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date | Sun, 13 Jul 2003 17:20:34 +0000 |
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6451 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
27189 | 3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1998, 1999 |
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4 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
6451 | 5 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. |
6 @setfilename ../info/internals | |
7 @node GNU Emacs Internals, Standard Errors, Tips, Top | |
8 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
9 @appendix GNU Emacs Internals | |
10 | |
11 This chapter describes how the runnable Emacs executable is dumped with | |
12 the preloaded Lisp libraries in it, how storage is allocated, and some | |
13 internal aspects of GNU Emacs that may be of interest to C programmers. | |
14 | |
15 @menu | |
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16 * Building Emacs:: How to the dumped Emacs is made. |
6451 | 17 * Pure Storage:: A kludge to make preloaded Lisp functions sharable. |
18 * Garbage Collection:: Reclaiming space for Lisp objects no longer used. | |
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19 * Memory Usage:: Info about total size of Lisp objects made so far. |
6451 | 20 * Writing Emacs Primitives:: Writing C code for Emacs. |
21 * Object Internals:: Data formats of buffers, windows, processes. | |
22 @end menu | |
23 | |
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24 @node Building Emacs |
6451 | 25 @appendixsec Building Emacs |
26 @cindex building Emacs | |
27 @pindex temacs | |
28 | |
29 This section explains the steps involved in building the Emacs | |
30 executable. You don't have to know this material to build and install | |
31 Emacs, since the makefiles do all these things automatically. This | |
32 information is pertinent to Emacs maintenance. | |
33 | |
34 Compilation of the C source files in the @file{src} directory | |
35 produces an executable file called @file{temacs}, also called a | |
36 @dfn{bare impure Emacs}. It contains the Emacs Lisp interpreter and I/O | |
37 routines, but not the editing commands. | |
38 | |
39 @cindex @file{loadup.el} | |
40 The command @w{@samp{temacs -l loadup}} uses @file{temacs} to create | |
41 the real runnable Emacs executable. These arguments direct | |
42 @file{temacs} to evaluate the Lisp files specified in the file | |
43 @file{loadup.el}. These files set up the normal Emacs editing | |
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44 environment, resulting in an Emacs that is still impure but no longer |
6451 | 45 bare. |
46 | |
47 It takes a substantial time to load the standard Lisp files. Luckily, | |
48 you don't have to do this each time you run Emacs; @file{temacs} can | |
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49 dump out an executable program called @file{emacs} that has these files |
6451 | 50 preloaded. @file{emacs} starts more quickly because it does not need to |
51 load the files. This is the Emacs executable that is normally | |
52 installed. | |
53 | |
54 To create @file{emacs}, use the command @samp{temacs -batch -l loadup | |
55 dump}. The purpose of @samp{-batch} here is to prevent @file{temacs} | |
56 from trying to initialize any of its data on the terminal; this ensures | |
57 that the tables of terminal information are empty in the dumped Emacs. | |
58 The argument @samp{dump} tells @file{loadup.el} to dump a new executable | |
59 named @file{emacs}. | |
60 | |
61 Some operating systems don't support dumping. On those systems, you | |
62 must start Emacs with the @samp{temacs -l loadup} command each time you | |
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63 use it. This takes a substantial time, but since you need to start |
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64 Emacs once a day at most---or once a week if you never log out---the |
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65 extra time is not too severe a problem. |
6451 | 66 |
67 @cindex @file{site-load.el} | |
26165 | 68 |
6451 | 69 You can specify additional files to preload by writing a library named |
26165 | 70 @file{site-load.el} that loads them. You may need to add a definition |
71 | |
72 @example | |
73 #define SITELOAD_PURESIZE_EXTRA @var{n} | |
74 @end example | |
75 | |
76 @noindent | |
77 to make @var{n} added bytes of pure space to hold the additional files. | |
78 (Try adding increments of 20000 until it is big enough.) However, the | |
79 advantage of preloading additional files decreases as machines get | |
80 faster. On modern machines, it is usually not advisable. | |
6451 | 81 |
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82 After @file{loadup.el} reads @file{site-load.el}, it finds the |
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83 documentation strings for primitive and preloaded functions (and |
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84 variables) in the file @file{etc/DOC} where they are stored, by calling |
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85 @code{Snarf-documentation} (@pxref{Accessing Documentation}). |
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86 |
6451 | 87 @cindex @file{site-init.el} |
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88 You can specify other Lisp expressions to execute just before dumping |
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89 by putting them in a library named @file{site-init.el}. This file is |
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90 executed after the documentation strings are found. |
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91 |
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92 If you want to preload function or variable definitions, there are |
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93 three ways you can do this and make their documentation strings |
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94 accessible when you subsequently run Emacs: |
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95 |
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96 @itemize @bullet |
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97 @item |
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98 Arrange to scan these files when producing the @file{etc/DOC} file, |
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99 and load them with @file{site-load.el}. |
6451 | 100 |
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101 @item |
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102 Load the files with @file{site-init.el}, then copy the files into the |
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103 installation directory for Lisp files when you install Emacs. |
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104 |
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105 @item |
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106 Specify a non-@code{nil} value for |
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107 @code{byte-compile-dynamic-docstrings} as a local variable in each of these |
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108 files, and load them with either @file{site-load.el} or |
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109 @file{site-init.el}. (This method has the drawback that the |
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110 documentation strings take up space in Emacs all the time.) |
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111 @end itemize |
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112 |
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113 It is not advisable to put anything in @file{site-load.el} or |
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114 @file{site-init.el} that would alter any of the features that users |
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115 expect in an ordinary unmodified Emacs. If you feel you must override |
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116 normal features for your site, do it with @file{default.el}, so that |
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117 users can override your changes if they wish. @xref{Startup Summary}. |
6451 | 118 |
119 @defun dump-emacs to-file from-file | |
120 @cindex unexec | |
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121 This function dumps the current state of Emacs into an executable file |
6451 | 122 @var{to-file}. It takes symbols from @var{from-file} (this is normally |
123 the executable file @file{temacs}). | |
124 | |
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125 If you want to use this function in an Emacs that was already dumped, |
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126 you must run Emacs with @samp{-batch}. |
6451 | 127 @end defun |
128 | |
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129 @node Pure Storage |
6451 | 130 @appendixsec Pure Storage |
131 @cindex pure storage | |
132 | |
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133 Emacs Lisp uses two kinds of storage for user-created Lisp objects: |
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134 @dfn{normal storage} and @dfn{pure storage}. Normal storage is where |
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135 all the new data created during an Emacs session are kept; see the |
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136 following section for information on normal storage. Pure storage is |
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137 used for certain data in the preloaded standard Lisp files---data that |
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138 should never change during actual use of Emacs. |
6451 | 139 |
140 Pure storage is allocated only while @file{temacs} is loading the | |
141 standard preloaded Lisp libraries. In the file @file{emacs}, it is | |
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142 marked as read-only (on operating systems that permit this), so that |
6451 | 143 the memory space can be shared by all the Emacs jobs running on the |
144 machine at once. Pure storage is not expandable; a fixed amount is | |
145 allocated when Emacs is compiled, and if that is not sufficient for the | |
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146 preloaded libraries, @file{temacs} crashes. If that happens, you must |
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147 increase the compilation parameter @code{PURESIZE} in the file |
6451 | 148 @file{src/puresize.h}. This normally won't happen unless you try to |
149 preload additional libraries or add features to the standard ones. | |
150 | |
151 @defun purecopy object | |
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152 This function makes a copy in pure storage of @var{object}, and returns |
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153 it. It copies a string by simply making a new string with the same |
6451 | 154 characters in pure storage. It recursively copies the contents of |
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155 vectors and cons cells. It does not make copies of other objects such |
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156 as symbols, but just returns them unchanged. It signals an error if |
6451 | 157 asked to copy markers. |
158 | |
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159 This function is a no-op except while Emacs is being built and dumped; |
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160 it is usually called only in the file @file{emacs/lisp/loaddefs.el}, but |
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161 a few packages call it just in case you decide to preload them. |
6451 | 162 @end defun |
163 | |
164 @defvar pure-bytes-used | |
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165 The value of this variable is the number of bytes of pure storage |
6451 | 166 allocated so far. Typically, in a dumped Emacs, this number is very |
167 close to the total amount of pure storage available---if it were not, | |
168 we would preallocate less. | |
169 @end defvar | |
170 | |
171 @defvar purify-flag | |
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172 This variable determines whether @code{defun} should make a copy of the |
6451 | 173 function definition in pure storage. If it is non-@code{nil}, then the |
174 function definition is copied into pure storage. | |
175 | |
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176 This flag is @code{t} while loading all of the basic functions for |
6451 | 177 building Emacs initially (allowing those functions to be sharable and |
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178 non-collectible). Dumping Emacs as an executable always writes |
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179 @code{nil} in this variable, regardless of the value it actually has |
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180 before and after dumping. |
6451 | 181 |
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182 You should not change this flag in a running Emacs. |
6451 | 183 @end defvar |
184 | |
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185 @node Garbage Collection |
6451 | 186 @appendixsec Garbage Collection |
187 @cindex garbage collector | |
188 | |
189 @cindex memory allocation | |
190 When a program creates a list or the user defines a new function (such | |
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191 as by loading a library), that data is placed in normal storage. If |
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192 normal storage runs low, then Emacs asks the operating system to |
6451 | 193 allocate more memory in blocks of 1k bytes. Each block is used for one |
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194 type of Lisp object, so symbols, cons cells, markers, etc., are |
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195 segregated in distinct blocks in memory. (Vectors, long strings, |
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196 buffers and certain other editing types, which are fairly large, are |
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197 allocated in individual blocks, one per object, while small strings are |
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198 packed into blocks of 8k bytes.) |
6451 | 199 |
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200 It is quite common to use some storage for a while, then release it by |
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201 (for example) killing a buffer or deleting the last pointer to an |
6451 | 202 object. Emacs provides a @dfn{garbage collector} to reclaim this |
203 abandoned storage. (This name is traditional, but ``garbage recycler'' | |
204 might be a more intuitive metaphor for this facility.) | |
205 | |
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206 The garbage collector operates by finding and marking all Lisp objects |
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207 that are still accessible to Lisp programs. To begin with, it assumes |
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208 all the symbols, their values and associated function definitions, and |
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209 any data presently on the stack, are accessible. Any objects that can |
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210 be reached indirectly through other accessible objects are also |
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211 accessible. |
6451 | 212 |
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213 When marking is finished, all objects still unmarked are garbage. No |
6451 | 214 matter what the Lisp program or the user does, it is impossible to refer |
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215 to them, since there is no longer a way to reach them. Their space |
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216 might as well be reused, since no one will miss them. The second |
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217 (``sweep'') phase of the garbage collector arranges to reuse them. |
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219 @c ??? Maybe add something describing weak hash tables here? |
26165 | 220 |
6451 | 221 @cindex free list |
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222 The sweep phase puts unused cons cells onto a @dfn{free list} |
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223 for future allocation; likewise for symbols and markers. It compacts |
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224 the accessible strings so they occupy fewer 8k blocks; then it frees the |
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225 other 8k blocks. Vectors, buffers, windows, and other large objects are |
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226 individually allocated and freed using @code{malloc} and @code{free}. |
6451 | 227 |
228 @cindex CL note---allocate more storage | |
229 @quotation | |
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230 @b{Common Lisp note:} Unlike other Lisps, GNU Emacs Lisp does not |
6451 | 231 call the garbage collector when the free list is empty. Instead, it |
232 simply requests the operating system to allocate more storage, and | |
233 processing continues until @code{gc-cons-threshold} bytes have been | |
234 used. | |
235 | |
236 This means that you can make sure that the garbage collector will not | |
237 run during a certain portion of a Lisp program by calling the garbage | |
238 collector explicitly just before it (provided that portion of the | |
239 program does not use so much space as to force a second garbage | |
240 collection). | |
241 @end quotation | |
242 | |
243 @deffn Command garbage-collect | |
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244 This command runs a garbage collection, and returns information on |
6451 | 245 the amount of space in use. (Garbage collection can also occur |
246 spontaneously if you use more than @code{gc-cons-threshold} bytes of | |
247 Lisp data since the previous garbage collection.) | |
248 | |
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249 @code{garbage-collect} returns a list containing the following |
6451 | 250 information: |
251 | |
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252 @example |
6451 | 253 @group |
254 ((@var{used-conses} . @var{free-conses}) | |
255 (@var{used-syms} . @var{free-syms}) | |
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256 @end group |
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257 (@var{used-miscs} . @var{free-miscs}) |
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258 @var{used-string-chars} |
6451 | 259 @var{used-vector-slots} |
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260 (@var{used-floats} . @var{free-floats}) |
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261 (@var{used-intervals} . @var{free-intervals}) |
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262 (@var{used-strings} . @var{free-strings})) |
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263 @end example |
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264 |
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265 Here is an example: |
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266 |
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267 @example |
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268 @group |
6451 | 269 (garbage-collect) |
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270 @result{} ((106886 . 13184) (9769 . 0) |
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271 (7731 . 4651) 347543 121628 |
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272 (31 . 94) (1273 . 168) |
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273 (25474 . 3569)) |
6451 | 274 @end group |
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275 @end example |
6451 | 276 |
277 Here is a table explaining each element: | |
278 | |
279 @table @var | |
280 @item used-conses | |
281 The number of cons cells in use. | |
282 | |
283 @item free-conses | |
284 The number of cons cells for which space has been obtained from the | |
285 operating system, but that are not currently being used. | |
286 | |
287 @item used-syms | |
288 The number of symbols in use. | |
289 | |
290 @item free-syms | |
291 The number of symbols for which space has been obtained from the | |
292 operating system, but that are not currently being used. | |
293 | |
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294 @item used-miscs |
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295 The number of miscellaneous objects in use. These include markers and |
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296 overlays, plus certain objects not visible to users. |
6451 | 297 |
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298 @item free-miscs |
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299 The number of miscellaneous objects for which space has been obtained |
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300 from the operating system, but that are not currently being used. |
6451 | 301 |
302 @item used-string-chars | |
303 The total size of all strings, in characters. | |
304 | |
305 @item used-vector-slots | |
306 The total number of elements of existing vectors. | |
307 | |
308 @item used-floats | |
309 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
310 The number of floats in use. | |
311 | |
312 @item free-floats | |
313 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
314 The number of floats for which space has been obtained from the | |
315 operating system, but that are not currently being used. | |
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316 |
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317 @item used-intervals |
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318 The number of intervals in use. Intervals are an internal |
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319 data structure used for representing text properties. |
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320 |
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321 @item free-intervals |
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322 The number of intervals for which space has been obtained |
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323 from the operating system, but that are not currently being used. |
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324 |
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325 @item used-strings |
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326 The number of strings in use. |
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327 |
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328 @item free-strings |
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329 The number of string headers for which the space was obtained from the |
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330 operating system, but which are currently not in use. (A string |
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331 object consists of a header and the storage for the string text |
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332 itself; the latter is only allocated when the string is created.) |
6451 | 333 @end table |
334 @end deffn | |
335 | |
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336 @defopt garbage-collection-messages |
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337 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, Emacs displays a message at the |
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338 beginning and end of garbage collection. The default value is |
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339 @code{nil}, meaning there are no such messages. |
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340 @end defopt |
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341 |
6451 | 342 @defopt gc-cons-threshold |
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343 The value of this variable is the number of bytes of storage that must |
6451 | 344 be allocated for Lisp objects after one garbage collection in order to |
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345 trigger another garbage collection. A cons cell counts as eight bytes, |
6451 | 346 a string as one byte per character plus a few bytes of overhead, and so |
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347 on; space allocated to the contents of buffers does not count. Note |
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348 that the subsequent garbage collection does not happen immediately when |
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349 the threshold is exhausted, but only the next time the Lisp evaluator is |
6451 | 350 called. |
351 | |
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352 The initial threshold value is 400,000. If you specify a larger |
6451 | 353 value, garbage collection will happen less often. This reduces the |
354 amount of time spent garbage collecting, but increases total memory use. | |
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355 You may want to do this when running a program that creates lots of |
6451 | 356 Lisp data. |
357 | |
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358 You can make collections more frequent by specifying a smaller value, |
6451 | 359 down to 10,000. A value less than 10,000 will remain in effect only |
360 until the subsequent garbage collection, at which time | |
361 @code{garbage-collect} will set the threshold back to 10,000. | |
362 @end defopt | |
363 | |
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364 The value return by @code{garbage-collect} describes the amount of |
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365 memory used by Lisp data, broken down by data type. By contrast, the |
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366 function @code{memory-limit} provides information on the total amount of |
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367 memory Emacs is currently using. |
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368 |
6451 | 369 @c Emacs 19 feature |
370 @defun memory-limit | |
371 This function returns the address of the last byte Emacs has allocated, | |
372 divided by 1024. We divide the value by 1024 to make sure it fits in a | |
373 Lisp integer. | |
374 | |
375 You can use this to get a general idea of how your actions affect the | |
376 memory usage. | |
377 @end defun | |
378 | |
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379 @node Memory Usage |
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380 @section Memory Usage |
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381 |
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382 These functions and variables give information about the total amount |
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383 of memory allocation that Emacs has done, broken down by data type. |
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384 Note the difference between these and the values returned by |
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385 @code{(garbage-collect)}; those count objects that currently exist, but |
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386 these count the number or size of all allocations, including those for |
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387 objects that have since been freed. |
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388 |
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389 @defvar cons-cells-consed |
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390 The total number of cons cells that have been allocated so far |
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391 in this Emacs session. |
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392 @end defvar |
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393 |
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394 @defvar floats-consed |
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395 The total number of floats that have been allocated so far |
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396 in this Emacs session. |
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397 @end defvar |
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398 |
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399 @defvar vector-cells-consed |
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400 The total number of vector cells that have been allocated so far |
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401 in this Emacs session. |
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402 @end defvar |
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403 |
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404 @defvar symbols-consed |
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405 The total number of symbols that have been allocated so far |
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406 in this Emacs session. |
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407 @end defvar |
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408 |
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409 @defvar string-chars-consed |
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410 The total number of string characters that have been allocated so far |
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411 in this Emacs session. |
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412 @end defvar |
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413 |
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414 @defvar misc-objects-consed |
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415 The total number of miscellaneous objects that have been allocated so |
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416 far in this Emacs session. These include markers and overlays, plus |
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417 certain objects not visible to users. |
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418 @end defvar |
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419 |
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420 @defvar intervals-consed |
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421 The total number of intervals that have been allocated so far |
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422 in this Emacs session. |
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423 @end defvar |
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424 |
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425 @defvar strings-consed |
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426 The total number of strings that have been allocated so far in this |
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427 Emacs session. |
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428 @end defvar |
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429 |
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430 @node Writing Emacs Primitives |
6451 | 431 @appendixsec Writing Emacs Primitives |
432 @cindex primitive function internals | |
433 | |
434 Lisp primitives are Lisp functions implemented in C. The details of | |
435 interfacing the C function so that Lisp can call it are handled by a few | |
436 C macros. The only way to really understand how to write new C code is | |
437 to read the source, but we can explain some things here. | |
438 | |
439 An example of a special form is the definition of @code{or}, from | |
440 @file{eval.c}. (An ordinary function would have the same general | |
441 appearance.) | |
442 | |
443 @cindex garbage collection protection | |
444 @smallexample | |
445 @group | |
446 DEFUN ("or", For, Sor, 0, UNEVALLED, 0, | |
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447 doc: /* Eval args until one of them yields non-nil, then return that value. |
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448 The remaining args are not evalled at all. |
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449 If all args return nil, return nil. |
6451 | 450 @end group |
451 @group | |
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452 usage: (or CONDITIONS ...) */) |
6451 | 453 (args) |
454 Lisp_Object args; | |
455 @{ | |
456 register Lisp_Object val; | |
457 Lisp_Object args_left; | |
458 struct gcpro gcpro1; | |
459 @end group | |
460 | |
461 @group | |
26165 | 462 if (NILP (args)) |
6451 | 463 return Qnil; |
464 | |
465 args_left = args; | |
466 GCPRO1 (args_left); | |
467 @end group | |
468 | |
469 @group | |
470 do | |
471 @{ | |
472 val = Feval (Fcar (args_left)); | |
26165 | 473 if (!NILP (val)) |
6451 | 474 break; |
475 args_left = Fcdr (args_left); | |
476 @} | |
26165 | 477 while (!NILP (args_left)); |
6451 | 478 @end group |
479 | |
480 @group | |
481 UNGCPRO; | |
482 return val; | |
483 @} | |
484 @end group | |
485 @end smallexample | |
486 | |
487 Let's start with a precise explanation of the arguments to the | |
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488 @code{DEFUN} macro. Here is a template for them: |
6451 | 489 |
490 @example | |
491 DEFUN (@var{lname}, @var{fname}, @var{sname}, @var{min}, @var{max}, @var{interactive}, @var{doc}) | |
492 @end example | |
493 | |
494 @table @var | |
495 @item lname | |
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496 This is the name of the Lisp symbol to define as the function name; in |
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497 the example above, it is @code{or}. |
6451 | 498 |
499 @item fname | |
500 This is the C function name for this function. This is | |
501 the name that is used in C code for calling the function. The name is, | |
502 by convention, @samp{F} prepended to the Lisp name, with all dashes | |
503 (@samp{-}) in the Lisp name changed to underscores. Thus, to call this | |
504 function from C code, call @code{For}. Remember that the arguments must | |
505 be of type @code{Lisp_Object}; various macros and functions for creating | |
506 values of type @code{Lisp_Object} are declared in the file | |
507 @file{lisp.h}. | |
508 | |
509 @item sname | |
510 This is a C variable name to use for a structure that holds the data for | |
511 the subr object that represents the function in Lisp. This structure | |
512 conveys the Lisp symbol name to the initialization routine that will | |
513 create the symbol and store the subr object as its definition. By | |
514 convention, this name is always @var{fname} with @samp{F} replaced with | |
515 @samp{S}. | |
516 | |
517 @item min | |
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518 This is the minimum number of arguments that the function requires. The |
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519 function @code{or} allows a minimum of zero arguments. |
6451 | 520 |
521 @item max | |
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522 This is the maximum number of arguments that the function accepts, if |
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523 there is a fixed maximum. Alternatively, it can be @code{UNEVALLED}, |
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524 indicating a special form that receives unevaluated arguments, or |
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525 @code{MANY}, indicating an unlimited number of evaluated arguments (the |
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526 equivalent of @code{&rest}). Both @code{UNEVALLED} and @code{MANY} are |
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527 macros. If @var{max} is a number, it may not be less than @var{min} and |
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528 it may not be greater than seven. |
6451 | 529 |
530 @item interactive | |
531 This is an interactive specification, a string such as might be used as | |
532 the argument of @code{interactive} in a Lisp function. In the case of | |
533 @code{or}, it is 0 (a null pointer), indicating that @code{or} cannot be | |
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534 called interactively. A value of @code{""} indicates a function that |
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535 should receive no arguments when called interactively. |
6451 | 536 |
537 @item doc | |
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538 This is the documentation string. It uses C comment syntax rather |
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539 than C string syntax because comment syntax requires nothing special |
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540 to include multiple lines. The @samp{doc:} identifies the comment |
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541 that follows as the documentation string. The @samp{/*} and @samp{*/} |
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542 delimiters that begin and end the comment are not part of the |
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543 documentation string. |
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544 |
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545 If the last line of the documentation string begins with the keyword |
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546 @samp{usage:}, the rest of the line is treated as the argument list |
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547 for documentation purposes. This way, you can use different argument |
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548 names in the documentation string from the ones used in the C code. |
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549 |
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550 All the usual rules for documentation strings in Lisp code |
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551 (@pxref{Documentation Tips}) apply to C code documentation strings |
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552 too. |
6451 | 553 @end table |
554 | |
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555 After the call to the @code{DEFUN} macro, you must write the argument |
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556 name list that every C function must have, followed by ordinary C |
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557 declarations for the arguments. For a function with a fixed maximum |
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558 number of arguments, declare a C argument for each Lisp argument, and |
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559 give them all type @code{Lisp_Object}. When a Lisp function has no |
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560 upper limit on the number of arguments, its implementation in C actually |
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561 receives exactly two arguments: the first is the number of Lisp |
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562 arguments, and the second is the address of a block containing their |
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563 values. They have types @code{int} and @w{@code{Lisp_Object *}}. |
6451 | 564 |
565 Within the function @code{For} itself, note the use of the macros | |
566 @code{GCPRO1} and @code{UNGCPRO}. @code{GCPRO1} is used to ``protect'' | |
567 a variable from garbage collection---to inform the garbage collector that | |
568 it must look in that variable and regard its contents as an accessible | |
569 object. This is necessary whenever you call @code{Feval} or anything | |
570 that can directly or indirectly call @code{Feval}. At such a time, any | |
571 Lisp object that you intend to refer to again must be protected somehow. | |
572 @code{UNGCPRO} cancels the protection of the variables that are | |
573 protected in the current function. It is necessary to do this explicitly. | |
574 | |
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575 It suffices to ensure that at least one pointer to each object is |
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576 GC-protected; as long as the object is not recycled, all pointers to |
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577 it remain valid. So if you are sure that a local variable points to |
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578 an object that will be preserved by some other pointer, that local |
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579 variable does not need a GCPRO. (Formerly, strings were an exception |
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580 to this rule; in older Emacs versions, every pointer to a string |
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581 needed to be marked by GC.) |
6451 | 582 |
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583 The macro @code{GCPRO1} protects just one local variable. If you |
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584 want to protect two, use @code{GCPRO2} instead; repeating |
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585 @code{GCPRO1} will not work. Macros, @code{GCPRO3}, @code{GCPRO4}, |
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586 @code{GCPRO5}, and @code{GCPRO6} also exist. These macros implicitly |
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587 use local variables such as @code{gcpro1}; you must declare these |
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588 explicitly, with type @code{struct gcpro}. Thus, if you use |
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589 @code{GCPRO2}, you must declare @code{gcpro1} and @code{gcpro2}. |
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590 Alas, we can't explain all the tricky details here. |
6451 | 591 |
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592 Built-in functions that take a variable number of arguments actually |
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593 accept two arguments at the C level: the number of Lisp arguments, and |
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594 a @code{Lisp_Object *} pointer to a C vector containing those Lisp |
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595 arguments. This C vector may be part of a Lisp vector, but it need |
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596 not be. The responsibility for using GCPRO to protecting the Lisp |
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597 arguments from GC if necessary rests with the caller in this case, |
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598 since the caller allocated or found the storage for them. |
6451 | 599 |
10487 | 600 You must not use C initializers for static or global variables unless |
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601 the variables are never written once Emacs is dumped. These variables |
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602 with initializers are allocated in an area of memory that becomes |
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603 read-only (on certain operating systems) as a result of dumping Emacs. |
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604 @xref{Pure Storage}. |
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605 |
10487 | 606 Do not use static variables within functions---place all static |
607 variables at top level in the file. This is necessary because Emacs on | |
608 some operating systems defines the keyword @code{static} as a null | |
609 macro. (This definition is used because those systems put all variables | |
610 declared static in a place that becomes read-only after dumping, whether | |
611 they have initializers or not.) | |
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612 |
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613 Defining the C function is not enough to make a Lisp primitive |
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614 available; you must also create the Lisp symbol for the primitive and |
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615 store a suitable subr object in its function cell. The code looks like |
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616 this: |
6451 | 617 |
618 @example | |
619 defsubr (&@var{subr-structure-name}); | |
620 @end example | |
621 | |
622 @noindent | |
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623 Here @var{subr-structure-name} is the name you used as the third |
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624 argument to @code{DEFUN}. |
6451 | 625 |
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626 If you add a new primitive to a file that already has Lisp primitives |
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627 defined in it, find the function (near the end of the file) named |
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628 @code{syms_of_@var{something}}, and add the call to @code{defsubr} |
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629 there. If the file doesn't have this function, or if you create a new |
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630 file, add to it a @code{syms_of_@var{filename}} (e.g., |
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631 @code{syms_of_myfile}). Then find the spot in @file{emacs.c} where all |
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632 of these functions are called, and add a call to |
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633 @code{syms_of_@var{filename}} there. |
6451 | 634 |
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635 @vindex byte-boolean-vars |
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636 The function @code{syms_of_@var{filename}} is also the place to define |
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637 any C variables that are to be visible as Lisp variables. |
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638 @code{DEFVAR_LISP} makes a C variable of type @code{Lisp_Object} visible |
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639 in Lisp. @code{DEFVAR_INT} makes a C variable of type @code{int} |
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640 visible in Lisp with a value that is always an integer. |
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641 @code{DEFVAR_BOOL} makes a C variable of type @code{int} visible in Lisp |
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642 with a value that is either @code{t} or @code{nil}. Note that variables |
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643 defined with @code{DEFVAR_BOOL} are automatically added to the list |
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644 @code{byte-boolean-vars} used by the byte compiler. |
6451 | 645 |
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646 If you define a file-scope C variable of type @code{Lisp_Object}, |
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647 you must protect it from garbage-collection by calling @code{staticpro} |
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648 in @code{syms_of_@var{filename}}, like this: |
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649 |
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650 @example |
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651 staticpro (&@var{variable}); |
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652 @end example |
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653 |
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654 Here is another example function, with more complicated arguments. |
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655 This comes from the code in @file{window.c}, and it demonstrates the use |
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656 of macros and functions to manipulate Lisp objects. |
6451 | 657 |
658 @smallexample | |
659 @group | |
660 DEFUN ("coordinates-in-window-p", Fcoordinates_in_window_p, | |
661 Scoordinates_in_window_p, 2, 2, | |
662 "xSpecify coordinate pair: \nXExpression which evals to window: ", | |
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663 "Return non-nil if COORDINATES is in WINDOW.\n\ |
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664 COORDINATES is a cons of the form (X . Y), X and Y being distances\n\ |
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665 ... |
6451 | 666 @end group |
667 @group | |
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668 If they are on the border between WINDOW and its right sibling,\n\ |
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669 `vertical-line' is returned.") |
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670 (coordinates, window) |
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671 register Lisp_Object coordinates, window; |
6451 | 672 @{ |
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673 int x, y; |
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674 @end group |
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675 |
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676 @group |
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677 CHECK_LIVE_WINDOW (window, 0); |
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678 CHECK_CONS (coordinates, 1); |
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679 x = XINT (Fcar (coordinates)); |
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680 y = XINT (Fcdr (coordinates)); |
6451 | 681 @end group |
682 | |
683 @group | |
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684 switch (coordinates_in_window (XWINDOW (window), &x, &y)) |
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685 @{ |
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686 case 0: /* NOT in window at all. */ |
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687 return Qnil; |
6451 | 688 @end group |
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689 |
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690 @group |
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691 case 1: /* In text part of window. */ |
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692 return Fcons (make_number (x), make_number (y)); |
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693 @end group |
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694 |
6451 | 695 @group |
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696 case 2: /* In mode line of window. */ |
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697 return Qmode_line; |
6451 | 698 @end group |
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699 |
6451 | 700 @group |
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701 case 3: /* On right border of window. */ |
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702 return Qvertical_line; |
6451 | 703 @end group |
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704 |
6451 | 705 @group |
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706 default: |
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707 abort (); |
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708 @} |
6451 | 709 @} |
710 @end group | |
711 @end smallexample | |
712 | |
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713 Note that C code cannot call functions by name unless they are defined |
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714 in C. The way to call a function written in Lisp is to use |
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715 @code{Ffuncall}, which embodies the Lisp function @code{funcall}. Since |
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716 the Lisp function @code{funcall} accepts an unlimited number of |
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717 arguments, in C it takes two: the number of Lisp-level arguments, and a |
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718 one-dimensional array containing their values. The first Lisp-level |
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719 argument is the Lisp function to call, and the rest are the arguments to |
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720 pass to it. Since @code{Ffuncall} can call the evaluator, you must |
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721 protect pointers from garbage collection around the call to |
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722 @code{Ffuncall}. |
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723 |
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724 The C functions @code{call0}, @code{call1}, @code{call2}, and so on, |
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725 provide handy ways to call a Lisp function conveniently with a fixed |
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726 number of arguments. They work by calling @code{Ffuncall}. |
6451 | 727 |
728 @file{eval.c} is a very good file to look through for examples; | |
729 @file{lisp.h} contains the definitions for some important macros and | |
730 functions. | |
731 | |
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732 If you define a function which is side-effect free, update the code in |
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733 @file{byte-opt.el} which binds @code{side-effect-free-fns} and |
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734 @code{side-effect-and-error-free-fns} to include it. This will help the |
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735 optimizer. |
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736 |
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737 @node Object Internals |
6451 | 738 @appendixsec Object Internals |
739 @cindex object internals | |
740 | |
741 GNU Emacs Lisp manipulates many different types of data. The actual | |
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742 data are stored in a heap and the only access that programs have to it |
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743 is through pointers. Pointers are thirty-two bits wide in most |
6451 | 744 implementations. Depending on the operating system and type of machine |
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745 for which you compile Emacs, twenty-eight bits are used to address the |
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746 object, and the remaining four bits are used for a GC mark bit and the |
6451 | 747 tag that identifies the object's type. |
748 | |
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749 Because Lisp objects are represented as tagged pointers, it is always |
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750 possible to determine the Lisp data type of any object. The C data type |
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751 @code{Lisp_Object} can hold any Lisp object of any data type. Ordinary |
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752 variables have type @code{Lisp_Object}, which means they can hold any |
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753 type of Lisp value; you can determine the actual data type only at run |
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754 time. The same is true for function arguments; if you want a function |
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755 to accept only a certain type of argument, you must check the type |
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756 explicitly using a suitable predicate (@pxref{Type Predicates}). |
6451 | 757 @cindex type checking internals |
758 | |
759 @menu | |
760 * Buffer Internals:: Components of a buffer structure. | |
761 * Window Internals:: Components of a window structure. | |
762 * Process Internals:: Components of a process structure. | |
763 @end menu | |
764 | |
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765 @node Buffer Internals |
6451 | 766 @appendixsubsec Buffer Internals |
767 @cindex internals, of buffer | |
768 @cindex buffer internals | |
769 | |
770 Buffers contain fields not directly accessible by the Lisp programmer. | |
771 We describe them here, naming them by the names used in the C code. | |
772 Many are accessible indirectly in Lisp programs via Lisp primitives. | |
773 | |
26165 | 774 Two structures are used to represent buffers in C. The |
775 @code{buffer_text} structure contains fields describing the text of a | |
776 buffer; the @code{buffer} structure holds other fields. In the case | |
777 of indirect buffers, two or more @code{buffer} structures reference | |
778 the same @code{buffer_text} structure. | |
779 | |
780 Here is a list of the @code{struct buffer_text} fields: | |
781 | |
6451 | 782 @table @code |
26165 | 783 @item beg |
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784 This field contains the actual address of the buffer contents. |
26165 | 785 |
33340 | 786 @item gpt |
26165 | 787 This holds the character position of the gap in the buffer. |
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788 @xref{Buffer Gap}. |
26165 | 789 |
790 @item z | |
791 This field contains the character position of the end of the buffer | |
792 text. | |
793 | |
794 @item gpt_byte | |
795 Contains the byte position of the gap. | |
796 | |
797 @item z_byte | |
798 Holds the byte position of the end of the buffer text. | |
799 | |
800 @item gap_size | |
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801 Contains the size of buffer's gap. @xref{Buffer Gap}. |
26165 | 802 |
803 @item modiff | |
804 This field counts buffer-modification events for this buffer. It is | |
805 incremented for each such event, and never otherwise changed. | |
806 | |
807 @item save_modiff | |
808 Contains the previous value of @code{modiff}, as of the last time a | |
809 buffer was visited or saved in a file. | |
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810 |
26165 | 811 @item overlay_modiff |
812 Counts modifications to overlays analogous to @code{modiff}. | |
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813 |
26165 | 814 @item beg_unchanged |
815 Holds the number of characters at the start of the text that are known | |
816 to be unchanged since the last redisplay that finished. | |
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817 |
26165 | 818 @item end_unchanged |
819 Holds the number of characters at the end of the text that are known to | |
820 be unchanged since the last redisplay that finished. | |
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821 |
26165 | 822 @item unchanged_modified |
823 Contains the value of @code{modiff} at the time of the last redisplay | |
824 that finished. If this value matches @code{modiff}, | |
825 @code{beg_unchanged} and @code{end_unchanged} contain no useful | |
826 information. | |
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827 |
26165 | 828 @item overlay_unchanged_modified |
829 Contains the value of @code{overlay_modiff} at the time of the last | |
830 redisplay that finished. If this value matches @code{overlay_modiff}, | |
831 @code{beg_unchanged} and @code{end_unchanged} contain no useful | |
832 information. | |
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833 |
26165 | 834 @item markers |
835 The markers that refer to this buffer. This is actually a single | |
836 marker, and successive elements in its marker @code{chain} are the other | |
837 markers referring to this buffer text. | |
6451 | 838 |
26165 | 839 @item intervals |
840 Contains the interval tree which records the text properties of this | |
841 buffer. | |
842 @end table | |
843 | |
844 The fields of @code{struct buffer} are: | |
845 | |
846 @table @code | |
847 @item next | |
848 Points to the next buffer, in the chain of all buffers including killed | |
849 buffers. This chain is used only for garbage collection, in order to | |
850 collect killed buffers properly. Note that vectors, and most kinds of | |
851 objects allocated as vectors, are all on one chain, but buffers are on a | |
852 separate chain of their own. | |
853 | |
854 @item own_text | |
855 This is a @code{struct buffer_text} structure. In an ordinary buffer, | |
856 it holds the buffer contents. In indirect buffers, this field is not | |
857 used. | |
858 | |
859 @item text | |
860 This points to the @code{buffer_text} structure that is used for this | |
861 buffer. In an ordinary buffer, this is the @code{own_text} field above. | |
862 In an indirect buffer, this is the @code{own_text} field of the base | |
863 buffer. | |
864 | |
865 @item pt | |
866 Contains the character position of point in a buffer. | |
867 | |
868 @item pt_byte | |
869 Contains the byte position of point in a buffer. | |
870 | |
871 @item begv | |
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872 This field contains the character position of the beginning of the |
26165 | 873 accessible range of text in the buffer. |
874 | |
875 @item begv_byte | |
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876 This field contains the byte position of the beginning of the |
26165 | 877 accessible range of text in the buffer. |
878 | |
879 @item zv | |
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880 This field contains the character position of the end of the |
26165 | 881 accessible range of text in the buffer. |
882 | |
883 @item zv_byte | |
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884 This field contains the byte position of the end of the |
26165 | 885 accessible range of text in the buffer. |
886 | |
887 @item base_buffer | |
888 In an indirect buffer, this points to the base buffer. In an ordinary | |
889 buffer, it is null. | |
890 | |
891 @item local_var_flags | |
892 This field contains flags indicating that certain variables are local in | |
893 this buffer. Such variables are declared in the C code using | |
894 @code{DEFVAR_PER_BUFFER}, and their buffer-local bindings are stored in | |
895 fields in the buffer structure itself. (Some of these fields are | |
896 described in this table.) | |
6451 | 897 |
898 @item modtime | |
899 This field contains the modification time of the visited file. It is | |
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900 set when the file is written or read. Before writing the buffer into a |
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901 file, this field is compared to the modification time of the file to see |
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902 if the file has changed on disk. @xref{Buffer Modification}. |
6451 | 903 |
904 @item auto_save_modified | |
905 This field contains the time when the buffer was last auto-saved. | |
906 | |
26165 | 907 @item auto_save_failure_time |
908 The time at which we detected a failure to auto-save, or -1 if we didn't | |
909 have a failure. | |
910 | |
6451 | 911 @item last_window_start |
912 This field contains the @code{window-start} position in the buffer as of | |
913 the last time the buffer was displayed in a window. | |
914 | |
26165 | 915 @item clip_changed |
916 This flag is set when narrowing changes in a buffer. | |
917 | |
918 @item prevent_redisplay_optimizations_p | |
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919 this flag indicates that redisplay optimizations should not be used |
26165 | 920 to display this buffer. |
921 | |
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922 @item undo_list |
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923 This field points to the buffer's undo list. @xref{Undo}. |
6451 | 924 |
26165 | 925 @item name |
926 The buffer name is a string that names the buffer. It is guaranteed to | |
927 be unique. @xref{Buffer Names}. | |
928 | |
929 @item filename | |
930 The name of the file visited in this buffer, or @code{nil}. | |
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931 |
26165 | 932 @item directory |
933 The directory for expanding relative file names. | |
934 | |
935 @item save_length | |
936 Length of the file this buffer is visiting, when last read or saved. | |
937 This and other fields concerned with saving are not kept in the | |
938 @code{buffer_text} structure because indirect buffers are never saved. | |
939 | |
940 @item auto_save_file_name | |
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941 File name used for auto-saving this buffer. This is not in the |
26165 | 942 @code{buffer_text} because it's not used in indirect buffers at all. |
943 | |
944 @item read_only | |
945 Non-@code{nil} means this buffer is read-only. | |
946 | |
947 @item mark | |
948 This field contains the mark for the buffer. The mark is a marker, | |
949 hence it is also included on the list @code{markers}. @xref{The Mark}. | |
950 | |
951 @item local_var_alist | |
952 This field contains the association list describing the buffer-local | |
953 variable bindings of this buffer, not including the built-in | |
954 buffer-local bindings that have special slots in the buffer object. | |
955 (Those slots are omitted from this table.) @xref{Buffer-Local | |
956 Variables}. | |
957 | |
958 @item major_mode | |
959 Symbol naming the major mode of this buffer, e.g., @code{lisp-mode}. | |
960 | |
961 @item mode_name | |
962 Pretty name of major mode, e.g., @code{"Lisp"}. | |
963 | |
964 @item mode_line_format | |
965 Mode line element that controls the format of the mode line. If this | |
966 is @code{nil}, no mode line will be displayed. | |
967 | |
968 @item header_line_format | |
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969 This field is analoguous to @code{mode_line_format} for the mode |
26165 | 970 line displayed at the top of windows. |
971 | |
972 @item keymap | |
973 This field holds the buffer's local keymap. @xref{Keymaps}. | |
974 | |
975 @item abbrev_table | |
976 This buffer's local abbrevs. | |
977 | |
978 @item syntax_table | |
6451 | 979 This field contains the syntax table for the buffer. @xref{Syntax Tables}. |
980 | |
26165 | 981 @item category_table |
982 This field contains the category table for the buffer. | |
983 | |
984 @item case_fold_search | |
985 The value of @code{case-fold-search} in this buffer. | |
986 | |
987 @item tab_width | |
988 The value of @code{tab-width} in this buffer. | |
989 | |
990 @item fill_column | |
991 The value of @code{fill-column} in this buffer. | |
992 | |
993 @item left_margin | |
994 The value of @code{left-margin} in this buffer. | |
995 | |
996 @item auto_fill_function | |
997 The value of @code{auto-fill-function} in this buffer. | |
998 | |
6451 | 999 @item downcase_table |
1000 This field contains the conversion table for converting text to lower case. | |
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1001 @xref{Case Tables}. |
6451 | 1002 |
1003 @item upcase_table | |
1004 This field contains the conversion table for converting text to upper case. | |
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1005 @xref{Case Tables}. |
6451 | 1006 |
1007 @item case_canon_table | |
1008 This field contains the conversion table for canonicalizing text for | |
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1009 case-folding search. @xref{Case Tables}. |
6451 | 1010 |
1011 @item case_eqv_table | |
1012 This field contains the equivalence table for case-folding search. | |
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1013 @xref{Case Tables}. |
6451 | 1014 |
26165 | 1015 @item truncate_lines |
1016 The value of @code{truncate-lines} in this buffer. | |
1017 | |
1018 @item ctl_arrow | |
1019 The value of @code{ctl-arrow} in this buffer. | |
1020 | |
1021 @item selective_display | |
1022 The value of @code{selective-display} in this buffer. | |
1023 | |
1024 @item selective_display_ellipsis | |
1025 The value of @code{selective-display-ellipsis} in this buffer. | |
1026 | |
1027 @item minor_modes | |
1028 An alist of the minor modes of this buffer. | |
1029 | |
1030 @item overwrite_mode | |
1031 The value of @code{overwrite_mode} in this buffer. | |
1032 | |
1033 @item abbrev_mode | |
1034 The value of @code{abbrev-mode} in this buffer. | |
1035 | |
6451 | 1036 @item display_table |
1037 This field contains the buffer's display table, or @code{nil} if it doesn't | |
1038 have one. @xref{Display Tables}. | |
1039 | |
26165 | 1040 @item save_modified |
1041 This field contains the time when the buffer was last saved, as an integer. | |
1042 @xref{Buffer Modification}. | |
6451 | 1043 |
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1044 @item mark_active |
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1045 This field is non-@code{nil} if the buffer's mark is active. |
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1046 |
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1047 @item overlays_before |
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1048 This field holds a list of the overlays in this buffer that end at or |
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1049 before the current overlay center position. They are sorted in order of |
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1050 decreasing end position. |
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1051 |
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1052 @item overlays_after |
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1053 This field holds a list of the overlays in this buffer that end after |
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1054 the current overlay center position. They are sorted in order of |
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1055 increasing beginning position. |
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1056 |
26165 | 1057 @item overlay_center |
1058 This field holds the current overlay center position. @xref{Overlays}. | |
1059 | |
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1060 @item enable_multibyte_characters |
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1061 This field holds the buffer's local value of |
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1062 @code{enable-multibyte-characters}---either @code{t} or @code{nil}. |
26165 | 1063 |
1064 @item buffer_file_coding_system | |
1065 The value of @code{buffer-file-coding-system} in this buffer. | |
1066 | |
1067 @item file_format | |
1068 The value of @code{buffer-file-format} in this buffer. | |
1069 | |
1070 @item pt_marker | |
1071 In an indirect buffer, or a buffer that is the base of an indirect | |
1072 buffer, this holds a marker that records point for this buffer when the | |
1073 buffer is not current. | |
1074 | |
1075 @item begv_marker | |
1076 In an indirect buffer, or a buffer that is the base of an indirect | |
1077 buffer, this holds a marker that records @code{begv} for this buffer | |
1078 when the buffer is not current. | |
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1079 |
26165 | 1080 @item zv_marker |
1081 In an indirect buffer, or a buffer that is the base of an indirect | |
1082 buffer, this holds a marker that records @code{zv} for this buffer when | |
1083 the buffer is not current. | |
1084 | |
1085 @item file_truename | |
1086 The truename of the visited file, or @code{nil}. | |
1087 | |
1088 @item invisibility_spec | |
1089 The value of @code{buffer-invisibility-spec} in this buffer. | |
1090 | |
1091 @item last_selected_window | |
1092 This is the last window that was selected with this buffer in it, or @code{nil} | |
1093 if that window no longer displays this buffer. | |
1094 | |
1095 @item display_count | |
1096 This field is incremented each time the buffer is displayed in a window. | |
1097 | |
1098 @item left_margin_width | |
1099 The value of @code{left-margin-width} in this buffer. | |
1100 | |
1101 @item right_margin_width | |
1102 The value of @code{right-margin-width} in this buffer. | |
1103 | |
1104 @item indicate_empty_lines | |
1105 Non-@code{nil} means indicate empty lines (lines with no text) with a | |
1106 small bitmap in the fringe, when using a window system that can do it. | |
1107 | |
1108 @item display_time | |
1109 This holds a time stamp that is updated each time this buffer is | |
1110 displayed in a window. | |
1111 | |
1112 @item scroll_up_aggressively | |
1113 The value of @code{scroll-up-aggressively} in this buffer. | |
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1114 |
26165 | 1115 @item scroll_down_aggressively |
1116 The value of @code{scroll-down-aggressively} in this buffer. | |
6451 | 1117 @end table |
1118 | |
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1119 @node Window Internals |
6451 | 1120 @appendixsubsec Window Internals |
1121 @cindex internals, of window | |
1122 @cindex window internals | |
1123 | |
1124 Windows have the following accessible fields: | |
1125 | |
1126 @table @code | |
1127 @item frame | |
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1128 The frame that this window is on. |
6451 | 1129 |
1130 @item mini_p | |
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1131 Non-@code{nil} if this window is a minibuffer window. |
6451 | 1132 |
26165 | 1133 @item parent |
1134 Internally, Emacs arranges windows in a tree; each group of siblings has | |
1135 a parent window whose area includes all the siblings. This field points | |
1136 to a window's parent. | |
6451 | 1137 |
26165 | 1138 Parent windows do not display buffers, and play little role in display |
1139 except to shape their child windows. Emacs Lisp programs usually have | |
1140 no access to the parent windows; they operate on the windows at the | |
1141 leaves of the tree, which actually display buffers. | |
6451 | 1142 |
26165 | 1143 The following four fields also describe the window tree structure. |
6451 | 1144 |
26165 | 1145 @item hchild |
1146 In a window subdivided horizontally by child windows, the leftmost child. | |
1147 Otherwise, @code{nil}. | |
1148 | |
1149 @item vchild | |
1150 In a window subdivided vertically by child windows, the topmost child. | |
1151 Otherwise, @code{nil}. | |
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1152 |
26165 | 1153 @item next |
1154 The next sibling of this window. It is @code{nil} in a window that is | |
1155 the rightmost or bottommost of a group of siblings. | |
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1156 |
26165 | 1157 @item prev |
1158 The previous sibling of this window. It is @code{nil} in a window that | |
1159 is the leftmost or topmost of a group of siblings. | |
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1160 |
6451 | 1161 @item left |
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1162 This is the left-hand edge of the window, measured in columns. (The |
6451 | 1163 leftmost column on the screen is @w{column 0}.) |
1164 | |
1165 @item top | |
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1166 This is the top edge of the window, measured in lines. (The top line on |
6451 | 1167 the screen is @w{line 0}.) |
1168 | |
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1169 @item height |
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1170 The height of the window, measured in lines. |
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1171 |
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1172 @item width |
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1173 The width of the window, measured in columns. This width includes the |
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1174 scroll bar and fringes, and/or the separator line on the right of the |
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1175 window (if any). |
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1176 |
26165 | 1177 @item buffer |
1178 The buffer that the window is displaying. This may change often during | |
1179 the life of the window. | |
1180 | |
1181 @item start | |
1182 The position in the buffer that is the first character to be displayed | |
1183 in the window. | |
1184 | |
1185 @item pointm | |
1186 @cindex window point internals | |
1187 This is the value of point in the current buffer when this window is | |
1188 selected; when it is not selected, it retains its previous value. | |
1189 | |
1190 @item force_start | |
1191 If this flag is non-@code{nil}, it says that the window has been | |
1192 scrolled explicitly by the Lisp program. This affects what the next | |
1193 redisplay does if point is off the screen: instead of scrolling the | |
1194 window to show the text around point, it moves point to a location that | |
1195 is on the screen. | |
1196 | |
1197 @item frozen_window_start_p | |
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1198 This field is set temporarily to 1 to indicate to redisplay that |
26165 | 1199 @code{start} of this window should not be changed, even if point |
1200 gets invisible. | |
6451 | 1201 |
26165 | 1202 @item start_at_line_beg |
1203 Non-@code{nil} means current value of @code{start} was the beginning of a line | |
1204 when it was chosen. | |
1205 | |
1206 @item too_small_ok | |
1207 Non-@code{nil} means don't delete this window for becoming ``too small''. | |
1208 | |
1209 @item height_fixed_p | |
1210 This field is temporarily set to 1 to fix the height of the selected | |
1211 window when the echo area is resized. | |
1212 | |
1213 @item use_time | |
1214 This is the last time that the window was selected. The function | |
1215 @code{get-lru-window} uses this field. | |
1216 | |
1217 @item sequence_number | |
1218 A unique number assigned to this window when it was created. | |
1219 | |
1220 @item last_modified | |
1221 The @code{modiff} field of the window's buffer, as of the last time | |
1222 a redisplay completed in this window. | |
1223 | |
1224 @item last_overlay_modified | |
1225 The @code{overlay_modiff} field of the window's buffer, as of the last | |
1226 time a redisplay completed in this window. | |
1227 | |
1228 @item last_point | |
1229 The buffer's value of point, as of the last time a redisplay completed | |
1230 in this window. | |
1231 | |
1232 @item last_had_star | |
1233 A non-@code{nil} value means the window's buffer was ``modified'' when the | |
1234 window was last updated. | |
1235 | |
1236 @item vertical_scroll_bar | |
1237 This window's vertical scroll bar. | |
6451 | 1238 |
26165 | 1239 @item left_margin_width |
1240 The width of the left margin in this window, or @code{nil} not to | |
1241 specify it (in which case the buffer's value of @code{left-margin-width} | |
1242 is used. | |
1243 | |
1244 @item right_margin_width | |
1245 Likewise for the right margin. | |
1246 | |
26783 | 1247 @ignore |
26165 | 1248 @item last_mark_x |
1249 @item last_mark_y | |
1250 ???Not used. | |
1251 @end ignore | |
1252 | |
1253 @item window_end_pos | |
1254 This is computed as @code{z} minus the buffer position of the last glyph | |
1255 in the current matrix of the window. The value is only valid if | |
1256 @code{window_end_valid} is not @code{nil}. | |
1257 | |
1258 @item window_end_bytepos | |
1259 The byte position corresponding to @code{window_end_pos}. | |
1260 | |
1261 @item window_end_vpos | |
1262 The window-relative vertical position of the line containing | |
1263 @code{window_end_pos}. | |
1264 | |
1265 @item window_end_valid | |
1266 This field is set to a non-@code{nil} value if @code{window_end_pos} is truly | |
1267 valid. This is @code{nil} if nontrivial redisplay is preempted since in that | |
1268 case the display that @code{window_end_pos} was computed for did not get | |
1269 onto the screen. | |
1270 | |
1271 @item redisplay_end_trigger | |
1272 If redisplay in this window goes beyond this buffer position, it runs | |
1273 run the @code{redisplay-end-trigger-hook}. | |
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1274 |
26783 | 1275 @ignore |
26165 | 1276 @item orig_height |
1277 @item orig_top | |
1278 ??? Are temporary storage areas. | |
1279 @end ignore | |
1280 | |
1281 @item cursor | |
1282 A structure describing where the cursor is in this window. | |
1283 | |
1284 @item last_cursor | |
1285 The value of @code{cursor} as of the last redisplay that finished. | |
1286 | |
1287 @item phys_cursor | |
1288 A structure describing where the cursor of this window physically is. | |
1289 | |
1290 @item phys_cursor_type | |
1291 The type of cursor that was last displayed on this window. | |
6451 | 1292 |
26165 | 1293 @item phys_cursor_on_p |
1294 This field is non-zero if the cursor is physically on. | |
1295 | |
1296 @item cursor_off_p | |
1297 Non-zero means the cursor in this window is logically on. | |
1298 | |
1299 @item last_cursor_off_p | |
1300 This field contains the value of @code{cursor_off_p} as of the time of | |
1301 the last redisplay. | |
1302 | |
1303 @item must_be_updated_p | |
1304 This is set to 1 during redisplay when this window must be updated. | |
1305 | |
6451 | 1306 @item hscroll |
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1307 This is the number of columns that the display in the window is scrolled |
6451 | 1308 horizontally to the left. Normally, this is 0. |
1309 | |
26165 | 1310 @item vscroll |
1311 Vertical scroll amount, in pixels. Normally, this is 0. | |
1312 | |
1313 @item dedicated | |
1314 Non-@code{nil} if this window is dedicated to its buffer. | |
6451 | 1315 |
1316 @item display_table | |
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1317 The window's display table, or @code{nil} if none is specified for it. |
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1318 |
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1319 @item update_mode_line |
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1320 Non-@code{nil} means this window's mode line needs to be updated. |
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1321 |
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1322 @item base_line_number |
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1323 The line number of a certain position in the buffer, or @code{nil}. |
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1324 This is used for displaying the line number of point in the mode line. |
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1325 |
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1326 @item base_line_pos |
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1327 The position in the buffer for which the line number is known, or |
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1328 @code{nil} meaning none is known. |
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1329 |
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1330 @item region_showing |
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1331 If the region (or part of it) is highlighted in this window, this field |
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1332 holds the mark position that made one end of that region. Otherwise, |
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1333 this field is @code{nil}. |
26165 | 1334 |
1335 @item column_number_displayed | |
1336 The column number currently displayed in this window's mode line, or @code{nil} | |
1337 if column numbers are not being displayed. | |
1338 | |
1339 @item current_matrix | |
1340 A glyph matrix describing the current display of this window. | |
1341 | |
1342 @item desired_matrix | |
1343 A glyph matrix describing the desired display of this window. | |
6451 | 1344 @end table |
1345 | |
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1346 @node Process Internals |
6451 | 1347 @appendixsubsec Process Internals |
1348 @cindex internals, of process | |
1349 @cindex process internals | |
1350 | |
1351 The fields of a process are: | |
1352 | |
1353 @table @code | |
1354 @item name | |
1355 A string, the name of the process. | |
1356 | |
1357 @item command | |
1358 A list containing the command arguments that were used to start this | |
1359 process. | |
1360 | |
1361 @item filter | |
1362 A function used to accept output from the process instead of a buffer, | |
1363 or @code{nil}. | |
1364 | |
1365 @item sentinel | |
1366 A function called whenever the process receives a signal, or @code{nil}. | |
1367 | |
1368 @item buffer | |
1369 The associated buffer of the process. | |
1370 | |
1371 @item pid | |
1372 An integer, the Unix process @sc{id}. | |
1373 | |
1374 @item childp | |
1375 A flag, non-@code{nil} if this is really a child process. | |
1376 It is @code{nil} for a network connection. | |
1377 | |
1378 @item mark | |
7601
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1379 A marker indicating the position of the end of the last output from this |
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1380 process inserted into the buffer. This is often but not always the end |
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1381 of the buffer. |
6451 | 1382 |
1383 @item kill_without_query | |
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1384 If this is non-@code{nil}, killing Emacs while this process is still |
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1385 running does not ask for confirmation about killing the process. |
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1386 |
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1387 @item raw_status_low |
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1388 @itemx raw_status_high |
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1389 These two fields record 16 bits each of the process status returned by |
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1390 the @code{wait} system call. |
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1391 |
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1392 @item status |
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1393 The process status, as @code{process-status} should return it. |
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1394 |
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1395 @item tick |
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1396 @itemx update_tick |
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1397 If these two fields are not equal, a change in the status of the process |
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1398 needs to be reported, either by running the sentinel or by inserting a |
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1399 message in the process buffer. |
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1400 |
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1401 @item pty_flag |
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1402 Non-@code{nil} if communication with the subprocess uses a @sc{pty}; |
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1403 @code{nil} if it uses a pipe. |
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1404 |
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1405 @item infd |
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1406 The file descriptor for input from the process. |
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1407 |
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1408 @item outfd |
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1409 The file descriptor for output to the process. |
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1410 |
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1411 @item subtty |
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1412 The file descriptor for the terminal that the subprocess is using. (On |
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1413 some systems, there is no need to record this, so the value is |
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1414 @code{nil}.) |
12098 | 1415 |
1416 @item tty_name | |
1417 The name of the terminal that the subprocess is using, | |
1418 or @code{nil} if it is using pipes. | |
26165 | 1419 |
1420 @item decode_coding_system | |
1421 Coding-system for decoding the input from this process. | |
1422 | |
1423 @item decoding_buf | |
1424 A working buffer for decoding. | |
1425 | |
1426 @item decoding_carryover | |
1427 Size of carryover in decoding. | |
1428 | |
1429 @item encode_coding_system | |
1430 Coding-system for encoding the output to this process. | |
1431 | |
1432 @item encoding_buf | |
48701 | 1433 A working buffer for encoding. |
26165 | 1434 |
1435 @item encoding_carryover | |
1436 Size of carryover in encoding. | |
1437 | |
1438 @item inherit_coding_system_flag | |
1439 Flag to set @code{coding-system} of the process buffer from the | |
1440 coding system used to decode process output. | |
6451 | 1441 @end table |