Mercurial > emacs
annotate man/dired.texi @ 82565:2f0ad88114c2
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author | Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org> |
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date | Wed, 22 Aug 2007 04:58:08 +0000 |
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25829 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
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2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2000, 2001, |
75348 | 3 @c 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25829 | 4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
5 @node Dired, Calendar/Diary, Rmail, Top | |
6 @chapter Dired, the Directory Editor | |
7 @cindex Dired | |
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8 @cindex file management |
25829 | 9 |
10 Dired makes an Emacs buffer containing a listing of a directory, and | |
11 optionally some of its subdirectories as well. You can use the normal | |
12 Emacs commands to move around in this buffer, and special Dired commands | |
13 to operate on the files listed. | |
14 | |
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15 The Dired buffer is ``read-only,'' and inserting text in it is not |
69741 | 16 useful, so ordinary printing characters such as @kbd{d} and @kbd{x} |
17 are redefined for special Dired commands. Some Dired commands | |
18 @dfn{mark} or @dfn{flag} the @dfn{current file} (that is, the file on | |
19 the current line); other commands operate on the marked files or on | |
20 the flagged files. You first mark certain files in order to operate | |
21 on all of them with on command. | |
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22 |
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23 The Dired-X package provides various extra features for Dired mode. |
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24 @xref{Top, Dired-X,,dired-x, Dired Extra Version 2 User's Manual}. |
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25 |
25829 | 26 @menu |
27 * Enter: Dired Enter. How to invoke Dired. | |
38745 | 28 * Navigation: Dired Navigation. Special motion commands in the Dired buffer. |
25829 | 29 * Deletion: Dired Deletion. Deleting files with Dired. |
30 * Flagging Many Files:: Flagging files based on their names. | |
31 * Visit: Dired Visiting. Other file operations through Dired. | |
32 * Marks vs Flags:: Flagging for deletion vs marking. | |
33 * Operating on Files:: How to copy, rename, print, compress, etc. | |
34 either one file or several files. | |
35 * Shell Commands in Dired:: Running a shell command on the marked files. | |
36 * Transforming File Names:: Using patterns to rename multiple files. | |
37 * Comparison in Dired:: Running `diff' by way of Dired. | |
38 * Subdirectories in Dired:: Adding subdirectories to the Dired buffer. | |
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39 @ifnottex |
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40 * Subdir Switches:: Subdirectory switches in Dired. |
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41 @end ifnottex |
25829 | 42 * Subdirectory Motion:: Moving across subdirectories, and up and down. |
43 * Hiding Subdirectories:: Making subdirectories visible or invisible. | |
44 * Updating: Dired Updating. Discarding lines for files of no interest. | |
45 * Find: Dired and Find. Using `find' to choose the files for Dired. | |
61047 | 46 * Wdired:: Operating on files by editing the Dired buffer. |
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47 * Image-Dired:: Viewing image thumbnails in Dired |
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48 * Misc: Misc Dired Features. Various other features. |
25829 | 49 @end menu |
50 | |
51 @node Dired Enter | |
52 @section Entering Dired | |
53 | |
54 @findex dired | |
55 @kindex C-x d | |
56 @vindex dired-listing-switches | |
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57 To invoke Dired, do @kbd{C-x d} or @kbd{M-x dired}. The command |
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58 reads a directory name or wildcard file name pattern as a minibuffer |
69741 | 59 argument to specify the files to list. @kbd{C-x C-f} given a |
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60 directory name also invokes Dired. Where @code{dired} differs from |
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61 @code{list-directory} is that it puts the buffer into Dired mode, so |
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62 that the special commands of Dired are available. |
25829 | 63 |
64 The variable @code{dired-listing-switches} specifies the options to | |
69741 | 65 give to @code{ls} for listing the directory; this string @emph{must} |
66 contain @samp{-l}. If you use a numeric prefix argument with the | |
67 @code{dired} command, you can specify the @code{ls} switches with the | |
68 minibuffer before you enter the directory specification. No matter | |
69 how they are specified, the @code{ls} switches can include short | |
70 options (that is, single characters) requiring no arguments, and long | |
71 options (starting with @samp{--}) whose arguments are specified with | |
72 @samp{=}. | |
25829 | 73 |
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74 On MS-Windows and MS-DOS systems, Emacs @emph{emulates} @code{ls}; |
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75 see @ref{ls in Lisp}, for options and peculiarities of that emulation. |
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76 |
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77 |
25829 | 78 @findex dired-other-window |
79 @kindex C-x 4 d | |
80 @findex dired-other-frame | |
81 @kindex C-x 5 d | |
82 To display the Dired buffer in another window rather than in the | |
83 selected window, use @kbd{C-x 4 d} (@code{dired-other-window}) instead | |
84 of @kbd{C-x d}. @kbd{C-x 5 d} (@code{dired-other-frame}) uses a | |
85 separate frame to display the Dired buffer. | |
86 | |
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87 @node Dired Navigation |
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88 @section Navigation in the Dired Buffer |
25829 | 89 |
90 @kindex C-n @r{(Dired)} | |
91 @kindex C-p @r{(Dired)} | |
92 All the usual Emacs cursor motion commands are available in Dired | |
69741 | 93 buffers. The keys @kbd{C-n} and @kbd{C-p} are redefined to put the |
94 cursor at the beginning of the file name on the line, rather than at | |
95 the beginning of the line. | |
25829 | 96 |
97 @kindex SPC @r{(Dired)} | |
98 For extra convenience, @key{SPC} and @kbd{n} in Dired are equivalent | |
99 to @kbd{C-n}. @kbd{p} is equivalent to @kbd{C-p}. (Moving by lines is | |
100 so common in Dired that it deserves to be easy to type.) @key{DEL} | |
101 (move up and unflag) is often useful simply for moving up. | |
102 | |
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103 @findex dired-goto-file |
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104 @kindex j @r{(Dired)} |
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105 @kbd{j} (@code{dired-goto-file}) moves point to the line that |
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106 describes a specified file or directory. |
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107 |
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108 Some additional navigation commands are available when the Dired |
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109 buffer includes several directories. @xref{Subdirectory Motion}. |
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110 |
25829 | 111 @node Dired Deletion |
112 @section Deleting Files with Dired | |
113 @cindex flagging files (in Dired) | |
114 @cindex deleting files (in Dired) | |
115 | |
38745 | 116 One of the most frequent uses of Dired is to first @dfn{flag} files for |
117 deletion, then delete the files that were flagged. | |
25829 | 118 |
119 @table @kbd | |
120 @item d | |
121 Flag this file for deletion. | |
122 @item u | |
123 Remove deletion flag on this line. | |
124 @item @key{DEL} | |
125 Move point to previous line and remove the deletion flag on that line. | |
126 @item x | |
127 Delete the files that are flagged for deletion. | |
128 @end table | |
129 | |
130 @kindex d @r{(Dired)} | |
131 @findex dired-flag-file-deletion | |
69741 | 132 You can flag a file for deletion by moving to the line describing |
133 the file and typing @kbd{d} (@code{dired-flag-file-deletion}). The | |
134 deletion flag is visible as a @samp{D} at the beginning of the line. | |
135 This command moves point to the next line, so that repeated @kbd{d} | |
136 commands flag successive files. A numeric argument serves as a repeat | |
137 count. | |
25829 | 138 |
139 @kindex u @r{(Dired deletion)} | |
140 @kindex DEL @r{(Dired)} | |
69741 | 141 The reason for flagging files for deletion, rather than deleting |
142 files immediately, is to reduce the danger of deleting a file | |
143 accidentally. Until you direct Dired to delete the flagged files, you | |
144 can remove deletion flags using the commands @kbd{u} and @key{DEL}. | |
145 @kbd{u} (@code{dired-unmark}) works just like @kbd{d}, but removes | |
146 flags rather than making flags. @key{DEL} | |
147 (@code{dired-unmark-backward}) moves upward, removing flags; it is | |
148 like @kbd{u} with argument @minus{}1. | |
25829 | 149 |
150 @kindex x @r{(Dired)} | |
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151 @findex dired-do-flagged-delete |
25829 | 152 @cindex expunging (Dired) |
69741 | 153 To delete the flagged files, type @kbd{x} |
154 (@code{dired-do-flagged-delete}). (This is also known as | |
155 @dfn{expunging}.) This command first displays a list of all the file | |
156 names flagged for deletion, and requests confirmation with @kbd{yes}. | |
157 If you confirm, Dired deletes the flagged files, then deletes their | |
158 lines from the text of the Dired buffer. The Dired buffer, with | |
159 somewhat fewer lines, remains selected. | |
25829 | 160 |
161 If you answer @kbd{no} or quit with @kbd{C-g} when asked to confirm, you | |
162 return immediately to Dired, with the deletion flags still present in | |
163 the buffer, and no files actually deleted. | |
164 | |
69741 | 165 @cindex recursive deletion |
166 @vindex dired-recursive-deletes | |
167 You can delete empty directories just like other files, but normally | |
168 Dired cannot delete directories that are nonempty. If the variable | |
169 @code{dired-recursive-deletes} is non-@code{nil}, then Dired can | |
170 delete nonempty directories including all their contents. That can | |
171 be somewhat risky. | |
172 | |
25829 | 173 @node Flagging Many Files |
174 @section Flagging Many Files at Once | |
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175 @cindex flagging many files for deletion (in Dired) |
25829 | 176 |
177 @table @kbd | |
178 @item # | |
179 Flag all auto-save files (files whose names start and end with @samp{#}) | |
180 for deletion (@pxref{Auto Save}). | |
181 | |
182 @item ~ | |
183 Flag all backup files (files whose names end with @samp{~}) for deletion | |
184 (@pxref{Backup}). | |
185 | |
186 @item & | |
69741 | 187 Flag for deletion all files with certain kinds of names which suggest |
188 you could easily create those files again. | |
25829 | 189 |
190 @item .@: @r{(Period)} | |
191 Flag excess numeric backup files for deletion. The oldest and newest | |
192 few backup files of any one file are exempt; the middle ones are | |
193 flagged. | |
194 | |
195 @item % d @var{regexp} @key{RET} | |
196 Flag for deletion all files whose names match the regular expression | |
197 @var{regexp}. | |
198 @end table | |
199 | |
200 The @kbd{#}, @kbd{~}, @kbd{&}, and @kbd{.} commands flag many files for | |
201 deletion, based on their file names. These commands are useful | |
202 precisely because they do not themselves delete any files; you can | |
203 remove the deletion flags from any flagged files that you really wish to | |
204 keep.@refill | |
205 | |
206 @kindex & @r{(Dired)} | |
207 @findex dired-flag-garbage-files | |
208 @vindex dired-garbage-files-regexp | |
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209 @cindex deleting some backup files |
25829 | 210 @kbd{&} (@code{dired-flag-garbage-files}) flags files whose names |
211 match the regular expression specified by the variable | |
212 @code{dired-garbage-files-regexp}. By default, this matches certain | |
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213 files produced by @TeX{}, @samp{.bak} files, and the @samp{.orig} and |
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214 @samp{.rej} files produced by @code{patch}. |
25829 | 215 |
216 @kindex # @r{(Dired)} | |
217 @findex dired-flag-auto-save-files | |
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218 @cindex deleting auto-save files |
25829 | 219 @kbd{#} (@code{dired-flag-auto-save-files}) flags for deletion all |
69741 | 220 files whose names look like auto-save files---that is, files whose |
221 names begin and end with @samp{#}. @xref{Auto Save}. | |
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222 |
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223 @kindex ~ @r{(Dired)} |
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224 @findex dired-flag-backup-files |
69741 | 225 @kbd{~} (@code{dired-flag-backup-files}) flags for deletion all |
226 files whose names say they are backup files---that is, files whose | |
227 names end in @samp{~}. @xref{Backup}. | |
25829 | 228 |
229 @kindex . @r{(Dired)} | |
230 @vindex dired-kept-versions | |
231 @findex dired-clean-directory | |
232 @kbd{.} (period, @code{dired-clean-directory}) flags just some of the | |
233 backup files for deletion: all but the oldest few and newest few backups | |
234 of any one file. Normally @code{dired-kept-versions} (@strong{not} | |
235 @code{kept-new-versions}; that applies only when saving) specifies the | |
236 number of newest versions of each file to keep, and | |
237 @code{kept-old-versions} specifies the number of oldest versions to | |
238 keep. | |
239 | |
240 Period with a positive numeric argument, as in @kbd{C-u 3 .}, | |
241 specifies the number of newest versions to keep, overriding | |
242 @code{dired-kept-versions}. A negative numeric argument overrides | |
243 @code{kept-old-versions}, using minus the value of the argument to | |
244 specify the number of oldest versions of each file to keep. | |
245 | |
246 @findex dired-flag-files-regexp | |
247 @kindex % d @r{(Dired)} | |
248 The @kbd{% d} command flags all files whose names match a specified | |
249 regular expression (@code{dired-flag-files-regexp}). Only the | |
250 non-directory part of the file name is used in matching. You can use | |
69741 | 251 @samp{^} and @samp{$} to anchor matches. You can exclude certain |
252 subdirectories from marking by hiding them while you use @kbd{% d}. | |
253 @xref{Hiding Subdirectories}. | |
25829 | 254 |
255 @node Dired Visiting | |
256 @section Visiting Files in Dired | |
257 | |
258 There are several Dired commands for visiting or examining the files | |
259 listed in the Dired buffer. All of them apply to the current line's | |
260 file; if that file is really a directory, these commands invoke Dired on | |
261 that subdirectory (making a separate Dired buffer). | |
262 | |
263 @table @kbd | |
264 @item f | |
265 @kindex f @r{(Dired)} | |
266 @findex dired-find-file | |
267 Visit the file described on the current line, like typing @kbd{C-x C-f} | |
268 and supplying that file name (@code{dired-find-file}). @xref{Visiting}. | |
269 | |
270 @item @key{RET} | |
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271 @itemx e |
25829 | 272 @kindex RET @r{(Dired)} |
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273 @kindex e @r{(Dired)} |
25829 | 274 Equivalent to @kbd{f}. |
275 | |
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276 @ignore @c This command seems too risky to document at all. |
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277 @item a |
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278 @kindex a @r{(Dired)} |
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279 @findex dired-find-alternate-file |
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280 Like @kbd{f}, but replaces the contents of the Dired buffer with |
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281 that of an alternate file or directory (@code{dired-find-alternate-file}). |
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282 @end ignore |
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283 |
25829 | 284 @item o |
285 @kindex o @r{(Dired)} | |
286 @findex dired-find-file-other-window | |
287 Like @kbd{f}, but uses another window to display the file's buffer | |
288 (@code{dired-find-file-other-window}). The Dired buffer remains visible | |
289 in the first window. This is like using @kbd{C-x 4 C-f} to visit the | |
290 file. @xref{Windows}. | |
291 | |
292 @item C-o | |
293 @kindex C-o @r{(Dired)} | |
294 @findex dired-display-file | |
295 Visit the file described on the current line, and display the buffer in | |
296 another window, but do not select that window (@code{dired-display-file}). | |
297 | |
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298 @item Mouse-1 |
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299 @itemx Mouse-2 |
25829 | 300 @findex dired-mouse-find-file-other-window |
301 Visit the file named by the line you click on | |
302 (@code{dired-mouse-find-file-other-window}). This uses another window | |
303 to display the file, like the @kbd{o} command. | |
304 | |
305 @item v | |
306 @kindex v @r{(Dired)} | |
307 @findex dired-view-file | |
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308 View the file described on the current line, using @kbd{M-x view-file} |
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309 (@code{dired-view-file}). Viewing a file with @code{view-file} is |
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310 like visiting it, but is slanted toward moving around in the file |
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311 conveniently and does not allow changing the file. @xref{Misc File |
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312 Ops, View File, Miscellaneous File Operations}. |
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313 |
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314 @item ^ |
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315 @kindex ^ @r{(Dired)} |
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316 @findex dired-up-directory |
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317 Visit the parent directory of the current directory |
69741 | 318 (@code{dired-up-directory}). This is equivalent to moving to the line |
319 for @file{..} and typing @kbd{f} there. | |
25829 | 320 @end table |
321 | |
322 @node Marks vs Flags | |
323 @section Dired Marks vs. Flags | |
324 | |
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325 @cindex marking many files (in Dired) |
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326 Instead of flagging a file with @samp{D}, you can @dfn{mark} the |
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327 file with some other character (usually @samp{*}). Most Dired |
69741 | 328 commands to operate on files use the files marked with @samp{*}. The |
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329 only command that operates on flagged files is @kbd{x}, which expunges |
69741 | 330 them. |
25829 | 331 |
69741 | 332 Here are some commands for marking with @samp{*}, for unmarking, and |
333 for operating on marks. (@xref{Dired Deletion}, for commands to flag | |
334 and unflag files.) | |
25829 | 335 |
336 @table @kbd | |
337 @item m | |
338 @itemx * m | |
339 @kindex m @r{(Dired)} | |
340 @kindex * m @r{(Dired)} | |
341 @findex dired-mark | |
342 Mark the current file with @samp{*} (@code{dired-mark}). With a numeric | |
343 argument @var{n}, mark the next @var{n} files starting with the current | |
344 file. (If @var{n} is negative, mark the previous @minus{}@var{n} | |
345 files.) | |
346 | |
347 @item * * | |
348 @kindex * * @r{(Dired)} | |
349 @findex dired-mark-executables | |
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350 @cindex marking executable files (in Dired) |
25829 | 351 Mark all executable files with @samp{*} |
352 (@code{dired-mark-executables}). With a numeric argument, unmark all | |
353 those files. | |
354 | |
355 @item * @@ | |
356 @kindex * @@ @r{(Dired)} | |
357 @findex dired-mark-symlinks | |
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358 @cindex marking symbolic links (in Dired) |
25829 | 359 Mark all symbolic links with @samp{*} (@code{dired-mark-symlinks}). |
360 With a numeric argument, unmark all those files. | |
361 | |
362 @item * / | |
363 @kindex * / @r{(Dired)} | |
364 @findex dired-mark-directories | |
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365 @cindex marking subdirectories (in Dired) |
69741 | 366 Mark with @samp{*} all files which are directories, except for |
25829 | 367 @file{.} and @file{..} (@code{dired-mark-directories}). With a numeric |
368 argument, unmark all those files. | |
369 | |
370 @item * s | |
371 @kindex * s @r{(Dired)} | |
372 @findex dired-mark-subdir-files | |
373 Mark all the files in the current subdirectory, aside from @file{.} | |
374 and @file{..} (@code{dired-mark-subdir-files}). | |
375 | |
376 @item u | |
377 @itemx * u | |
378 @kindex u @r{(Dired)} | |
379 @kindex * u @r{(Dired)} | |
380 @findex dired-unmark | |
381 Remove any mark on this line (@code{dired-unmark}). | |
382 | |
383 @item @key{DEL} | |
384 @itemx * @key{DEL} | |
385 @kindex * DEL @r{(Dired)} | |
386 @findex dired-unmark-backward | |
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387 @cindex unmarking files (in Dired) |
25829 | 388 Move point to previous line and remove any mark on that line |
389 (@code{dired-unmark-backward}). | |
390 | |
391 @item * ! | |
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392 @itemx U |
25829 | 393 @kindex * ! @r{(Dired)} |
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394 @kindex U @r{(Dired)} |
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395 @findex dired-unmark-all-marks |
25829 | 396 Remove all marks from all the files in this Dired buffer |
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397 (@code{dired-unmark-all-marks}). |
25829 | 398 |
399 @item * ? @var{markchar} | |
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400 @itemx M-@key{DEL} |
25829 | 401 @kindex * ? @r{(Dired)} |
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402 @kindex M-DEL @r{(Dired)} |
25829 | 403 @findex dired-unmark-all-files |
404 Remove all marks that use the character @var{markchar} | |
405 (@code{dired-unmark-all-files}). The argument is a single | |
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406 character---do not use @key{RET} to terminate it. See the description |
36507 | 407 of the @kbd{* c} command below, which lets you replace one mark |
408 character with another. | |
25829 | 409 |
410 With a numeric argument, this command queries about each marked file, | |
411 asking whether to remove its mark. You can answer @kbd{y} meaning yes, | |
412 @kbd{n} meaning no, or @kbd{!} to remove the marks from the remaining | |
413 files without asking about them. | |
414 | |
415 @item * C-n | |
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416 @itemx M-@} |
25829 | 417 @findex dired-next-marked-file |
418 @kindex * C-n @r{(Dired)} | |
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419 @kindex M-@} @r{(Dired)} |
25829 | 420 Move down to the next marked file (@code{dired-next-marked-file}) |
421 A file is ``marked'' if it has any kind of mark. | |
422 | |
423 @item * C-p | |
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424 @itemx M-@{ |
25829 | 425 @findex dired-prev-marked-file |
426 @kindex * C-p @r{(Dired)} | |
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427 @kindex M-@{ @r{(Dired)} |
25829 | 428 Move up to the previous marked file (@code{dired-prev-marked-file}) |
429 | |
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430 @item t |
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431 @itemx * t |
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432 @kindex t @r{(Dired)} |
25829 | 433 @kindex * t @r{(Dired)} |
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434 @findex dired-toggle-marks |
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435 @cindex toggling marks (in Dired) |
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436 Toggle all marks (@code{dired-toggle-marks}): files marked with @samp{*} |
25829 | 437 become unmarked, and unmarked files are marked with @samp{*}. Files |
438 marked in any other way are not affected. | |
439 | |
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440 @item * c @var{old-markchar} @var{new-markchar} |
25829 | 441 @kindex * c @r{(Dired)} |
442 @findex dired-change-marks | |
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443 Replace all marks that use the character @var{old-markchar} with marks |
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444 that use the character @var{new-markchar} (@code{dired-change-marks}). |
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445 This command is the primary way to create or use marks other than |
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446 @samp{*} or @samp{D}. The arguments are single characters---do not use |
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447 @key{RET} to terminate them. |
25829 | 448 |
449 You can use almost any character as a mark character by means of this | |
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450 command, to distinguish various classes of files. If @var{old-markchar} |
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451 is a space (@samp{ }), then the command operates on all unmarked files; |
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452 if @var{new-markchar} is a space, then the command unmarks the files it |
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453 acts on. |
25829 | 454 |
455 To illustrate the power of this command, here is how to put @samp{D} | |
456 flags on all the files that have no marks, while unflagging all those | |
457 that already have @samp{D} flags: | |
458 | |
459 @example | |
460 * c D t * c SPC D * c t SPC | |
461 @end example | |
462 | |
36507 | 463 This assumes that no files were already marked with @samp{t}. |
25829 | 464 |
465 @item % m @var{regexp} @key{RET} | |
466 @itemx * % @var{regexp} @key{RET} | |
467 @findex dired-mark-files-regexp | |
468 @kindex % m @r{(Dired)} | |
469 @kindex * % @r{(Dired)} | |
470 Mark (with @samp{*}) all files whose names match the regular expression | |
471 @var{regexp} (@code{dired-mark-files-regexp}). This command is like | |
472 @kbd{% d}, except that it marks files with @samp{*} instead of flagging | |
69741 | 473 with @samp{D}. |
25829 | 474 |
475 Only the non-directory part of the file name is used in matching. Use | |
69741 | 476 @samp{^} and @samp{$} to anchor matches. You can exclude |
477 subdirectories by temporarily hiding them (@pxref{Hiding | |
478 Subdirectories}). | |
25829 | 479 |
480 @item % g @var{regexp} @key{RET} | |
481 @findex dired-mark-files-containing-regexp | |
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482 @kindex % g @r{(Dired)} |
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483 @cindex finding files containing regexp matches (in Dired) |
25829 | 484 Mark (with @samp{*}) all files whose @emph{contents} contain a match for |
485 the regular expression @var{regexp} | |
486 (@code{dired-mark-files-containing-regexp}). This command is like | |
487 @kbd{% m}, except that it searches the file contents instead of the file | |
488 name. | |
489 | |
69741 | 490 @item C-x u |
491 @itemx C-_ | |
492 @itemx C-/ | |
25829 | 493 @kindex C-_ @r{(Dired)} |
494 @findex dired-undo | |
495 Undo changes in the Dired buffer, such as adding or removing | |
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496 marks (@code{dired-undo}). @emph{This command does not revert the |
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497 actual file operations, nor recover lost files!} It just undoes |
69741 | 498 changes in the buffer itself. |
499 | |
500 In some cases, using this after commands that operate on files can | |
501 cause trouble. For example, after renaming one or more files, | |
502 @code{dired-undo} restores the original names in the Dired buffer, | |
503 which gets the Dired buffer out of sync with the actual contents of | |
504 the directory. | |
25829 | 505 @end table |
506 | |
507 @node Operating on Files | |
508 @section Operating on Files | |
509 @cindex operating on files in Dired | |
510 | |
511 This section describes the basic Dired commands to operate on one file | |
512 or several files. All of these commands are capital letters; all of | |
513 them use the minibuffer, either to read an argument or to ask for | |
69741 | 514 confirmation, before they act. All of them let you specify the |
515 files to manipulate in these ways: | |
25829 | 516 |
517 @itemize @bullet | |
518 @item | |
519 If you give the command a numeric prefix argument @var{n}, it operates | |
520 on the next @var{n} files, starting with the current file. (If @var{n} | |
521 is negative, the command operates on the @minus{}@var{n} files preceding | |
522 the current line.) | |
523 | |
524 @item | |
525 Otherwise, if some files are marked with @samp{*}, the command operates | |
526 on all those files. | |
527 | |
528 @item | |
529 Otherwise, the command operates on the current file only. | |
530 @end itemize | |
531 | |
69741 | 532 @noindent |
533 Certain other Dired commands, such as @kbd{!} and the @samp{%} | |
534 commands, use the same conventions to decide which files to work on. | |
535 | |
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536 @vindex dired-dwim-target |
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537 @cindex two directories (in Dired) |
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538 Commands which ask for a destination directory, such as those which |
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539 copy and rename files or create links for them, try to guess the default |
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540 target directory for the operation. Normally, they suggest the Dired |
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541 buffer's default directory, but if the variable @code{dired-dwim-target} |
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542 is non-@code{nil}, and if there is another Dired buffer displayed in the |
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543 next window, that other buffer's directory is suggested instead. |
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544 |
69741 | 545 Here are the file-manipulating Dired commands that operate on files. |
25829 | 546 |
547 @table @kbd | |
548 @findex dired-do-copy | |
549 @kindex C @r{(Dired)} | |
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550 @cindex copying files (in Dired) |
25829 | 551 @item C @var{new} @key{RET} |
552 Copy the specified files (@code{dired-do-copy}). The argument @var{new} | |
553 is the directory to copy into, or (if copying a single file) the new | |
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554 name. This is like the shell command @code{cp}. |
25829 | 555 |
556 @vindex dired-copy-preserve-time | |
69741 | 557 If @code{dired-copy-preserve-time} is non-@code{nil}, then copying |
558 with this command preserves the modification time of the old file in | |
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559 the copy, like @samp{cp -p}. |
25829 | 560 |
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561 @vindex dired-recursive-copies |
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562 @cindex recursive copying |
69741 | 563 The variable @code{dired-recursive-copies} controls whether to copy |
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564 directories recursively (like @samp{cp -r}). The default is |
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565 @code{nil}, which means that directories cannot be copied. |
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566 |
25829 | 567 @item D |
568 @findex dired-do-delete | |
569 @kindex D @r{(Dired)} | |
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570 Delete the specified files (@code{dired-do-delete}). This is like the |
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571 shell command @code{rm}. |
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572 |
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573 Like the other commands in this section, this command operates on the |
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574 @emph{marked} files, or the next @var{n} files. By contrast, @kbd{x} |
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575 (@code{dired-do-flagged-delete}) deletes all @dfn{flagged} files. |
25829 | 576 |
577 @findex dired-do-rename | |
578 @kindex R @r{(Dired)} | |
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579 @cindex renaming files (in Dired) |
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580 @cindex moving files (in Dired) |
25829 | 581 @item R @var{new} @key{RET} |
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582 Rename the specified files (@code{dired-do-rename}). If you rename a |
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583 single file, the argument @var{new} is the new name of the file. If |
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584 you rename several files, the argument @var{new} is the directory into |
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585 which to move the files (this is like the shell command @code{mv}). |
25829 | 586 |
587 Dired automatically changes the visited file name of buffers associated | |
588 with renamed files so that they refer to the new names. | |
589 | |
590 @findex dired-do-hardlink | |
591 @kindex H @r{(Dired)} | |
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592 @cindex hard links (in Dired) |
25829 | 593 @item H @var{new} @key{RET} |
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594 Make hard links to the specified files (@code{dired-do-hardlink}). |
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595 This is like the shell command @code{ln}. The argument @var{new} is |
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596 the directory to make the links in, or (if making just one link) the |
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597 name to give the link. |
25829 | 598 |
599 @findex dired-do-symlink | |
600 @kindex S @r{(Dired)} | |
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601 @cindex symbolic links (creation in Dired) |
25829 | 602 @item S @var{new} @key{RET} |
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603 Make symbolic links to the specified files (@code{dired-do-symlink}). |
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604 This is like @samp{ln -s}. The argument @var{new} is the directory to |
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605 make the links in, or (if making just one link) the name to give the |
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606 link. |
25829 | 607 |
608 @findex dired-do-chmod | |
609 @kindex M @r{(Dired)} | |
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610 @cindex changing file permissions (in Dired) |
25829 | 611 @item M @var{modespec} @key{RET} |
612 Change the mode (also called ``permission bits'') of the specified files | |
613 (@code{dired-do-chmod}). This uses the @code{chmod} program, so | |
614 @var{modespec} can be any argument that @code{chmod} can handle. | |
615 | |
616 @findex dired-do-chgrp | |
617 @kindex G @r{(Dired)} | |
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618 @cindex changing file group (in Dired) |
25829 | 619 @item G @var{newgroup} @key{RET} |
620 Change the group of the specified files to @var{newgroup} | |
621 (@code{dired-do-chgrp}). | |
622 | |
623 @findex dired-do-chown | |
624 @kindex O @r{(Dired)} | |
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625 @cindex changing file owner (in Dired) |
25829 | 626 @item O @var{newowner} @key{RET} |
627 Change the owner of the specified files to @var{newowner} | |
628 (@code{dired-do-chown}). (On most systems, only the superuser can do | |
629 this.) | |
630 | |
631 @vindex dired-chown-program | |
632 The variable @code{dired-chown-program} specifies the name of the | |
633 program to use to do the work (different systems put @code{chown} in | |
634 different places). | |
635 | |
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636 @findex dired-do-touch |
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637 @kindex T @r{(Dired)} |
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638 @cindex changing file time (in Dired) |
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639 @item T @var{timestamp} @key{RET} |
69741 | 640 Touch the specified files (@code{dired-do-touch}). This means |
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641 updating their modification times to the present time. This is like |
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642 the shell command @code{touch}. |
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643 |
25829 | 644 @findex dired-do-print |
645 @kindex P @r{(Dired)} | |
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646 @cindex printing files (in Dired) |
25829 | 647 @item P @var{command} @key{RET} |
648 Print the specified files (@code{dired-do-print}). You must specify the | |
649 command to print them with, but the minibuffer starts out with a | |
650 suitable guess made using the variables @code{lpr-command} and | |
651 @code{lpr-switches} (the same variables that @code{lpr-buffer} uses; | |
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652 @pxref{Printing}). |
25829 | 653 |
654 @findex dired-do-compress | |
655 @kindex Z @r{(Dired)} | |
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656 @cindex compressing files (in Dired) |
25829 | 657 @item Z |
658 Compress the specified files (@code{dired-do-compress}). If the file | |
69741 | 659 appears to be a compressed file already, uncompress it instead. |
25829 | 660 |
661 @findex dired-do-load | |
662 @kindex L @r{(Dired)} | |
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663 @cindex loading several files (in Dired) |
25829 | 664 @item L |
665 Load the specified Emacs Lisp files (@code{dired-do-load}). | |
666 @xref{Lisp Libraries}. | |
667 | |
668 @findex dired-do-byte-compile | |
669 @kindex B @r{(Dired)} | |
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670 @cindex byte-compiling several files (in Dired) |
25829 | 671 @item B |
672 Byte compile the specified Emacs Lisp files | |
673 (@code{dired-do-byte-compile}). @xref{Byte Compilation,, Byte | |
674 Compilation, elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. | |
675 | |
676 @kindex A @r{(Dired)} | |
677 @findex dired-do-search | |
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678 @cindex search multiple files (in Dired) |
25829 | 679 @item A @var{regexp} @key{RET} |
680 Search all the specified files for the regular expression @var{regexp} | |
681 (@code{dired-do-search}). | |
682 | |
683 This command is a variant of @code{tags-search}. The search stops at | |
684 the first match it finds; use @kbd{M-,} to resume the search and find | |
685 the next match. @xref{Tags Search}. | |
686 | |
687 @kindex Q @r{(Dired)} | |
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688 @findex dired-do-query-replace-regexp |
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689 @cindex search and replace in multiple files (in Dired) |
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690 @item Q @var{regexp} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET} |
25829 | 691 Perform @code{query-replace-regexp} on each of the specified files, |
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692 replacing matches for @var{regexp} with the string |
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693 @var{to} (@code{dired-do-query-replace-regexp}). |
25829 | 694 |
695 This command is a variant of @code{tags-query-replace}. If you exit the | |
696 query replace loop, you can use @kbd{M-,} to resume the scan and replace | |
697 more matches. @xref{Tags Search}. | |
698 @end table | |
699 | |
700 @node Shell Commands in Dired | |
701 @section Shell Commands in Dired | |
702 @cindex shell commands, Dired | |
703 | |
704 @findex dired-do-shell-command | |
705 @kindex ! @r{(Dired)} | |
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706 @kindex X @r{(Dired)} |
69741 | 707 The Dired command @kbd{!} (@code{dired-do-shell-command}) reads a |
708 shell command string in the minibuffer and runs that shell command on | |
709 all the specified files. (@kbd{X} is a synonym for @kbd{!}.) You can | |
710 specify the files to operate on in the usual ways for Dired commands | |
711 (@pxref{Operating on Files}). | |
712 | |
713 The working directory for the shell command is the top-level directory | |
714 of the Dired buffer. | |
715 | |
716 There are two ways of applying a shell command to multiple files: | |
25829 | 717 |
718 @itemize @bullet | |
719 @item | |
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720 If you use @samp{*} surrounded by whitespace in the shell command, |
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721 then the command runs just once, with the list of file names |
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722 substituted for the @samp{*}. The order of file names is the order of |
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723 appearance in the Dired buffer. |
25829 | 724 |
725 Thus, @kbd{! tar cf foo.tar * @key{RET}} runs @code{tar} on the entire | |
726 list of file names, putting them into one tar file @file{foo.tar}. | |
727 | |
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728 If you want to use @samp{*} as a shell wildcard with whitespace around |
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729 it, write @samp{*""}. In the shell, this is equivalent to @samp{*}; |
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730 but since the @samp{*} is not surrounded by whitespace, Dired does |
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731 not treat it specially. |
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732 |
25829 | 733 @item |
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734 If the command string doesn't contain @samp{*} surrounded by |
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735 whitespace, then it runs once @emph{for each file}. Normally the file |
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736 name is added at the end. |
25829 | 737 |
738 For example, @kbd{! uudecode @key{RET}} runs @code{uudecode} on each | |
739 file. | |
740 | |
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741 @item |
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742 However, if the command string contains @samp{?} surrounded by |
69741 | 743 whitespace, the current file name is substituted for @samp{?} (rather |
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744 than added at the end). You can use @samp{?} this way more than once |
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745 in the command, and the same file name replaces each occurrence. |
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746 @end itemize |
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747 |
69741 | 748 To iterate over the file names in a more complicated fashion, use an |
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749 explicit shell loop. For example, here is how to uuencode each file, |
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750 making the output file name by appending @samp{.uu} to the input file |
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751 name: |
25829 | 752 |
753 @example | |
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754 for file in * ; do uuencode "$file" "$file" >"$file".uu; done |
25829 | 755 @end example |
756 | |
69741 | 757 The @kbd{!} command does not attempt to update the Dired buffer to |
758 show new or modified files, because it doesn't understand shell | |
25829 | 759 commands, and does not know what files the shell command changed. Use |
760 the @kbd{g} command to update the Dired buffer (@pxref{Dired | |
761 Updating}). | |
762 | |
763 @node Transforming File Names | |
764 @section Transforming File Names in Dired | |
765 | |
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766 This section describes Dired commands which alter file names in a |
69741 | 767 systematic way. Each command operates on some or all of the marked |
768 files, using a new name made by transforming the existing name. | |
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769 |
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770 Like the basic Dired file-manipulation commands (@pxref{Operating on |
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771 Files}), the commands described here operate either on the next |
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772 @var{n} files, or on all files marked with @samp{*}, or on the current |
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773 file. (To mark files, use the commands described in @ref{Marks vs |
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774 Flags}.) |
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775 |
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776 All of the commands described in this section work |
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777 @emph{interactively}: they ask you to confirm the operation for each |
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778 candidate file. Thus, you can select more files than you actually |
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779 need to operate on (e.g., with a regexp that matches many files), and |
69741 | 780 then filter the selected names by typing @kbd{y} or @kbd{n} when the |
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781 command prompts for confirmation. |
25829 | 782 |
783 @table @kbd | |
784 @findex dired-upcase | |
785 @kindex % u @r{(Dired)} | |
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786 @cindex upcase file names |
25829 | 787 @item % u |
788 Rename each of the selected files to an upper-case name | |
789 (@code{dired-upcase}). If the old file names are @file{Foo} | |
790 and @file{bar}, the new names are @file{FOO} and @file{BAR}. | |
791 | |
792 @item % l | |
793 @findex dired-downcase | |
794 @kindex % l @r{(Dired)} | |
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795 @cindex downcase file names |
25829 | 796 Rename each of the selected files to a lower-case name |
797 (@code{dired-downcase}). If the old file names are @file{Foo} and | |
798 @file{bar}, the new names are @file{foo} and @file{bar}. | |
799 | |
800 @item % R @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET} | |
801 @kindex % R @r{(Dired)} | |
802 @findex dired-do-rename-regexp | |
803 @itemx % C @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET} | |
804 @kindex % C @r{(Dired)} | |
805 @findex dired-do-copy-regexp | |
806 @itemx % H @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET} | |
807 @kindex % H @r{(Dired)} | |
808 @findex dired-do-hardlink-regexp | |
809 @itemx % S @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET} | |
810 @kindex % S @r{(Dired)} | |
811 @findex dired-do-symlink-regexp | |
812 These four commands rename, copy, make hard links and make soft links, | |
813 in each case computing the new name by regular-expression substitution | |
814 from the name of the old file. | |
815 @end table | |
816 | |
69741 | 817 The four regular-expression substitution commands effectively |
818 perform a search-and-replace on the selected file names. They read | |
819 two arguments: a regular expression @var{from}, and a substitution | |
820 pattern @var{to}; they match each ``old'' file name against | |
821 @var{from}, and then replace the matching part with @var{to}. You can | |
822 use @samp{\&} and @samp{\@var{digit}} in @var{to} to refer to all or | |
823 part of what the pattern matched in the old file name, as in | |
824 @code{replace-regexp} (@pxref{Regexp Replace}). If the regular | |
825 expression matches more than once in a file name, only the first match | |
826 is replaced. | |
25829 | 827 |
828 For example, @kbd{% R ^.*$ @key{RET} x-\& @key{RET}} renames each | |
829 selected file by prepending @samp{x-} to its name. The inverse of this, | |
830 removing @samp{x-} from the front of each file name, is also possible: | |
831 one method is @kbd{% R ^x-\(.*\)$ @key{RET} \1 @key{RET}}; another is | |
832 @kbd{% R ^x- @key{RET} @key{RET}}. (Use @samp{^} and @samp{$} to anchor | |
71580 | 833 matches that should span the whole file name.) |
25829 | 834 |
835 Normally, the replacement process does not consider the files' | |
836 directory names; it operates on the file name within the directory. If | |
837 you specify a numeric argument of zero, then replacement affects the | |
69741 | 838 entire absolute file name including directory name. (A non-zero |
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839 argument specifies the number of files to operate on.) |
25829 | 840 |
69741 | 841 You may want to select the set of files to operate on using the same |
842 regexp @var{from} that you will use to operate on them. To do this, | |
843 mark those files with @kbd{% m @var{from} @key{RET}}, then use the | |
844 same regular expression in the command to operate on the files. To | |
845 make this more convenient, the @kbd{%} commands to operate on files | |
846 use the last regular expression specified in any @kbd{%} command as a | |
847 default. | |
25829 | 848 |
849 @node Comparison in Dired | |
850 @section File Comparison with Dired | |
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851 @cindex file comparison (in Dired) |
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852 @cindex compare files (in Dired) |
25829 | 853 |
854 Here are two Dired commands that compare specified files using | |
69741 | 855 @code{diff}. They show the output in a buffer using Diff mode |
856 (@pxref{Comparing Files}). | |
25829 | 857 |
858 @table @kbd | |
859 @item = | |
860 @findex dired-diff | |
861 @kindex = @r{(Dired)} | |
69741 | 862 Compare the current file (the file at point) with another file (the |
863 file at the mark) using the @code{diff} program (@code{dired-diff}). | |
864 The file at the mark is the first argument of @code{diff}, and the | |
865 file at point is the second argument. This refers to the ordinary | |
866 Emacs mark, not Dired marks; use @kbd{C-@key{SPC}} | |
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867 (@code{set-mark-command}) to set the mark at the first file's line |
69741 | 868 (@pxref{Setting Mark}). |
25829 | 869 |
870 @findex dired-backup-diff | |
871 @kindex M-= @r{(Dired)} | |
872 @item M-= | |
873 Compare the current file with its latest backup file | |
874 (@code{dired-backup-diff}). If the current file is itself a backup, | |
875 compare it with the file it is a backup of; this way, you can compare | |
69741 | 876 a file with any one of its backups. |
25829 | 877 |
878 The backup file is the first file given to @code{diff}. | |
879 @end table | |
880 | |
881 @node Subdirectories in Dired | |
882 @section Subdirectories in Dired | |
883 @cindex subdirectories in Dired | |
884 @cindex expanding subdirectories in Dired | |
885 | |
886 A Dired buffer displays just one directory in the normal case; | |
887 but you can optionally include its subdirectories as well. | |
888 | |
889 The simplest way to include multiple directories in one Dired buffer is | |
890 to specify the options @samp{-lR} for running @code{ls}. (If you give a | |
891 numeric argument when you run Dired, then you can specify these options | |
892 in the minibuffer.) That produces a recursive directory listing showing | |
893 all subdirectories at all levels. | |
894 | |
69741 | 895 More often, you will want to show only specific subdirectories. You |
896 can do this with the @kbd{i} command: | |
25829 | 897 |
898 @table @kbd | |
899 @findex dired-maybe-insert-subdir | |
900 @kindex i @r{(Dired)} | |
901 @item i | |
902 @cindex inserted subdirectory (Dired) | |
903 @cindex in-situ subdirectory (Dired) | |
904 Insert the contents of a subdirectory later in the buffer. | |
905 @end table | |
906 | |
907 Use the @kbd{i} (@code{dired-maybe-insert-subdir}) command on a line | |
908 that describes a file which is a directory. It inserts the contents of | |
909 that directory into the same Dired buffer, and moves there. Inserted | |
910 subdirectory contents follow the top-level directory of the Dired | |
911 buffer, just as they do in @samp{ls -lR} output. | |
912 | |
913 If the subdirectory's contents are already present in the buffer, the | |
914 @kbd{i} command just moves to it. | |
915 | |
916 In either case, @kbd{i} sets the Emacs mark before moving, so @kbd{C-u | |
917 C-@key{SPC}} takes you back to the old position in the buffer (the line | |
918 describing that subdirectory). | |
919 | |
920 Use the @kbd{l} command (@code{dired-do-redisplay}) to update the | |
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921 subdirectory's contents. Use @kbd{C-u k} on the subdirectory header |
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922 line to delete the subdirectory. @xref{Dired Updating}. |
25829 | 923 |
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924 |
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925 |
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926 |
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927 @ifnottex |
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928 @include dired-xtra.texi |
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929 @end ifnottex |
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930 |
25829 | 931 @node Subdirectory Motion |
932 @section Moving Over Subdirectories | |
933 | |
934 When a Dired buffer lists subdirectories, you can use the page motion | |
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935 commands @kbd{C-x [} and @kbd{C-x ]} to move by entire directories |
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936 (@pxref{Pages}). |
25829 | 937 |
938 @cindex header line (Dired) | |
939 @cindex directory header lines | |
940 The following commands move across, up and down in the tree of | |
941 directories within one Dired buffer. They move to @dfn{directory header | |
942 lines}, which are the lines that give a directory's name, at the | |
943 beginning of the directory's contents. | |
944 | |
945 @table @kbd | |
946 @findex dired-next-subdir | |
947 @kindex C-M-n @r{(Dired)} | |
948 @item C-M-n | |
949 Go to next subdirectory header line, regardless of level | |
950 (@code{dired-next-subdir}). | |
951 | |
952 @findex dired-prev-subdir | |
953 @kindex C-M-p @r{(Dired)} | |
954 @item C-M-p | |
955 Go to previous subdirectory header line, regardless of level | |
956 (@code{dired-prev-subdir}). | |
957 | |
958 @findex dired-tree-up | |
959 @kindex C-M-u @r{(Dired)} | |
960 @item C-M-u | |
961 Go up to the parent directory's header line (@code{dired-tree-up}). | |
962 | |
963 @findex dired-tree-down | |
964 @kindex C-M-d @r{(Dired)} | |
965 @item C-M-d | |
966 Go down in the directory tree, to the first subdirectory's header line | |
967 (@code{dired-tree-down}). | |
968 | |
969 @findex dired-prev-dirline | |
970 @kindex < @r{(Dired)} | |
971 @item < | |
972 Move up to the previous directory-file line (@code{dired-prev-dirline}). | |
973 These lines are the ones that describe a directory as a file in its | |
974 parent directory. | |
975 | |
976 @findex dired-next-dirline | |
977 @kindex > @r{(Dired)} | |
978 @item > | |
979 Move down to the next directory-file line (@code{dired-prev-dirline}). | |
980 @end table | |
981 | |
982 @node Hiding Subdirectories | |
983 @section Hiding Subdirectories | |
984 | |
985 @cindex hiding in Dired (Dired) | |
986 @dfn{Hiding} a subdirectory means to make it invisible, except for its | |
69741 | 987 header line. |
25829 | 988 |
989 @table @kbd | |
990 @item $ | |
991 @findex dired-hide-subdir | |
992 @kindex $ @r{(Dired)} | |
993 Hide or reveal the subdirectory that point is in, and move point to the | |
994 next subdirectory (@code{dired-hide-subdir}). A numeric argument serves | |
995 as a repeat count. | |
996 | |
997 @item M-$ | |
998 @findex dired-hide-all | |
999 @kindex M-$ @r{(Dired)} | |
1000 Hide all subdirectories in this Dired buffer, leaving only their header | |
1001 lines (@code{dired-hide-all}). Or, if any subdirectory is currently | |
1002 hidden, make all subdirectories visible again. You can use this command | |
1003 to get an overview in very deep directory trees or to move quickly to | |
1004 subdirectories far away. | |
1005 @end table | |
1006 | |
1007 Ordinary Dired commands never consider files inside a hidden | |
1008 subdirectory. For example, the commands to operate on marked files | |
1009 ignore files in hidden directories even if they are marked. Thus you | |
1010 can use hiding to temporarily exclude subdirectories from operations | |
69741 | 1011 without having to remove the Dired marks on files in those |
1012 subdirectories. | |
25829 | 1013 |
1014 @node Dired Updating | |
1015 @section Updating the Dired Buffer | |
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1016 @cindex updating Dired buffer |
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1017 @cindex refreshing displayed files |
25829 | 1018 |
1019 This section describes commands to update the Dired buffer to reflect | |
1020 outside (non-Dired) changes in the directories and files, and to delete | |
1021 part of the Dired buffer. | |
1022 | |
1023 @table @kbd | |
1024 @item g | |
1025 Update the entire contents of the Dired buffer (@code{revert-buffer}). | |
1026 | |
1027 @item l | |
69741 | 1028 Update the specified files (@code{dired-do-redisplay}). You specify the |
1029 files for @kbd{l} in the same way as for file operations. | |
25829 | 1030 |
1031 @item k | |
1032 Delete the specified @emph{file lines}---not the files, just the lines | |
1033 (@code{dired-do-kill-lines}). | |
1034 | |
1035 @item s | |
1036 Toggle between alphabetical order and date/time order | |
1037 (@code{dired-sort-toggle-or-edit}). | |
1038 | |
1039 @item C-u s @var{switches} @key{RET} | |
1040 Refresh the Dired buffer using @var{switches} as | |
1041 @code{dired-listing-switches}. | |
1042 @end table | |
1043 | |
1044 @kindex g @r{(Dired)} | |
1045 @findex revert-buffer @r{(Dired)} | |
1046 Type @kbd{g} (@code{revert-buffer}) to update the contents of the | |
1047 Dired buffer, based on changes in the files and directories listed. | |
1048 This preserves all marks except for those on files that have vanished. | |
1049 Hidden subdirectories are updated but remain hidden. | |
1050 | |
1051 @kindex l @r{(Dired)} | |
1052 @findex dired-do-redisplay | |
1053 To update only some of the files, type @kbd{l} | |
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1054 (@code{dired-do-redisplay}). Like the Dired file-operating commands, |
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1055 this command operates on the next @var{n} files (or previous |
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1056 @minus{}@var{n} files), or on the marked files if any, or on the |
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1057 current file. Updating the files means reading their current status, |
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1058 then updating their lines in the buffer to indicate that status. |
25829 | 1059 |
1060 If you use @kbd{l} on a subdirectory header line, it updates the | |
1061 contents of the corresponding subdirectory. | |
1062 | |
1063 @kindex k @r{(Dired)} | |
1064 @findex dired-do-kill-lines | |
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1065 To delete the specified @emph{file lines} from the buffer---not |
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1066 delete the files---type @kbd{k} (@code{dired-do-kill-lines}). Like |
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1067 the file-operating commands, this command operates on the next @var{n} |
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1068 files, or on the marked files if any; but it does not operate on the |
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1069 current file as a last resort. |
25829 | 1070 |
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1071 If you use @kbd{k} with a numeric prefix argument to kill the line |
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1072 for a file that is a directory, which you have inserted in the Dired |
69741 | 1073 buffer as a subdirectory, it deletes that subdirectory from the buffer |
1074 as well. Typing @kbd{C-u k} on the header line for a subdirectory | |
1075 also deletes the subdirectory from the Dired buffer. | |
25829 | 1076 |
1077 The @kbd{g} command brings back any individual lines that you have | |
1078 killed in this way, but not subdirectories---you must use @kbd{i} to | |
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1079 reinsert a subdirectory. |
25829 | 1080 |
1081 @cindex Dired sorting | |
1082 @cindex sorting Dired buffer | |
1083 @kindex s @r{(Dired)} | |
1084 @findex dired-sort-toggle-or-edit | |
1085 The files in a Dired buffers are normally listed in alphabetical order | |
1086 by file names. Alternatively Dired can sort them by date/time. The | |
1087 Dired command @kbd{s} (@code{dired-sort-toggle-or-edit}) switches | |
1088 between these two sorting modes. The mode line in a Dired buffer | |
1089 indicates which way it is currently sorted---by name, or by date. | |
1090 | |
1091 @kbd{C-u s @var{switches} @key{RET}} lets you specify a new value for | |
1092 @code{dired-listing-switches}. | |
1093 | |
1094 @node Dired and Find | |
1095 @section Dired and @code{find} | |
1096 @cindex @code{find} and Dired | |
1097 | |
1098 You can select a set of files for display in a Dired buffer more | |
1099 flexibly by using the @code{find} utility to choose the files. | |
1100 | |
1101 @findex find-name-dired | |
1102 To search for files with names matching a wildcard pattern use | |
1103 @kbd{M-x find-name-dired}. It reads arguments @var{directory} and | |
1104 @var{pattern}, and chooses all the files in @var{directory} or its | |
1105 subdirectories whose individual names match @var{pattern}. | |
1106 | |
69741 | 1107 The files thus chosen are displayed in a Dired buffer, in which the |
25829 | 1108 ordinary Dired commands are available. |
1109 | |
1110 @findex find-grep-dired | |
1111 If you want to test the contents of files, rather than their names, | |
1112 use @kbd{M-x find-grep-dired}. This command reads two minibuffer | |
1113 arguments, @var{directory} and @var{regexp}; it chooses all the files in | |
1114 @var{directory} or its subdirectories that contain a match for | |
1115 @var{regexp}. It works by running the programs @code{find} and | |
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1116 @code{grep}. See also @kbd{M-x grep-find}, in @ref{Grep Searching}. |
25829 | 1117 Remember to write the regular expression for @code{grep}, not for Emacs. |
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1118 (An alternative method of showing files whose contents match a given |
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1119 regexp is the @kbd{% g @var{regexp}} command, see @ref{Marks vs Flags}.) |
25829 | 1120 |
1121 @findex find-dired | |
1122 The most general command in this series is @kbd{M-x find-dired}, which | |
1123 lets you specify any condition that @code{find} can test. It takes two | |
1124 minibuffer arguments, @var{directory} and @var{find-args}; it runs | |
1125 @code{find} in @var{directory}, passing @var{find-args} to tell | |
1126 @code{find} what condition to test. To use this command, you need to | |
1127 know how to use @code{find}. | |
1128 | |
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1129 @vindex find-ls-option |
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1130 The format of listing produced by these commands is controlled by the |
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1131 variable @code{find-ls-option}, whose default value specifies using |
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|
1132 options @samp{-ld} for @code{ls}. If your listings are corrupted, you |
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|
1133 may need to change the value of this variable. |
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|
1134 |
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|
1135 @findex locate |
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|
1136 @findex locate-with-filter |
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|
1137 @cindex file database (locate) |
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|
1138 @vindex locate-command |
77129 | 1139 The command @kbd{M-x locate} provides a similar interface to the |
1140 @code{locate} program. @kbd{M-x locate-with-filter} is similar, but | |
1141 keeps only files whose names match a given regular expression. | |
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1142 |
69741 | 1143 These buffers don't work entirely like ordinary Dired buffers: file |
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1144 operations work, but do not always automatically update the buffer. |
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1145 Reverting the buffer with @kbd{g} deletes all inserted subdirectories, |
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1146 and erases all flags and marks. |
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1147 |
61047 | 1148 @node Wdired |
1149 @section Editing the Dired Buffer | |
1150 | |
1151 @cindex wdired mode | |
1152 @findex wdired-change-to-wdired-mode | |
1153 Wdired is a special mode that allows you to perform file operations | |
1154 by editing the Dired buffer directly (the ``W'' in ``Wdired'' stands | |
82119
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|
1155 for ``writable.'') To enter Wdired mode, type @kbd{C-x C-q} or @kbd{M-x |
61047 | 1156 wdired-change-to-wdired-mode} while in a Dired buffer. Alternatively, |
1157 use @samp{Edit File Names} in the @samp{Immediate} menu bar menu. | |
1158 | |
1159 @findex wdired-finish-edit | |
1160 While in Wdired mode, you can rename files by editing the file names | |
1161 displayed in the Dired buffer. All the ordinary Emacs editing | |
1162 commands, including rectangle operations and @code{query-replace}, are | |
1163 available for this. Once you are done editing, type @kbd{C-c C-c} | |
1164 (@code{wdired-finish-edit}). This applies your changes and switches | |
1165 back to ordinary Dired mode. | |
1166 | |
1167 Apart from simply renaming files, you can move a file to another | |
1168 directory by typing in the new file name (either absolute or | |
71580 | 1169 relative). To mark a file for deletion, delete the entire file name. |
69741 | 1170 To change the target of a symbolic link, edit the link target name |
1171 which appears next to the link name. | |
61047 | 1172 |
1173 The rest of the text in the buffer, such as the file sizes and | |
1174 modification dates, is marked read-only, so you can't edit it. | |
1175 However, if you set @code{wdired-allow-to-change-permissions} to | |
69741 | 1176 @code{t}, you can edit the file permissions. For example, you can |
1177 change @samp{-rw-r--r--} to @samp{-rw-rw-rw-} to make a file | |
61047 | 1178 world-writable. These changes also take effect when you type @kbd{C-c |
1179 C-c}. | |
1180 | |
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1181 @node Image-Dired |
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|
1182 @section Viewing Image Thumbnails in Dired |
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|
1183 @cindex image-dired mode |
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|
1184 @cindex image-dired |
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|
1185 |
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|
1186 Image-Dired is a facility for browsing image files. It provides viewing |
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|
1187 the images either as thumbnails or in full size, either inside Emacs |
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1188 or through an external viewer. |
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|
1189 |
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|
1190 @kindex C-t d @r{(Image-Dired)} |
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|
1191 @findex image-dired-display-thumbs |
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|
1192 To enter Image-Dired, mark the image files you want to look at in |
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|
1193 the Dired buffer, using @kbd{m} as usual. Then type @kbd{C-t d} |
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|
1194 (@code{image-dired-display-thumbs}). This creates and switches to a |
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|
1195 buffer containing image-dired, corresponding to the marked files. |
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|
1196 |
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|
1197 You can also enter Image-Dired directly by typing @kbd{M-x |
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|
1198 image-dired}. This prompts for a directory; specify one that has |
77495 | 1199 image files. This creates thumbnails for all the images in that |
77409
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|
1200 directory, and displays them all in the ``thumbnail buffer.'' This |
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|
1201 takes a long time if the directory contains many image files, and it |
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|
1202 asks for confirmation if the number of image files exceeds |
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|
1203 @code{image-dired-show-all-from-dir-max-files}. |
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|
1204 |
77495 | 1205 With point in the thumbnail buffer, you can type @kbd{RET} |
77409
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|
1206 (@code{image-dired-display-thumbnail-original-image}) to display a |
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(Image-Dired): Move from Thumbnails node.
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|
1207 sized version of it in another window. This sizes the image to fit |
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|
1208 the window. Use the arrow keys to move around in the buffer. For |
80811 | 1209 easy browsing, use @kbd{SPC} |
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|
1210 (@code{image-dired-display-next-thumbnail-original}) to advance and |
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|
1211 display the next image. Typing @kbd{DEL} |
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|
1212 (@code{image-dired-display-previous-thumbnail-original}) backs up to |
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|
1213 the previous thumbnail and displays that instead. |
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|
1214 |
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|
1215 @vindex image-dired-external-viewer |
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|
1216 To view and the image in its original size, either provide a prefix |
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|
1217 argument (@kbd{C-u}) before pressing @kbd{RET}, or type |
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|
1218 @kbd{C-@key{RET}} (@code{image-dired-thumbnail-display-external}) to |
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|
1219 display the image in an external viewer. You must first configure |
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|
1220 @code{image-dired-external-viewer}. |
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|
1221 |
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|
1222 You can delete images through Image-Dired also. Type @kbd{d} |
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|
1223 (@code{image-dired-flag-thumb-original-file}) to flag the image file |
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|
1224 for deletion in the Dired buffer. You can also delete the thumbnail |
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|
1225 image from the thumbnail buffer with @kbd{C-d} |
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|
1226 (@code{image-dired-delete-char}). |
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|
1227 |
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|
1228 More advanced features include @dfn{image tags}, which are metadata |
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|
1229 used to categorize image files. The tags are stored in a plain text |
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|
1230 file configured by @code{image-dired-db-file}. |
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|
1231 |
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|
1232 To tag image files, mark them in the dired buffer (you can also mark |
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|
1233 files in Dired from the thumbnail buffer by typing @kbd{m}) and type |
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|
1234 @kbd{C-t t} (@code{image-dired-tag-files}). You will be prompted for |
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|
1235 a tag. To mark files having a certain tag, type @kbd{C-t f} |
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|
1236 (@code{image-dired-mark-tagged-files}). After marking image files |
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1237 with a certain tag, you can use @kbd{C-t d} to view them. |
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|
1238 |
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|
1239 You can also tag a file directly from the thumbnail buffer by typing |
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1240 @kbd{t t} and you can remove a tag by typing @kbd{t r}. There is also |
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|
1241 a special ``tag'' called ``comment'' for each file (it is not a tag in |
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|
1242 the exact same sense as the other tags, it is handled slightly |
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1243 different). That is used to enter a comment or description about the |
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|
1244 image. You comment a file from the thumbnail buffer by typing |
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1245 @kbd{c}. You will be prompted for a comment. Type @kbd{C-t c} to add |
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|
1246 a comment from Dired (@code{image-dired-dired-comment-files}). |
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|
1247 |
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1248 Image-Dired also provides simple image manipulation. In the |
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1249 thumbnail buffer, type @kbd{L} to rotate the original image 90 degrees |
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1250 anti clockwise, and @kbd{R} to rotate it 90 degrees clockwise. This |
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1251 rotation is lossless, and uses an external utility called JpegTRAN. |
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|
1252 |
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|
1253 @node Misc Dired Features |
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|
1254 @section Other Dired Features |
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|
1255 |
69741 | 1256 @kindex + @r{(Dired)} |
1257 @findex dired-create-directory | |
1258 An unusual Dired file-operation command is @kbd{+} | |
1259 (@code{dired-create-directory}). This command reads a directory name, | |
1260 and creates the directory if it does not already exist. | |
1261 | |
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(Misc Dired Commands): New node.
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1262 @cindex Adding to the kill ring in Dired. |
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Juri Linkov <juri@jurta.org>
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1263 @kindex w @r{(Dired)} |
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(Misc Dired Commands): New node.
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1264 @findex dired-copy-filename-as-kill |
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(Misc Dired Features): Rename node from Misc Dired Commands.
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1265 The @kbd{w} command (@code{dired-copy-filename-as-kill}) puts the |
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(Misc Dired Commands): New node.
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|
1266 names of the marked (or next @var{n}) files into the kill ring, as if |
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03009601147e
(Dired Visiting): `dired-view-command-alist' has been deleted.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
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1267 you had killed them with @kbd{C-w}. The names are separated by a space. |
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1268 |
69741 | 1269 With a zero prefix argument, this uses the absolute file name of |
1270 each marked file. With just @kbd{C-u} as the prefix argument, it uses | |
1271 file names relative to the Dired buffer's default directory. (This | |
1272 can still contain slashes if in a subdirectory.) As a special case, | |
1273 if point is on a directory headerline, @kbd{w} gives you the absolute | |
1274 name of that directory. Any prefix argument or marked files are | |
1275 ignored in this case. | |
1276 | |
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|
1277 The main purpose of this command is so that you can yank the file |
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1278 names into arguments for other Emacs commands. It also displays what |
69741 | 1279 it added to the kill ring, so you can use it to display the list of |
1280 currently marked files in the echo area. | |
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|
1281 |
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(Misc Dired Features): Document dired-compare-directories.
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|
1282 @findex dired-compare-directories |
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|
1283 The command @kbd{M-x dired-compare-directories} is used to compare |
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1284 the current Dired buffer with another directory. It marks all the files |
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|
1285 that are ``different'' between the two directories. It puts these marks |
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|
1286 in all Dired buffers where these files are listed, which of course includes |
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|
1287 the current buffer. |
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|
1288 |
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|
1289 The default comparison method (used if you type @key{RET} at the |
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changeset
|
1290 prompt) is to compare just the file names---each file name that does |
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1291 not appear in the other directory is ``different.'' You can specify |
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1292 more stringent comparisons by entering a Lisp expression, which can |
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|
1293 refer to the variables @code{size1} and @code{size2}, the respective |
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|
1294 file sizes; @code{mtime1} and @code{mtime2}, the last modification |
70485 | 1295 times in seconds, as floating point numbers; and @code{fa1} and |
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|
1296 @code{fa2}, the respective file attribute lists (as returned by the |
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|
1297 function @code{file-attributes}). This expression is evaluated for |
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|
1298 each pair of like-named files, and if the expression's value is |
72101
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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changeset
|
1299 non-@code{nil}, those files are considered ``different.'' |
61846
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|
1300 |
71593 | 1301 For instance, the sequence @code{M-x dired-compare-directories |
1302 @key{RET} (> mtime1 mtime2) @key{RET}} marks files newer in this | |
1303 directory than in the other, and marks files older in the other | |
1304 directory than in this one. It also marks files with no counterpart, | |
1305 in both directories, as always. | |
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|
1306 |
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|
1307 @cindex drag and drop, Dired |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1308 On the X window system, Emacs supports the ``drag and drop'' |
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|
1309 protocol. You can drag a file object from another program, and drop |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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changeset
|
1310 it onto a Dired buffer; this either moves, copies, or creates a link |
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changeset
|
1311 to the file in that directory. Precisely which action is taken is |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1312 determined by the originating program. Dragging files out of a Dired |
fa4296e0e363
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parents:
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|
1313 buffer is currently not supported. |
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|
1314 |
52401 | 1315 @ignore |
1316 arch-tag: d105f9b9-fc1b-4c5f-a949-9b2cf3ca2fc1 | |
1317 @end ignore |