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author | Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com> |
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date | Sun, 13 Jul 2003 17:20:34 +0000 |
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6555 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
27189 | 3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, 1999 |
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4 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
6555 | 5 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. |
6 @setfilename ../info/files | |
7 @node Files, Backups and Auto-Saving, Documentation, Top | |
8 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
9 @chapter Files | |
10 | |
11 In Emacs, you can find, create, view, save, and otherwise work with | |
12 files and file directories. This chapter describes most of the | |
13 file-related functions of Emacs Lisp, but a few others are described in | |
14 @ref{Buffers}, and those related to backups and auto-saving are | |
15 described in @ref{Backups and Auto-Saving}. | |
16 | |
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17 Many of the file functions take one or more arguments that are file |
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18 names. A file name is actually a string. Most of these functions |
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19 expand file name arguments by calling @code{expand-file-name}, so that |
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20 @file{~} is handled correctly, as are relative file names (including |
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21 @samp{../}). These functions don't recognize environment variable |
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22 substitutions such as @samp{$HOME}. @xref{File Name Expansion}. |
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23 |
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24 When file I/O functions signal Lisp errors, they usually use the |
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25 condition @code{file-error} (@pxref{Handling Errors}). The error |
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26 message is in most cases obtained from the operating system, according |
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27 to locale @code{system-message-locale}, and decoded using coding system |
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28 @code{locale-coding-system} (@pxref{Locales}). |
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29 |
6555 | 30 @menu |
31 * Visiting Files:: Reading files into Emacs buffers for editing. | |
32 * Saving Buffers:: Writing changed buffers back into files. | |
33 * Reading from Files:: Reading files into buffers without visiting. | |
34 * Writing to Files:: Writing new files from parts of buffers. | |
35 * File Locks:: Locking and unlocking files, to prevent | |
36 simultaneous editing by two people. | |
37 * Information about Files:: Testing existence, accessibility, size of files. | |
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38 * Changing Files:: Renaming files, changing protection, etc. |
6555 | 39 * File Names:: Decomposing and expanding file names. |
40 * Contents of Directories:: Getting a list of the files in a directory. | |
41 * Create/Delete Dirs:: Creating and Deleting Directories. | |
42 * Magic File Names:: Defining "magic" special handling | |
43 for certain file names. | |
12067 | 44 * Format Conversion:: Conversion to and from various file formats. |
6555 | 45 @end menu |
46 | |
47 @node Visiting Files | |
48 @section Visiting Files | |
49 @cindex finding files | |
50 @cindex visiting files | |
51 | |
52 Visiting a file means reading a file into a buffer. Once this is | |
53 done, we say that the buffer is @dfn{visiting} that file, and call the | |
54 file ``the visited file'' of the buffer. | |
55 | |
56 A file and a buffer are two different things. A file is information | |
57 recorded permanently in the computer (unless you delete it). A buffer, | |
58 on the other hand, is information inside of Emacs that will vanish at | |
59 the end of the editing session (or when you kill the buffer). Usually, | |
60 a buffer contains information that you have copied from a file; then we | |
61 say the buffer is visiting that file. The copy in the buffer is what | |
62 you modify with editing commands. Such changes to the buffer do not | |
63 change the file; therefore, to make the changes permanent, you must | |
64 @dfn{save} the buffer, which means copying the altered buffer contents | |
65 back into the file. | |
66 | |
67 In spite of the distinction between files and buffers, people often | |
68 refer to a file when they mean a buffer and vice-versa. Indeed, we say, | |
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69 ``I am editing a file,'' rather than, ``I am editing a buffer that I |
6555 | 70 will soon save as a file of the same name.'' Humans do not usually need |
71 to make the distinction explicit. When dealing with a computer program, | |
72 however, it is good to keep the distinction in mind. | |
73 | |
74 @menu | |
75 * Visiting Functions:: The usual interface functions for visiting. | |
76 * Subroutines of Visiting:: Lower-level subroutines that they use. | |
77 @end menu | |
78 | |
79 @node Visiting Functions | |
80 @subsection Functions for Visiting Files | |
81 | |
82 This section describes the functions normally used to visit files. | |
83 For historical reasons, these functions have names starting with | |
84 @samp{find-} rather than @samp{visit-}. @xref{Buffer File Name}, for | |
85 functions and variables that access the visited file name of a buffer or | |
86 that find an existing buffer by its visited file name. | |
87 | |
12098 | 88 In a Lisp program, if you want to look at the contents of a file but |
89 not alter it, the fastest way is to use @code{insert-file-contents} in a | |
90 temporary buffer. Visiting the file is not necessary and takes longer. | |
91 @xref{Reading from Files}. | |
92 | |
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93 @deffn Command find-file filename &optional wildcards |
6555 | 94 This command selects a buffer visiting the file @var{filename}, |
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95 using an existing buffer if there is one, and otherwise creating a |
6555 | 96 new buffer and reading the file into it. It also returns that buffer. |
97 | |
98 The body of the @code{find-file} function is very simple and looks | |
99 like this: | |
100 | |
101 @example | |
102 (switch-to-buffer (find-file-noselect filename)) | |
103 @end example | |
104 | |
105 @noindent | |
106 (See @code{switch-to-buffer} in @ref{Displaying Buffers}.) | |
107 | |
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108 If @var{wildcards} is non-@code{nil}, which is always true in an |
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109 interactive call, then @code{find-file} expands wildcard characters in |
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110 @var{filename} and visits all the matching files. |
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111 |
6555 | 112 When @code{find-file} is called interactively, it prompts for |
113 @var{filename} in the minibuffer. | |
114 @end deffn | |
115 | |
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116 @defun find-file-noselect filename &optional nowarn rawfile wildcards |
6555 | 117 This function is the guts of all the file-visiting functions. It finds |
118 or creates a buffer visiting the file @var{filename}, and returns it. | |
119 It uses an existing buffer if there is one, and otherwise creates a new | |
120 buffer and reads the file into it. You may make the buffer current or | |
121 display it in a window if you wish, but this function does not do so. | |
122 | |
24952 | 123 If @var{wildcards} is non-@code{nil}, |
124 then @code{find-file-noselect} expands wildcard | |
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125 characters in @var{filename} and visits all the matching files. |
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126 |
6555 | 127 When @code{find-file-noselect} uses an existing buffer, it first |
128 verifies that the file has not changed since it was last visited or | |
129 saved in that buffer. If the file has changed, then this function asks | |
130 the user whether to reread the changed file. If the user says | |
131 @samp{yes}, any changes previously made in the buffer are lost. | |
132 | |
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133 This function displays warning or advisory messages in various peculiar |
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134 cases, unless the optional argument @var{nowarn} is non-@code{nil}. For |
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135 example, if it needs to create a buffer, and there is no file named |
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136 @var{filename}, it displays the message @samp{(New file)} in the echo |
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137 area, and leaves the buffer empty. |
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138 |
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139 The @code{find-file-noselect} function normally calls |
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140 @code{after-find-file} after reading the file (@pxref{Subroutines of |
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141 Visiting}). That function sets the buffer major mode, parses local |
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142 variables, warns the user if there exists an auto-save file more recent |
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143 than the file just visited, and finishes by running the functions in |
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144 @code{find-file-hook}. |
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145 |
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146 If the optional argument @var{rawfile} is non-@code{nil}, then |
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147 @code{after-find-file} is not called, and the |
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148 @code{find-file-not-found-functions} are not run in case of failure. What's |
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149 more, a non-@code{nil} @var{rawfile} value suppresses coding system |
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150 conversion (@pxref{Coding Systems}) and format conversion (@pxref{Format |
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151 Conversion}). |
6555 | 152 |
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153 The @code{find-file-noselect} function usually returns the buffer that |
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154 is visiting the file @var{filename}. But, if wildcards are actually |
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155 used and expanded, it returns a list of buffers that are visiting the |
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156 various files. |
6555 | 157 |
158 @example | |
159 @group | |
160 (find-file-noselect "/etc/fstab") | |
161 @result{} #<buffer fstab> | |
162 @end group | |
163 @end example | |
164 @end defun | |
165 | |
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166 @deffn Command find-file-other-window filename &optional wildcards |
6555 | 167 This command selects a buffer visiting the file @var{filename}, but |
168 does so in a window other than the selected window. It may use another | |
169 existing window or split a window; see @ref{Displaying Buffers}. | |
170 | |
171 When this command is called interactively, it prompts for | |
172 @var{filename}. | |
173 @end deffn | |
174 | |
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175 @deffn Command find-file-read-only filename &optional wildcards |
6555 | 176 This command selects a buffer visiting the file @var{filename}, like |
177 @code{find-file}, but it marks the buffer as read-only. @xref{Read Only | |
178 Buffers}, for related functions and variables. | |
179 | |
180 When this command is called interactively, it prompts for | |
181 @var{filename}. | |
182 @end deffn | |
183 | |
184 @deffn Command view-file filename | |
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185 This command visits @var{filename} using View mode, returning to the |
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186 previous buffer when you exit View mode. View mode is a minor mode that |
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187 provides commands to skim rapidly through the file, but does not let you |
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188 modify the text. Entering View mode runs the normal hook |
12098 | 189 @code{view-mode-hook}. @xref{Hooks}. |
6555 | 190 |
191 When @code{view-file} is called interactively, it prompts for | |
192 @var{filename}. | |
193 @end deffn | |
194 | |
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195 @tindex find-file-wildcards |
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196 @defvar find-file-wildcards |
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197 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, then the various @code{find-file} |
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198 commands check for wildcard characters and visit all the files that |
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199 match them. If this is @code{nil}, then wildcard characters are |
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200 not treated specially. |
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201 @end defvar |
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202 |
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203 @defvar find-file-hook |
6555 | 204 The value of this variable is a list of functions to be called after a |
205 file is visited. The file's local-variables specification (if any) will | |
206 have been processed before the hooks are run. The buffer visiting the | |
207 file is current when the hook functions are run. | |
208 | |
209 This variable works just like a normal hook, but we think that renaming | |
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210 it would not be advisable. @xref{Hooks}. |
6555 | 211 @end defvar |
212 | |
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213 @defvar find-file-not-found-functions |
6555 | 214 The value of this variable is a list of functions to be called when |
215 @code{find-file} or @code{find-file-noselect} is passed a nonexistent | |
216 file name. @code{find-file-noselect} calls these functions as soon as | |
217 it detects a nonexistent file. It calls them in the order of the list, | |
218 until one of them returns non-@code{nil}. @code{buffer-file-name} is | |
219 already set up. | |
220 | |
221 This is not a normal hook because the values of the functions are | |
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222 used, and in many cases only some of the functions are called. |
6555 | 223 @end defvar |
224 | |
225 @node Subroutines of Visiting | |
226 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
227 @subsection Subroutines of Visiting | |
228 | |
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229 The @code{find-file-noselect} function uses two important subroutines |
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230 which are sometimes useful in user Lisp code: @code{create-file-buffer} |
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231 and @code{after-find-file}. This section explains how to use them. |
6555 | 232 |
233 @defun create-file-buffer filename | |
234 This function creates a suitably named buffer for visiting | |
235 @var{filename}, and returns it. It uses @var{filename} (sans directory) | |
236 as the name if that name is free; otherwise, it appends a string such as | |
237 @samp{<2>} to get an unused name. See also @ref{Creating Buffers}. | |
238 | |
239 @strong{Please note:} @code{create-file-buffer} does @emph{not} | |
240 associate the new buffer with a file and does not select the buffer. | |
12098 | 241 It also does not use the default major mode. |
6555 | 242 |
243 @example | |
244 @group | |
245 (create-file-buffer "foo") | |
246 @result{} #<buffer foo> | |
247 @end group | |
248 @group | |
249 (create-file-buffer "foo") | |
250 @result{} #<buffer foo<2>> | |
251 @end group | |
252 @group | |
253 (create-file-buffer "foo") | |
254 @result{} #<buffer foo<3>> | |
255 @end group | |
256 @end example | |
257 | |
258 This function is used by @code{find-file-noselect}. | |
259 It uses @code{generate-new-buffer} (@pxref{Creating Buffers}). | |
260 @end defun | |
261 | |
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262 @defun after-find-file &optional error warn noauto after-find-file-from-revert-buffer nomodes |
6555 | 263 This function sets the buffer major mode, and parses local variables |
264 (@pxref{Auto Major Mode}). It is called by @code{find-file-noselect} | |
265 and by the default revert function (@pxref{Reverting}). | |
266 | |
267 @cindex new file message | |
268 @cindex file open error | |
269 If reading the file got an error because the file does not exist, but | |
270 its directory does exist, the caller should pass a non-@code{nil} value | |
271 for @var{error}. In that case, @code{after-find-file} issues a warning: | |
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272 @samp{(New file)}. For more serious errors, the caller should usually not |
6555 | 273 call @code{after-find-file}. |
274 | |
275 If @var{warn} is non-@code{nil}, then this function issues a warning | |
276 if an auto-save file exists and is more recent than the visited file. | |
277 | |
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278 If @var{noauto} is non-@code{nil}, that says not to enable or disable |
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279 Auto-Save mode. The mode remains enabled if it was enabled before. |
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280 |
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281 If @var{after-find-file-from-revert-buffer} is non-@code{nil}, that |
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282 means this call was from @code{revert-buffer}. This has no direct |
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283 effect, but some mode functions and hook functions check the value |
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284 of this variable. |
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285 |
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286 If @var{nomodes} is non-@code{nil}, that means don't alter the buffer's |
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287 major mode, don't process local variables specifications in the file, |
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288 and don't run @code{find-file-hook}. This feature is used by |
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289 @code{revert-buffer} in some cases. |
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290 |
6555 | 291 The last thing @code{after-find-file} does is call all the functions |
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292 in the list @code{find-file-hook}. |
6555 | 293 @end defun |
294 | |
295 @node Saving Buffers | |
296 @section Saving Buffers | |
297 | |
298 When you edit a file in Emacs, you are actually working on a buffer | |
299 that is visiting that file---that is, the contents of the file are | |
300 copied into the buffer and the copy is what you edit. Changes to the | |
301 buffer do not change the file until you @dfn{save} the buffer, which | |
302 means copying the contents of the buffer into the file. | |
303 | |
304 @deffn Command save-buffer &optional backup-option | |
305 This function saves the contents of the current buffer in its visited | |
306 file if the buffer has been modified since it was last visited or saved. | |
307 Otherwise it does nothing. | |
308 | |
309 @code{save-buffer} is responsible for making backup files. Normally, | |
310 @var{backup-option} is @code{nil}, and @code{save-buffer} makes a backup | |
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311 file only if this is the first save since visiting the file. Other |
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312 values for @var{backup-option} request the making of backup files in |
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313 other circumstances: |
6555 | 314 |
315 @itemize @bullet | |
316 @item | |
317 With an argument of 4 or 64, reflecting 1 or 3 @kbd{C-u}'s, the | |
318 @code{save-buffer} function marks this version of the file to be | |
319 backed up when the buffer is next saved. | |
320 | |
321 @item | |
322 With an argument of 16 or 64, reflecting 2 or 3 @kbd{C-u}'s, the | |
323 @code{save-buffer} function unconditionally backs up the previous | |
324 version of the file before saving it. | |
325 @end itemize | |
326 @end deffn | |
327 | |
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328 @deffn Command save-some-buffers &optional save-silently-p pred |
6555 | 329 This command saves some modified file-visiting buffers. Normally it |
330 asks the user about each buffer. But if @var{save-silently-p} is | |
331 non-@code{nil}, it saves all the file-visiting buffers without querying | |
332 the user. | |
333 | |
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334 The optional @var{pred} argument controls which buffers to ask about. |
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335 If it is @code{nil}, that means to ask only about file-visiting buffers. |
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336 If it is @code{t}, that means also offer to save certain other non-file |
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337 buffers---those that have a non-@code{nil} buffer-local value of |
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338 @code{buffer-offer-save}. (A user who says @samp{yes} to saving a |
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339 non-file buffer is asked to specify the file name to use.) The |
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340 @code{save-buffers-kill-emacs} function passes the value @code{t} for |
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341 @var{pred}. |
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342 |
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343 If @var{pred} is neither @code{t} nor @code{nil}, then it should be |
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344 a function of no arguments. It will be called in each buffer to decide |
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345 whether to offer to save that buffer. If it returns a non-@code{nil} |
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346 value in a certain buffer, that means do offer to save that buffer. |
6555 | 347 @end deffn |
348 | |
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349 @deffn Command write-file filename &optional confirm |
6555 | 350 This function writes the current buffer into file @var{filename}, makes |
351 the buffer visit that file, and marks it not modified. Then it renames | |
352 the buffer based on @var{filename}, appending a string like @samp{<2>} | |
353 if necessary to make a unique buffer name. It does most of this work by | |
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354 calling @code{set-visited-file-name} (@pxref{Buffer File Name}) and |
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355 @code{save-buffer}. |
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356 |
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357 If @var{confirm} is non-@code{nil}, that means to ask for confirmation |
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358 before overwriting an existing file. |
6555 | 359 @end deffn |
360 | |
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361 Saving a buffer runs several hooks. It also performs format |
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362 conversion (@pxref{Format Conversion}), and may save text properties in |
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363 ``annotations'' (@pxref{Saving Properties}). |
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364 |
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365 @defvar write-file-functions |
6555 | 366 The value of this variable is a list of functions to be called before |
367 writing out a buffer to its visited file. If one of them returns | |
368 non-@code{nil}, the file is considered already written and the rest of | |
369 the functions are not called, nor is the usual code for writing the file | |
370 executed. | |
371 | |
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372 If a function in @code{write-file-functions} returns non-@code{nil}, it |
6555 | 373 is responsible for making a backup file (if that is appropriate). |
374 To do so, execute the following code: | |
375 | |
376 @example | |
377 (or buffer-backed-up (backup-buffer)) | |
378 @end example | |
379 | |
380 You might wish to save the file modes value returned by | |
381 @code{backup-buffer} and use that to set the mode bits of the file that | |
382 you write. This is what @code{save-buffer} normally does. | |
383 | |
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384 The hook functions in @code{write-file-functions} are also responsible for |
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385 encoding the data (if desired): they must choose a suitable coding |
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386 system (@pxref{Lisp and Coding Systems}), perform the encoding |
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387 (@pxref{Explicit Encoding}), and set @code{last-coding-system-used} to |
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388 the coding system that was used (@pxref{Encoding and I/O}). |
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389 |
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390 If you set this hook locally in a buffer, it is assumed to be |
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391 associated with the file or the way the contents of the buffer were |
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392 obtained. Thus the variable is marked as a permanent local, so that |
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393 changing the major mode does not alter a buffer-local value. On the |
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394 other hand, calling @code{set-visited-file-name} will reset it. |
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395 If this is not what you want, you might like to use |
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396 @code{write-contents-functions} instead. |
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397 |
6555 | 398 Even though this is not a normal hook, you can use @code{add-hook} and |
399 @code{remove-hook} to manipulate the list. @xref{Hooks}. | |
400 @end defvar | |
401 | |
402 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
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403 @defvar write-contents-functions |
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404 This works just like @code{write-file-functions}, but it is intended for |
6555 | 405 hooks that pertain to the contents of the file, as opposed to hooks that |
8364 | 406 pertain to where the file came from. Such hooks are usually set up by |
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407 major modes, as buffer-local bindings for this variable. |
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408 |
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409 This variable automatically becomes buffer-local whenever it is set; |
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410 switching to a new major mode always resets this variable. |
6555 | 411 @end defvar |
412 | |
413 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
414 @defvar after-save-hook | |
415 This normal hook runs after a buffer has been saved in its visited file. | |
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416 One use of this hook is in Fast Lock mode; it uses this hook to save the |
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417 highlighting information in a cache file. |
6555 | 418 @end defvar |
419 | |
420 @defvar file-precious-flag | |
421 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, then @code{save-buffer} protects | |
422 against I/O errors while saving by writing the new file to a temporary | |
423 name instead of the name it is supposed to have, and then renaming it to | |
424 the intended name after it is clear there are no errors. This procedure | |
425 prevents problems such as a lack of disk space from resulting in an | |
426 invalid file. | |
427 | |
12226 | 428 As a side effect, backups are necessarily made by copying. @xref{Rename |
429 or Copy}. Yet, at the same time, saving a precious file always breaks | |
430 all hard links between the file you save and other file names. | |
6555 | 431 |
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432 Some modes give this variable a non-@code{nil} buffer-local value |
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433 in particular buffers. |
6555 | 434 @end defvar |
435 | |
436 @defopt require-final-newline | |
437 This variable determines whether files may be written out that do | |
438 @emph{not} end with a newline. If the value of the variable is | |
439 @code{t}, then @code{save-buffer} silently adds a newline at the end of | |
440 the file whenever the buffer being saved does not already end in one. | |
441 If the value of the variable is non-@code{nil}, but not @code{t}, then | |
442 @code{save-buffer} asks the user whether to add a newline each time the | |
443 case arises. | |
444 | |
445 If the value of the variable is @code{nil}, then @code{save-buffer} | |
446 doesn't add newlines at all. @code{nil} is the default value, but a few | |
447 major modes set it to @code{t} in particular buffers. | |
448 @end defopt | |
449 | |
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450 See also the function @code{set-visited-file-name} (@pxref{Buffer File |
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451 Name}). |
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452 |
6555 | 453 @node Reading from Files |
454 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
455 @section Reading from Files | |
456 | |
457 You can copy a file from the disk and insert it into a buffer | |
458 using the @code{insert-file-contents} function. Don't use the user-level | |
459 command @code{insert-file} in a Lisp program, as that sets the mark. | |
460 | |
461 @defun insert-file-contents filename &optional visit beg end replace | |
462 This function inserts the contents of file @var{filename} into the | |
12226 | 463 current buffer after point. It returns a list of the absolute file name |
6555 | 464 and the length of the data inserted. An error is signaled if |
465 @var{filename} is not the name of a file that can be read. | |
466 | |
12098 | 467 The function @code{insert-file-contents} checks the file contents |
468 against the defined file formats, and converts the file contents if | |
469 appropriate. @xref{Format Conversion}. It also calls the functions in | |
470 the list @code{after-insert-file-functions}; see @ref{Saving | |
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471 Properties}. Normally, one of the functions in the |
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472 @code{after-insert-file-functions} list determines the coding system |
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473 (@pxref{Coding Systems}) used for decoding the file's contents. |
6555 | 474 |
475 If @var{visit} is non-@code{nil}, this function additionally marks the | |
476 buffer as unmodified and sets up various fields in the buffer so that it | |
477 is visiting the file @var{filename}: these include the buffer's visited | |
478 file name and its last save file modtime. This feature is used by | |
479 @code{find-file-noselect} and you probably should not use it yourself. | |
480 | |
481 If @var{beg} and @var{end} are non-@code{nil}, they should be integers | |
482 specifying the portion of the file to insert. In this case, @var{visit} | |
483 must be @code{nil}. For example, | |
484 | |
485 @example | |
486 (insert-file-contents filename nil 0 500) | |
487 @end example | |
488 | |
489 @noindent | |
490 inserts the first 500 characters of a file. | |
491 | |
492 If the argument @var{replace} is non-@code{nil}, it means to replace the | |
493 contents of the buffer (actually, just the accessible portion) with the | |
494 contents of the file. This is better than simply deleting the buffer | |
495 contents and inserting the whole file, because (1) it preserves some | |
496 marker positions and (2) it puts less data in the undo list. | |
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497 |
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498 It is possible to read a special file (such as a FIFO or an I/O device) |
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499 with @code{insert-file-contents}, as long as @var{replace} and |
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500 @var{visit} are @code{nil}. |
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501 @end defun |
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502 |
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503 @defun insert-file-contents-literally filename &optional visit beg end replace |
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504 This function works like @code{insert-file-contents} except that it does |
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505 not do format decoding (@pxref{Format Conversion}), does not do |
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506 character code conversion (@pxref{Coding Systems}), does not run |
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507 @code{find-file-hook}, does not perform automatic uncompression, and so |
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508 on. |
6555 | 509 @end defun |
510 | |
511 If you want to pass a file name to another process so that another | |
512 program can read the file, use the function @code{file-local-copy}; see | |
513 @ref{Magic File Names}. | |
514 | |
515 @node Writing to Files | |
516 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
517 @section Writing to Files | |
518 | |
519 You can write the contents of a buffer, or part of a buffer, directly | |
520 to a file on disk using the @code{append-to-file} and | |
521 @code{write-region} functions. Don't use these functions to write to | |
522 files that are being visited; that could cause confusion in the | |
523 mechanisms for visiting. | |
524 | |
525 @deffn Command append-to-file start end filename | |
526 This function appends the contents of the region delimited by | |
527 @var{start} and @var{end} in the current buffer to the end of file | |
528 @var{filename}. If that file does not exist, it is created. This | |
529 function returns @code{nil}. | |
530 | |
531 An error is signaled if @var{filename} specifies a nonwritable file, | |
532 or a nonexistent file in a directory where files cannot be created. | |
533 @end deffn | |
534 | |
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535 @deffn Command write-region start end filename &optional append visit lockname mustbenew |
6555 | 536 This function writes the region delimited by @var{start} and @var{end} |
537 in the current buffer into the file specified by @var{filename}. | |
538 | |
539 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
540 If @var{start} is a string, then @code{write-region} writes or appends | |
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541 that string, rather than text from the buffer. @var{end} is ignored in |
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542 this case. |
6555 | 543 |
544 If @var{append} is non-@code{nil}, then the specified text is appended | |
28853 | 545 to the existing file contents (if any). Starting in Emacs 21, if |
546 @var{append} is an integer, then @code{write-region} seeks to that byte | |
547 offset from the start of the file and writes the data from there. | |
6555 | 548 |
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549 If @var{mustbenew} is non-@code{nil}, then @code{write-region} asks |
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550 for confirmation if @var{filename} names an existing file. |
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551 Starting in Emacs 21, if @var{mustbenew} is the symbol @code{excl}, |
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552 then @code{write-region} does not ask for confirmation, but instead |
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553 it signals an error @code{file-already-exists} if the file already |
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554 exists. |
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555 |
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556 The test for an existing file, when @var{mustbenew} is @code{excl}, uses |
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557 a special system feature. At least for files on a local disk, there is |
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558 no chance that some other program could create a file of the same name |
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559 before Emacs does, without Emacs's noticing. |
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560 |
6555 | 561 If @var{visit} is @code{t}, then Emacs establishes an association |
562 between the buffer and the file: the buffer is then visiting that file. | |
563 It also sets the last file modification time for the current buffer to | |
564 @var{filename}'s modtime, and marks the buffer as not modified. This | |
565 feature is used by @code{save-buffer}, but you probably should not use | |
566 it yourself. | |
567 | |
568 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
569 If @var{visit} is a string, it specifies the file name to visit. This | |
570 way, you can write the data to one file (@var{filename}) while recording | |
571 the buffer as visiting another file (@var{visit}). The argument | |
572 @var{visit} is used in the echo area message and also for file locking; | |
573 @var{visit} is stored in @code{buffer-file-name}. This feature is used | |
574 to implement @code{file-precious-flag}; don't use it yourself unless you | |
575 really know what you're doing. | |
576 | |
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577 The optional argument @var{lockname}, if non-@code{nil}, specifies the |
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578 file name to use for purposes of locking and unlocking, overriding |
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579 @var{filename} and @var{visit} for that purpose. |
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580 |
12098 | 581 The function @code{write-region} converts the data which it writes to |
582 the appropriate file formats specified by @code{buffer-file-format}. | |
583 @xref{Format Conversion}. It also calls the functions in the list | |
584 @code{write-region-annotate-functions}; see @ref{Saving Properties}. | |
6555 | 585 |
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586 Normally, @code{write-region} displays the message @samp{Wrote |
6555 | 587 @var{filename}} in the echo area. If @var{visit} is neither @code{t} |
588 nor @code{nil} nor a string, then this message is inhibited. This | |
589 feature is useful for programs that use files for internal purposes, | |
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590 files that the user does not need to know about. |
6555 | 591 @end deffn |
592 | |
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593 @defmac with-temp-file file body... |
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594 The @code{with-temp-file} macro evaluates the @var{body} forms with a |
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595 temporary buffer as the current buffer; then, at the end, it writes the |
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596 buffer contents into file @var{file}. It kills the temporary buffer |
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597 when finished, restoring the buffer that was current before the |
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598 @code{with-temp-file} form. Then it returns the value of the last form |
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599 in @var{body}. |
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600 |
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601 The current buffer is restored even in case of an abnormal exit via |
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602 @code{throw} or error (@pxref{Nonlocal Exits}). |
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603 |
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604 See also @code{with-temp-buffer} in @ref{Current Buffer}. |
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605 @end defmac |
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606 |
6555 | 607 @node File Locks |
608 @section File Locks | |
609 @cindex file locks | |
610 | |
611 When two users edit the same file at the same time, they are likely to | |
612 interfere with each other. Emacs tries to prevent this situation from | |
613 arising by recording a @dfn{file lock} when a file is being modified. | |
614 Emacs can then detect the first attempt to modify a buffer visiting a | |
615 file that is locked by another Emacs job, and ask the user what to do. | |
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616 The file lock is really a file, a symbolic link with a special name, |
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617 stored in the same directory as the file you are editing. |
6555 | 618 |
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619 When you access files using NFS, there may be a small probability that |
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620 you and another user will both lock the same file ``simultaneously''. |
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621 If this happens, it is possible for the two users to make changes |
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622 simultaneously, but Emacs will still warn the user who saves second. |
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623 Also, the detection of modification of a buffer visiting a file changed |
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624 on disk catches some cases of simultaneous editing; see |
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625 @ref{Modification Time}. |
6555 | 626 |
627 @defun file-locked-p filename | |
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628 This function returns @code{nil} if the file @var{filename} is not |
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629 locked. It returns @code{t} if it is locked by this Emacs process, and |
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630 it returns the name of the user who has locked it if it is locked by |
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631 some other job. |
6555 | 632 |
633 @example | |
634 @group | |
635 (file-locked-p "foo") | |
636 @result{} nil | |
637 @end group | |
638 @end example | |
639 @end defun | |
640 | |
641 @defun lock-buffer &optional filename | |
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642 This function locks the file @var{filename}, if the current buffer is |
6555 | 643 modified. The argument @var{filename} defaults to the current buffer's |
644 visited file. Nothing is done if the current buffer is not visiting a | |
645 file, or is not modified. | |
646 @end defun | |
647 | |
648 @defun unlock-buffer | |
649 This function unlocks the file being visited in the current buffer, | |
650 if the buffer is modified. If the buffer is not modified, then | |
651 the file should not be locked, so this function does nothing. It also | |
652 does nothing if the current buffer is not visiting a file. | |
653 @end defun | |
654 | |
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655 File locking is not supported on some systems. On systems that do not |
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656 support it, the functions @code{lock-buffer}, @code{unlock-buffer} and |
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657 @code{file-locked-p} do nothing and return @code{nil}. |
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658 |
6555 | 659 @defun ask-user-about-lock file other-user |
660 This function is called when the user tries to modify @var{file}, but it | |
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661 is locked by another user named @var{other-user}. The default |
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662 definition of this function asks the user to say what to do. The value |
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663 this function returns determines what Emacs does next: |
6555 | 664 |
665 @itemize @bullet | |
666 @item | |
667 A value of @code{t} says to grab the lock on the file. Then | |
668 this user may edit the file and @var{other-user} loses the lock. | |
669 | |
670 @item | |
671 A value of @code{nil} says to ignore the lock and let this | |
672 user edit the file anyway. | |
673 | |
674 @item | |
675 @kindex file-locked | |
676 This function may instead signal a @code{file-locked} error, in which | |
677 case the change that the user was about to make does not take place. | |
678 | |
679 The error message for this error looks like this: | |
680 | |
681 @example | |
682 @error{} File is locked: @var{file} @var{other-user} | |
683 @end example | |
684 | |
685 @noindent | |
686 where @code{file} is the name of the file and @var{other-user} is the | |
687 name of the user who has locked the file. | |
688 @end itemize | |
689 | |
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690 If you wish, you can replace the @code{ask-user-about-lock} function |
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691 with your own version that makes the decision in another way. The code |
6555 | 692 for its usual definition is in @file{userlock.el}. |
693 @end defun | |
694 | |
695 @node Information about Files | |
696 @section Information about Files | |
697 | |
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698 The functions described in this section all operate on strings that |
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699 designate file names. All the functions have names that begin with the |
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700 word @samp{file}. These functions all return information about actual |
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701 files or directories, so their arguments must all exist as actual files |
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702 or directories unless otherwise noted. |
6555 | 703 |
704 @menu | |
705 * Testing Accessibility:: Is a given file readable? Writable? | |
706 * Kinds of Files:: Is it a directory? A symbolic link? | |
707 * Truenames:: Eliminating symbolic links from a file name. | |
708 * File Attributes:: How large is it? Any other names? Etc. | |
709 @end menu | |
710 | |
711 @node Testing Accessibility | |
712 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
713 @subsection Testing Accessibility | |
714 @cindex accessibility of a file | |
715 @cindex file accessibility | |
716 | |
717 These functions test for permission to access a file in specific ways. | |
718 | |
719 @defun file-exists-p filename | |
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720 This function returns @code{t} if a file named @var{filename} appears |
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721 to exist. This does not mean you can necessarily read the file, only |
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722 that you can find out its attributes. (On Unix and GNU/Linux, this is |
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723 true if the file exists and you have execute permission on the |
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724 containing directories, regardless of the protection of the file |
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725 itself.) |
6555 | 726 |
727 If the file does not exist, or if fascist access control policies | |
728 prevent you from finding the attributes of the file, this function | |
729 returns @code{nil}. | |
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730 |
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731 Directories are files, so @code{file-exists-p} returns @code{t} when |
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732 given a directory name. However, symbolic links are treated |
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733 specially; @code{file-exists-p} returns @code{t} for a symbolic link |
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734 name only if the target file exists. |
6555 | 735 @end defun |
736 | |
737 @defun file-readable-p filename | |
738 This function returns @code{t} if a file named @var{filename} exists | |
739 and you can read it. It returns @code{nil} otherwise. | |
740 | |
741 @example | |
742 @group | |
743 (file-readable-p "files.texi") | |
744 @result{} t | |
745 @end group | |
746 @group | |
747 (file-exists-p "/usr/spool/mqueue") | |
748 @result{} t | |
749 @end group | |
750 @group | |
751 (file-readable-p "/usr/spool/mqueue") | |
752 @result{} nil | |
753 @end group | |
754 @end example | |
755 @end defun | |
756 | |
757 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
758 @defun file-executable-p filename | |
759 This function returns @code{t} if a file named @var{filename} exists and | |
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760 you can execute it. It returns @code{nil} otherwise. On Unix and |
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761 GNU/Linux, if the file is a directory, execute permission means you can |
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762 check the existence and attributes of files inside the directory, and |
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763 open those files if their modes permit. |
6555 | 764 @end defun |
765 | |
766 @defun file-writable-p filename | |
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767 This function returns @code{t} if the file @var{filename} can be written |
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768 or created by you, and @code{nil} otherwise. A file is writable if the |
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769 file exists and you can write it. It is creatable if it does not exist, |
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770 but the specified directory does exist and you can write in that |
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771 directory. |
6555 | 772 |
773 In the third example below, @file{foo} is not writable because the | |
774 parent directory does not exist, even though the user could create such | |
775 a directory. | |
776 | |
777 @example | |
778 @group | |
779 (file-writable-p "~/foo") | |
780 @result{} t | |
781 @end group | |
782 @group | |
783 (file-writable-p "/foo") | |
784 @result{} nil | |
785 @end group | |
786 @group | |
787 (file-writable-p "~/no-such-dir/foo") | |
788 @result{} nil | |
789 @end group | |
790 @end example | |
791 @end defun | |
792 | |
793 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
794 @defun file-accessible-directory-p dirname | |
795 This function returns @code{t} if you have permission to open existing | |
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796 files in the directory whose name as a file is @var{dirname}; otherwise |
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797 (or if there is no such directory), it returns @code{nil}. The value |
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798 of @var{dirname} may be either a directory name or the file name of a |
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799 file which is a directory. |
6555 | 800 |
801 Example: after the following, | |
802 | |
803 @example | |
804 (file-accessible-directory-p "/foo") | |
805 @result{} nil | |
806 @end example | |
807 | |
808 @noindent | |
809 we can deduce that any attempt to read a file in @file{/foo/} will | |
810 give an error. | |
811 @end defun | |
812 | |
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813 @defun access-file filename string |
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814 This function opens file @var{filename} for reading, then closes it and |
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815 returns @code{nil}. However, if the open fails, it signals an error |
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816 using @var{string} as the error message text. |
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817 @end defun |
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818 |
12067 | 819 @defun file-ownership-preserved-p filename |
820 This function returns @code{t} if deleting the file @var{filename} and | |
821 then creating it anew would keep the file's owner unchanged. | |
822 @end defun | |
823 | |
6555 | 824 @defun file-newer-than-file-p filename1 filename2 |
825 @cindex file age | |
826 @cindex file modification time | |
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827 This function returns @code{t} if the file @var{filename1} is |
6555 | 828 newer than file @var{filename2}. If @var{filename1} does not |
829 exist, it returns @code{nil}. If @var{filename2} does not exist, | |
830 it returns @code{t}. | |
831 | |
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832 In the following example, assume that the file @file{aug-19} was written |
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833 on the 19th, @file{aug-20} was written on the 20th, and the file |
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834 @file{no-file} doesn't exist at all. |
6555 | 835 |
836 @example | |
837 @group | |
838 (file-newer-than-file-p "aug-19" "aug-20") | |
839 @result{} nil | |
840 @end group | |
841 @group | |
842 (file-newer-than-file-p "aug-20" "aug-19") | |
843 @result{} t | |
844 @end group | |
845 @group | |
846 (file-newer-than-file-p "aug-19" "no-file") | |
847 @result{} t | |
848 @end group | |
849 @group | |
850 (file-newer-than-file-p "no-file" "aug-19") | |
851 @result{} nil | |
852 @end group | |
853 @end example | |
854 | |
855 You can use @code{file-attributes} to get a file's last modification | |
856 time as a list of two numbers. @xref{File Attributes}. | |
857 @end defun | |
858 | |
859 @node Kinds of Files | |
860 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
861 @subsection Distinguishing Kinds of Files | |
862 | |
12098 | 863 This section describes how to distinguish various kinds of files, such |
864 as directories, symbolic links, and ordinary files. | |
6555 | 865 |
866 @defun file-symlink-p filename | |
867 @cindex file symbolic links | |
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868 If the file @var{filename} is a symbolic link, the |
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869 @code{file-symlink-p} function returns the link target as a string. |
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870 (Determining the file name that the link points to from the target is |
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871 nontrivial.) |
6555 | 872 |
873 If the file @var{filename} is not a symbolic link (or there is no such file), | |
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874 @code{file-symlink-p} returns @code{nil}. |
6555 | 875 |
876 @example | |
877 @group | |
878 (file-symlink-p "foo") | |
879 @result{} nil | |
880 @end group | |
881 @group | |
882 (file-symlink-p "sym-link") | |
883 @result{} "foo" | |
884 @end group | |
885 @group | |
886 (file-symlink-p "sym-link2") | |
887 @result{} "sym-link" | |
888 @end group | |
889 @group | |
890 (file-symlink-p "/bin") | |
891 @result{} "/pub/bin" | |
892 @end group | |
893 @end example | |
894 | |
895 @c !!! file-symlink-p: should show output of ls -l for comparison | |
896 @end defun | |
897 | |
898 @defun file-directory-p filename | |
899 This function returns @code{t} if @var{filename} is the name of an | |
900 existing directory, @code{nil} otherwise. | |
901 | |
902 @example | |
903 @group | |
904 (file-directory-p "~rms") | |
905 @result{} t | |
906 @end group | |
907 @group | |
908 (file-directory-p "~rms/lewis/files.texi") | |
909 @result{} nil | |
910 @end group | |
911 @group | |
912 (file-directory-p "~rms/lewis/no-such-file") | |
913 @result{} nil | |
914 @end group | |
915 @group | |
916 (file-directory-p "$HOME") | |
917 @result{} nil | |
918 @end group | |
919 @group | |
920 (file-directory-p | |
921 (substitute-in-file-name "$HOME")) | |
922 @result{} t | |
923 @end group | |
924 @end example | |
925 @end defun | |
926 | |
12067 | 927 @defun file-regular-p filename |
928 This function returns @code{t} if the file @var{filename} exists and is | |
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929 a regular file (not a directory, named pipe, terminal, or |
12067 | 930 other I/O device). |
931 @end defun | |
932 | |
6555 | 933 @node Truenames |
934 @subsection Truenames | |
935 @cindex truename (of file) | |
936 | |
937 @c Emacs 19 features | |
938 The @dfn{truename} of a file is the name that you get by following | |
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939 symbolic links at all levels until none remain, then simplifying away |
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940 @samp{.}@: and @samp{..}@: appearing as name components. This results |
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941 in a sort of canonical name for the file. A file does not always have a |
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942 unique truename; the number of distinct truenames a file has is equal to |
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943 the number of hard links to the file. However, truenames are useful |
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944 because they eliminate symbolic links as a cause of name variation. |
6555 | 945 |
946 @defun file-truename filename | |
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947 The function @code{file-truename} returns the truename of the file |
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948 @var{filename}. The argument must be an absolute file name. |
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949 @end defun |
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950 |
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951 @defun file-chase-links filename |
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952 This function follows symbolic links, starting with @var{filename}, |
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953 until it finds a file name which is not the name of a symbolic link. |
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954 Then it returns that file name. |
6555 | 955 @end defun |
956 | |
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957 To illustrate the difference between @code{file-chase-links} and |
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958 @code{file-truename}, suppose that @file{/usr/foo} is a symbolic link to |
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959 the directory @file{/home/foo}, and @file{/home/foo/hello} is an |
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960 ordinary file (or at least, not a symbolic link) or nonexistent. Then |
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961 we would have: |
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962 |
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963 @example |
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964 (file-chase-links "/usr/foo/hello") |
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965 ;; @r{This does not follow the links in the parent directories.} |
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966 @result{} "/usr/foo/hello" |
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967 (file-truename "/usr/foo/hello") |
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968 ;; @r{Assuming that @file{/home} is not a symbolic link.} |
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969 @result{} "/home/foo/hello" |
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970 @end example |
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971 |
6555 | 972 @xref{Buffer File Name}, for related information. |
973 | |
974 @node File Attributes | |
975 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
976 @subsection Other Information about Files | |
977 | |
978 This section describes the functions for getting detailed information | |
979 about a file, other than its contents. This information includes the | |
980 mode bits that control access permission, the owner and group numbers, | |
981 the number of names, the inode number, the size, and the times of access | |
982 and modification. | |
983 | |
984 @defun file-modes filename | |
985 @cindex permission | |
986 @cindex file attributes | |
987 This function returns the mode bits of @var{filename}, as an integer. | |
988 The mode bits are also called the file permissions, and they specify | |
989 access control in the usual Unix fashion. If the low-order bit is 1, | |
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990 then the file is executable by all users, if the second-lowest-order bit |
6555 | 991 is 1, then the file is writable by all users, etc. |
992 | |
993 The highest value returnable is 4095 (7777 octal), meaning that | |
994 everyone has read, write, and execute permission, that the @sc{suid} bit | |
995 is set for both others and group, and that the sticky bit is set. | |
996 | |
997 @example | |
998 @group | |
999 (file-modes "~/junk/diffs") | |
1000 @result{} 492 ; @r{Decimal integer.} | |
1001 @end group | |
1002 @group | |
1003 (format "%o" 492) | |
1004 @result{} "754" ; @r{Convert to octal.} | |
1005 @end group | |
1006 | |
1007 @group | |
1008 (set-file-modes "~/junk/diffs" 438) | |
1009 @result{} nil | |
1010 @end group | |
1011 | |
1012 @group | |
1013 (format "%o" 438) | |
1014 @result{} "666" ; @r{Convert to octal.} | |
1015 @end group | |
1016 | |
1017 @group | |
1018 % ls -l diffs | |
1019 -rw-rw-rw- 1 lewis 0 3063 Oct 30 16:00 diffs | |
1020 @end group | |
1021 @end example | |
1022 @end defun | |
1023 | |
1024 @defun file-nlinks filename | |
1025 This functions returns the number of names (i.e., hard links) that | |
1026 file @var{filename} has. If the file does not exist, then this function | |
1027 returns @code{nil}. Note that symbolic links have no effect on this | |
1028 function, because they are not considered to be names of the files they | |
1029 link to. | |
1030 | |
1031 @example | |
1032 @group | |
1033 % ls -l foo* | |
1034 -rw-rw-rw- 2 rms 4 Aug 19 01:27 foo | |
1035 -rw-rw-rw- 2 rms 4 Aug 19 01:27 foo1 | |
1036 @end group | |
1037 | |
1038 @group | |
1039 (file-nlinks "foo") | |
1040 @result{} 2 | |
1041 @end group | |
1042 @group | |
1043 (file-nlinks "doesnt-exist") | |
1044 @result{} nil | |
1045 @end group | |
1046 @end example | |
1047 @end defun | |
1048 | |
1049 @defun file-attributes filename | |
1050 This function returns a list of attributes of file @var{filename}. If | |
1051 the specified file cannot be opened, it returns @code{nil}. | |
1052 | |
1053 The elements of the list, in order, are: | |
1054 | |
1055 @enumerate 0 | |
1056 @item | |
1057 @code{t} for a directory, a string for a symbolic link (the name | |
1058 linked to), or @code{nil} for a text file. | |
1059 | |
1060 @c Wordy so as to prevent an overfull hbox. --rjc 15mar92 | |
1061 @item | |
1062 The number of names the file has. Alternate names, also known as hard | |
1063 links, can be created by using the @code{add-name-to-file} function | |
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1064 (@pxref{Changing Files}). |
6555 | 1065 |
1066 @item | |
1067 The file's @sc{uid}. | |
1068 | |
1069 @item | |
1070 The file's @sc{gid}. | |
1071 | |
1072 @item | |
1073 The time of last access, as a list of two integers. | |
1074 The first integer has the high-order 16 bits of time, | |
1075 the second has the low 16 bits. (This is similar to the | |
1076 value of @code{current-time}; see @ref{Time of Day}.) | |
1077 | |
1078 @item | |
1079 The time of last modification as a list of two integers (as above). | |
1080 | |
1081 @item | |
1082 The time of last status change as a list of two integers (as above). | |
1083 | |
1084 @item | |
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1085 The size of the file in bytes. If the size is too large to fit in a |
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1086 Lisp integer, this is a floating point number. |
6555 | 1087 |
1088 @item | |
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1089 The file's modes, as a string of ten letters or dashes, |
6555 | 1090 as in @samp{ls -l}. |
1091 | |
1092 @item | |
1093 @code{t} if the file's @sc{gid} would change if file were | |
1094 deleted and recreated; @code{nil} otherwise. | |
1095 | |
1096 @item | |
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1097 The file's inode number. If possible, this is an integer. If the inode |
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1098 number is too large to be represented as an integer in Emacs Lisp, then |
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1099 the value has the form @code{(@var{high} . @var{low})}, where @var{low} |
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1100 holds the low 16 bits. |
6555 | 1101 |
1102 @item | |
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1103 The file system number of the file system that the file is in. |
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1104 Depending on the magnitude of the value, this can be either an integer |
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1105 or a cons cell, in the same manner as the inode number. This element |
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1106 and the file's inode number together give enough information to |
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1107 distinguish any two files on the system---no two files can have the same |
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1108 values for both of these numbers. |
6555 | 1109 @end enumerate |
1110 | |
1111 For example, here are the file attributes for @file{files.texi}: | |
1112 | |
1113 @example | |
1114 @group | |
1115 (file-attributes "files.texi") | |
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1116 @result{} (nil 1 2235 75 |
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1117 (8489 20284) |
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1118 (8489 20284) |
6555 | 1119 (8489 20285) |
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1120 14906 "-rw-rw-rw-" |
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1121 nil 129500 -32252) |
6555 | 1122 @end group |
1123 @end example | |
1124 | |
1125 @noindent | |
1126 and here is how the result is interpreted: | |
1127 | |
1128 @table @code | |
1129 @item nil | |
1130 is neither a directory nor a symbolic link. | |
1131 | |
1132 @item 1 | |
1133 has only one name (the name @file{files.texi} in the current default | |
1134 directory). | |
1135 | |
1136 @item 2235 | |
1137 is owned by the user with @sc{uid} 2235. | |
1138 | |
1139 @item 75 | |
1140 is in the group with @sc{gid} 75. | |
1141 | |
1142 @item (8489 20284) | |
12522 | 1143 was last accessed on Aug 19 00:09. |
6555 | 1144 |
1145 @item (8489 20284) | |
1146 was last modified on Aug 19 00:09. | |
1147 | |
1148 @item (8489 20285) | |
1149 last had its inode changed on Aug 19 00:09. | |
1150 | |
1151 @item 14906 | |
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1152 is 14906 bytes long. (It may not contain 14906 characters, though, |
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1153 if some of the bytes belong to multibyte sequences.) |
6555 | 1154 |
1155 @item "-rw-rw-rw-" | |
1156 has a mode of read and write access for the owner, group, and world. | |
1157 | |
1158 @item nil | |
1159 would retain the same @sc{gid} if it were recreated. | |
1160 | |
1161 @item 129500 | |
1162 has an inode number of 129500. | |
1163 @item -32252 | |
1164 is on file system number -32252. | |
1165 @end table | |
1166 @end defun | |
1167 | |
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1168 @node Changing Files |
6555 | 1169 @section Changing File Names and Attributes |
1170 @cindex renaming files | |
1171 @cindex copying files | |
1172 @cindex deleting files | |
1173 @cindex linking files | |
1174 @cindex setting modes of files | |
1175 | |
1176 The functions in this section rename, copy, delete, link, and set the | |
1177 modes of files. | |
1178 | |
1179 In the functions that have an argument @var{newname}, if a file by the | |
1180 name of @var{newname} already exists, the actions taken depend on the | |
1181 value of the argument @var{ok-if-already-exists}: | |
1182 | |
1183 @itemize @bullet | |
1184 @item | |
1185 Signal a @code{file-already-exists} error if | |
1186 @var{ok-if-already-exists} is @code{nil}. | |
1187 | |
1188 @item | |
1189 Request confirmation if @var{ok-if-already-exists} is a number. | |
1190 | |
1191 @item | |
1192 Replace the old file without confirmation if @var{ok-if-already-exists} | |
1193 is any other value. | |
1194 @end itemize | |
1195 | |
1196 @defun add-name-to-file oldname newname &optional ok-if-already-exists | |
1197 @cindex file with multiple names | |
1198 @cindex file hard link | |
1199 This function gives the file named @var{oldname} the additional name | |
1200 @var{newname}. This means that @var{newname} becomes a new ``hard | |
1201 link'' to @var{oldname}. | |
1202 | |
1203 In the first part of the following example, we list two files, | |
1204 @file{foo} and @file{foo3}. | |
1205 | |
1206 @example | |
1207 @group | |
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1208 % ls -li fo* |
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1209 81908 -rw-rw-rw- 1 rms 29 Aug 18 20:32 foo |
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1210 84302 -rw-rw-rw- 1 rms 24 Aug 18 20:31 foo3 |
6555 | 1211 @end group |
1212 @end example | |
1213 | |
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1214 Now we create a hard link, by calling @code{add-name-to-file}, then list |
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1215 the files again. This shows two names for one file, @file{foo} and |
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1216 @file{foo2}. |
6555 | 1217 |
1218 @example | |
1219 @group | |
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1220 (add-name-to-file "foo" "foo2") |
6555 | 1221 @result{} nil |
1222 @end group | |
1223 | |
1224 @group | |
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1225 % ls -li fo* |
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1226 81908 -rw-rw-rw- 2 rms 29 Aug 18 20:32 foo |
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1227 81908 -rw-rw-rw- 2 rms 29 Aug 18 20:32 foo2 |
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1228 84302 -rw-rw-rw- 1 rms 24 Aug 18 20:31 foo3 |
6555 | 1229 @end group |
1230 @end example | |
1231 | |
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1232 Finally, we evaluate the following: |
6555 | 1233 |
1234 @example | |
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1235 (add-name-to-file "foo" "foo3" t) |
6555 | 1236 @end example |
1237 | |
1238 @noindent | |
1239 and list the files again. Now there are three names | |
1240 for one file: @file{foo}, @file{foo2}, and @file{foo3}. The old | |
1241 contents of @file{foo3} are lost. | |
1242 | |
1243 @example | |
1244 @group | |
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1245 (add-name-to-file "foo1" "foo3") |
6555 | 1246 @result{} nil |
1247 @end group | |
1248 | |
1249 @group | |
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1250 % ls -li fo* |
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1251 81908 -rw-rw-rw- 3 rms 29 Aug 18 20:32 foo |
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1252 81908 -rw-rw-rw- 3 rms 29 Aug 18 20:32 foo2 |
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1253 81908 -rw-rw-rw- 3 rms 29 Aug 18 20:32 foo3 |
6555 | 1254 @end group |
1255 @end example | |
1256 | |
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1257 This function is meaningless on operating systems where multiple names |
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1258 for one file are not allowed. Some systems implement multiple names |
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1259 by copying the file instead. |
6555 | 1260 |
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1261 See also @code{file-nlinks} in @ref{File Attributes}. |
6555 | 1262 @end defun |
1263 | |
1264 @deffn Command rename-file filename newname &optional ok-if-already-exists | |
1265 This command renames the file @var{filename} as @var{newname}. | |
1266 | |
1267 If @var{filename} has additional names aside from @var{filename}, it | |
1268 continues to have those names. In fact, adding the name @var{newname} | |
1269 with @code{add-name-to-file} and then deleting @var{filename} has the | |
1270 same effect as renaming, aside from momentary intermediate states. | |
1271 | |
1272 In an interactive call, this function prompts for @var{filename} and | |
1273 @var{newname} in the minibuffer; also, it requests confirmation if | |
1274 @var{newname} already exists. | |
1275 @end deffn | |
1276 | |
1277 @deffn Command copy-file oldname newname &optional ok-if-exists time | |
1278 This command copies the file @var{oldname} to @var{newname}. An | |
1279 error is signaled if @var{oldname} does not exist. | |
1280 | |
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1281 If @var{time} is non-@code{nil}, then this function gives the new file |
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1282 the same last-modified time that the old one has. (This works on only |
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1283 some operating systems.) If setting the time gets an error, |
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1284 @code{copy-file} signals a @code{file-date-error} error. |
6555 | 1285 |
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1286 This function copies the file modes, too. |
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1287 |
6555 | 1288 In an interactive call, this function prompts for @var{filename} and |
1289 @var{newname} in the minibuffer; also, it requests confirmation if | |
1290 @var{newname} already exists. | |
1291 @end deffn | |
1292 | |
1293 @deffn Command delete-file filename | |
1294 @pindex rm | |
1295 This command deletes the file @var{filename}, like the shell command | |
1296 @samp{rm @var{filename}}. If the file has multiple names, it continues | |
1297 to exist under the other names. | |
1298 | |
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1299 A suitable kind of @code{file-error} error is signaled if the file does |
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1300 not exist, or is not deletable. (On Unix and GNU/Linux, a file is |
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1301 deletable if its directory is writable.) |
6555 | 1302 |
1303 See also @code{delete-directory} in @ref{Create/Delete Dirs}. | |
1304 @end deffn | |
1305 | |
1306 @deffn Command make-symbolic-link filename newname &optional ok-if-exists | |
1307 @pindex ln | |
1308 @kindex file-already-exists | |
1309 This command makes a symbolic link to @var{filename}, named | |
1310 @var{newname}. This is like the shell command @samp{ln -s | |
1311 @var{filename} @var{newname}}. | |
1312 | |
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1313 In an interactive call, this function prompts for @var{filename} and |
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1314 @var{newname} in the minibuffer; also, it requests confirmation if |
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1315 @var{newname} already exists. |
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1316 |
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1317 This function is not available on systems that don't support symbolic |
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1318 links. |
6555 | 1319 @end deffn |
1320 | |
1321 @defun define-logical-name varname string | |
1322 This function defines the logical name @var{name} to have the value | |
1323 @var{string}. It is available only on VMS. | |
1324 @end defun | |
1325 | |
1326 @defun set-file-modes filename mode | |
1327 This function sets mode bits of @var{filename} to @var{mode} (which must | |
7735
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1328 be an integer). Only the low 12 bits of @var{mode} are used. |
6555 | 1329 @end defun |
1330 | |
1331 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
1332 @defun set-default-file-modes mode | |
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1333 @cindex umask |
6555 | 1334 This function sets the default file protection for new files created by |
1335 Emacs and its subprocesses. Every file created with Emacs initially has | |
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1336 this protection, or a subset of it (@code{write-region} will not give a |
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1337 file execute permission even if the default file protection allows |
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1338 execute permission). On Unix and GNU/Linux, the default protection is |
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1339 the bitwise complement of the ``umask'' value. |
6555 | 1340 |
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1341 The argument @var{mode} must be an integer. On most systems, only the |
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1342 low 9 bits of @var{mode} are meaningful. You can use the Lisp construct |
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1343 for octal character codes to enter @var{mode}; for example, |
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1344 |
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1345 @example |
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1346 (set-default-file-modes ?\644) |
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1347 @end example |
6555 | 1348 |
1349 Saving a modified version of an existing file does not count as creating | |
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1350 the file; it preserves the existing file's mode, whatever that is. So |
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1351 the default file protection has no effect. |
6555 | 1352 @end defun |
1353 | |
1354 @defun default-file-modes | |
1355 This function returns the current default protection value. | |
1356 @end defun | |
1357 | |
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1358 @cindex MS-DOS and file modes |
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1359 @cindex file modes and MS-DOS |
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1360 On MS-DOS, there is no such thing as an ``executable'' file mode bit. |
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1361 So Emacs considers a file executable if its name ends in one of the |
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1362 standard executable extensions, such as @file{.com}, @file{.bat}, |
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1363 @file{.exe}, and some others. Files that begin with the Unix-standard |
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1364 @samp{#!} signature, such as shell and Perl scripts, are also considered |
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1365 as executable files. This is reflected in the values returned by |
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1366 @code{file-modes} and @code{file-attributes}. Directories are also |
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1367 reported with executable bit set, for compatibility with Unix. |
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1368 |
6555 | 1369 @node File Names |
1370 @section File Names | |
1371 @cindex file names | |
1372 | |
1373 Files are generally referred to by their names, in Emacs as elsewhere. | |
1374 File names in Emacs are represented as strings. The functions that | |
1375 operate on a file all expect a file name argument. | |
1376 | |
1377 In addition to operating on files themselves, Emacs Lisp programs | |
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1378 often need to operate on file names; i.e., to take them apart and to use |
6555 | 1379 part of a name to construct related file names. This section describes |
1380 how to manipulate file names. | |
1381 | |
1382 The functions in this section do not actually access files, so they | |
1383 can operate on file names that do not refer to an existing file or | |
1384 directory. | |
1385 | |
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1386 On MS-DOS and MS-Windows, these functions (like the function that |
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1387 actually operate on files) accept MS-DOS or MS-Windows file-name syntax, |
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1388 where backslashes separate the components, as well as Unix syntax; but |
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1389 they always return Unix syntax. On VMS, these functions (and the ones |
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1390 that operate on files) understand both VMS file-name syntax and Unix |
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1391 syntax. This enables Lisp programs to specify file names in Unix syntax |
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1392 and work properly on all systems without change. |
6555 | 1393 |
1394 @menu | |
1395 * File Name Components:: The directory part of a file name, and the rest. | |
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1396 * Relative File Names:: Some file names are relative to a current directory. |
6555 | 1397 * Directory Names:: A directory's name as a directory |
1398 is different from its name as a file. | |
1399 * File Name Expansion:: Converting relative file names to absolute ones. | |
1400 * Unique File Names:: Generating names for temporary files. | |
1401 * File Name Completion:: Finding the completions for a given file name. | |
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1402 * Standard File Names:: If your package uses a fixed file name, |
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1403 how to handle various operating systems simply. |
6555 | 1404 @end menu |
1405 | |
1406 @node File Name Components | |
1407 @subsection File Name Components | |
1408 @cindex directory part (of file name) | |
1409 @cindex nondirectory part (of file name) | |
1410 @cindex version number (in file name) | |
1411 | |
1412 The operating system groups files into directories. To specify a | |
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1413 file, you must specify the directory and the file's name within that |
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1414 directory. Therefore, Emacs considers a file name as having two main |
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1415 parts: the @dfn{directory name} part, and the @dfn{nondirectory} part |
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1416 (or @dfn{file name within the directory}). Either part may be empty. |
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1417 Concatenating these two parts reproduces the original file name. |
6555 | 1418 |
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1419 On most systems, the directory part is everything up to and including |
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1420 the last slash (backslash is also allowed in input on MS-DOS or |
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1421 MS-Windows); the nondirectory part is the rest. The rules in VMS syntax |
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1422 are complicated. |
6555 | 1423 |
1424 For some purposes, the nondirectory part is further subdivided into | |
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1425 the name proper and the @dfn{version number}. On most systems, only |
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1426 backup files have version numbers in their names. On VMS, every file |
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1427 has a version number, but most of the time the file name actually used |
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1428 in Emacs omits the version number, so that version numbers in Emacs are |
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1429 found mostly in directory lists. |
6555 | 1430 |
1431 @defun file-name-directory filename | |
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1432 This function returns the directory part of @var{filename}, as a |
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1433 directory name (@pxref{Directory Names}), or @code{nil} if |
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1434 @var{filename} does not include a directory part. |
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1435 |
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1436 On GNU and Unix systems, a string returned by this function always |
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1437 ends in a slash. On MSDOS it can also end in a colon. On VMS, it |
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1438 returns a string ending in one of the three characters @samp{:}, |
6555 | 1439 @samp{]}, or @samp{>}. |
1440 | |
1441 @example | |
1442 @group | |
1443 (file-name-directory "lewis/foo") ; @r{Unix example} | |
1444 @result{} "lewis/" | |
1445 @end group | |
1446 @group | |
1447 (file-name-directory "foo") ; @r{Unix example} | |
1448 @result{} nil | |
1449 @end group | |
1450 @group | |
1451 (file-name-directory "[X]FOO.TMP") ; @r{VMS example} | |
1452 @result{} "[X]" | |
1453 @end group | |
1454 @end example | |
1455 @end defun | |
1456 | |
1457 @defun file-name-nondirectory filename | |
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1458 This function returns the nondirectory part of @var{filename}. |
6555 | 1459 |
1460 @example | |
1461 @group | |
1462 (file-name-nondirectory "lewis/foo") | |
1463 @result{} "foo" | |
1464 @end group | |
1465 @group | |
1466 (file-name-nondirectory "foo") | |
1467 @result{} "foo" | |
1468 @end group | |
1469 @group | |
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1470 (file-name-nondirectory "lewis/") |
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1471 @result{} "" |
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1472 @end group |
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1473 @group |
6555 | 1474 ;; @r{The following example is accurate only on VMS.} |
1475 (file-name-nondirectory "[X]FOO.TMP") | |
1476 @result{} "FOO.TMP" | |
1477 @end group | |
1478 @end example | |
1479 @end defun | |
1480 | |
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1481 @defun file-name-extension filename &optional period |
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1482 This function returns @var{filename}'s final ``extension,'' if any, |
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1483 after applying @code{file-name-sans-versions} to remove any |
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1484 version/backup part. It returns @code{nil} for extensionless file |
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1485 names such as @file{foo}. If @var{period} is non-@code{nil}, then the |
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1486 returned value includes the period that delimits the extension, and if |
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1487 @var{filename} has no extension, the value is @code{""}. If the last |
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1488 component of a file name begins with a @samp{.}, that @samp{.} doesn't |
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1489 count as the beginning of an extension, so, for example, |
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1490 @file{.emacs}'s ``extension'' is @code{nil}, not @samp{.emacs}. |
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1491 @end defun |
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1492 |
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1493 @defun file-name-sans-versions filename &optional keep-backup-version |
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1494 This function returns @var{filename} with any file version numbers, |
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1495 backup version numbers, or trailing tildes discarded. |
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1496 |
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1497 If @var{keep-backup-version} is non-@code{nil}, then true file version |
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1498 numbers understood as such by the file system are discarded from the |
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1499 return value, but backup version numbers are kept. |
6555 | 1500 |
1501 @example | |
1502 @group | |
1503 (file-name-sans-versions "~rms/foo.~1~") | |
1504 @result{} "~rms/foo" | |
1505 @end group | |
1506 @group | |
1507 (file-name-sans-versions "~rms/foo~") | |
1508 @result{} "~rms/foo" | |
1509 @end group | |
1510 @group | |
1511 (file-name-sans-versions "~rms/foo") | |
1512 @result{} "~rms/foo" | |
1513 @end group | |
1514 @group | |
1515 ;; @r{The following example applies to VMS only.} | |
1516 (file-name-sans-versions "foo;23") | |
1517 @result{} "foo" | |
1518 @end group | |
1519 @end example | |
1520 @end defun | |
1521 | |
12067 | 1522 @defun file-name-sans-extension filename |
12098 | 1523 This function returns @var{filename} minus its ``extension,'' if any. |
1524 The extension, in a file name, is the part that starts with the last | |
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1525 @samp{.} in the last name component, except if that @samp{.} is the |
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1526 first character of the file name's last component. For example, |
12098 | 1527 |
1528 @example | |
1529 (file-name-sans-extension "foo.lose.c") | |
1530 @result{} "foo.lose" | |
1531 (file-name-sans-extension "big.hack/foo") | |
1532 @result{} "big.hack/foo" | |
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1533 (file-name-sans-extension "/my/home/.emacs") |
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1534 @result{} "/my/home/.emacs" |
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1535 (file-name-sans-extension "/my/home/.emacs.el") |
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1536 @result{} "/my/home/.emacs" |
12098 | 1537 @end example |
12067 | 1538 @end defun |
1539 | |
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1540 @ignore |
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1541 Andrew Innes says that this |
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1542 |
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1543 @c @defvar directory-sep-char |
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1544 @c @tindex directory-sep-char |
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1545 This variable holds the character that Emacs normally uses to separate |
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1546 file name components. The default value is @code{?/}, but on MS-Windows |
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1547 you can set it to @code{?\\}; then the functions that transform file names |
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1548 use backslashes in their output. |
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1549 |
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1550 File names using backslashes work as input to Lisp primitives even on |
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1551 MS-DOS and MS-Windows, even if @code{directory-sep-char} has its default |
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1552 value of @code{?/}. |
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1553 @end defvar |
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1554 @end ignore |
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1555 |
6555 | 1556 @node Relative File Names |
1557 @subsection Absolute and Relative File Names | |
1558 @cindex absolute file name | |
1559 @cindex relative file name | |
1560 | |
1561 All the directories in the file system form a tree starting at the | |
1562 root directory. A file name can specify all the directory names | |
1563 starting from the root of the tree; then it is called an @dfn{absolute} | |
1564 file name. Or it can specify the position of the file in the tree | |
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1565 relative to a default directory; then it is called a @dfn{relative} file |
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1566 name. On Unix and GNU/Linux, an absolute file name starts with a slash |
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1567 or a tilde (@samp{~}), and a relative one does not. On MS-DOS and |
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1568 MS-Windows, an absolute file name starts with a slash or a backslash, or |
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1569 with a drive specification @samp{@var{x}:/}, where @var{x} is the |
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1570 @dfn{drive letter}. The rules on VMS are complicated. |
6555 | 1571 |
1572 @defun file-name-absolute-p filename | |
1573 This function returns @code{t} if file @var{filename} is an absolute | |
1574 file name, @code{nil} otherwise. On VMS, this function understands both | |
1575 Unix syntax and VMS syntax. | |
1576 | |
1577 @example | |
1578 @group | |
1579 (file-name-absolute-p "~rms/foo") | |
1580 @result{} t | |
1581 @end group | |
1582 @group | |
1583 (file-name-absolute-p "rms/foo") | |
1584 @result{} nil | |
1585 @end group | |
1586 @group | |
1587 (file-name-absolute-p "/user/rms/foo") | |
1588 @result{} t | |
1589 @end group | |
1590 @end example | |
1591 @end defun | |
1592 | |
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1593 @node Directory Names |
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1594 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
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1595 @subsection Directory Names |
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1596 @cindex directory name |
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1597 @cindex file name of directory |
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1598 |
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1599 A @dfn{directory name} is the name of a directory. A directory is |
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1600 actually a kind of file, so it has a file name, which is related to |
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1601 the directory name but not identical to it. (This is not quite the |
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1602 same as the usual Unix terminology.) These two different names for |
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1603 the same entity are related by a syntactic transformation. On GNU and |
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1604 Unix systems, this is simple: a directory name ends in a slash (or |
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1605 backslash), whereas the directory's name as a file lacks that slash. |
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1606 On MSDOS and VMS, the relationship is more complicated. |
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1607 |
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1608 The difference between a directory name and its name as a file is |
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1609 subtle but crucial. When an Emacs variable or function argument is |
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1610 described as being a directory name, a file name of a directory is not |
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1611 acceptable. When @code{file-name-directory} returns a string, that is |
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1612 always a directory name. |
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1613 |
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1614 The following two functions convert between directory names and file |
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1615 names. They do nothing special with environment variable substitutions |
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1616 such as @samp{$HOME}, and the constructs @samp{~}, and @samp{..}. |
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1617 |
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1618 @defun file-name-as-directory filename |
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1619 This function returns a string representing @var{filename} in a form |
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1620 that the operating system will interpret as the name of a directory. On |
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1621 most systems, this means appending a slash to the string (if it does not |
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1622 already end in one). On VMS, the function converts a string of the form |
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1623 @file{[X]Y.DIR.1} to the form @file{[X.Y]}. |
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1624 |
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1625 @example |
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1626 @group |
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1627 (file-name-as-directory "~rms/lewis") |
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1628 @result{} "~rms/lewis/" |
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1629 @end group |
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1630 @end example |
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1631 @end defun |
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1632 |
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1633 @defun directory-file-name dirname |
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1634 This function returns a string representing @var{dirname} in a form that |
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1635 the operating system will interpret as the name of a file. On most |
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1636 systems, this means removing the final slash (or backslash) from the |
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1637 string. On VMS, the function converts a string of the form @file{[X.Y]} |
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1638 to @file{[X]Y.DIR.1}. |
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1639 |
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1640 @example |
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1641 @group |
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1642 (directory-file-name "~lewis/") |
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1643 @result{} "~lewis" |
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1644 @end group |
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1645 @end example |
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1646 @end defun |
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1647 |
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1648 Given a directory name, you can combine it with a relative file name |
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1649 using @code{concat}: |
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1650 |
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1651 @example |
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1652 (concat @var{dirname} @var{relfile}) |
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1653 @end example |
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1654 |
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1655 @noindent |
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1656 Be sure to verify that the file name is relative before doing that. |
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1657 If you use an absolute file name, the results could be syntactically |
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1658 invalid or refer to the wrong file. |
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1659 |
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1660 If you want to use a directory file name in making such a |
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1661 combination, you must first convert it to a directory name using |
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1662 @code{file-name-as-directory}: |
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1663 |
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1664 @example |
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1665 (concat (file-name-as-directory @var{dirfile}) @var{relfile}) |
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1666 @end example |
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1667 |
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1668 @noindent |
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1669 Don't try concatenating a slash by hand, as in |
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1670 |
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1671 @example |
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1672 ;;; @r{Wrong!} |
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1673 (concat @var{dirfile} "/" @var{relfile}) |
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1674 @end example |
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1675 |
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1676 @noindent |
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1677 because this is not portable. Always use |
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1678 @code{file-name-as-directory}. |
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1679 |
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1680 @cindex directory name abbreviation |
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1681 Directory name abbreviations are useful for directories that are |
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1682 normally accessed through symbolic links. Sometimes the users recognize |
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1683 primarily the link's name as ``the name'' of the directory, and find it |
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1684 annoying to see the directory's ``real'' name. If you define the link |
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1685 name as an abbreviation for the ``real'' name, Emacs shows users the |
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1686 abbreviation instead. |
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1687 |
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1688 @defvar directory-abbrev-alist |
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1689 The variable @code{directory-abbrev-alist} contains an alist of |
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1690 abbreviations to use for file directories. Each element has the form |
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1691 @code{(@var{from} . @var{to})}, and says to replace @var{from} with |
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1692 @var{to} when it appears in a directory name. The @var{from} string is |
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1693 actually a regular expression; it should always start with @samp{^}. |
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1694 The function @code{abbreviate-file-name} performs these substitutions. |
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1695 |
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1696 You can set this variable in @file{site-init.el} to describe the |
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1697 abbreviations appropriate for your site. |
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1698 |
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1699 Here's an example, from a system on which file system @file{/home/fsf} |
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1700 and so on are normally accessed through symbolic links named @file{/fsf} |
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1701 and so on. |
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1702 |
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1703 @example |
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1704 (("^/home/fsf" . "/fsf") |
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1705 ("^/home/gp" . "/gp") |
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1706 ("^/home/gd" . "/gd")) |
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1707 @end example |
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1708 @end defvar |
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1709 |
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1710 To convert a directory name to its abbreviation, use this |
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1711 function: |
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1712 |
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1713 @defun abbreviate-file-name filename |
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1714 This function applies abbreviations from @code{directory-abbrev-alist} |
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1715 to its argument, and substitutes @samp{~} for the user's home |
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1716 directory. You can use it for directory names and for file names, |
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1717 because it recognizes abbreviations even as part of the name. |
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1718 @end defun |
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1719 |
6555 | 1720 @node File Name Expansion |
1721 @subsection Functions that Expand Filenames | |
1722 @cindex expansion of file names | |
1723 | |
1724 @dfn{Expansion} of a file name means converting a relative file name | |
1725 to an absolute one. Since this is done relative to a default directory, | |
1726 you must specify the default directory name as well as the file name to | |
1727 be expanded. Expansion also simplifies file names by eliminating | |
1728 redundancies such as @file{./} and @file{@var{name}/../}. | |
1729 | |
1730 @defun expand-file-name filename &optional directory | |
1731 This function converts @var{filename} to an absolute file name. If | |
21007
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1732 @var{directory} is supplied, it is the default directory to start with |
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1733 if @var{filename} is relative. (The value of @var{directory} should |
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1734 itself be an absolute directory name; it may start with @samp{~}.) |
6555 | 1735 Otherwise, the current buffer's value of @code{default-directory} is |
1736 used. For example: | |
1737 | |
1738 @example | |
1739 @group | |
1740 (expand-file-name "foo") | |
1741 @result{} "/xcssun/users/rms/lewis/foo" | |
1742 @end group | |
1743 @group | |
1744 (expand-file-name "../foo") | |
1745 @result{} "/xcssun/users/rms/foo" | |
1746 @end group | |
1747 @group | |
1748 (expand-file-name "foo" "/usr/spool/") | |
1749 @result{} "/usr/spool/foo" | |
1750 @end group | |
1751 @group | |
1752 (expand-file-name "$HOME/foo") | |
1753 @result{} "/xcssun/users/rms/lewis/$HOME/foo" | |
1754 @end group | |
1755 @end example | |
1756 | |
1757 Filenames containing @samp{.} or @samp{..} are simplified to their | |
1758 canonical form: | |
1759 | |
1760 @example | |
1761 @group | |
1762 (expand-file-name "bar/../foo") | |
1763 @result{} "/xcssun/users/rms/lewis/foo" | |
1764 @end group | |
1765 @end example | |
1766 | |
1767 Note that @code{expand-file-name} does @emph{not} expand environment | |
1768 variables; only @code{substitute-in-file-name} does that. | |
1769 @end defun | |
1770 | |
1771 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
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1772 @defun file-relative-name filename &optional directory |
6555 | 1773 This function does the inverse of expansion---it tries to return a |
7735
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1774 relative name that is equivalent to @var{filename} when interpreted |
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1775 relative to @var{directory}. If @var{directory} is omitted or |
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1776 @code{nil}, it defaults to the current buffer's default directory. |
17398
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1777 |
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1778 On some operating systems, an absolute file name begins with a device |
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1779 name. On such systems, @var{filename} has no relative equivalent based |
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1780 on @var{directory} if they start with two different device names. In |
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1781 this case, @code{file-relative-name} returns @var{filename} in absolute |
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1782 form. |
6555 | 1783 |
1784 @example | |
1785 (file-relative-name "/foo/bar" "/foo/") | |
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1786 @result{} "bar" |
6555 | 1787 (file-relative-name "/foo/bar" "/hack/") |
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1788 @result{} "../foo/bar" |
6555 | 1789 @end example |
1790 @end defun | |
1791 | |
1792 @defvar default-directory | |
1793 The value of this buffer-local variable is the default directory for the | |
1794 current buffer. It should be an absolute directory name; it may start | |
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1795 with @samp{~}. This variable is buffer-local in every buffer. |
6555 | 1796 |
1797 @code{expand-file-name} uses the default directory when its second | |
1798 argument is @code{nil}. | |
1799 | |
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1800 Aside from VMS, the value is always a string ending with a slash. |
6555 | 1801 |
1802 @example | |
1803 @group | |
1804 default-directory | |
1805 @result{} "/user/lewis/manual/" | |
1806 @end group | |
1807 @end example | |
1808 @end defvar | |
1809 | |
1810 @defun substitute-in-file-name filename | |
1811 This function replaces environment variables references in | |
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1812 @var{filename} with the environment variable values. Following |
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1813 standard Unix shell syntax, @samp{$} is the prefix to substitute an |
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1814 environment variable value. If the input contains @samp{$$}, that is |
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1815 converted to @samp{$}; this gives the user a way to ``quote'' a |
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1816 @samp{$}. |
6555 | 1817 |
1818 The environment variable name is the series of alphanumeric characters | |
1819 (including underscores) that follow the @samp{$}. If the character following | |
1820 the @samp{$} is a @samp{@{}, then the variable name is everything up to the | |
1821 matching @samp{@}}. | |
1822 | |
51793
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1823 Calling @code{substitute-in-file-name} on output produced by |
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1824 @code{substitute-in-file-name} tends to give incorrect results. For |
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1825 instance, use of @samp{$$} to quote a single @samp{$} won't work |
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1826 properly, and @samp{$} in an environment variable's value could lead |
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1827 to repeated substitution. Therefore, programs that call this function |
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1828 and put the output where it will be passed to this function need to |
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1829 double all @samp{$} characters to prevent subsequent incorrect |
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1830 results. |
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1831 |
6555 | 1832 @c Wordy to avoid overfull hbox. --rjc 15mar92 |
1833 Here we assume that the environment variable @code{HOME}, which holds | |
1834 the user's home directory name, has value @samp{/xcssun/users/rms}. | |
1835 | |
1836 @example | |
1837 @group | |
1838 (substitute-in-file-name "$HOME/foo") | |
1839 @result{} "/xcssun/users/rms/foo" | |
1840 @end group | |
1841 @end example | |
1842 | |
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1843 After substitution, if a @samp{~} or a @samp{/} appears following a |
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1844 @samp{/}, everything before the following @samp{/} is discarded: |
6555 | 1845 |
1846 @example | |
1847 @group | |
1848 (substitute-in-file-name "bar/~/foo") | |
1849 @result{} "~/foo" | |
1850 @end group | |
1851 @group | |
1852 (substitute-in-file-name "/usr/local/$HOME/foo") | |
1853 @result{} "/xcssun/users/rms/foo" | |
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1854 ;; @r{@file{/usr/local/} has been discarded.} |
6555 | 1855 @end group |
1856 @end example | |
1857 | |
1858 On VMS, @samp{$} substitution is not done, so this function does nothing | |
1859 on VMS except discard superfluous initial components as shown above. | |
1860 @end defun | |
1861 | |
1862 @node Unique File Names | |
1863 @subsection Generating Unique File Names | |
1864 | |
1865 Some programs need to write temporary files. Here is the usual way to | |
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1866 construct a name for such a file, starting in Emacs 21: |
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1867 |
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1868 @example |
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1869 (make-temp-file @var{name-of-application}) |
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1870 @end example |
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1871 |
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1872 @noindent |
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1873 The job of @code{make-temp-file} is to prevent two different users or |
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1874 two different jobs from trying to use the exact same file name. |
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1875 |
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1876 @defun make-temp-file prefix &optional dir-flag |
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1877 @tindex make-temp-file |
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1878 This function creates a temporary file and returns its name. |
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1879 The name starts with @var{prefix}; it also contains a number that is |
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1880 different in each Emacs job. If @var{prefix} is a relative file name, |
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1881 it is expanded against @code{temporary-file-directory}. |
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1882 |
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1883 @example |
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1884 @group |
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1885 (make-temp-file "foo") |
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1886 @result{} "/tmp/foo232J6v" |
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1887 @end group |
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1888 @end example |
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1889 |
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1890 When @code{make-temp-file} returns, the file has been created and is |
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1891 empty. At that point, you should write the intended contents into the |
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1892 file. |
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1893 |
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1894 If @var{dir-flag} is non-@code{nil}, @code{make-temp-file} creates |
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1895 an empty directory instead of an empty file. |
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1896 |
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1897 To prevent conflicts among different libraries running in the same |
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1898 Emacs, each Lisp program that uses @code{make-temp-file} should have its |
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1899 own @var{prefix}. The number added to the end of @var{prefix} |
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1900 distinguishes between the same application running in different Emacs |
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1901 jobs. Additional added characters permit a large number of distinct |
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1902 names even in one Emacs job. |
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1903 @end defun |
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1904 |
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1905 The default directory for temporary files is controlled by the |
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1906 variable @code{temporary-file-directory}. This variable gives the user |
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1907 a uniform way to specify the directory for all temporary files. Some |
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1908 programs use @code{small-temporary-file-directory} instead, if that is |
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1909 non-@code{nil}. To use it, you should expand the prefix against |
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1910 the proper directory before calling @code{make-temp-file}. |
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1911 |
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1912 In older Emacs versions where @code{make-temp-file} does not exist, |
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1913 you should use @code{make-temp-name} instead: |
6555 | 1914 |
1915 @example | |
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1916 (make-temp-name |
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1917 (expand-file-name @var{name-of-application} |
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1918 temporary-file-directory)) |
6555 | 1919 @end example |
1920 | |
1921 @defun make-temp-name string | |
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1922 This function generates a string that can be used as a unique file name. |
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1923 The name starts with @var{string}, and contains a number that is |
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1924 different in each Emacs job. It is like @code{make-temp-file} except |
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1925 that it just constructs a name, and does not create a file. On MS-DOS, |
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1926 the @var{string} prefix can be truncated to fit into the 8+3 file-name |
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1927 limits. |
6555 | 1928 @end defun |
1929 | |
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1930 @defvar temporary-file-directory |
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1931 @cindex @code{TMPDIR} environment variable |
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1932 @cindex @code{TMP} environment variable |
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1933 @cindex @code{TEMP} environment variable |
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1934 This variable specifies the directory name for creating temporary files. |
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1935 Its value should be a directory name (@pxref{Directory Names}), but it |
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1936 is good for Lisp programs to cope if the value is a directory's file |
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1937 name instead. Using the value as the second argument to |
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1938 @code{expand-file-name} is a good way to achieve that. |
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1939 |
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1940 The default value is determined in a reasonable way for your operating |
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1941 system; it is based on the @code{TMPDIR}, @code{TMP} and @code{TEMP} |
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1942 environment variables, with a fall-back to a system-dependent name if |
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1943 none of these variables is defined. |
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1944 |
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1945 Even if you do not use @code{make-temp-name} to choose the temporary |
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1946 file's name, you should still use this variable to decide which |
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1947 directory to put the file in. However, if you expect the file to be |
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1948 small, you should use @code{small-temporary-file-directory} first if |
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1949 that is non-@code{nil}. |
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1950 @end defvar |
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1951 |
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1952 @tindex small-temporary-file-directory |
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1953 @defvar small-temporary-file-directory |
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1954 This variable (new in Emacs 21) specifies the directory name for |
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1955 creating certain temporary files, which are likely to be small. |
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1956 |
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1957 If you want to write a temporary file which is likely to be small, you |
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1958 should compute the directory like this: |
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1959 |
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1960 @example |
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1961 (make-temp-file |
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1962 (expand-file-name @var{prefix} |
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1963 (or small-temporary-file-directory |
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1964 temporary-file-directory))) |
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1965 @end example |
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1966 @end defvar |
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1967 |
6555 | 1968 @node File Name Completion |
1969 @subsection File Name Completion | |
1970 @cindex file name completion subroutines | |
1971 @cindex completion, file name | |
1972 | |
1973 This section describes low-level subroutines for completing a file | |
1974 name. For other completion functions, see @ref{Completion}. | |
1975 | |
1976 @defun file-name-all-completions partial-filename directory | |
1977 This function returns a list of all possible completions for a file | |
1978 whose name starts with @var{partial-filename} in directory | |
1979 @var{directory}. The order of the completions is the order of the files | |
1980 in the directory, which is unpredictable and conveys no useful | |
1981 information. | |
1982 | |
1983 The argument @var{partial-filename} must be a file name containing no | |
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1984 directory part and no slash (or backslash on some systems). The current |
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1985 buffer's default directory is prepended to @var{directory}, if |
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1986 @var{directory} is not absolute. |
6555 | 1987 |
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1988 In the following example, suppose that @file{~rms/lewis} is the current |
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1989 default directory, and has five files whose names begin with @samp{f}: |
6555 | 1990 @file{foo}, @file{file~}, @file{file.c}, @file{file.c.~1~}, and |
1991 @file{file.c.~2~}.@refill | |
1992 | |
1993 @example | |
1994 @group | |
1995 (file-name-all-completions "f" "") | |
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1996 @result{} ("foo" "file~" "file.c.~2~" |
6555 | 1997 "file.c.~1~" "file.c") |
1998 @end group | |
1999 | |
2000 @group | |
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2001 (file-name-all-completions "fo" "") |
6555 | 2002 @result{} ("foo") |
2003 @end group | |
2004 @end example | |
2005 @end defun | |
2006 | |
2007 @defun file-name-completion filename directory | |
2008 This function completes the file name @var{filename} in directory | |
2009 @var{directory}. It returns the longest prefix common to all file names | |
2010 in directory @var{directory} that start with @var{filename}. | |
2011 | |
2012 If only one match exists and @var{filename} matches it exactly, the | |
2013 function returns @code{t}. The function returns @code{nil} if directory | |
2014 @var{directory} contains no name starting with @var{filename}. | |
2015 | |
2016 In the following example, suppose that the current default directory | |
2017 has five files whose names begin with @samp{f}: @file{foo}, | |
2018 @file{file~}, @file{file.c}, @file{file.c.~1~}, and | |
2019 @file{file.c.~2~}.@refill | |
2020 | |
2021 @example | |
2022 @group | |
2023 (file-name-completion "fi" "") | |
2024 @result{} "file" | |
2025 @end group | |
2026 | |
2027 @group | |
2028 (file-name-completion "file.c.~1" "") | |
2029 @result{} "file.c.~1~" | |
2030 @end group | |
2031 | |
2032 @group | |
2033 (file-name-completion "file.c.~1~" "") | |
2034 @result{} t | |
2035 @end group | |
2036 | |
2037 @group | |
2038 (file-name-completion "file.c.~3" "") | |
2039 @result{} nil | |
2040 @end group | |
2041 @end example | |
2042 @end defun | |
2043 | |
2044 @defopt completion-ignored-extensions | |
2045 @code{file-name-completion} usually ignores file names that end in any | |
2046 string in this list. It does not ignore them when all the possible | |
2047 completions end in one of these suffixes or when a buffer showing all | |
2048 possible completions is displayed.@refill | |
2049 | |
2050 A typical value might look like this: | |
2051 | |
2052 @example | |
2053 @group | |
2054 completion-ignored-extensions | |
2055 @result{} (".o" ".elc" "~" ".dvi") | |
2056 @end group | |
2057 @end example | |
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2058 |
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2059 If an element of @code{completion-ignored-extensions} ends in a slash |
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2060 @samp{/}, it signals a directory. The elements which do @emph{not} end |
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2061 in a slash will never match a directory; thus, the above value will not |
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2062 filter out a directory named @file{foo.elc}. |
6555 | 2063 @end defopt |
2064 | |
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2065 @node Standard File Names |
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2066 @subsection Standard File Names |
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2067 |
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2068 Most of the file names used in Lisp programs are entered by the user. |
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2069 But occasionally a Lisp program needs to specify a standard file name |
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2070 for a particular use---typically, to hold customization information |
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2071 about each user. For example, abbrev definitions are stored (by |
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2072 default) in the file @file{~/.abbrev_defs}; the @code{completion} |
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2073 package stores completions in the file @file{~/.completions}. These are |
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2074 two of the many standard file names used by parts of Emacs for certain |
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2075 purposes. |
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2076 |
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2077 Various operating systems have their own conventions for valid file |
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2078 names and for which file names to use for user profile data. A Lisp |
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2079 program which reads a file using a standard file name ought to use, on |
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2080 each type of system, a file name suitable for that system. The function |
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2081 @code{convert-standard-filename} makes this easy to do. |
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2082 |
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2083 @defun convert-standard-filename filename |
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2084 This function alters the file name @var{filename} to fit the conventions |
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2085 of the operating system in use, and returns the result as a new string. |
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2086 @end defun |
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2087 |
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2088 The recommended way to specify a standard file name in a Lisp program |
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2089 is to choose a name which fits the conventions of GNU and Unix systems, |
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2090 usually with a nondirectory part that starts with a period, and pass it |
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2091 to @code{convert-standard-filename} instead of using it directly. Here |
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2092 is an example from the @code{completion} package: |
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2093 |
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2094 @example |
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2095 (defvar save-completions-file-name |
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2096 (convert-standard-filename "~/.completions") |
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2097 "*The file name to save completions to.") |
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2098 @end example |
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2099 |
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2100 On GNU and Unix systems, and on some other systems as well, |
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2101 @code{convert-standard-filename} returns its argument unchanged. On |
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2102 some other systems, it alters the name to fit the system's conventions. |
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2103 |
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2104 For example, on MS-DOS the alterations made by this function include |
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2105 converting a leading @samp{.} to @samp{_}, converting a @samp{_} in the |
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2106 middle of the name to @samp{.} if there is no other @samp{.}, inserting |
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2107 a @samp{.} after eight characters if there is none, and truncating to |
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2108 three characters after the @samp{.}. (It makes other changes as well.) |
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2109 Thus, @file{.abbrev_defs} becomes @file{_abbrev.def}, and |
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2110 @file{.completions} becomes @file{_complet.ion}. |
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2111 |
6555 | 2112 @node Contents of Directories |
2113 @section Contents of Directories | |
2114 @cindex directory-oriented functions | |
2115 @cindex file names in directory | |
2116 | |
2117 A directory is a kind of file that contains other files entered under | |
2118 various names. Directories are a feature of the file system. | |
2119 | |
2120 Emacs can list the names of the files in a directory as a Lisp list, | |
2121 or display the names in a buffer using the @code{ls} shell command. In | |
2122 the latter case, it can optionally display information about each file, | |
2123 depending on the options passed to the @code{ls} command. | |
2124 | |
2125 @defun directory-files directory &optional full-name match-regexp nosort | |
2126 This function returns a list of the names of the files in the directory | |
2127 @var{directory}. By default, the list is in alphabetical order. | |
2128 | |
2129 If @var{full-name} is non-@code{nil}, the function returns the files' | |
2130 absolute file names. Otherwise, it returns the names relative to | |
2131 the specified directory. | |
2132 | |
2133 If @var{match-regexp} is non-@code{nil}, this function returns only | |
2134 those file names that contain a match for that regular expression---the | |
2135 other file names are excluded from the list. | |
2136 | |
2137 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
2138 If @var{nosort} is non-@code{nil}, @code{directory-files} does not sort | |
2139 the list, so you get the file names in no particular order. Use this if | |
2140 you want the utmost possible speed and don't care what order the files | |
2141 are processed in. If the order of processing is visible to the user, | |
2142 then the user will probably be happier if you do sort the names. | |
2143 | |
2144 @example | |
2145 @group | |
2146 (directory-files "~lewis") | |
2147 @result{} ("#foo#" "#foo.el#" "." ".." | |
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2148 "dired-mods.el" "files.texi" |
6555 | 2149 "files.texi.~1~") |
2150 @end group | |
2151 @end example | |
2152 | |
2153 An error is signaled if @var{directory} is not the name of a directory | |
2154 that can be read. | |
2155 @end defun | |
2156 | |
2157 @defun file-name-all-versions file dirname | |
2158 This function returns a list of all versions of the file named | |
2159 @var{file} in directory @var{dirname}. | |
2160 @end defun | |
2161 | |
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2162 @tindex file-expand-wildcards |
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2163 @defun file-expand-wildcards pattern &optional full |
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2164 This function expands the wildcard pattern @var{pattern}, returning |
24952 | 2165 a list of file names that match it. |
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2166 |
24952 | 2167 If @var{pattern} is written as an absolute file name, |
24951
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2168 the values are absolute also. |
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2169 |
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2170 If @var{pattern} is written as a relative file name, it is interpreted |
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2171 relative to the current default directory. The file names returned are |
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2172 normally also relative to the current default directory. However, if |
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2173 @var{full} is non-@code{nil}, they are absolute. |
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2174 @end defun |
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2175 |
6555 | 2176 @defun insert-directory file switches &optional wildcard full-directory-p |
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2177 This function inserts (in the current buffer) a directory listing for |
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2178 directory @var{file}, formatted with @code{ls} according to |
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2179 @var{switches}. It leaves point after the inserted text. |
6555 | 2180 |
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2181 The argument @var{file} may be either a directory name or a file |
6555 | 2182 specification including wildcard characters. If @var{wildcard} is |
2183 non-@code{nil}, that means treat @var{file} as a file specification with | |
2184 wildcards. | |
2185 | |
22138
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2186 If @var{full-directory-p} is non-@code{nil}, that means the directory |
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2187 listing is expected to show the full contents of a directory. You |
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2188 should specify @code{t} when @var{file} is a directory and switches do |
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2189 not contain @samp{-d}. (The @samp{-d} option to @code{ls} says to |
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2190 describe a directory itself as a file, rather than showing its |
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2191 contents.) |
6555 | 2192 |
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2193 On most systems, this function works by running a directory listing |
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2194 program whose name is in the variable @code{insert-directory-program}. |
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2195 If @var{wildcard} is non-@code{nil}, it also runs the shell specified by |
6555 | 2196 @code{shell-file-name}, to expand the wildcards. |
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2197 |
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2198 MS-DOS and MS-Windows systems usually lack the standard Unix program |
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2199 @code{ls}, so this function emulates the standard Unix program @code{ls} |
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2200 with Lisp code. |
6555 | 2201 @end defun |
2202 | |
2203 @defvar insert-directory-program | |
2204 This variable's value is the program to run to generate a directory listing | |
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2205 for the function @code{insert-directory}. It is ignored on systems |
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2206 which generate the listing with Lisp code. |
6555 | 2207 @end defvar |
2208 | |
2209 @node Create/Delete Dirs | |
2210 @section Creating and Deleting Directories | |
2211 @c Emacs 19 features | |
2212 | |
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2213 Most Emacs Lisp file-manipulation functions get errors when used on |
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2214 files that are directories. For example, you cannot delete a directory |
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2215 with @code{delete-file}. These special functions exist to create and |
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2216 delete directories. |
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2217 |
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2218 @defun make-directory dirname &optional parents |
6555 | 2219 This function creates a directory named @var{dirname}. |
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2220 If @var{parents} is non-@code{nil}, that means to create |
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2221 the parent directories first, if they don't already exist. |
6555 | 2222 @end defun |
2223 | |
2224 @defun delete-directory dirname | |
2225 This function deletes the directory named @var{dirname}. The function | |
2226 @code{delete-file} does not work for files that are directories; you | |
12098 | 2227 must use @code{delete-directory} for them. If the directory contains |
2228 any files, @code{delete-directory} signals an error. | |
6555 | 2229 @end defun |
2230 | |
2231 @node Magic File Names | |
2232 @section Making Certain File Names ``Magic'' | |
2233 @cindex magic file names | |
2234 | |
2235 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
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2236 You can implement special handling for certain file names. This is |
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2237 called making those names @dfn{magic}. The principal use for this |
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2238 feature is in implementing remote file names (@pxref{Remote Files,, |
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2239 Remote Files, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}). |
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2240 |
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2241 To define a kind of magic file name, you must supply a regular |
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2242 expression to define the class of names (all those that match the |
6555 | 2243 regular expression), plus a handler that implements all the primitive |
2244 Emacs file operations for file names that do match. | |
2245 | |
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2246 The variable @code{file-name-handler-alist} holds a list of handlers, |
6555 | 2247 together with regular expressions that determine when to apply each |
2248 handler. Each element has this form: | |
2249 | |
2250 @example | |
2251 (@var{regexp} . @var{handler}) | |
2252 @end example | |
2253 | |
2254 @noindent | |
2255 All the Emacs primitives for file access and file name transformation | |
2256 check the given file name against @code{file-name-handler-alist}. If | |
2257 the file name matches @var{regexp}, the primitives handle that file by | |
2258 calling @var{handler}. | |
2259 | |
2260 The first argument given to @var{handler} is the name of the primitive; | |
2261 the remaining arguments are the arguments that were passed to that | |
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2262 primitive. (The first of these arguments is most often the file name |
6555 | 2263 itself.) For example, if you do this: |
2264 | |
2265 @example | |
2266 (file-exists-p @var{filename}) | |
2267 @end example | |
2268 | |
2269 @noindent | |
2270 and @var{filename} has handler @var{handler}, then @var{handler} is | |
2271 called like this: | |
2272 | |
2273 @example | |
2274 (funcall @var{handler} 'file-exists-p @var{filename}) | |
2275 @end example | |
2276 | |
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2277 When a function takes two or more arguments that must be file names, |
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2278 it checks each of those names for a handler. For example, if you do |
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2279 this: |
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2280 |
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2281 @example |
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2282 (expand-file-name @var{filename} @var{dirname}) |
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2283 @end example |
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2284 |
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2285 @noindent |
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2286 then it checks for a handler for @var{filename} and then for a handler |
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2287 for @var{dirname}. In either case, the @var{handler} is called like |
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|
2288 this: |
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|
2289 |
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|
2290 @example |
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|
2291 (funcall @var{handler} 'expand-file-name @var{filename} @var{dirname}) |
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|
2292 @end example |
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2293 |
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|
2294 @noindent |
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|
2295 The @var{handler} then needs to figure out whether to handle |
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2296 @var{filename} or @var{dirname}. |
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2297 |
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2298 Here are the operations that a magic file name handler gets to handle: |
6555 | 2299 |
27193 | 2300 @ifnottex |
6555 | 2301 @noindent |
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|
2302 @code{access-file}, @code{add-name-to-file}, |
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|
2303 @code{byte-compiler-base-file-name},@* |
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2304 @code{copy-file}, @code{delete-directory}, |
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2305 @code{delete-file}, |
12226 | 2306 @code{diff-latest-backup-file}, |
6555 | 2307 @code{directory-file-name}, |
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2308 @code{directory-files}, |
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|
2309 @code{directory-files-and-attributes}, |
16736
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2310 @code{dired-call-process}, |
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2311 @code{dired-compress-file}, @code{dired-uncache},@* |
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2312 @code{expand-file-name}, |
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2313 @code{file-accessible-directory-p}, |
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2314 @code{file-attributes}, |
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2315 @code{file-directory-p}, |
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|
2316 @code{file-executable-p}, @code{file-exists-p}, |
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2317 @code{file-local-copy}, |
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|
2318 @code{file-modes}, @code{file-name-all-completions}, |
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2319 @code{file-name-as-directory}, |
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2320 @code{file-name-completion}, |
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|
2321 @code{file-name-directory}, |
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|
2322 @code{file-name-nondirectory}, |
6555 | 2323 @code{file-name-sans-versions}, @code{file-newer-than-file-p}, |
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|
2324 @code{file-ownership-preserved-p}, |
11626
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Mention file-regular-p operation.
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|
2325 @code{file-readable-p}, @code{file-regular-p}, @code{file-symlink-p}, |
12226 | 2326 @code{file-truename}, @code{file-writable-p}, |
15765
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2327 @code{find-backup-file-name}, |
47980
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2328 @code{find-file-noselect},@* |
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|
2329 @code{get-file-buffer}, |
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2330 @code{insert-directory}, |
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|
2331 @code{insert-file-contents},@* |
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2332 @code{load}, @code{make-directory}, |
47980
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|
2333 @code{make-directory-internal}, |
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|
2334 @code{make-symbolic-link},@* |
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|
2335 @code{rename-file}, @code{set-file-modes}, |
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|
2336 @code{set-visited-file-modtime}, @code{shell-command}, |
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|
2337 @code{substitute-in-file-name},@* |
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2338 @code{unhandled-file-name-directory}, |
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|
2339 @code{vc-registered}, |
21682
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|
2340 @code{verify-visited-file-modtime},@* |
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2341 @code{write-region}. |
27193 | 2342 @end ifnottex |
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2343 @iftex |
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2344 @noindent |
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2345 @flushleft |
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|
2346 @code{access-file}, @code{add-name-to-file}, |
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|
2347 @code{byte-com@discretionary{}{}{}piler-base-file-name}, |
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|
2348 @code{copy-file}, @code{delete-directory}, |
22271
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2349 @code{delete-file}, |
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2350 @code{diff-latest-backup-file}, |
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2351 @code{directory-file-name}, |
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2352 @code{directory-files}, |
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2353 @code{directory-files-and-at@discretionary{}{}{}tributes}, |
22271
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2354 @code{dired-call-process}, |
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2355 @code{dired-compress-file}, @code{dired-uncache}, |
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2356 @code{expand-file-name}, |
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2357 @code{file-accessible-direc@discretionary{}{}{}tory-p}, |
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2358 @code{file-attributes}, |
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2359 @code{file-direct@discretionary{}{}{}ory-p}, |
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2360 @code{file-executable-p}, @code{file-exists-p}, |
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2361 @code{file-local-copy}, |
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2362 @code{file-modes}, @code{file-name-all-completions}, |
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2363 @code{file-name-as-directory}, |
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2364 @code{file-name-completion}, |
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2365 @code{file-name-directory}, |
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2366 @code{file-name-nondirec@discretionary{}{}{}tory}, |
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2367 @code{file-name-sans-versions}, @code{file-newer-than-file-p}, |
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2368 @code{file-ownership-pre@discretionary{}{}{}served-p}, |
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2369 @code{file-readable-p}, @code{file-regular-p}, @code{file-symlink-p}, |
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2370 @code{file-truename}, @code{file-writable-p}, |
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2371 @code{find-backup-file-name}, |
47980
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|
2372 @code{find-file-noselect}, |
22271
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2373 @code{get-file-buffer}, |
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2374 @code{insert-directory}, |
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2375 @code{insert-file-contents}, |
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2376 @code{load}, @code{make-direc@discretionary{}{}{}tory}, |
47980
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2377 @code{make-direc@discretionary{}{}{}tory-internal}, |
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|
2378 @code{make-symbolic-link}, |
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2379 @code{rename-file}, @code{set-file-modes}, |
22271
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2380 @code{set-visited-file-modtime}, @code{shell-command}, |
47980
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|
2381 @code{substitute-in-file-name}, |
22271
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2382 @code{unhandled-file-name-directory}, |
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2383 @code{vc-regis@discretionary{}{}{}tered}, |
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2384 @code{verify-visited-file-modtime}, |
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2385 @code{write-region}. |
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2386 @end flushleft |
22271
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2387 @end iftex |
6555 | 2388 |
8118
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2389 Handlers for @code{insert-file-contents} typically need to clear the |
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2390 buffer's modified flag, with @code{(set-buffer-modified-p nil)}, if the |
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2391 @var{visit} argument is non-@code{nil}. This also has the effect of |
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2392 unlocking the buffer if it is locked. |
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2393 |
6555 | 2394 The handler function must handle all of the above operations, and |
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2395 possibly others to be added in the future. It need not implement all |
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2396 these operations itself---when it has nothing special to do for a |
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2397 certain operation, it can reinvoke the primitive, to handle the |
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2398 operation ``in the usual way''. It should always reinvoke the primitive |
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2399 for an operation it does not recognize. Here's one way to do this: |
6555 | 2400 |
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2401 @smallexample |
6555 | 2402 (defun my-file-handler (operation &rest args) |
2403 ;; @r{First check for the specific operations} | |
2404 ;; @r{that we have special handling for.} | |
2405 (cond ((eq operation 'insert-file-contents) @dots{}) | |
2406 ((eq operation 'write-region) @dots{}) | |
2407 @dots{} | |
2408 ;; @r{Handle any operation we don't know about.} | |
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2409 (t (let ((inhibit-file-name-handlers |
49600
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2410 (cons 'my-file-handler |
21007
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2411 (and (eq inhibit-file-name-operation operation) |
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2412 inhibit-file-name-handlers))) |
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2413 (inhibit-file-name-operation operation)) |
6555 | 2414 (apply operation args))))) |
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2415 @end smallexample |
6555 | 2416 |
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2417 When a handler function decides to call the ordinary Emacs primitive for |
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2418 the operation at hand, it needs to prevent the primitive from calling |
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2419 the same handler once again, thus leading to an infinite recursion. The |
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2420 example above shows how to do this, with the variables |
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2421 @code{inhibit-file-name-handlers} and |
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2422 @code{inhibit-file-name-operation}. Be careful to use them exactly as |
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2423 shown above; the details are crucial for proper behavior in the case of |
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2424 multiple handlers, and for operations that have two file names that may |
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2425 each have handlers. |
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2426 |
51020
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2427 @kindex safe-magic (@r{property}) |
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2428 Handlers that don't really do anything specal for actual access to the |
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2429 file---such as the ones that implement completion of host names for |
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2430 remote file names---should have a non-@code{nil} @code{safe-magic} |
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2431 property. For instance, Emacs normally ``protects'' directory names |
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2432 it finds in @code{PATH} from becoming magic, if they look like magic |
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2433 file names, by prefixing them with @samp{/:}. But if the handler that |
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2434 would be used for them has a non-@code{nil} @code{safe-magic} |
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2435 property, the @samp{/:} is not added. |
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2436 |
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2437 @defvar inhibit-file-name-handlers |
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2438 This variable holds a list of handlers whose use is presently inhibited |
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2439 for a certain operation. |
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2440 @end defvar |
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2441 |
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2442 @defvar inhibit-file-name-operation |
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2443 The operation for which certain handlers are presently inhibited. |
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2444 @end defvar |
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2445 |
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2446 @defun find-file-name-handler file operation |
6555 | 2447 This function returns the handler function for file name @var{file}, or |
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2448 @code{nil} if there is none. The argument @var{operation} should be the |
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2449 operation to be performed on the file---the value you will pass to the |
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2450 handler as its first argument when you call it. The operation is needed |
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2451 for comparison with @code{inhibit-file-name-operation}. |
6555 | 2452 @end defun |
2453 | |
2454 @defun file-local-copy filename | |
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2455 This function copies file @var{filename} to an ordinary non-magic file, |
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2456 if it isn't one already. |
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2457 |
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2458 If @var{filename} specifies a magic file name, which programs |
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2459 outside Emacs cannot directly read or write, this copies the contents to |
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2460 an ordinary file and returns that file's name. |
6555 | 2461 |
2462 If @var{filename} is an ordinary file name, not magic, then this function | |
2463 does nothing and returns @code{nil}. | |
2464 @end defun | |
2465 | |
2466 @defun unhandled-file-name-directory filename | |
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2467 This function returns the name of a directory that is not magic. It |
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2468 uses the directory part of @var{filename} if that is not magic. For a |
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2469 magic file name, it invokes the file name handler, which therefore |
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2470 decides what value to return. |
6555 | 2471 |
2472 This is useful for running a subprocess; every subprocess must have a | |
2473 non-magic directory to serve as its current directory, and this function | |
2474 is a good way to come up with one. | |
2475 @end defun | |
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2476 |
12067 | 2477 @node Format Conversion |
2478 @section File Format Conversion | |
2479 | |
2480 @cindex file format conversion | |
2481 @cindex encoding file formats | |
2482 @cindex decoding file formats | |
2483 The variable @code{format-alist} defines a list of @dfn{file formats}, | |
12098 | 2484 which describe textual representations used in files for the data (text, |
12067 | 2485 text-properties, and possibly other information) in an Emacs buffer. |
12098 | 2486 Emacs performs format conversion if appropriate when reading and writing |
2487 files. | |
12067 | 2488 |
2489 @defvar format-alist | |
2490 This list contains one format definition for each defined file format. | |
2491 @end defvar | |
2492 | |
2493 @cindex format definition | |
2494 Each format definition is a list of this form: | |
2495 | |
2496 @example | |
2497 (@var{name} @var{doc-string} @var{regexp} @var{from-fn} @var{to-fn} @var{modify} @var{mode-fn}) | |
2498 @end example | |
2499 | |
2500 Here is what the elements in a format definition mean: | |
2501 | |
2502 @table @var | |
2503 @item name | |
2504 The name of this format. | |
2505 | |
2506 @item doc-string | |
2507 A documentation string for the format. | |
2508 | |
2509 @item regexp | |
2510 A regular expression which is used to recognize files represented in | |
2511 this format. | |
2512 | |
2513 @item from-fn | |
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2514 A shell command or function to decode data in this format (to convert |
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2515 file data into the usual Emacs data representation). |
12067 | 2516 |
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2517 A shell command is represented as a string; Emacs runs the command as a |
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2518 filter to perform the conversion. |
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2519 |
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2520 If @var{from-fn} is a function, it is called with two arguments, @var{begin} |
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2521 and @var{end}, which specify the part of the buffer it should convert. |
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2522 It should convert the text by editing it in place. Since this can |
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2523 change the length of the text, @var{from-fn} should return the modified |
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2524 end position. |
12067 | 2525 |
12098 | 2526 One responsibility of @var{from-fn} is to make sure that the beginning |
12067 | 2527 of the file no longer matches @var{regexp}. Otherwise it is likely to |
2528 get called again. | |
2529 | |
2530 @item to-fn | |
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2531 A shell command or function to encode data in this format---that is, to |
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2532 convert the usual Emacs data representation into this format. |
12067 | 2533 |
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2534 If @var{to-fn} is a string, it is a shell command; Emacs runs the |
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2535 command as a filter to perform the conversion. |
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2536 |
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2537 If @var{to-fn} is a function, it is called with two arguments, @var{begin} |
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2538 and @var{end}, which specify the part of the buffer it should convert. |
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2539 There are two ways it can do the conversion: |
12067 | 2540 |
2541 @itemize @bullet | |
2542 @item | |
2543 By editing the buffer in place. In this case, @var{to-fn} should | |
2544 return the end-position of the range of text, as modified. | |
2545 | |
2546 @item | |
2547 By returning a list of annotations. This is a list of elements of the | |
2548 form @code{(@var{position} . @var{string})}, where @var{position} is an | |
2549 integer specifying the relative position in the text to be written, and | |
2550 @var{string} is the annotation to add there. The list must be sorted in | |
2551 order of position when @var{to-fn} returns it. | |
2552 | |
2553 When @code{write-region} actually writes the text from the buffer to the | |
2554 file, it intermixes the specified annotations at the corresponding | |
2555 positions. All this takes place without modifying the buffer. | |
2556 @end itemize | |
2557 | |
2558 @item modify | |
2559 A flag, @code{t} if the encoding function modifies the buffer, and | |
2560 @code{nil} if it works by returning a list of annotations. | |
2561 | |
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2562 @item mode-fn |
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2563 A minor-mode function to call after visiting a file converted from this |
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2564 format. The function is called with one argument, the integer 1; |
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2565 that tells a minor-mode function to enable the mode. |
12067 | 2566 @end table |
2567 | |
2568 The function @code{insert-file-contents} automatically recognizes file | |
2569 formats when it reads the specified file. It checks the text of the | |
2570 beginning of the file against the regular expressions of the format | |
2571 definitions, and if it finds a match, it calls the decoding function for | |
2572 that format. Then it checks all the known formats over again. | |
2573 It keeps checking them until none of them is applicable. | |
2574 | |
2575 Visiting a file, with @code{find-file-noselect} or the commands that use | |
2576 it, performs conversion likewise (because it calls | |
12098 | 2577 @code{insert-file-contents}); it also calls the mode function for each |
2578 format that it decodes. It stores a list of the format names in the | |
2579 buffer-local variable @code{buffer-file-format}. | |
12067 | 2580 |
2581 @defvar buffer-file-format | |
12098 | 2582 This variable states the format of the visited file. More precisely, |
2583 this is a list of the file format names that were decoded in the course | |
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2584 of visiting the current buffer's file. It is always buffer-local in all |
12067 | 2585 buffers. |
2586 @end defvar | |
2587 | |
2588 When @code{write-region} writes data into a file, it first calls the | |
12098 | 2589 encoding functions for the formats listed in @code{buffer-file-format}, |
2590 in the order of appearance in the list. | |
12067 | 2591 |
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2592 @deffn Command format-write-file file format |
12067 | 2593 This command writes the current buffer contents into the file @var{file} |
2594 in format @var{format}, and makes that format the default for future | |
12098 | 2595 saves of the buffer. The argument @var{format} is a list of format |
2596 names. | |
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2597 @end deffn |
12067 | 2598 |
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2599 @deffn Command format-find-file file format |
12226 | 2600 This command finds the file @var{file}, converting it according to |
2601 format @var{format}. It also makes @var{format} the default if the | |
2602 buffer is saved later. | |
2603 | |
2604 The argument @var{format} is a list of format names. If @var{format} is | |
2605 @code{nil}, no conversion takes place. Interactively, typing just | |
2606 @key{RET} for @var{format} specifies @code{nil}. | |
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2607 @end deffn |
12226 | 2608 |
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2609 @deffn Command format-insert-file file format &optional beg end |
12226 | 2610 This command inserts the contents of file @var{file}, converting it |
2611 according to format @var{format}. If @var{beg} and @var{end} are | |
2612 non-@code{nil}, they specify which part of the file to read, as in | |
2613 @code{insert-file-contents} (@pxref{Reading from Files}). | |
2614 | |
2615 The return value is like what @code{insert-file-contents} returns: a | |
2616 list of the absolute file name and the length of the data inserted | |
2617 (after conversion). | |
2618 | |
2619 The argument @var{format} is a list of format names. If @var{format} is | |
2620 @code{nil}, no conversion takes place. Interactively, typing just | |
2621 @key{RET} for @var{format} specifies @code{nil}. | |
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2622 @end deffn |
12226 | 2623 |
12067 | 2624 @defvar auto-save-file-format |
2625 This variable specifies the format to use for auto-saving. Its value is | |
2626 a list of format names, just like the value of | |
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2627 @code{buffer-file-format}; however, it is used instead of |
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2628 @code{buffer-file-format} for writing auto-save files. This variable is |
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2629 always buffer-local in all buffers. |
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2630 @end defvar |