable holds a keymap to use instead of the |
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668 buffer's local keymap and instead of all the minor mode keymaps. This |
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669 keymap, if any, overrides all other maps that would have been active, |
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670 except for the current global map. |
6558 | 671 @end defvar |
672 | |
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673 @defvar overriding-terminal-local-map |
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674 If non-@code{nil}, this variable holds a keymap to use instead of |
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675 @code{overriding-local-map}, the buffer's local keymap and all the minor |
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676 mode keymaps. |
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677 |
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678 This variable is always local to the current terminal and cannot be |
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679 buffer-local. @xref{Multiple Displays}. It is used to implement |
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680 incremental search mode. |
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681 @end defvar |
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682 |
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683 @defvar overriding-local-map-menu-flag |
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684 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, the value of |
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685 @code{overriding-local-map} or @code{overriding-terminal-local-map} can |
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686 affect the display of the menu bar. The default value is @code{nil}, so |
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687 those map variables have no effect on the menu bar. |
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688 |
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689 Note that these two map variables do affect the execution of key |
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690 sequences entered using the menu bar, even if they do not affect the |
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691 menu bar display. So if a menu bar key sequence comes in, you should |
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692 clear the variables before looking up and executing that key sequence. |
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693 Modes that use the variables would typically do this anyway; normally |
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694 they respond to events that they do not handle by ``unreading'' them and |
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695 exiting. |
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696 @end defvar |
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697 |
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698 @defvar special-event-map |
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699 This variable holds a keymap for special events. If an event type has a |
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700 binding in this keymap, then it is special, and the binding for the |
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701 event is run directly by @code{read-event}. @xref{Special Events}. |
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702 @end defvar |
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703 |
6558 | 704 @node Key Lookup |
705 @section Key Lookup | |
706 @cindex key lookup | |
707 @cindex keymap entry | |
708 | |
709 @dfn{Key lookup} is the process of finding the binding of a key | |
710 sequence from a given keymap. Actual execution of the binding is not | |
711 part of key lookup. | |
712 | |
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713 Key lookup uses just the event type of each event in the key sequence; |
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714 the rest of the event is ignored. In fact, a key sequence used for key |
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715 lookup may designate mouse events with just their types (symbols) |
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716 instead of with entire mouse events (lists). @xref{Input Events}. Such |
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717 a ``key-sequence'' is insufficient for @code{command-execute} to run, |
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718 but it is sufficient for looking up or rebinding a key. |
6558 | 719 |
720 When the key sequence consists of multiple events, key lookup | |
721 processes the events sequentially: the binding of the first event is | |
722 found, and must be a keymap; then the second event's binding is found in | |
723 that keymap, and so on until all the events in the key sequence are used | |
724 up. (The binding thus found for the last event may or may not be a | |
725 keymap.) Thus, the process of key lookup is defined in terms of a | |
726 simpler process for looking up a single event in a keymap. How that is | |
727 done depends on the type of object associated with the event in that | |
728 keymap. | |
729 | |
730 Let's use the term @dfn{keymap entry} to describe the value found by | |
731 looking up an event type in a keymap. (This doesn't include the item | |
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732 string and other extra elements in menu key bindings, because |
6558 | 733 @code{lookup-key} and other key lookup functions don't include them in |
734 the returned value.) While any Lisp object may be stored in a keymap as | |
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735 a keymap entry, not all make sense for key lookup. Here is a table of |
6558 | 736 the meaningful kinds of keymap entries: |
737 | |
738 @table @asis | |
739 @item @code{nil} | |
740 @cindex @code{nil} in keymap | |
741 @code{nil} means that the events used so far in the lookup form an | |
742 undefined key. When a keymap fails to mention an event type at all, and | |
743 has no default binding, that is equivalent to a binding of @code{nil} | |
744 for that event type. | |
745 | |
746 @item @var{command} | |
747 @cindex command in keymap | |
748 The events used so far in the lookup form a complete key, | |
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749 and @var{command} is its binding. @xref{What Is a Function}. |
6558 | 750 |
12098 | 751 @item @var{array} |
6558 | 752 @cindex string in keymap |
12098 | 753 The array (either a string or a vector) is a keyboard macro. The events |
754 used so far in the lookup form a complete key, and the array is its | |
755 binding. See @ref{Keyboard Macros}, for more information. | |
6558 | 756 |
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757 @item @var{keymap} |
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758 @cindex keymap in keymap |
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759 The events used so far in the lookup form a prefix key. The next |
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760 event of the key sequence is looked up in @var{keymap}. |
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761 |
6558 | 762 @item @var{list} |
763 @cindex list in keymap | |
764 The meaning of a list depends on the types of the elements of the list. | |
765 | |
766 @itemize @bullet | |
767 @item | |
768 If the @sc{car} of @var{list} is the symbol @code{keymap}, then the list | |
769 is a keymap, and is treated as a keymap (see above). | |
770 | |
771 @item | |
772 @cindex @code{lambda} in keymap | |
773 If the @sc{car} of @var{list} is @code{lambda}, then the list is a | |
774 lambda expression. This is presumed to be a command, and is treated as | |
775 such (see above). | |
776 | |
777 @item | |
778 If the @sc{car} of @var{list} is a keymap and the @sc{cdr} is an event | |
779 type, then this is an @dfn{indirect entry}: | |
780 | |
781 @example | |
782 (@var{othermap} . @var{othertype}) | |
783 @end example | |
784 | |
785 When key lookup encounters an indirect entry, it looks up instead the | |
786 binding of @var{othertype} in @var{othermap} and uses that. | |
787 | |
788 This feature permits you to define one key as an alias for another key. | |
789 For example, an entry whose @sc{car} is the keymap called @code{esc-map} | |
12098 | 790 and whose @sc{cdr} is 32 (the code for @key{SPC}) means, ``Use the global |
6558 | 791 binding of @kbd{Meta-@key{SPC}}, whatever that may be.'' |
792 @end itemize | |
793 | |
794 @item @var{symbol} | |
795 @cindex symbol in keymap | |
796 The function definition of @var{symbol} is used in place of | |
797 @var{symbol}. If that too is a symbol, then this process is repeated, | |
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798 any number of times. Ultimately this should lead to an object that is |
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799 a keymap, a command, or a keyboard macro. A list is allowed if it is a |
6558 | 800 keymap or a command, but indirect entries are not understood when found |
801 via symbols. | |
802 | |
803 Note that keymaps and keyboard macros (strings and vectors) are not | |
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804 valid functions, so a symbol with a keymap, string, or vector as its |
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805 function definition is invalid as a function. It is, however, valid as |
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806 a key binding. If the definition is a keyboard macro, then the symbol |
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807 is also valid as an argument to @code{command-execute} |
6558 | 808 (@pxref{Interactive Call}). |
809 | |
810 @cindex @code{undefined} in keymap | |
811 The symbol @code{undefined} is worth special mention: it means to treat | |
812 the key as undefined. Strictly speaking, the key is defined, and its | |
813 binding is the command @code{undefined}; but that command does the same | |
814 thing that is done automatically for an undefined key: it rings the bell | |
815 (by calling @code{ding}) but does not signal an error. | |
816 | |
817 @cindex preventing prefix key | |
818 @code{undefined} is used in local keymaps to override a global key | |
819 binding and make the key ``undefined'' locally. A local binding of | |
820 @code{nil} would fail to do this because it would not override the | |
821 global binding. | |
822 | |
823 @item @var{anything else} | |
824 If any other type of object is found, the events used so far in the | |
825 lookup form a complete key, and the object is its binding, but the | |
826 binding is not executable as a command. | |
827 @end table | |
828 | |
829 In short, a keymap entry may be a keymap, a command, a keyboard macro, | |
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830 a symbol that leads to one of them, or an indirection or @code{nil}. |
6558 | 831 Here is an example of a sparse keymap with two characters bound to |
832 commands and one bound to another keymap. This map is the normal value | |
833 of @code{emacs-lisp-mode-map}. Note that 9 is the code for @key{TAB}, | |
834 127 for @key{DEL}, 27 for @key{ESC}, 17 for @kbd{C-q} and 24 for | |
835 @kbd{C-x}. | |
836 | |
837 @example | |
838 @group | |
839 (keymap (9 . lisp-indent-line) | |
840 (127 . backward-delete-char-untabify) | |
841 (27 keymap (17 . indent-sexp) (24 . eval-defun))) | |
842 @end group | |
843 @end example | |
844 | |
845 @node Functions for Key Lookup | |
846 @section Functions for Key Lookup | |
847 | |
848 Here are the functions and variables pertaining to key lookup. | |
849 | |
850 @defun lookup-key keymap key &optional accept-defaults | |
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851 This function returns the definition of @var{key} in @var{keymap}. All |
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852 the other functions described in this chapter that look up keys use |
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853 @code{lookup-key}. Here are examples: |
6558 | 854 |
855 @example | |
856 @group | |
857 (lookup-key (current-global-map) "\C-x\C-f") | |
858 @result{} find-file | |
859 @end group | |
860 @group | |
861 (lookup-key (current-global-map) "\C-x\C-f12345") | |
862 @result{} 2 | |
863 @end group | |
864 @end example | |
865 | |
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866 If the string or vector @var{key} is not a valid key sequence according |
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867 to the prefix keys specified in @var{keymap}, it must be ``too long'' |
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868 and have extra events at the end that do not fit into a single key |
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869 sequence. Then the value is a number, the number of events at the front |
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870 of @var{key} that compose a complete key. |
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871 |
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872 @c Emacs 19 feature |
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873 If @var{accept-defaults} is non-@code{nil}, then @code{lookup-key} |
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874 considers default bindings as well as bindings for the specific events |
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875 in @var{key}. Otherwise, @code{lookup-key} reports only bindings for |
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876 the specific sequence @var{key}, ignoring default bindings except when |
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877 you explicitly ask about them. (To do this, supply @code{t} as an |
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878 element of @var{key}; see @ref{Format of Keymaps}.) |
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879 |
34656 | 880 If @var{key} contains a meta character (not a function key), that |
881 character is implicitly replaced by a two-character sequence: the value | |
882 of @code{meta-prefix-char}, followed by the corresponding non-meta | |
6558 | 883 character. Thus, the first example below is handled by conversion into |
884 the second example. | |
885 | |
886 @example | |
887 @group | |
888 (lookup-key (current-global-map) "\M-f") | |
889 @result{} forward-word | |
890 @end group | |
891 @group | |
892 (lookup-key (current-global-map) "\ef") | |
893 @result{} forward-word | |
894 @end group | |
895 @end example | |
896 | |
897 Unlike @code{read-key-sequence}, this function does not modify the | |
898 specified events in ways that discard information (@pxref{Key Sequence | |
899 Input}). In particular, it does not convert letters to lower case and | |
900 it does not change drag events to clicks. | |
901 @end defun | |
902 | |
903 @deffn Command undefined | |
904 Used in keymaps to undefine keys. It calls @code{ding}, but does | |
905 not cause an error. | |
906 @end deffn | |
907 | |
908 @defun key-binding key &optional accept-defaults | |
909 This function returns the binding for @var{key} in the current | |
910 keymaps, trying all the active keymaps. The result is @code{nil} if | |
911 @var{key} is undefined in the keymaps. | |
912 | |
913 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
914 The argument @var{accept-defaults} controls checking for default | |
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915 bindings, as in @code{lookup-key} (above). |
6558 | 916 |
917 An error is signaled if @var{key} is not a string or a vector. | |
918 | |
919 @example | |
920 @group | |
921 (key-binding "\C-x\C-f") | |
922 @result{} find-file | |
923 @end group | |
924 @end example | |
925 @end defun | |
926 | |
927 @defun local-key-binding key &optional accept-defaults | |
928 This function returns the binding for @var{key} in the current | |
929 local keymap, or @code{nil} if it is undefined there. | |
930 | |
931 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
932 The argument @var{accept-defaults} controls checking for default bindings, | |
933 as in @code{lookup-key} (above). | |
934 @end defun | |
935 | |
936 @defun global-key-binding key &optional accept-defaults | |
937 This function returns the binding for command @var{key} in the | |
938 current global keymap, or @code{nil} if it is undefined there. | |
939 | |
940 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
941 The argument @var{accept-defaults} controls checking for default bindings, | |
942 as in @code{lookup-key} (above). | |
943 @end defun | |
944 | |
945 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
946 @defun minor-mode-key-binding key &optional accept-defaults | |
947 This function returns a list of all the active minor mode bindings of | |
948 @var{key}. More precisely, it returns an alist of pairs | |
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949 @code{(@var{modename} . @var{binding})}, where @var{modename} is the |
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950 variable that enables the minor mode, and @var{binding} is @var{key}'s |
6558 | 951 binding in that mode. If @var{key} has no minor-mode bindings, the |
952 value is @code{nil}. | |
953 | |
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954 If the first binding found is not a prefix definition (a keymap or a |
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955 symbol defined as a keymap), all subsequent bindings from other minor |
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956 modes are omitted, since they would be completely shadowed. Similarly, |
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957 the list omits non-prefix bindings that follow prefix bindings. |
6558 | 958 |
959 The argument @var{accept-defaults} controls checking for default | |
960 bindings, as in @code{lookup-key} (above). | |
961 @end defun | |
962 | |
963 @defvar meta-prefix-char | |
964 @cindex @key{ESC} | |
965 This variable is the meta-prefix character code. It is used when | |
966 translating a meta character to a two-character sequence so it can be | |
967 looked up in a keymap. For useful results, the value should be a prefix | |
968 event (@pxref{Prefix Keys}). The default value is 27, which is the | |
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969 @sc{ascii} code for @key{ESC}. |
6558 | 970 |
34656 | 971 As long as the value of @code{meta-prefix-char} remains 27, key lookup |
972 translates @kbd{M-b} into @kbd{@key{ESC} b}, which is normally defined | |
973 as the @code{backward-word} command. However, if you were to set | |
6558 | 974 @code{meta-prefix-char} to 24, the code for @kbd{C-x}, then Emacs will |
975 translate @kbd{M-b} into @kbd{C-x b}, whose standard binding is the | |
34656 | 976 @code{switch-to-buffer} command. (Don't actually do this!) Here is an |
977 illustration of what would happen: | |
6558 | 978 |
979 @smallexample | |
980 @group | |
981 meta-prefix-char ; @r{The default value.} | |
982 @result{} 27 | |
983 @end group | |
984 @group | |
985 (key-binding "\M-b") | |
986 @result{} backward-word | |
987 @end group | |
988 @group | |
989 ?\C-x ; @r{The print representation} | |
990 @result{} 24 ; @r{of a character.} | |
991 @end group | |
992 @group | |
993 (setq meta-prefix-char 24) | |
994 @result{} 24 | |
995 @end group | |
996 @group | |
997 (key-binding "\M-b") | |
998 @result{} switch-to-buffer ; @r{Now, typing @kbd{M-b} is} | |
999 ; @r{like typing @kbd{C-x b}.} | |
1000 | |
1001 (setq meta-prefix-char 27) ; @r{Avoid confusion!} | |
1002 @result{} 27 ; @r{Restore the default value!} | |
1003 @end group | |
1004 @end smallexample | |
34656 | 1005 |
1006 This translation of one event into two happens only for characters, not | |
1007 for other kinds of input events. Thus, @kbd{M-@key{F1}}, a function | |
1008 key, is not converted into @kbd{@key{ESC} @key{F1}}. | |
6558 | 1009 @end defvar |
1010 | |
1011 @node Changing Key Bindings | |
1012 @section Changing Key Bindings | |
1013 @cindex changing key bindings | |
1014 @cindex rebinding | |
1015 | |
1016 The way to rebind a key is to change its entry in a keymap. If you | |
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1017 change a binding in the global keymap, the change is effective in all |
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1018 buffers (though it has no direct effect in buffers that shadow the |
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1019 global binding with a local one). If you change the current buffer's |
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1020 local map, that usually affects all buffers using the same major mode. |
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1021 The @code{global-set-key} and @code{local-set-key} functions are |
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1022 convenient interfaces for these operations (@pxref{Key Binding |
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1023 Commands}). You can also use @code{define-key}, a more general |
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1024 function; then you must specify explicitly the map to change. |
6558 | 1025 |
1026 @cindex meta character key constants | |
1027 @cindex control character key constants | |
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1028 In writing the key sequence to rebind, it is good to use the special |
6558 | 1029 escape sequences for control and meta characters (@pxref{String Type}). |
1030 The syntax @samp{\C-} means that the following character is a control | |
1031 character and @samp{\M-} means that the following character is a meta | |
1032 character. Thus, the string @code{"\M-x"} is read as containing a | |
1033 single @kbd{M-x}, @code{"\C-f"} is read as containing a single | |
1034 @kbd{C-f}, and @code{"\M-\C-x"} and @code{"\C-\M-x"} are both read as | |
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1035 containing a single @kbd{C-M-x}. You can also use this escape syntax in |
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1036 vectors, as well as others that aren't allowed in strings; one example |
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1037 is @samp{[?\C-\H-x home]}. @xref{Character Type}. |
6558 | 1038 |
12067 | 1039 The key definition and lookup functions accept an alternate syntax for |
1040 event types in a key sequence that is a vector: you can use a list | |
1041 containing modifier names plus one base event (a character or function | |
1042 key name). For example, @code{(control ?a)} is equivalent to | |
1043 @code{?\C-a} and @code{(hyper control left)} is equivalent to | |
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1044 @code{C-H-left}. One advantage of such lists is that the precise |
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1045 numeric codes for the modifier bits don't appear in compiled files. |
12098 | 1046 |
6558 | 1047 For the functions below, an error is signaled if @var{keymap} is not a |
1048 keymap or if @var{key} is not a string or vector representing a key | |
1049 sequence. You can use event types (symbols) as shorthand for events | |
1050 that are lists. | |
1051 | |
1052 @defun define-key keymap key binding | |
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1053 This function sets the binding for @var{key} in @var{keymap}. (If |
6558 | 1054 @var{key} is more than one event long, the change is actually made |
1055 in another keymap reached from @var{keymap}.) The argument | |
1056 @var{binding} can be any Lisp object, but only certain types are | |
1057 meaningful. (For a list of meaningful types, see @ref{Key Lookup}.) | |
1058 The value returned by @code{define-key} is @var{binding}. | |
1059 | |
1060 @cindex invalid prefix key error | |
1061 @cindex key sequence error | |
21682
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1062 Every prefix of @var{key} must be a prefix key (i.e., bound to a keymap) |
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1063 or undefined; otherwise an error is signaled. If some prefix of |
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1064 @var{key} is undefined, then @code{define-key} defines it as a prefix |
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1065 key so that the rest of @var{key} can be defined as specified. |
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1066 |
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1067 If there was previously no binding for @var{key} in @var{keymap}, the |
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1068 new binding is added at the beginning of @var{keymap}. The order of |
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1069 bindings in a keymap makes no difference in most cases, but it does |
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1070 matter for menu keymaps (@pxref{Menu Keymaps}). |
6558 | 1071 @end defun |
1072 | |
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1073 Here is an example that creates a sparse keymap and makes a number of |
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1074 bindings in it: |
6558 | 1075 |
1076 @smallexample | |
1077 @group | |
1078 (setq map (make-sparse-keymap)) | |
1079 @result{} (keymap) | |
1080 @end group | |
1081 @group | |
1082 (define-key map "\C-f" 'forward-char) | |
1083 @result{} forward-char | |
1084 @end group | |
1085 @group | |
1086 map | |
1087 @result{} (keymap (6 . forward-char)) | |
1088 @end group | |
1089 | |
1090 @group | |
1091 ;; @r{Build sparse submap for @kbd{C-x} and bind @kbd{f} in that.} | |
1092 (define-key map "\C-xf" 'forward-word) | |
1093 @result{} forward-word | |
1094 @end group | |
1095 @group | |
1096 map | |
1097 @result{} (keymap | |
1098 (24 keymap ; @kbd{C-x} | |
1099 (102 . forward-word)) ; @kbd{f} | |
1100 (6 . forward-char)) ; @kbd{C-f} | |
1101 @end group | |
1102 | |
1103 @group | |
1104 ;; @r{Bind @kbd{C-p} to the @code{ctl-x-map}.} | |
1105 (define-key map "\C-p" ctl-x-map) | |
1106 ;; @code{ctl-x-map} | |
1107 @result{} [nil @dots{} find-file @dots{} backward-kill-sentence] | |
1108 @end group | |
1109 | |
1110 @group | |
1111 ;; @r{Bind @kbd{C-f} to @code{foo} in the @code{ctl-x-map}.} | |
1112 (define-key map "\C-p\C-f" 'foo) | |
1113 @result{} 'foo | |
1114 @end group | |
1115 @group | |
1116 map | |
1117 @result{} (keymap ; @r{Note @code{foo} in @code{ctl-x-map}.} | |
1118 (16 keymap [nil @dots{} foo @dots{} backward-kill-sentence]) | |
1119 (24 keymap | |
1120 (102 . forward-word)) | |
1121 (6 . forward-char)) | |
1122 @end group | |
1123 @end smallexample | |
1124 | |
1125 @noindent | |
1126 Note that storing a new binding for @kbd{C-p C-f} actually works by | |
1127 changing an entry in @code{ctl-x-map}, and this has the effect of | |
1128 changing the bindings of both @kbd{C-p C-f} and @kbd{C-x C-f} in the | |
1129 default global map. | |
1130 | |
1131 @defun substitute-key-definition olddef newdef keymap &optional oldmap | |
1132 @cindex replace bindings | |
1133 This function replaces @var{olddef} with @var{newdef} for any keys in | |
1134 @var{keymap} that were bound to @var{olddef}. In other words, | |
1135 @var{olddef} is replaced with @var{newdef} wherever it appears. The | |
1136 function returns @code{nil}. | |
1137 | |
1138 For example, this redefines @kbd{C-x C-f}, if you do it in an Emacs with | |
1139 standard bindings: | |
1140 | |
1141 @smallexample | |
1142 @group | |
1143 (substitute-key-definition | |
1144 'find-file 'find-file-read-only (current-global-map)) | |
1145 @end group | |
1146 @end smallexample | |
1147 | |
1148 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
28809 | 1149 If @var{oldmap} is non-@code{nil}, that changes the behavior of |
1150 @code{substitute-key-definition}: the bindings in @var{oldmap} determine | |
1151 which keys to rebind. The rebindings still happen in @var{keymap}, not | |
1152 in @var{oldmap}. Thus, you can change one map under the control of the | |
6558 | 1153 bindings in another. For example, |
1154 | |
1155 @smallexample | |
1156 (substitute-key-definition | |
1157 'delete-backward-char 'my-funny-delete | |
1158 my-map global-map) | |
1159 @end smallexample | |
1160 | |
1161 @noindent | |
1162 puts the special deletion command in @code{my-map} for whichever keys | |
1163 are globally bound to the standard deletion command. | |
1164 | |
1165 @ignore | |
1166 @c Emacs 18 only | |
1167 Prefix keymaps that appear within @var{keymap} are not checked | |
1168 recursively for keys bound to @var{olddef}; they are not changed at all. | |
1169 Perhaps it would be better to check nested keymaps recursively. | |
1170 @end ignore | |
1171 | |
1172 Here is an example showing a keymap before and after substitution: | |
1173 | |
1174 @smallexample | |
1175 @group | |
1176 (setq map '(keymap | |
1177 (?1 . olddef-1) | |
1178 (?2 . olddef-2) | |
1179 (?3 . olddef-1))) | |
1180 @result{} (keymap (49 . olddef-1) (50 . olddef-2) (51 . olddef-1)) | |
1181 @end group | |
1182 | |
1183 @group | |
1184 (substitute-key-definition 'olddef-1 'newdef map) | |
1185 @result{} nil | |
1186 @end group | |
1187 @group | |
1188 map | |
1189 @result{} (keymap (49 . newdef) (50 . olddef-2) (51 . newdef)) | |
1190 @end group | |
1191 @end smallexample | |
1192 @end defun | |
1193 | |
1194 @defun suppress-keymap keymap &optional nodigits | |
1195 @cindex @code{self-insert-command} override | |
1196 This function changes the contents of the full keymap @var{keymap} by | |
1197 making all the printing characters undefined. More precisely, it binds | |
1198 them to the command @code{undefined}. This makes ordinary insertion of | |
1199 text impossible. @code{suppress-keymap} returns @code{nil}. | |
1200 | |
1201 If @var{nodigits} is @code{nil}, then @code{suppress-keymap} defines | |
1202 digits to run @code{digit-argument}, and @kbd{-} to run | |
1203 @code{negative-argument}. Otherwise it makes them undefined like the | |
1204 rest of the printing characters. | |
1205 | |
1206 @cindex yank suppression | |
1207 @cindex @code{quoted-insert} suppression | |
1208 The @code{suppress-keymap} function does not make it impossible to | |
1209 modify a buffer, as it does not suppress commands such as @code{yank} | |
1210 and @code{quoted-insert}. To prevent any modification of a buffer, make | |
1211 it read-only (@pxref{Read Only Buffers}). | |
1212 | |
1213 Since this function modifies @var{keymap}, you would normally use it | |
1214 on a newly created keymap. Operating on an existing keymap | |
1215 that is used for some other purpose is likely to cause trouble; for | |
1216 example, suppressing @code{global-map} would make it impossible to use | |
1217 most of Emacs. | |
1218 | |
1219 Most often, @code{suppress-keymap} is used to initialize local | |
1220 keymaps of modes such as Rmail and Dired where insertion of text is not | |
1221 desirable and the buffer is read-only. Here is an example taken from | |
1222 the file @file{emacs/lisp/dired.el}, showing how the local keymap for | |
1223 Dired mode is set up: | |
1224 | |
1225 @smallexample | |
1226 @group | |
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1227 (setq dired-mode-map (make-keymap)) |
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1228 (suppress-keymap dired-mode-map) |
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1229 (define-key dired-mode-map "r" 'dired-rename-file) |
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1230 (define-key dired-mode-map "\C-d" 'dired-flag-file-deleted) |
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1231 (define-key dired-mode-map "d" 'dired-flag-file-deleted) |
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1232 (define-key dired-mode-map "v" 'dired-view-file) |
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1233 (define-key dired-mode-map "e" 'dired-find-file) |
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1234 (define-key dired-mode-map "f" 'dired-find-file) |
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1235 @dots{} |
6558 | 1236 @end group |
1237 @end smallexample | |
1238 @end defun | |
1239 | |
1240 @node Key Binding Commands | |
1241 @section Commands for Binding Keys | |
1242 | |
1243 This section describes some convenient interactive interfaces for | |
1244 changing key bindings. They work by calling @code{define-key}. | |
1245 | |
25875 | 1246 People often use @code{global-set-key} in their init files |
1247 (@pxref{Init File}) for simple customization. For example, | |
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1248 |
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1249 @smallexample |
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1250 (global-set-key "\C-x\C-\\" 'next-line) |
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1251 @end smallexample |
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1252 |
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1253 @noindent |
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1254 or |
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1255 |
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1256 @smallexample |
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1257 (global-set-key [?\C-x ?\C-\\] 'next-line) |
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1258 @end smallexample |
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1259 |
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1260 @noindent |
12098 | 1261 or |
1262 | |
1263 @smallexample | |
1264 (global-set-key [(control ?x) (control ?\\)] 'next-line) | |
1265 @end smallexample | |
1266 | |
1267 @noindent | |
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1268 redefines @kbd{C-x C-\} to move down a line. |
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1269 |
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1270 @smallexample |
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1271 (global-set-key [M-mouse-1] 'mouse-set-point) |
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1272 @end smallexample |
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1273 |
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1274 @noindent |
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1275 redefines the first (leftmost) mouse button, typed with the Meta key, to |
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1276 set point where you click. |
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1277 |
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1278 @cindex non-@sc{ascii} text in keybindings |
25751
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1279 Be careful when using non-@sc{ascii} text characters in Lisp |
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1280 specifications of keys to bind. If these are read as multibyte text, as |
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1281 they usually will be in a Lisp file (@pxref{Loading Non-ASCII}), you |
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1282 must type the keys as multibyte too. For instance, if you use this: |
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1283 |
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1284 @smallexample |
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1285 (global-set-key "@"o" 'my-function) ; bind o-umlaut |
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1286 @end smallexample |
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1287 |
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1288 @noindent |
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1289 or |
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1290 |
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1291 @smallexample |
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1292 (global-set-key ?@"o 'my-function) ; bind o-umlaut |
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1293 @end smallexample |
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1294 |
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1295 @noindent |
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1296 and your language environment is multibyte Latin-1, these commands |
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1297 actually bind the multibyte character with code 2294, not the unibyte |
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1298 Latin-1 character with code 246 (@kbd{M-v}). In order to use this |
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1299 binding, you need to enter the multibyte Latin-1 character as keyboard |
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1300 input. One way to do this is by using an appropriate input method |
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1301 (@pxref{Input Methods, , Input Methods, emacs,The GNU Emacs Manual}). |
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1302 |
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1303 If you want to use a unibyte character in the key binding, you can |
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1304 construct the key sequence string using @code{multibyte-char-to-unibyte} |
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1305 or @code{string-make-unibyte} (@pxref{Converting Representations}). |
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1306 |
6558 | 1307 @deffn Command global-set-key key definition |
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1308 This function sets the binding of @var{key} in the current global map |
6558 | 1309 to @var{definition}. |
1310 | |
1311 @smallexample | |
1312 @group | |
1313 (global-set-key @var{key} @var{definition}) | |
1314 @equiv{} | |
1315 (define-key (current-global-map) @var{key} @var{definition}) | |
1316 @end group | |
1317 @end smallexample | |
1318 @end deffn | |
1319 | |
1320 @deffn Command global-unset-key key | |
1321 @cindex unbinding keys | |
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1322 This function removes the binding of @var{key} from the current |
6558 | 1323 global map. |
1324 | |
1325 One use of this function is in preparation for defining a longer key | |
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1326 that uses @var{key} as a prefix---which would not be allowed if |
6558 | 1327 @var{key} has a non-prefix binding. For example: |
1328 | |
1329 @smallexample | |
1330 @group | |
1331 (global-unset-key "\C-l") | |
1332 @result{} nil | |
1333 @end group | |
1334 @group | |
1335 (global-set-key "\C-l\C-l" 'redraw-display) | |
1336 @result{} nil | |
1337 @end group | |
1338 @end smallexample | |
1339 | |
1340 This function is implemented simply using @code{define-key}: | |
1341 | |
1342 @smallexample | |
1343 @group | |
1344 (global-unset-key @var{key}) | |
1345 @equiv{} | |
1346 (define-key (current-global-map) @var{key} nil) | |
1347 @end group | |
1348 @end smallexample | |
1349 @end deffn | |
1350 | |
1351 @deffn Command local-set-key key definition | |
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1352 This function sets the binding of @var{key} in the current local |
6558 | 1353 keymap to @var{definition}. |
1354 | |
1355 @smallexample | |
1356 @group | |
1357 (local-set-key @var{key} @var{definition}) | |
1358 @equiv{} | |
1359 (define-key (current-local-map) @var{key} @var{definition}) | |
1360 @end group | |
1361 @end smallexample | |
1362 @end deffn | |
1363 | |
1364 @deffn Command local-unset-key key | |
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1365 This function removes the binding of @var{key} from the current |
6558 | 1366 local map. |
1367 | |
1368 @smallexample | |
1369 @group | |
1370 (local-unset-key @var{key}) | |
1371 @equiv{} | |
1372 (define-key (current-local-map) @var{key} nil) | |
1373 @end group | |
1374 @end smallexample | |
1375 @end deffn | |
1376 | |
1377 @node Scanning Keymaps | |
1378 @section Scanning Keymaps | |
1379 | |
1380 This section describes functions used to scan all the current keymaps | |
1381 for the sake of printing help information. | |
1382 | |
1383 @defun accessible-keymaps keymap &optional prefix | |
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1384 This function returns a list of all the keymaps that can be reached (via |
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1385 zero or more prefix keys) from @var{keymap}. The value is an |
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1386 association list with elements of the form @code{(@var{key} .@: |
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1387 @var{map})}, where @var{key} is a prefix key whose definition in |
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1388 @var{keymap} is @var{map}. |
6558 | 1389 |
1390 The elements of the alist are ordered so that the @var{key} increases | |
1391 in length. The first element is always @code{("" .@: @var{keymap})}, | |
1392 because the specified keymap is accessible from itself with a prefix of | |
1393 no events. | |
1394 | |
1395 If @var{prefix} is given, it should be a prefix key sequence; then | |
1396 @code{accessible-keymaps} includes only the submaps whose prefixes start | |
1397 with @var{prefix}. These elements look just as they do in the value of | |
1398 @code{(accessible-keymaps)}; the only difference is that some elements | |
1399 are omitted. | |
1400 | |
1401 In the example below, the returned alist indicates that the key | |
1402 @key{ESC}, which is displayed as @samp{^[}, is a prefix key whose | |
1403 definition is the sparse keymap @code{(keymap (83 .@: center-paragraph) | |
1404 (115 .@: foo))}. | |
1405 | |
1406 @smallexample | |
1407 @group | |
1408 (accessible-keymaps (current-local-map)) | |
1409 @result{}(("" keymap | |
1410 (27 keymap ; @r{Note this keymap for @key{ESC} is repeated below.} | |
1411 (83 . center-paragraph) | |
1412 (115 . center-line)) | |
1413 (9 . tab-to-tab-stop)) | |
1414 @end group | |
1415 | |
1416 @group | |
1417 ("^[" keymap | |
1418 (83 . center-paragraph) | |
1419 (115 . foo))) | |
1420 @end group | |
1421 @end smallexample | |
1422 | |
1423 In the following example, @kbd{C-h} is a prefix key that uses a sparse | |
1424 keymap starting with @code{(keymap (118 . describe-variable)@dots{})}. | |
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1425 Another prefix, @kbd{C-x 4}, uses a keymap which is also the value of |
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1426 the variable @code{ctl-x-4-map}. The event @code{mode-line} is one of |
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1427 several dummy events used as prefixes for mouse actions in special parts |
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1428 of a window. |
6558 | 1429 |
1430 @smallexample | |
1431 @group | |
1432 (accessible-keymaps (current-global-map)) | |
1433 @result{} (("" keymap [set-mark-command beginning-of-line @dots{} | |
1434 delete-backward-char]) | |
1435 @end group | |
1436 @group | |
1437 ("^H" keymap (118 . describe-variable) @dots{} | |
1438 (8 . help-for-help)) | |
1439 @end group | |
1440 @group | |
1441 ("^X" keymap [x-flush-mouse-queue @dots{} | |
1442 backward-kill-sentence]) | |
1443 @end group | |
1444 @group | |
1445 ("^[" keymap [mark-sexp backward-sexp @dots{} | |
1446 backward-kill-word]) | |
1447 @end group | |
1448 ("^X4" keymap (15 . display-buffer) @dots{}) | |
1449 @group | |
1450 ([mode-line] keymap | |
1451 (S-mouse-2 . mouse-split-window-horizontally) @dots{})) | |
1452 @end group | |
1453 @end smallexample | |
1454 | |
1455 @noindent | |
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1456 These are not all the keymaps you would see in actuality. |
6558 | 1457 @end defun |
1458 | |
1459 @defun where-is-internal command &optional keymap firstonly noindirect | |
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1460 This function is a subroutine used by the @code{where-is} command |
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1461 (@pxref{Help, , Help, emacs,The GNU Emacs Manual}). It returns a list |
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1462 of key sequences (of any length) that are bound to @var{command} in a |
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1463 set of keymaps. |
6558 | 1464 |
1465 The argument @var{command} can be any object; it is compared with all | |
1466 keymap entries using @code{eq}. | |
1467 | |
1468 If @var{keymap} is @code{nil}, then the maps used are the current active | |
1469 keymaps, disregarding @code{overriding-local-map} (that is, pretending | |
1470 its value is @code{nil}). If @var{keymap} is non-@code{nil}, then the | |
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1471 maps searched are @var{keymap} and the global keymap. If @var{keymap} |
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1472 is a list of keymaps, only those keymaps are searched. |
6558 | 1473 |
1474 Usually it's best to use @code{overriding-local-map} as the expression | |
1475 for @var{keymap}. Then @code{where-is-internal} searches precisely the | |
1476 keymaps that are active. To search only the global map, pass | |
1477 @code{(keymap)} (an empty keymap) as @var{keymap}. | |
1478 | |
1479 If @var{firstonly} is @code{non-ascii}, then the value is a single | |
1480 string representing the first key sequence found, rather than a list of | |
1481 all possible key sequences. If @var{firstonly} is @code{t}, then the | |
1482 value is the first key sequence, except that key sequences consisting | |
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1483 entirely of @sc{ascii} characters (or meta variants of @sc{ascii} |
6558 | 1484 characters) are preferred to all other key sequences. |
1485 | |
1486 If @var{noindirect} is non-@code{nil}, @code{where-is-internal} doesn't | |
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1487 follow indirect keymap bindings. This makes it possible to search for |
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1488 an indirect definition itself. |
6558 | 1489 |
1490 @smallexample | |
1491 @group | |
1492 (where-is-internal 'describe-function) | |
1493 @result{} ("\^hf" "\^hd") | |
1494 @end group | |
1495 @end smallexample | |
1496 @end defun | |
1497 | |
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1498 @deffn Command describe-bindings &optional prefix |
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1499 This function creates a listing of all current key bindings, and |
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1500 displays it in a buffer named @samp{*Help*}. The text is grouped by |
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1501 modes---minor modes first, then the major mode, then global bindings. |
6558 | 1502 |
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1503 If @var{prefix} is non-@code{nil}, it should be a prefix key; then the |
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1504 listing includes only keys that start with @var{prefix}. |
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1505 |
6558 | 1506 The listing describes meta characters as @key{ESC} followed by the |
1507 corresponding non-meta character. | |
1508 | |
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1509 When several characters with consecutive @sc{ascii} codes have the |
6558 | 1510 same definition, they are shown together, as |
1511 @samp{@var{firstchar}..@var{lastchar}}. In this instance, you need to | |
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1512 know the @sc{ascii} codes to understand which characters this means. |
6558 | 1513 For example, in the default global map, the characters @samp{@key{SPC} |
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1514 ..@: ~} are described by a single line. @key{SPC} is @sc{ascii} 32, |
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1515 @kbd{~} is @sc{ascii} 126, and the characters between them include all |
6558 | 1516 the normal printing characters, (e.g., letters, digits, punctuation, |
1517 etc.@:); all these characters are bound to @code{self-insert-command}. | |
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1518 @end deffn |
6558 | 1519 |
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1520 @node Menu Keymaps |
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1521 @section Menu Keymaps |
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1522 @cindex menu keymaps |
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1523 |
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1524 @c Emacs 19 feature |
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1525 A keymap can define a menu as well as bindings for keyboard keys and |
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1526 mouse button. Menus are usually actuated with the mouse, but they can |
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1527 work with the keyboard also. |
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1528 |
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1529 @menu |
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1530 * Defining Menus:: How to make a keymap that defines a menu. |
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1531 * Mouse Menus:: How users actuate the menu with the mouse. |
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1532 * Keyboard Menus:: How they actuate it with the keyboard. |
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1533 * Menu Example:: Making a simple menu. |
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1534 * Menu Bar:: How to customize the menu bar. |
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1535 * Tool Bar:: A tool bar is a row of images. |
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1536 * Modifying Menus:: How to add new items to a menu. |
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1537 @end menu |
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1538 |
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1539 @node Defining Menus |
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1540 @subsection Defining Menus |
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1541 @cindex defining menus |
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1542 @cindex menu prompt string |
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1543 @cindex prompt string (of menu) |
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1544 |
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1545 A keymap is suitable for menu use if it has an @dfn{overall prompt |
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1546 string}, which is a string that appears as an element of the keymap. |
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1547 (@xref{Format of Keymaps}.) The string should describe the purpose of |
28873 | 1548 the menu's commands. Emacs displays the overall prompt string as the |
31374 | 1549 menu title in some cases, depending on the toolkit (if any) used for |
1550 displaying menus.@footnote{It is required for menus which do not use a | |
1551 toolkit, e.g.@: under MS-DOS.} Keyboard menus also display the overall | |
1552 prompt string. | |
28873 | 1553 |
1554 The easiest way to construct a keymap with a prompt string is to specify | |
31374 | 1555 the string as an argument when you call @code{make-keymap}, |
1556 @code{make-sparse-keymap} or @code{define-prefix-command} | |
1557 (@pxref{Creating Keymaps}). | |
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1558 |
10522
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1559 The order of items in the menu is the same as the order of bindings in |
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1560 the keymap. Since @code{define-key} puts new bindings at the front, you |
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1561 should define the menu items starting at the bottom of the menu and |
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1562 moving to the top, if you care about the order. When you add an item to |
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1563 an existing menu, you can specify its position in the menu using |
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1564 @code{define-key-after} (@pxref{Modifying Menus}). |
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1565 |
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1566 @menu |
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1567 * Simple Menu Items:: A simple kind of menu key binding, |
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1568 limited in capabilities. |
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1569 * Extended Menu Items:: More powerful menu item definitions |
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1570 let you specify keywords to enable |
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1571 various features. |
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1572 * Menu Separators:: Drawing a horizontal line through a menu. |
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1573 * Alias Menu Items:: Using command aliases in menu items. |
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1574 @end menu |
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1575 |
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1576 @node Simple Menu Items |
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1577 @subsubsection Simple Menu Items |
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1578 |
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1579 The simpler and older way to define a menu keymap binding |
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1580 looks like this: |
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1581 |
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1582 @example |
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1583 (@var{item-string} . @var{real-binding}) |
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1584 @end example |
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1585 |
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1586 @noindent |
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1587 The @sc{car}, @var{item-string}, is the string to be displayed in the |
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1588 menu. It should be short---preferably one to three words. It should |
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1589 describe the action of the command it corresponds to. |
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1590 |
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1591 You can also supply a second string, called the help string, as follows: |
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1592 |
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1593 @example |
31374 | 1594 (@var{item-string} @var{help} . @var{real-binding}) |
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1595 @end example |
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1596 |
31374 | 1597 @var{help} specifies a ``help-echo'' string to display while the mouse |
1598 is on that item in the same way as @code{help-echo} text properties | |
1599 (@pxref{Help display}). | |
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1600 |
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1601 As far as @code{define-key} is concerned, @var{item-string} and |
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1602 @var{help-string} are part of the event's binding. However, |
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1603 @code{lookup-key} returns just @var{real-binding}, and only |
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1604 @var{real-binding} is used for executing the key. |
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1605 |
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1606 If @var{real-binding} is @code{nil}, then @var{item-string} appears in |
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1607 the menu but cannot be selected. |
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1608 |
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1609 If @var{real-binding} is a symbol and has a non-@code{nil} |
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1610 @code{menu-enable} property, that property is an expression that |
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1611 controls whether the menu item is enabled. Every time the keymap is |
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1612 used to display a menu, Emacs evaluates the expression, and it enables |
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1613 the menu item only if the expression's value is non-@code{nil}. When a |
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1614 menu item is disabled, it is displayed in a ``fuzzy'' fashion, and |
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1615 cannot be selected. |
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1616 |
12098 | 1617 The menu bar does not recalculate which items are enabled every time you |
1618 look at a menu. This is because the X toolkit requires the whole tree | |
1619 of menus in advance. To force recalculation of the menu bar, call | |
1620 @code{force-mode-line-update} (@pxref{Mode Line Format}). | |
1621 | |
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1622 You've probably noticed that menu items show the equivalent keyboard key |
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1623 sequence (if any) to invoke the same command. To save time on |
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1624 recalculation, menu display caches this information in a sublist in the |
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1625 binding, like this: |
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1626 |
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1627 @c This line is not too long--rms. |
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1628 @example |
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1629 (@var{item-string} @r{[}@var{help-string}@r{]} (@var{key-binding-data}) . @var{real-binding}) |
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1630 @end example |
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1631 |
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1632 @noindent |
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1633 Don't put these sublists in the menu item yourself; menu display |
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1634 calculates them automatically. Don't mention keyboard equivalents in |
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1635 the item strings themselves, since that is redundant. |
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1636 |
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1637 @node Extended Menu Items |
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1638 @subsubsection Extended Menu Items |
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1639 @kindex menu-item |
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1640 |
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1641 An extended-format menu item is a more flexible and also cleaner |
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1642 alternative to the simple format. It consists of a list that starts |
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1643 with the symbol @code{menu-item}. To define a non-selectable string, |
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1644 the item looks like this: |
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1645 |
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1646 @example |
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1647 (menu-item @var{item-name}) |
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1648 @end example |
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1649 |
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1650 @noindent |
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1651 A string starting with two or more dashes specifies a separator line; |
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1652 see @ref{Menu Separators}. |
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1653 |
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1654 To define a real menu item which can be selected, the extended format |
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1655 item looks like this: |
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1656 |
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1657 @example |
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1658 (menu-item @var{item-name} @var{real-binding} |
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1659 . @var{item-property-list}) |
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1660 @end example |
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1661 |
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1662 @noindent |
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1663 Here, @var{item-name} is an expression which evaluates to the menu item |
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1664 string. Thus, the string need not be a constant. The third element, |
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1665 @var{real-binding}, is the command to execute. The tail of the list, |
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1666 @var{item-property-list}, has the form of a property list which contains |
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1667 other information. Here is a table of the properties that are supported: |
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1668 |
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1669 @table @code |
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1670 @item :enable @var{form} |
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1671 The result of evaluating @var{form} determines whether the item is |
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1672 enabled (non-@code{nil} means yes). If the item is not enabled, |
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1673 you can't really click on it. |
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1674 |
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1675 @item :visible @var{form} |
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1676 The result of evaluating @var{form} determines whether the item should |
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1677 actually appear in the menu (non-@code{nil} means yes). If the item |
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1678 does not appear, then the menu is displayed as if this item were |
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1679 not defined at all. |
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1680 |
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1681 @item :help @var{help} |
31374 | 1682 The value of this property, @var{help}, specifies a ``help-echo'' string |
1683 to display while the mouse is on that item. This is displayed in the | |
1684 same way as @code{help-echo} text properties (@pxref{Help display}). | |
1685 Note that this must be a constant string, unlike the @code{help-echo} | |
1686 property for text and overlays. | |
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1687 |
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1688 @item :button (@var{type} . @var{selected}) |
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1689 This property provides a way to define radio buttons and toggle buttons. |
25875 | 1690 The @sc{car}, @var{type}, says which: it should be @code{:toggle} or |
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1691 @code{:radio}. The @sc{cdr}, @var{selected}, should be a form; the |
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1692 result of evaluating it says whether this button is currently selected. |
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1693 |
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1694 A @dfn{toggle} is a menu item which is labeled as either ``on'' or ``off'' |
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1695 according to the value of @var{selected}. The command itself should |
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1696 toggle @var{selected}, setting it to @code{t} if it is @code{nil}, |
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1697 and to @code{nil} if it is @code{t}. Here is how the menu item |
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1698 to toggle the @code{debug-on-error} flag is defined: |
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1699 |
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1700 @example |
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1701 (menu-item "Debug on Error" toggle-debug-on-error |
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1702 :button (:toggle |
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1703 . (and (boundp 'debug-on-error) |
24952 | 1704 debug-on-error))) |
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1705 @end example |
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1706 |
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1707 @noindent |
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1708 This works because @code{toggle-debug-on-error} is defined as a command |
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1709 which toggles the variable @code{debug-on-error}. |
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1710 |
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1711 @dfn{Radio buttons} are a group of menu items, in which at any time one |
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1712 and only one is ``selected.'' There should be a variable whose value |
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1713 says which one is selected at any time. The @var{selected} form for |
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1714 each radio button in the group should check whether the variable has the |
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1715 right value for selecting that button. Clicking on the button should |
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1716 set the variable so that the button you clicked on becomes selected. |
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1717 |
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1718 @item :key-sequence @var{key-sequence} |
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1719 This property specifies which key sequence is likely to be bound to the |
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1720 same command invoked by this menu item. If you specify the right key |
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1721 sequence, that makes preparing the menu for display run much faster. |
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1722 |
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1723 If you specify the wrong key sequence, it has no effect; before Emacs |
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1724 displays @var{key-sequence} in the menu, it verifies that |
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1725 @var{key-sequence} is really equivalent to this menu item. |
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1726 |
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1727 @item :key-sequence nil |
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1728 This property indicates that there is normally no key binding which is |
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1729 equivalent to this menu item. Using this property saves time in |
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1730 preparing the menu for display, because Emacs does not need to search |
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1731 the keymaps for a keyboard equivalent for this menu item. |
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1732 |
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1733 However, if the user has rebound this item's definition to a key |
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1734 sequence, Emacs ignores the @code{:keys} property and finds the keyboard |
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1735 equivalent anyway. |
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1736 |
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1737 @item :keys @var{string} |
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1738 This property specifies that @var{string} is the string to display |
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1739 as the keyboard equivalent for this menu item. You can use |
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1740 the @samp{\\[...]} documentation construct in @var{string}. |
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1741 |
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1742 @item :filter @var{filter-fn} |
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1743 This property provides a way to compute the menu item dynamically. |
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1744 The property value @var{filter-fn} should be a function of one argument; |
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1745 when it is called, its argument will be @var{real-binding}. The |
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1746 function should return the binding to use instead. |
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1747 @end table |
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1748 |
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1749 @node Menu Separators |
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1750 @subsubsection Menu Separators |
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1751 @cindex menu separators |
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1752 |
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1753 A menu separator is a kind of menu item that doesn't display any |
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1754 text--instead, it divides the menu into subparts with a horizontal line. |
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1755 A separator looks like this in the menu keymap: |
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1756 |
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1757 @example |
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1758 (menu-item @var{separator-type}) |
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1759 @end example |
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1760 |
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1761 @noindent |
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1762 where @var{separator-type} is a string starting with two or more dashes. |
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1763 |
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1764 In the simplest case, @var{separator-type} consists of only dashes. |
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1765 That specifies the default kind of separator. (For compatibility, |
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1766 @code{""} and @code{-} also count as separators.) |
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1767 |
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1768 Starting in Emacs 21, certain other values of @var{separator-type} |
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1769 specify a different style of separator. Here is a table of them: |
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1770 |
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1771 @table @code |
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1772 @item "--no-line" |
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1773 @itemx "--space" |
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1774 An extra vertical space, with no actual line. |
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1775 |
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1776 @item "--single-line" |
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1777 A single line in the menu's foreground color. |
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1778 |
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1779 @item "--double-line" |
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1780 A double line in the menu's foreground color. |
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1781 |
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1782 @item "--single-dashed-line" |
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1783 A single dashed line in the menu's foreground color. |
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1784 |
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1785 @item "--double-dashed-line" |
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1786 A double dashed line in the menu's foreground color. |
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1787 |
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1788 @item "--shadow-etched-in" |
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1789 A single line with a 3D sunken appearance. This is the default, |
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1790 used separators consisting of dashes only. |
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1791 |
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1792 @item "--shadow-etched-out" |
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1793 A single line with a 3D raised appearance. |
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1794 |
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1795 @item "--shadow-etched-in-dash" |
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1796 A single dashed line with a 3D sunken appearance. |
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1797 |
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1798 @item "--shadow-etched-out-dash" |
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1799 A single dashed line with a 3D raised appearance. |
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1800 |
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1801 @item "--shadow-double-etched-in" |
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1802 Two lines with a 3D sunken appearance. |
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1803 |
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1804 @item "--shadow-double-etched-out" |
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1805 Two lines with a 3D raised appearance. |
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1806 |
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1807 @item "--shadow-double-etched-in-dash" |
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1808 Two dashed lines with a 3D sunken appearance. |
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1809 |
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1810 @item "--shadow-double-etched-out-dash" |
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1811 Two dashed lines with a 3D raised appearance. |
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1812 @end table |
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1813 |
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1814 You can also give these names in another style, adding a colon after |
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1815 the double-dash and replacing each single dash with capitalization of |
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1816 the following word. Thus, @code{"--:singleLine"}, is equivalent to |
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1817 @code{"--single-line"}. |
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1818 |
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1819 Some systems and display toolkits don't really handle all of these |
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1820 separator types. If you use a type that isn't supported, the menu |
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1821 displays a similar kind of separator that is supported. |
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1822 |
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1823 @node Alias Menu Items |
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1824 @subsubsection Alias Menu Items |
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1825 |
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1826 Sometimes it is useful to make menu items that use the ``same'' |
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1827 command but with different enable conditions. The best way to do this |
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1828 in Emacs now is with extended menu items; before that feature existed, |
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1829 it could be done by defining alias commands and using them in menu |
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1830 items. Here's an example that makes two aliases for |
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1831 @code{toggle-read-only} and gives them different enable conditions: |
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1832 |
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1833 @example |
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1834 (defalias 'make-read-only 'toggle-read-only) |
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1835 (put 'make-read-only 'menu-enable '(not buffer-read-only)) |
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1836 (defalias 'make-writable 'toggle-read-only) |
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1837 (put 'make-writable 'menu-enable 'buffer-read-only) |
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1838 @end example |
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1839 |
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1840 When using aliases in menus, often it is useful to display the |
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1841 equivalent key bindings for the ``real'' command name, not the aliases |
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1842 (which typically don't have any key bindings except for the menu |
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1843 itself). To request this, give the alias symbol a non-@code{nil} |
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1844 @code{menu-alias} property. Thus, |
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1845 |
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1846 @example |
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1847 (put 'make-read-only 'menu-alias t) |
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1848 (put 'make-writable 'menu-alias t) |
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1849 @end example |
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1850 |
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1851 @noindent |
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1852 causes menu items for @code{make-read-only} and @code{make-writable} to |
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1853 show the keyboard bindings for @code{toggle-read-only}. |
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1854 |
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1855 @node Mouse Menus |
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1856 @subsection Menus and the Mouse |
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1857 |
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1858 The usual way to make a menu keymap produce a menu is to make it the |
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1859 definition of a prefix key. (A Lisp program can explicitly pop up a |
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1860 menu and receive the user's choice---see @ref{Pop-Up Menus}.) |
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1861 |
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1862 If the prefix key ends with a mouse event, Emacs handles the menu keymap |
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1863 by popping up a visible menu, so that the user can select a choice with |
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1864 the mouse. When the user clicks on a menu item, the event generated is |
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1865 whatever character or symbol has the binding that brought about that |
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1866 menu item. (A menu item may generate a series of events if the menu has |
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1867 multiple levels or comes from the menu bar.) |
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1868 |
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1869 It's often best to use a button-down event to trigger the menu. Then |
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1870 the user can select a menu item by releasing the button. |
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1871 |
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1872 A single keymap can appear as multiple menu panes, if you explicitly |
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1873 arrange for this. The way to do this is to make a keymap for each pane, |
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1874 then create a binding for each of those maps in the main keymap of the |
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1875 menu. Give each of these bindings an item string that starts with |
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1876 @samp{@@}. The rest of the item string becomes the name of the pane. |
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1877 See the file @file{lisp/mouse.el} for an example of this. Any ordinary |
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1878 bindings with @samp{@@}-less item strings are grouped into one pane, |
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1879 which appears along with the other panes explicitly created for the |
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1880 submaps. |
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1881 |
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1882 X toolkit menus don't have panes; instead, they can have submenus. |
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1883 Every nested keymap becomes a submenu, whether the item string starts |
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1884 with @samp{@@} or not. In a toolkit version of Emacs, the only thing |
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1885 special about @samp{@@} at the beginning of an item string is that the |
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1886 @samp{@@} doesn't appear in the menu item. |
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1887 |
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1888 You can also produce multiple panes or submenus from separate keymaps. |
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1889 The full definition of a prefix key always comes from merging the |
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1890 definitions supplied by the various active keymaps (minor mode, local, |
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1891 and global). When more than one of these keymaps is a menu, each of |
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1892 them makes a separate pane or panes (when Emacs does not use an |
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1893 X-toolkit) or a separate submenu (when using an X-toolkit). |
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1894 @xref{Active Keymaps}. |
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1895 |
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1896 @node Keyboard Menus |
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1897 @subsection Menus and the Keyboard |
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1898 |
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1899 When a prefix key ending with a keyboard event (a character or function |
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1900 key) has a definition that is a menu keymap, the user can use the |
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1901 keyboard to choose a menu item. |
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1902 |
28873 | 1903 Emacs displays the menu's overall prompt string followed by the |
1904 alternatives (the item strings of the bindings) in the echo area. If | |
1905 the bindings don't all fit at once, the user can type @key{SPC} to see | |
1906 the next line of alternatives. Successive uses of @key{SPC} eventually | |
1907 get to the end of the menu and then cycle around to the beginning. (The | |
1908 variable @code{menu-prompt-more-char} specifies which character is used | |
1909 for this; @key{SPC} is the default.) | |
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1910 |
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1911 When the user has found the desired alternative from the menu, he or she |
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1912 should type the corresponding character---the one whose binding is that |
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1913 alternative. |
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1914 |
12098 | 1915 @ignore |
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1916 In a menu intended for keyboard use, each menu item must clearly |
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1917 indicate what character to type. The best convention to use is to make |
12098 | 1918 the character the first letter of the item string---that is something |
1919 users will understand without being told. We plan to change this; by | |
1920 the time you read this manual, keyboard menus may explicitly name the | |
1921 key for each alternative. | |
1922 @end ignore | |
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1923 |
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1924 This way of using menus in an Emacs-like editor was inspired by the |
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1925 Hierarkey system. |
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1926 |
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1927 @defvar menu-prompt-more-char |
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1928 This variable specifies the character to use to ask to see |
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1929 the next line of a menu. Its initial value is 32, the code |
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1930 for @key{SPC}. |
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1931 @end defvar |
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1932 |
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1933 @node Menu Example |
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1934 @subsection Menu Example |
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1935 @cindex menu definition example |
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1936 |
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1937 Here is a complete example of defining a menu keymap. It is the |
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1938 definition of the @samp{Print} submenu in the @samp{Tools} menu in the |
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1939 menu bar, and it uses the simple menu item format (@pxref{Simple Menu |
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1940 Items}). First we create the keymap, and give it a name: |
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1941 |
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1942 @example |
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1943 (defvar menu-bar-print-menu (make-sparse-keymap "Print")) |
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1944 @end example |
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1945 |
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1946 @noindent |
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1947 Next we define the menu items: |
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1948 |
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1949 @example |
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1950 (define-key menu-bar-print-menu [ps-print-region] |
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1951 '("Postscript Print Region" . ps-print-region-with-faces)) |
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1952 (define-key menu-bar-print-menu [ps-print-buffer] |
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1953 '("Postscript Print Buffer" . ps-print-buffer-with-faces)) |
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1954 (define-key menu-bar-print-menu [separator-ps-print] |
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1955 '("--")) |
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1956 (define-key menu-bar-print-menu [print-region] |
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1957 '("Print Region" . print-region)) |
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1958 (define-key menu-bar-print-menu [print-buffer] |
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1959 '("Print Buffer" . print-buffer)) |
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1960 @end example |
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1961 |
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1962 @noindent |
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1963 Note the symbols which the bindings are ``made for''; these appear |
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1964 inside square brackets, in the key sequence being defined. In some |
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1965 cases, this symbol is the same as the command name; sometimes it is |
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1966 different. These symbols are treated as ``function keys'', but they are |
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1967 not real function keys on the keyboard. They do not affect the |
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1968 functioning of the menu itself, but they are ``echoed'' in the echo area |
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1969 when the user selects from the menu, and they appear in the output of |
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1970 @code{where-is} and @code{apropos}. |
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1971 |
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1972 The binding whose definition is @code{("--")} is a separator line. |
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1973 Like a real menu item, the separator has a key symbol, in this case |
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1974 @code{separator-ps-print}. If one menu has two separators, they must |
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1975 have two different key symbols. |
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1976 |
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1977 Here is code to define enable conditions for two of the commands in |
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1978 the menu: |
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1979 |
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1980 @example |
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1981 (put 'print-region 'menu-enable 'mark-active) |
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1982 (put 'ps-print-region-with-faces 'menu-enable 'mark-active) |
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1983 @end example |
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1984 |
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1985 Here is how we make this menu appear as an item in the parent menu: |
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1986 |
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1987 @example |
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1988 (define-key menu-bar-tools-menu [print] |
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1989 (cons "Print" menu-bar-print-menu)) |
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1990 @end example |
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1991 |
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1992 @noindent |
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1993 Note that this incorporates the submenu keymap, which is the value of |
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1994 the variable @code{menu-bar-print-menu}, rather than the symbol |
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1995 @code{menu-bar-print-menu} itself. Using that symbol in the parent menu |
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1996 item would be meaningless because @code{menu-bar-print-menu} is not a |
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1997 command. |
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1998 |
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1999 If you wanted to attach the same print menu to a mouse click, you |
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2000 can do it this way: |
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2001 |
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2002 @example |
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2003 (define-key global-map [C-S-down-mouse-1] |
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2004 menu-bar-print-menu) |
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2005 @end example |
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2006 |
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2007 We could equally well use an extended menu item (@pxref{Extended Menu |
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2008 Items}) for @code{print-region}, like this: |
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2009 |
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2010 @example |
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2011 (define-key menu-bar-print-menu [print-region] |
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2012 '(menu-item "Print Region" print-region |
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2013 :enable mark-active)) |
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2014 @end example |
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2015 |
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2016 @noindent |
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2017 With the extended menu item, the enable condition is specified |
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2018 inside the menu item itself. If we wanted to make this |
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2019 item disappear from the menu entirely when the mark is inactive, |
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2020 we could do it this way: |
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2021 |
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2022 @example |
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2023 (define-key menu-bar-print-menu [print-region] |
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2024 '(menu-item "Print Region" print-region |
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2025 :visible mark-active)) |
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2026 @end example |
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2027 |
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2028 @node Menu Bar |
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2029 @subsection The Menu Bar |
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2030 @cindex menu bar |
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2031 |
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2032 Most window systems allow each frame to have a @dfn{menu bar}---a |
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2033 permanently displayed menu stretching horizontally across the top of the |
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2034 frame. The items of the menu bar are the subcommands of the fake |
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2035 ``function key'' @code{menu-bar}, as defined by all the active keymaps. |
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2036 |
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2037 To add an item to the menu bar, invent a fake ``function key'' of your |
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2038 own (let's call it @var{key}), and make a binding for the key sequence |
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2039 @code{[menu-bar @var{key}]}. Most often, the binding is a menu keymap, |
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2040 so that pressing a button on the menu bar item leads to another menu. |
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2041 |
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2042 When more than one active keymap defines the same fake function key |
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2043 for the menu bar, the item appears just once. If the user clicks on |
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2044 that menu bar item, it brings up a single, combined menu containing |
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2045 all the subcommands of that item---the global subcommands, the local |
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2046 subcommands, and the minor mode subcommands. |
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2047 |
12067 | 2048 The variable @code{overriding-local-map} is normally ignored when |
2049 determining the menu bar contents. That is, the menu bar is computed | |
2050 from the keymaps that would be active if @code{overriding-local-map} | |
2051 were @code{nil}. @xref{Active Keymaps}. | |
2052 | |
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2053 In order for a frame to display a menu bar, its @code{menu-bar-lines} |
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2054 parameter must be greater than zero. Emacs uses just one line for the |
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2055 menu bar itself; if you specify more than one line, the other lines |
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2056 serve to separate the menu bar from the windows in the frame. We |
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2057 recommend 1 or 2 as the value of @code{menu-bar-lines}. @xref{Window Frame |
12098 | 2058 Parameters}. |
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2059 |
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2060 Here's an example of setting up a menu bar item: |
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2061 |
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2062 @example |
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2063 @group |
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2064 (modify-frame-parameters (selected-frame) |
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2065 '((menu-bar-lines . 2))) |
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2066 @end group |
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2067 |
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2068 @group |
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2069 ;; @r{Make a menu keymap (with a prompt string)} |
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2070 ;; @r{and make it the menu bar item's definition.} |
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2071 (define-key global-map [menu-bar words] |
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2072 (cons "Words" (make-sparse-keymap "Words"))) |
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2073 @end group |
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2074 |
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2075 @group |
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2076 ;; @r{Define specific subcommands in this menu.} |
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2077 (define-key global-map |
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2078 [menu-bar words forward] |
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2079 '("Forward word" . forward-word)) |
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2080 @end group |
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2081 @group |
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2082 (define-key global-map |
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2083 [menu-bar words backward] |
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2084 '("Backward word" . backward-word)) |
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2085 @end group |
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2086 @end example |
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2087 |
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2088 A local keymap can cancel a menu bar item made by the global keymap by |
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2089 rebinding the same fake function key with @code{undefined} as the |
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2090 binding. For example, this is how Dired suppresses the @samp{Edit} menu |
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2091 bar item: |
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2092 |
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2093 @example |
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2094 (define-key dired-mode-map [menu-bar edit] 'undefined) |
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2095 @end example |
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2096 |
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2097 @noindent |
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2098 @code{edit} is the fake function key used by the global map for the |
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2099 @samp{Edit} menu bar item. The main reason to suppress a global |
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2100 menu bar item is to regain space for mode-specific items. |
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2101 |
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2102 @defvar menu-bar-final-items |
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2103 Normally the menu bar shows global items followed by items defined by the |
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2104 local maps. |
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2105 |
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2106 This variable holds a list of fake function keys for items to display at |
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2107 the end of the menu bar rather than in normal sequence. The default |
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2108 value is @code{(help-menu)}; thus, the @samp{Help} menu item normally appears |
7252
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2109 at the end of the menu bar, following local menu items. |
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2110 @end defvar |
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2111 |
14199
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2112 @defvar menu-bar-update-hook |
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2113 This normal hook is run whenever the user clicks on the menu bar, before |
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2114 displaying a submenu. You can use it to update submenus whose contents |
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2115 should vary. |
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2116 @end defvar |
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2117 |
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2118 @node Tool Bar |
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2119 @subsection Tool bars |
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2120 @cindex tool bar |
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2121 |
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2122 A @dfn{tool bar} is a row of icons at the top of a frame, that execute |
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2123 commands when you click on them---in effect, a kind of graphical menu |
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2124 bar. Emacs supports tool bars starting with version 21. |
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2125 |
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2126 The frame parameter @code{tool-bar-lines} (X resource @samp{toolBar}) |
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2127 controls how many lines' worth of height to reserve for the tool bar. A |
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2128 zero value suppresses the tool bar. If the value is nonzero, and |
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2129 @code{auto-resize-tool-bars} is non-@code{nil}, the tool bar expands and |
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2130 contracts automatically as needed to hold the specified contents. |
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2131 |
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2132 The tool bar contents are controlled by a menu keymap attached to a |
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2133 fake ``function key'' called @code{tool-bar} (much like the way the menu |
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2134 bar is controlled). So you define a tool bar item using |
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2135 @code{define-key}, like this: |
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2136 |
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2137 @example |
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2138 (define-key global-map [tool-bar @var{key}] @var{item}) |
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2139 @end example |
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2140 |
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2141 @noindent |
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2142 where @var{key} is a fake ``function key'' to distinguish this item from |
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2143 other items, and @var{item} is a menu item key binding (@pxref{Extended |
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2144 Menu Items}), which says how to display this item and how it behaves. |
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2145 |
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2146 The usual menu keymap item properties, @code{:visible}, |
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2147 @code{:enable}, @code{:button}, and @code{:filter}, are useful in |
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2148 tool bar bindings and have their normal meanings. The @var{real-binding} |
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2149 in the item must be a command, not a keymap; in other words, it does not |
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2150 work to define a tool bar icon as a prefix key. |
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2151 |
31374 | 2152 The @code{:help} property specifies a ``help-echo'' string to display |
2153 while the mouse is on that item. This is displayed in the same way as | |
2154 @code{help-echo} text properties (@pxref{Help display}). | |
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2155 |
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2156 In addition, you should use the @code{:image} property; |
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2157 this is how you specify the image to display in the tool bar: |
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2158 |
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2159 @table @code |
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2160 @item :image @var{image} |
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2161 @var{images} is either a single image specification or a vector of four |
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2162 image specifications. If you use a vector of four, |
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2163 one of them is used, depending on circumstances: |
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2164 |
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2165 @table @asis |
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2166 @item item 0 |
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2167 Used when the item is enabled and selected. |
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2168 @item item 1 |
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2169 Used when the item is enabled and deselected. |
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2170 @item item 2 |
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2171 Used when the item is disabled and selected. |
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2172 @item item 3 |
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2173 Used when the item is disabled and deselected. |
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2174 @end table |
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2175 @end table |
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2176 |
28952 | 2177 If @var{image} is a single image specification, Emacs draws the tool bar |
2178 button in disabled state by applying an edge-detection algorithm to the | |
2179 image. | |
2180 | |
33489 | 2181 The default tool bar is defined so that items specific to editing do not |
2182 appear for major modes whose command symbol has a @code{mode-class} | |
2183 property of @code{special} (@pxref{Major Mode Conventions}). Major | |
2184 modes may add items to the global bar by binding @code{[tool-bar | |
2185 @var{foo}]} in their local map. It makes sense for some major modes to | |
2186 replace the default tool bar items completely, since not many can be | |
2187 accommodated conveniently, and the default bindings make this easy by | |
2188 using an indirection through @code{tool-bar-map}. | |
2189 | |
2190 @defvar tool-bar-map | |
2191 @tindex tool-bar-map | |
2192 By default, the global map binds @code{[tool-bar]} as follows: | |
2193 @example | |
2194 (global-set-key [tool-bar] | |
2195 '(menu-item "tool bar" ignore | |
2196 :filter (lambda (ignore) tool-bar-map))) | |
2197 @end example | |
2198 @noindent | |
2199 Thus the tool bar map is derived dynamically from the value of variable | |
2200 @code{tool-bar-map} and you should normally adjust the default (global) | |
2201 tool bar by changing that map. Major modes may replace the global bar | |
2202 completely by making @code{tool-bar-map} buffer-local and set to a | |
2203 keymap containing only the desired items. Info mode provides an | |
2204 example. | |
2205 @end defvar | |
2206 | |
2207 There are two convenience functions for defining tool bar items, as | |
2208 follows. | |
2209 | |
2210 @defun tool-bar-add-item icon def key &rest props | |
2211 @tindex tool-bar-add-item | |
2212 This function adds an item to the tool bar by modifying | |
2213 @code{tool-bar-map}. The image to use is defined by @var{icon}, which | |
2214 is the base name of an XPM, XBM or PBM image file to located by | |
2215 @code{find-image}. Given a value @samp{"exit"}, say, @file{exit.xpm}, | |
2216 @file{exit.pbm} and @file{exit.xbm} would be searched for in that order | |
2217 on a color display. On a monochrome display, the search order is | |
2218 @samp{.pbm}, @samp{.xbm} and @samp{.xpm}. The binding to use is the | |
2219 command @var{def}, and @var{key} is the fake function key symbol in the | |
2220 prefix keymap. The remaining arguments @var{props} are additional | |
2221 property list elements to add to the menu item specification. | |
2222 | |
2223 To define items in some local map, bind @code{`tool-bar-map} with | |
2224 @code{let} around calls of this function: | |
2225 @example | |
2226 (defvar foo-tool-bar-map | |
2227 (let ((tool-bar-map (make-sparse-keymap))) | |
2228 (tool-bar-add-item @dots{}) | |
2229 @dots{} | |
2230 tool-bar-map)) | |
2231 @end example | |
2232 @end defun | |
2233 | |
2234 @defun tool-bar-add-item-from-menu command icon &optional map &rest props | |
2235 @tindex tool-bar-add-item-from-menu | |
2236 This command is a convenience for defining tool bar items which are | |
2237 consistent with existing menu bar bindings. The binding of | |
2238 @var{command} is looked up in the menu bar in @var{map} (default | |
2239 @code{global-map}) and modified to add an image specification for | |
2240 @var{icon}, which is looked for in the same way as by | |
2241 @code{tool-bar-add-item}. The resulting binding is then placed in | |
2242 @code{tool-bar-map}. @var{map} must contain an appropriate keymap bound | |
2243 to @code{[menu-bar]}. The remaining arguments @var{props} are | |
2244 additional property list elements to add to the menu item specification. | |
2245 @end defun | |
2246 | |
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2247 @tindex auto-resize-tool-bar |
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2248 @defvar auto-resize-tool-bar |
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2249 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, the tool bar automatically resizes to |
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2250 show all defined tool bar items---but not larger than a quarter of the |
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2251 frame's height. |
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2252 @end defvar |
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2253 |
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2254 @tindex auto-raise-tool-bar-items |
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2255 @defvar auto-raise-tool-bar-items |
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2256 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, tool bar items display |
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2257 in raised form when the mouse moves over them. |
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2258 @end defvar |
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2259 |
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2260 @tindex tool-bar-item-margin |
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2261 @defvar tool-bar-item-margin |
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2262 This variable specifies an extra margin to add around tool bar items. |
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2263 The value is an integer, a number of pixels. The default is 1. |
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2264 @end defvar |
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2265 |
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2266 @tindex tool-bar-item-relief |
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2267 @defvar tool-bar-item-relief |
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2268 This variable specifies the shadow width for tool bar items. |
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2269 The value is an integer, a number of pixels. The default is 3. |
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2270 @end defvar |
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2271 |
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2272 You can define a special meaning for clicking on a tool bar item with |
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2273 the shift, control, meta, etc., modifiers. You do this by setting up |
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2274 additional items that relate to the original item through the fake |
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2275 function keys. Specifically, the additional items should use the |
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2276 modified versions of the same fake function key used to name the |
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2277 original item. |
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2278 |
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2279 Thus, if the original item was defined this way, |
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2280 |
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2281 @example |
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2282 (define-key global-map [tool-bar shell] |
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2283 '(menu-item "Shell" shell |
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2284 :image (image :type xpm :file "shell.xpm"))) |
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2285 @end example |
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2286 |
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2287 @noindent |
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2288 then here is how you can define clicking on the same tool bar image with |
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2289 the shift modifier: |
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2290 |
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2291 @example |
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2292 (define-key global-map [tool-bar S-shell] 'some-command) |
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2293 @end example |
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2294 |
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2295 @xref{Function Keys}, for more information about how to add modifiers to |
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2296 function keys. |
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2297 |
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2298 @node Modifying Menus |
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2299 @subsection Modifying Menus |
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2300 |
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2301 When you insert a new item in an existing menu, you probably want to |
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2302 put it in a particular place among the menu's existing items. If you |
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2303 use @code{define-key} to add the item, it normally goes at the front of |
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2304 the menu. To put it elsewhere in the menu, use @code{define-key-after}: |
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2305 |
27822 | 2306 @defun define-key-after map key binding &optional after |
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2307 Define a binding in @var{map} for @var{key}, with value @var{binding}, |
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2308 just like @code{define-key}, but position the binding in @var{map} after |
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2309 the binding for the event @var{after}. The argument @var{key} should be |
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2310 of length one---a vector or string with just one element. But |
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2311 @var{after} should be a single event type---a symbol or a character, not |
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2312 a sequence. The new binding goes after the binding for @var{after}. If |
27970 | 2313 @var{after} is @code{t} or is omitted, then the new binding goes last, at |
2314 the end of the keymap. However, new bindings are added before any | |
2315 inherited keymap. | |
7681 | 2316 |
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2317 Here is an example: |
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2318 |
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2319 @example |
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2320 (define-key-after my-menu [drink] |
27970 | 2321 '("Drink" . drink-command) 'eat) |
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2322 @end example |
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2323 |
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2324 @noindent |
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2325 makes a binding for the fake function key @key{DRINK} and puts it |
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2326 right after the binding for @key{EAT}. |
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2327 |
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2328 Here is how to insert an item called @samp{Work} in the @samp{Signals} |
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2329 menu of Shell mode, after the item @code{break}: |
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2330 |
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2331 @example |
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2332 (define-key-after |
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2333 (lookup-key shell-mode-map [menu-bar signals]) |
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2334 [work] '("Work" . work-command) 'break) |
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2335 @end example |
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2336 @end defun |