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author | Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com> |
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date | Sun, 13 Jul 2003 17:20:34 +0000 |
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25829 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
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2 @c Copyright (C) 1985,86,87,93,94,95,97,2000,2001, 2002 |
28328 | 3 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25829 | 4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
5 @node Text, Programs, Indentation, Top | |
6 @chapter Commands for Human Languages | |
7 @cindex text | |
8 @cindex manipulating text | |
9 | |
10 The term @dfn{text} has two widespread meanings in our area of the | |
11 computer field. One is data that is a sequence of characters. Any file | |
12 that you edit with Emacs is text, in this sense of the word. The other | |
13 meaning is more restrictive: a sequence of characters in a human language | |
14 for humans to read (possibly after processing by a text formatter), as | |
15 opposed to a program or commands for a program. | |
16 | |
17 Human languages have syntactic/stylistic conventions that can be | |
18 supported or used to advantage by editor commands: conventions involving | |
19 words, sentences, paragraphs, and capital letters. This chapter | |
20 describes Emacs commands for all of these things. There are also | |
21 commands for @dfn{filling}, which means rearranging the lines of a | |
22 paragraph to be approximately equal in length. The commands for moving | |
23 over and killing words, sentences and paragraphs, while intended | |
24 primarily for editing text, are also often useful for editing programs. | |
25 | |
26 Emacs has several major modes for editing human-language text. If the | |
27 file contains text pure and simple, use Text mode, which customizes | |
28 Emacs in small ways for the syntactic conventions of text. Outline mode | |
29 provides special commands for operating on text with an outline | |
30 structure. | |
31 @iftex | |
32 @xref{Outline Mode}. | |
33 @end iftex | |
34 | |
35 For text which contains embedded commands for text formatters, Emacs | |
36 has other major modes, each for a particular text formatter. Thus, for | |
37 input to @TeX{}, you would use @TeX{} | |
38 @iftex | |
39 mode (@pxref{TeX Mode}). | |
40 @end iftex | |
41 @ifinfo | |
42 mode. | |
43 @end ifinfo | |
44 For input to nroff, use Nroff mode. | |
45 | |
46 Instead of using a text formatter, you can edit formatted text in | |
47 WYSIWYG style (``what you see is what you get''), with Enriched mode. | |
48 Then the formatting appears on the screen in Emacs while you edit. | |
49 @iftex | |
50 @xref{Formatted Text}. | |
51 @end iftex | |
52 | |
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53 @cindex skeletons |
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54 @cindex templates |
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55 @cindex autotyping |
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56 @cindex automatic typing |
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57 The ``automatic typing'' features may be useful when writing text. |
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58 @xref{Top,, Autotyping, autotype, Features for Automatic Typing}. |
27207 | 59 |
25829 | 60 @menu |
61 * Words:: Moving over and killing words. | |
62 * Sentences:: Moving over and killing sentences. | |
63 * Paragraphs:: Moving over paragraphs. | |
64 * Pages:: Moving over pages. | |
65 * Filling:: Filling or justifying text. | |
66 * Case:: Changing the case of text. | |
67 * Text Mode:: The major modes for editing text files. | |
68 * Outline Mode:: Editing outlines. | |
69 * TeX Mode:: Editing input to the formatter TeX. | |
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70 * HTML Mode:: Editing HTML, SGML, and XML files. |
25829 | 71 * Nroff Mode:: Editing input to the formatter nroff. |
72 * Formatted Text:: Editing formatted text directly in WYSIWYG fashion. | |
73 @end menu | |
74 | |
75 @node Words | |
76 @section Words | |
77 @cindex words | |
78 @cindex Meta commands and words | |
79 | |
80 Emacs has commands for moving over or operating on words. By convention, | |
81 the keys for them are all Meta characters. | |
82 | |
83 @table @kbd | |
84 @item M-f | |
85 Move forward over a word (@code{forward-word}). | |
86 @item M-b | |
87 Move backward over a word (@code{backward-word}). | |
88 @item M-d | |
89 Kill up to the end of a word (@code{kill-word}). | |
90 @item M-@key{DEL} | |
91 Kill back to the beginning of a word (@code{backward-kill-word}). | |
92 @item M-@@ | |
93 Mark the end of the next word (@code{mark-word}). | |
94 @item M-t | |
95 Transpose two words or drag a word across other words | |
96 (@code{transpose-words}). | |
97 @end table | |
98 | |
99 Notice how these keys form a series that parallels the character-based | |
100 @kbd{C-f}, @kbd{C-b}, @kbd{C-d}, @key{DEL} and @kbd{C-t}. @kbd{M-@@} is | |
101 cognate to @kbd{C-@@}, which is an alias for @kbd{C-@key{SPC}}. | |
102 | |
103 @kindex M-f | |
104 @kindex M-b | |
105 @findex forward-word | |
106 @findex backward-word | |
107 The commands @kbd{M-f} (@code{forward-word}) and @kbd{M-b} | |
108 (@code{backward-word}) move forward and backward over words. These | |
109 Meta characters are thus analogous to the corresponding control | |
110 characters, @kbd{C-f} and @kbd{C-b}, which move over single characters | |
111 in the text. The analogy extends to numeric arguments, which serve as | |
112 repeat counts. @kbd{M-f} with a negative argument moves backward, and | |
113 @kbd{M-b} with a negative argument moves forward. Forward motion | |
114 stops right after the last letter of the word, while backward motion | |
115 stops right before the first letter.@refill | |
116 | |
117 @kindex M-d | |
118 @findex kill-word | |
119 @kbd{M-d} (@code{kill-word}) kills the word after point. To be | |
120 precise, it kills everything from point to the place @kbd{M-f} would | |
121 move to. Thus, if point is in the middle of a word, @kbd{M-d} kills | |
122 just the part after point. If some punctuation comes between point and the | |
123 next word, it is killed along with the word. (If you wish to kill only the | |
124 next word but not the punctuation before it, simply do @kbd{M-f} to get | |
125 the end, and kill the word backwards with @kbd{M-@key{DEL}}.) | |
126 @kbd{M-d} takes arguments just like @kbd{M-f}. | |
127 | |
128 @findex backward-kill-word | |
129 @kindex M-DEL | |
130 @kbd{M-@key{DEL}} (@code{backward-kill-word}) kills the word before | |
131 point. It kills everything from point back to where @kbd{M-b} would | |
132 move to. If point is after the space in @w{@samp{FOO, BAR}}, then | |
133 @w{@samp{FOO, }} is killed. (If you wish to kill just @samp{FOO}, and | |
134 not the comma and the space, use @kbd{M-b M-d} instead of | |
135 @kbd{M-@key{DEL}}.) | |
136 | |
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137 @c Don't index M-t and transpose-words here, they are indexed in |
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138 @c fixit.texi, in the node "Transpose". |
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139 @c @kindex M-t |
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140 @c @findex transpose-words |
25829 | 141 @kbd{M-t} (@code{transpose-words}) exchanges the word before or |
142 containing point with the following word. The delimiter characters between | |
143 the words do not move. For example, @w{@samp{FOO, BAR}} transposes into | |
144 @w{@samp{BAR, FOO}} rather than @samp{@w{BAR FOO,}}. @xref{Transpose}, for | |
145 more on transposition and on arguments to transposition commands. | |
146 | |
147 @kindex M-@@ | |
148 @findex mark-word | |
149 To operate on the next @var{n} words with an operation which applies | |
150 between point and mark, you can either set the mark at point and then move | |
151 over the words, or you can use the command @kbd{M-@@} (@code{mark-word}) | |
152 which does not move point, but sets the mark where @kbd{M-f} would move | |
153 to. @kbd{M-@@} accepts a numeric argument that says how many words to | |
154 scan for the place to put the mark. In Transient Mark mode, this command | |
155 activates the mark. | |
156 | |
157 The word commands' understanding of syntax is completely controlled by | |
158 the syntax table. Any character can, for example, be declared to be a word | |
159 delimiter. @xref{Syntax}. | |
160 | |
161 @node Sentences | |
162 @section Sentences | |
163 @cindex sentences | |
164 @cindex manipulating sentences | |
165 | |
166 The Emacs commands for manipulating sentences and paragraphs are mostly | |
167 on Meta keys, so as to be like the word-handling commands. | |
168 | |
169 @table @kbd | |
170 @item M-a | |
171 Move back to the beginning of the sentence (@code{backward-sentence}). | |
172 @item M-e | |
173 Move forward to the end of the sentence (@code{forward-sentence}). | |
174 @item M-k | |
175 Kill forward to the end of the sentence (@code{kill-sentence}). | |
176 @item C-x @key{DEL} | |
177 Kill back to the beginning of the sentence (@code{backward-kill-sentence}). | |
178 @end table | |
179 | |
180 @kindex M-a | |
181 @kindex M-e | |
182 @findex backward-sentence | |
183 @findex forward-sentence | |
184 The commands @kbd{M-a} and @kbd{M-e} (@code{backward-sentence} and | |
185 @code{forward-sentence}) move to the beginning and end of the current | |
186 sentence, respectively. They were chosen to resemble @kbd{C-a} and | |
187 @kbd{C-e}, which move to the beginning and end of a line. Unlike them, | |
188 @kbd{M-a} and @kbd{M-e} if repeated or given numeric arguments move over | |
189 successive sentences. | |
190 | |
191 Moving backward over a sentence places point just before the first | |
192 character of the sentence; moving forward places point right after the | |
193 punctuation that ends the sentence. Neither one moves over the | |
194 whitespace at the sentence boundary. | |
195 | |
196 @kindex M-k | |
197 @kindex C-x DEL | |
198 @findex kill-sentence | |
199 @findex backward-kill-sentence | |
200 Just as @kbd{C-a} and @kbd{C-e} have a kill command, @kbd{C-k}, to go | |
201 with them, so @kbd{M-a} and @kbd{M-e} have a corresponding kill command | |
202 @kbd{M-k} (@code{kill-sentence}) which kills from point to the end of | |
203 the sentence. With minus one as an argument it kills back to the | |
204 beginning of the sentence. Larger arguments serve as a repeat count. | |
205 There is also a command, @kbd{C-x @key{DEL}} | |
206 (@code{backward-kill-sentence}), for killing back to the beginning of a | |
207 sentence. This command is useful when you change your mind in the | |
208 middle of composing text.@refill | |
209 | |
210 The sentence commands assume that you follow the American typist's | |
211 convention of putting two spaces at the end of a sentence; they consider | |
212 a sentence to end wherever there is a @samp{.}, @samp{?} or @samp{!} | |
213 followed by the end of a line or two spaces, with any number of | |
214 @samp{)}, @samp{]}, @samp{'}, or @samp{"} characters allowed in between. | |
215 A sentence also begins or ends wherever a paragraph begins or ends. | |
216 | |
217 @vindex sentence-end | |
218 The variable @code{sentence-end} controls recognition of the end of a | |
219 sentence. It is a regexp that matches the last few characters of a | |
220 sentence, together with the whitespace following the sentence. Its | |
221 normal value is | |
222 | |
223 @example | |
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224 "[.?!][]\"')]*\\($\\| $\\|\t\\| \\)[ \t\n]*" |
25829 | 225 @end example |
226 | |
227 @noindent | |
228 This example is explained in the section on regexps. @xref{Regexps}. | |
229 | |
230 If you want to use just one space between sentences, you should | |
231 set @code{sentence-end} to this value: | |
232 | |
233 @example | |
234 "[.?!][]\"')]*\\($\\|\t\\| \\)[ \t\n]*" | |
235 @end example | |
236 | |
237 @noindent | |
238 You should also set the variable @code{sentence-end-double-space} to | |
239 @code{nil} so that the fill commands expect and leave just one space at | |
240 the end of a sentence. Note that this makes it impossible to | |
241 distinguish between periods that end sentences and those that indicate | |
242 abbreviations. | |
243 | |
244 @node Paragraphs | |
245 @section Paragraphs | |
246 @cindex paragraphs | |
247 @cindex manipulating paragraphs | |
248 @kindex M-@{ | |
249 @kindex M-@} | |
250 @findex backward-paragraph | |
251 @findex forward-paragraph | |
252 | |
253 The Emacs commands for manipulating paragraphs are also Meta keys. | |
254 | |
255 @table @kbd | |
256 @item M-@{ | |
257 Move back to previous paragraph beginning (@code{backward-paragraph}). | |
258 @item M-@} | |
259 Move forward to next paragraph end (@code{forward-paragraph}). | |
260 @item M-h | |
261 Put point and mark around this or next paragraph (@code{mark-paragraph}). | |
262 @end table | |
263 | |
264 @kbd{M-@{} moves to the beginning of the current or previous | |
265 paragraph, while @kbd{M-@}} moves to the end of the current or next | |
266 paragraph. Blank lines and text-formatter command lines separate | |
267 paragraphs and are not considered part of any paragraph. In Fundamental | |
268 mode, but not in Text mode, an indented line also starts a new | |
269 paragraph. (If a paragraph is preceded by a blank line, these commands | |
270 treat that blank line as the beginning of the paragraph.) | |
271 | |
272 In major modes for programs, paragraphs begin and end only at blank | |
273 lines. This makes the paragraph commands continue to be useful even | |
274 though there are no paragraphs per se. | |
275 | |
276 When there is a fill prefix, then paragraphs are delimited by all lines | |
277 which don't start with the fill prefix. @xref{Filling}. | |
278 | |
279 @kindex M-h | |
280 @findex mark-paragraph | |
281 When you wish to operate on a paragraph, you can use the command | |
282 @kbd{M-h} (@code{mark-paragraph}) to set the region around it. Thus, | |
283 for example, @kbd{M-h C-w} kills the paragraph around or after point. | |
284 The @kbd{M-h} command puts point at the beginning and mark at the end of | |
285 the paragraph point was in. In Transient Mark mode, it activates the | |
286 mark. If point is between paragraphs (in a run of blank lines, or at a | |
287 boundary), the paragraph following point is surrounded by point and | |
288 mark. If there are blank lines preceding the first line of the | |
289 paragraph, one of these blank lines is included in the region. | |
290 | |
291 @vindex paragraph-start | |
292 @vindex paragraph-separate | |
293 The precise definition of a paragraph boundary is controlled by the | |
294 variables @code{paragraph-separate} and @code{paragraph-start}. The | |
295 value of @code{paragraph-start} is a regexp that should match any line | |
296 that either starts or separates paragraphs. The value of | |
297 @code{paragraph-separate} is another regexp that should match only lines | |
298 that separate paragraphs without being part of any paragraph (for | |
299 example, blank lines). Lines that start a new paragraph and are | |
300 contained in it must match only @code{paragraph-start}, not | |
301 @code{paragraph-separate}. For example, in Fundamental mode, | |
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302 @code{paragraph-start} is @w{@code{"[ \t\n\f]"}}, and |
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303 @code{paragraph-separate} is @w{@code{"[ \t\f]*$"}}. |
25829 | 304 |
305 Normally it is desirable for page boundaries to separate paragraphs. | |
306 The default values of these variables recognize the usual separator for | |
307 pages. | |
308 | |
309 @node Pages | |
310 @section Pages | |
311 | |
312 @cindex pages | |
313 @cindex formfeed | |
314 Files are often thought of as divided into @dfn{pages} by the | |
315 @dfn{formfeed} character (ASCII control-L, octal code 014). When you | |
316 print hardcopy for a file, this character forces a page break; thus, | |
317 each page of the file goes on a separate page on paper. Most Emacs | |
318 commands treat the page-separator character just like any other | |
319 character: you can insert it with @kbd{C-q C-l}, and delete it with | |
320 @key{DEL}. Thus, you are free to paginate your file or not. However, | |
321 since pages are often meaningful divisions of the file, Emacs provides | |
322 commands to move over them and operate on them. | |
323 | |
324 @table @kbd | |
325 @item C-x [ | |
326 Move point to previous page boundary (@code{backward-page}). | |
327 @item C-x ] | |
328 Move point to next page boundary (@code{forward-page}). | |
329 @item C-x C-p | |
330 Put point and mark around this page (or another page) (@code{mark-page}). | |
331 @item C-x l | |
332 Count the lines in this page (@code{count-lines-page}). | |
333 @end table | |
334 | |
335 @kindex C-x [ | |
336 @kindex C-x ] | |
337 @findex forward-page | |
338 @findex backward-page | |
339 The @kbd{C-x [} (@code{backward-page}) command moves point to immediately | |
340 after the previous page delimiter. If point is already right after a page | |
341 delimiter, it skips that one and stops at the previous one. A numeric | |
342 argument serves as a repeat count. The @kbd{C-x ]} (@code{forward-page}) | |
343 command moves forward past the next page delimiter. | |
344 | |
345 @kindex C-x C-p | |
346 @findex mark-page | |
347 The @kbd{C-x C-p} command (@code{mark-page}) puts point at the | |
348 beginning of the current page and the mark at the end. The page | |
349 delimiter at the end is included (the mark follows it). The page | |
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350 delimiter at the front is excluded (point follows it). In Transient |
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351 Mark mode, this command activates the mark. |
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352 |
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353 @kbd{C-x C-p C-w} is a handy way to kill a page to move it |
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354 elsewhere. If you move to another page delimiter with @kbd{C-x [} and |
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355 @kbd{C-x ]}, then yank the killed page, all the pages will be properly |
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356 delimited once again. The reason @kbd{C-x C-p} includes only the |
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357 following page delimiter in the region is to ensure that. |
25829 | 358 |
359 A numeric argument to @kbd{C-x C-p} is used to specify which page to go | |
360 to, relative to the current one. Zero means the current page. One means | |
361 the next page, and @minus{}1 means the previous one. | |
362 | |
363 @kindex C-x l | |
364 @findex count-lines-page | |
365 The @kbd{C-x l} command (@code{count-lines-page}) is good for deciding | |
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366 where to break a page in two. It displays in the echo area the total number |
25829 | 367 of lines in the current page, and then divides it up into those preceding |
368 the current line and those following, as in | |
369 | |
370 @example | |
371 Page has 96 (72+25) lines | |
372 @end example | |
373 | |
374 @noindent | |
375 Notice that the sum is off by one; this is correct if point is not at the | |
376 beginning of a line. | |
377 | |
378 @vindex page-delimiter | |
379 The variable @code{page-delimiter} controls where pages begin. Its | |
380 value is a regexp that matches the beginning of a line that separates | |
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381 pages. The normal value of this variable is @code{"^\f"}, which |
25829 | 382 matches a formfeed character at the beginning of a line. |
383 | |
384 @node Filling | |
385 @section Filling Text | |
386 @cindex filling text | |
387 | |
388 @dfn{Filling} text means breaking it up into lines that fit a | |
389 specified width. Emacs does filling in two ways. In Auto Fill mode, | |
390 inserting text with self-inserting characters also automatically fills | |
391 it. There are also explicit fill commands that you can use when editing | |
392 text leaves it unfilled. When you edit formatted text, you can specify | |
393 a style of filling for each portion of the text (@pxref{Formatted | |
394 Text}). | |
395 | |
396 @menu | |
397 * Auto Fill:: Auto Fill mode breaks long lines automatically. | |
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398 * Refill:: Keeping paragraphs filled. |
25829 | 399 * Fill Commands:: Commands to refill paragraphs and center lines. |
400 * Fill Prefix:: Filling paragraphs that are indented | |
401 or in a comment, etc. | |
402 * Adaptive Fill:: How Emacs can determine the fill prefix automatically. | |
403 @end menu | |
404 | |
405 @node Auto Fill | |
406 @subsection Auto Fill Mode | |
407 @cindex Auto Fill mode | |
408 @cindex mode, Auto Fill | |
409 @cindex word wrap | |
410 | |
411 @dfn{Auto Fill} mode is a minor mode in which lines are broken | |
412 automatically when they become too wide. Breaking happens only when | |
413 you type a @key{SPC} or @key{RET}. | |
414 | |
415 @table @kbd | |
416 @item M-x auto-fill-mode | |
417 Enable or disable Auto Fill mode. | |
418 @item @key{SPC} | |
419 @itemx @key{RET} | |
420 In Auto Fill mode, break lines when appropriate. | |
421 @end table | |
422 | |
423 @findex auto-fill-mode | |
424 @kbd{M-x auto-fill-mode} turns Auto Fill mode on if it was off, or off | |
425 if it was on. With a positive numeric argument it always turns Auto | |
426 Fill mode on, and with a negative argument always turns it off. You can | |
427 see when Auto Fill mode is in effect by the presence of the word | |
428 @samp{Fill} in the mode line, inside the parentheses. Auto Fill mode is | |
429 a minor mode which is enabled or disabled for each buffer individually. | |
430 @xref{Minor Modes}. | |
431 | |
432 In Auto Fill mode, lines are broken automatically at spaces when they | |
433 get longer than the desired width. Line breaking and rearrangement | |
434 takes place only when you type @key{SPC} or @key{RET}. If you wish to | |
435 insert a space or newline without permitting line-breaking, type | |
436 @kbd{C-q @key{SPC}} or @kbd{C-q C-j} (recall that a newline is really a | |
437 control-J). Also, @kbd{C-o} inserts a newline without line breaking. | |
438 | |
439 Auto Fill mode works well with programming-language modes, because it | |
440 indents new lines with @key{TAB}. If a line ending in a comment gets | |
441 too long, the text of the comment is split into two comment lines. | |
442 Optionally, new comment delimiters are inserted at the end of the first | |
443 line and the beginning of the second so that each line is a separate | |
444 comment; the variable @code{comment-multi-line} controls the choice | |
445 (@pxref{Comments}). | |
446 | |
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447 Adaptive filling (@pxref{Adaptive Fill}) works for Auto Filling as |
25829 | 448 well as for explicit fill commands. It takes a fill prefix |
449 automatically from the second or first line of a paragraph. | |
450 | |
451 Auto Fill mode does not refill entire paragraphs; it can break lines but | |
452 cannot merge lines. So editing in the middle of a paragraph can result in | |
453 a paragraph that is not correctly filled. The easiest way to make the | |
454 paragraph properly filled again is usually with the explicit fill commands. | |
455 @ifinfo | |
456 @xref{Fill Commands}. | |
457 @end ifinfo | |
458 | |
459 Many users like Auto Fill mode and want to use it in all text files. | |
460 The section on init files says how to arrange this permanently for yourself. | |
461 @xref{Init File}. | |
462 | |
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463 @node Refill |
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464 @subsection Refill Mode |
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465 @cindex refilling text, word processor style |
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466 @cindex modes, Refill |
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467 @cindex Refill minor mode |
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468 |
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469 Refill minor mode provides support for keeping paragraphs filled as |
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470 you type or modify them in other ways. It provides an effect similar |
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471 to typical word processor behavior. This works by running a |
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472 paragraph-filling command at suitable times. |
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473 |
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474 When you are typing text, only characters which normally trigger |
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475 auto filling, like the space character, will trigger refilling. This |
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476 is to avoid making it too slow. Apart from self-inserting characters, |
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477 other commands which modify the text cause refilling. |
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478 |
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479 The current implementation is preliminary and probably not robust. |
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480 We expect to improve on it. |
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481 |
36299 | 482 To toggle the use of Refill mode in the current buffer, type |
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483 @kbd{M-x refill-mode}. |
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484 |
25829 | 485 @node Fill Commands |
486 @subsection Explicit Fill Commands | |
487 | |
488 @table @kbd | |
489 @item M-q | |
490 Fill current paragraph (@code{fill-paragraph}). | |
491 @item C-x f | |
492 Set the fill column (@code{set-fill-column}). | |
493 @item M-x fill-region | |
494 Fill each paragraph in the region (@code{fill-region}). | |
495 @item M-x fill-region-as-paragraph | |
496 Fill the region, considering it as one paragraph. | |
497 @item M-s | |
498 Center a line. | |
499 @end table | |
500 | |
501 @kindex M-q | |
502 @findex fill-paragraph | |
503 To refill a paragraph, use the command @kbd{M-q} | |
504 (@code{fill-paragraph}). This operates on the paragraph that point is | |
505 inside, or the one after point if point is between paragraphs. | |
506 Refilling works by removing all the line-breaks, then inserting new ones | |
507 where necessary. | |
508 | |
509 @findex fill-region | |
510 To refill many paragraphs, use @kbd{M-x fill-region}, which | |
511 divides the region into paragraphs and fills each of them. | |
512 | |
513 @findex fill-region-as-paragraph | |
514 @kbd{M-q} and @code{fill-region} use the same criteria as @kbd{M-h} | |
515 for finding paragraph boundaries (@pxref{Paragraphs}). For more | |
516 control, you can use @kbd{M-x fill-region-as-paragraph}, which refills | |
517 everything between point and mark. This command deletes any blank lines | |
518 within the region, so separate blocks of text end up combined into one | |
519 block.@refill | |
520 | |
521 @cindex justification | |
522 A numeric argument to @kbd{M-q} causes it to @dfn{justify} the text as | |
523 well as filling it. This means that extra spaces are inserted to make | |
524 the right margin line up exactly at the fill column. To remove the | |
525 extra spaces, use @kbd{M-q} with no argument. (Likewise for | |
526 @code{fill-region}.) Another way to control justification, and choose | |
527 other styles of filling, is with the @code{justification} text property; | |
528 see @ref{Format Justification}. | |
529 | |
530 @kindex M-s @r{(Text mode)} | |
531 @cindex centering | |
532 @findex center-line | |
533 The command @kbd{M-s} (@code{center-line}) centers the current line | |
534 within the current fill column. With an argument @var{n}, it centers | |
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535 @var{n} lines individually and moves past them. This binding is |
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536 made by Text mode and is available only in that and related modes |
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537 (@pxref{Text Mode}). |
25829 | 538 |
539 @vindex fill-column | |
540 @kindex C-x f | |
541 @findex set-fill-column | |
542 The maximum line width for filling is in the variable | |
543 @code{fill-column}. Altering the value of @code{fill-column} makes it | |
544 local to the current buffer; until that time, the default value is in | |
545 effect. The default is initially 70. @xref{Locals}. The easiest way | |
546 to set @code{fill-column} is to use the command @kbd{C-x f} | |
547 (@code{set-fill-column}). With a numeric argument, it uses that as the | |
548 new fill column. With just @kbd{C-u} as argument, it sets | |
549 @code{fill-column} to the current horizontal position of point. | |
550 | |
551 Emacs commands normally consider a period followed by two spaces or by | |
552 a newline as the end of a sentence; a period followed by just one space | |
553 indicates an abbreviation and not the end of a sentence. To preserve | |
554 the distinction between these two ways of using a period, the fill | |
555 commands do not break a line after a period followed by just one space. | |
556 | |
557 @vindex sentence-end-double-space | |
558 If the variable @code{sentence-end-double-space} is @code{nil}, the | |
559 fill commands expect and leave just one space at the end of a sentence. | |
560 Ordinarily this variable is @code{t}, so the fill commands insist on | |
561 two spaces for the end of a sentence, as explained above. @xref{Sentences}. | |
562 | |
563 @vindex colon-double-space | |
564 If the variable @code{colon-double-space} is non-@code{nil}, the | |
565 fill commands put two spaces after a colon. | |
566 | |
31950 | 567 @vindex sentence-end-without-period |
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568 Some languages do not use period to indicate end of sentence. For |
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569 example, a sentence in Thai text ends with double space but without a |
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570 period. Set the variable @code{sentence-end-without-period} to |
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571 @code{t} to tell the sentence commands that a period is not necessary. |
31950 | 572 |
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573 @vindex fill-nobreak-predicate |
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574 The variable @code{fill-nobreak-predicate} specifies additional |
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575 conditions for where line-breaking is allowed. Its value is either |
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576 @code{nil} or a Lisp function; the function is called with no |
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577 arguments, and if it returns a non-@code{nil} value, then point is not |
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578 a good place to break the line. The standard functions you can use |
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579 @code{fill-single-word-nobreak-p} (don't break after the first word of |
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580 a sentence or before the last) and @code{fill-french-nobreak-p} (don't |
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581 break after @samp{(} or before @samp{)}, @samp{:} or @samp{?}). |
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582 |
25829 | 583 @node Fill Prefix |
584 @subsection The Fill Prefix | |
585 | |
586 @cindex fill prefix | |
587 To fill a paragraph in which each line starts with a special marker | |
588 (which might be a few spaces, giving an indented paragraph), you can use | |
589 the @dfn{fill prefix} feature. The fill prefix is a string that Emacs | |
590 expects every line to start with, and which is not included in filling. | |
591 You can specify a fill prefix explicitly; Emacs can also deduce the | |
592 fill prefix automatically (@pxref{Adaptive Fill}). | |
593 | |
594 @table @kbd | |
595 @item C-x . | |
596 Set the fill prefix (@code{set-fill-prefix}). | |
597 @item M-q | |
598 Fill a paragraph using current fill prefix (@code{fill-paragraph}). | |
599 @item M-x fill-individual-paragraphs | |
600 Fill the region, considering each change of indentation as starting a | |
601 new paragraph. | |
602 @item M-x fill-nonuniform-paragraphs | |
603 Fill the region, considering only paragraph-separator lines as starting | |
604 a new paragraph. | |
605 @end table | |
606 | |
607 @kindex C-x . | |
608 @findex set-fill-prefix | |
609 To specify a fill prefix, move to a line that starts with the desired | |
610 prefix, put point at the end of the prefix, and give the command | |
611 @w{@kbd{C-x .}}@: (@code{set-fill-prefix}). That's a period after the | |
612 @kbd{C-x}. To turn off the fill prefix, specify an empty prefix: type | |
613 @w{@kbd{C-x .}}@: with point at the beginning of a line.@refill | |
614 | |
615 When a fill prefix is in effect, the fill commands remove the fill | |
616 prefix from each line before filling and insert it on each line after | |
617 filling. Auto Fill mode also inserts the fill prefix automatically when | |
618 it makes a new line. The @kbd{C-o} command inserts the fill prefix on | |
619 new lines it creates, when you use it at the beginning of a line | |
620 (@pxref{Blank Lines}). Conversely, the command @kbd{M-^} deletes the | |
621 prefix (if it occurs) after the newline that it deletes | |
622 (@pxref{Indentation}). | |
623 | |
624 For example, if @code{fill-column} is 40 and you set the fill prefix | |
625 to @samp{;; }, then @kbd{M-q} in the following text | |
626 | |
627 @example | |
628 ;; This is an | |
629 ;; example of a paragraph | |
630 ;; inside a Lisp-style comment. | |
631 @end example | |
632 | |
633 @noindent | |
634 produces this: | |
635 | |
636 @example | |
637 ;; This is an example of a paragraph | |
638 ;; inside a Lisp-style comment. | |
639 @end example | |
640 | |
641 Lines that do not start with the fill prefix are considered to start | |
642 paragraphs, both in @kbd{M-q} and the paragraph commands; this gives | |
643 good results for paragraphs with hanging indentation (every line | |
644 indented except the first one). Lines which are blank or indented once | |
645 the prefix is removed also separate or start paragraphs; this is what | |
646 you want if you are writing multi-paragraph comments with a comment | |
647 delimiter on each line. | |
648 | |
649 @findex fill-individual-paragraphs | |
650 You can use @kbd{M-x fill-individual-paragraphs} to set the fill | |
651 prefix for each paragraph automatically. This command divides the | |
652 region into paragraphs, treating every change in the amount of | |
653 indentation as the start of a new paragraph, and fills each of these | |
654 paragraphs. Thus, all the lines in one ``paragraph'' have the same | |
655 amount of indentation. That indentation serves as the fill prefix for | |
656 that paragraph. | |
657 | |
658 @findex fill-nonuniform-paragraphs | |
659 @kbd{M-x fill-nonuniform-paragraphs} is a similar command that divides | |
660 the region into paragraphs in a different way. It considers only | |
661 paragraph-separating lines (as defined by @code{paragraph-separate}) as | |
662 starting a new paragraph. Since this means that the lines of one | |
663 paragraph may have different amounts of indentation, the fill prefix | |
664 used is the smallest amount of indentation of any of the lines of the | |
665 paragraph. This gives good results with styles that indent a paragraph's | |
666 first line more or less that the rest of the paragraph. | |
667 | |
668 @vindex fill-prefix | |
669 The fill prefix is stored in the variable @code{fill-prefix}. Its value | |
670 is a string, or @code{nil} when there is no fill prefix. This is a | |
671 per-buffer variable; altering the variable affects only the current buffer, | |
672 but there is a default value which you can change as well. @xref{Locals}. | |
673 | |
674 The @code{indentation} text property provides another way to control | |
675 the amount of indentation paragraphs receive. @xref{Format Indentation}. | |
676 | |
677 @node Adaptive Fill | |
678 @subsection Adaptive Filling | |
679 | |
680 @cindex adaptive filling | |
681 The fill commands can deduce the proper fill prefix for a paragraph | |
682 automatically in certain cases: either whitespace or certain punctuation | |
683 characters at the beginning of a line are propagated to all lines of the | |
684 paragraph. | |
685 | |
686 If the paragraph has two or more lines, the fill prefix is taken from | |
687 the paragraph's second line, but only if it appears on the first line as | |
688 well. | |
689 | |
690 If a paragraph has just one line, fill commands @emph{may} take a | |
691 prefix from that line. The decision is complicated because there are | |
692 three reasonable things to do in such a case: | |
693 | |
694 @itemize @bullet | |
695 @item | |
696 Use the first line's prefix on all the lines of the paragraph. | |
697 | |
698 @item | |
699 Indent subsequent lines with whitespace, so that they line up under the | |
700 text that follows the prefix on the first line, but don't actually copy | |
701 the prefix from the first line. | |
702 | |
703 @item | |
704 Don't do anything special with the second and following lines. | |
705 @end itemize | |
706 | |
707 All three of these styles of formatting are commonly used. So the | |
708 fill commands try to determine what you would like, based on the prefix | |
709 that appears and on the major mode. Here is how. | |
710 | |
711 @vindex adaptive-fill-first-line-regexp | |
712 If the prefix found on the first line matches | |
713 @code{adaptive-fill-first-line-regexp}, or if it appears to be a | |
714 comment-starting sequence (this depends on the major mode), then the | |
715 prefix found is used for filling the paragraph, provided it would not | |
716 act as a paragraph starter on subsequent lines. | |
717 | |
718 Otherwise, the prefix found is converted to an equivalent number of | |
719 spaces, and those spaces are used as the fill prefix for the rest of the | |
720 lines, provided they would not act as a paragraph starter on subsequent | |
721 lines. | |
722 | |
723 In Text mode, and other modes where only blank lines and page | |
724 delimiters separate paragraphs, the prefix chosen by adaptive filling | |
725 never acts as a paragraph starter, so it can always be used for filling. | |
726 | |
727 @vindex adaptive-fill-mode | |
728 @vindex adaptive-fill-regexp | |
729 The variable @code{adaptive-fill-regexp} determines what kinds of line | |
730 beginnings can serve as a fill prefix: any characters at the start of | |
731 the line that match this regular expression are used. If you set the | |
732 variable @code{adaptive-fill-mode} to @code{nil}, the fill prefix is | |
733 never chosen automatically. | |
734 | |
735 @vindex adaptive-fill-function | |
736 You can specify more complex ways of choosing a fill prefix | |
737 automatically by setting the variable @code{adaptive-fill-function} to a | |
738 function. This function is called with point after the left margin of a | |
739 line, and it should return the appropriate fill prefix based on that | |
740 line. If it returns @code{nil}, that means it sees no fill prefix in | |
741 that line. | |
742 | |
743 @node Case | |
744 @section Case Conversion Commands | |
745 @cindex case conversion | |
746 | |
747 Emacs has commands for converting either a single word or any arbitrary | |
748 range of text to upper case or to lower case. | |
749 | |
750 @table @kbd | |
751 @item M-l | |
752 Convert following word to lower case (@code{downcase-word}). | |
753 @item M-u | |
754 Convert following word to upper case (@code{upcase-word}). | |
755 @item M-c | |
756 Capitalize the following word (@code{capitalize-word}). | |
757 @item C-x C-l | |
758 Convert region to lower case (@code{downcase-region}). | |
759 @item C-x C-u | |
760 Convert region to upper case (@code{upcase-region}). | |
761 @end table | |
762 | |
763 @kindex M-l | |
764 @kindex M-u | |
765 @kindex M-c | |
766 @cindex words, case conversion | |
767 @cindex converting text to upper or lower case | |
768 @cindex capitalizing words | |
769 @findex downcase-word | |
770 @findex upcase-word | |
771 @findex capitalize-word | |
772 The word conversion commands are the most useful. @kbd{M-l} | |
773 (@code{downcase-word}) converts the word after point to lower case, moving | |
774 past it. Thus, repeating @kbd{M-l} converts successive words. | |
775 @kbd{M-u} (@code{upcase-word}) converts to all capitals instead, while | |
776 @kbd{M-c} (@code{capitalize-word}) puts the first letter of the word | |
777 into upper case and the rest into lower case. All these commands convert | |
778 several words at once if given an argument. They are especially convenient | |
779 for converting a large amount of text from all upper case to mixed case, | |
780 because you can move through the text using @kbd{M-l}, @kbd{M-u} or | |
781 @kbd{M-c} on each word as appropriate, occasionally using @kbd{M-f} instead | |
782 to skip a word. | |
783 | |
784 When given a negative argument, the word case conversion commands apply | |
785 to the appropriate number of words before point, but do not move point. | |
786 This is convenient when you have just typed a word in the wrong case: you | |
787 can give the case conversion command and continue typing. | |
788 | |
789 If a word case conversion command is given in the middle of a word, it | |
790 applies only to the part of the word which follows point. This is just | |
791 like what @kbd{M-d} (@code{kill-word}) does. With a negative argument, | |
792 case conversion applies only to the part of the word before point. | |
793 | |
794 @kindex C-x C-l | |
795 @kindex C-x C-u | |
796 @findex downcase-region | |
797 @findex upcase-region | |
798 The other case conversion commands are @kbd{C-x C-u} | |
799 (@code{upcase-region}) and @kbd{C-x C-l} (@code{downcase-region}), which | |
800 convert everything between point and mark to the specified case. Point and | |
801 mark do not move. | |
802 | |
803 The region case conversion commands @code{upcase-region} and | |
804 @code{downcase-region} are normally disabled. This means that they ask | |
805 for confirmation if you try to use them. When you confirm, you may | |
806 enable the command, which means it will not ask for confirmation again. | |
807 @xref{Disabling}. | |
808 | |
809 @node Text Mode | |
810 @section Text Mode | |
811 @cindex Text mode | |
812 @cindex mode, Text | |
813 @findex text-mode | |
814 | |
815 When you edit files of text in a human language, it's more convenient | |
816 to use Text mode rather than Fundamental mode. To enter Text mode, type | |
817 @kbd{M-x text-mode}. | |
818 | |
819 In Text mode, only blank lines and page delimiters separate | |
820 paragraphs. As a result, paragraphs can be indented, and adaptive | |
821 filling determines what indentation to use when filling a paragraph. | |
822 @xref{Adaptive Fill}. | |
823 | |
824 @kindex TAB @r{(Text mode)} | |
825 Text mode defines @key{TAB} to run @code{indent-relative} | |
826 (@pxref{Indentation}), so that you can conveniently indent a line like | |
827 the previous line. When the previous line is not indented, | |
828 @code{indent-relative} runs @code{tab-to-tab-stop}, which uses Emacs tab | |
829 stops that you can set (@pxref{Tab Stops}). | |
830 | |
831 Text mode turns off the features concerned with comments except when | |
832 you explicitly invoke them. It changes the syntax table so that periods | |
833 are not considered part of a word, while apostrophes, backspaces and | |
834 underlines are considered part of words. | |
835 | |
836 @cindex Paragraph-Indent Text mode | |
837 @cindex mode, Paragraph-Indent Text | |
838 @findex paragraph-indent-text-mode | |
27207 | 839 @findex paragraph-indent-minor-mode |
25829 | 840 If you indent the first lines of paragraphs, then you should use |
841 Paragraph-Indent Text mode rather than Text mode. In this mode, you do | |
842 not need to have blank lines between paragraphs, because the first-line | |
843 indentation is sufficient to start a paragraph; however paragraphs in | |
844 which every line is indented are not supported. Use @kbd{M-x | |
27207 | 845 paragraph-indent-text-mode} to enter this mode. Use @kbd{M-x |
846 paragraph-indent-minor-mode} to enter an equivalent minor mode, for | |
847 instance during mail composition. | |
25829 | 848 |
849 @kindex M-TAB @r{(Text mode)} | |
850 Text mode, and all the modes based on it, define @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} as | |
851 the command @code{ispell-complete-word}, which performs completion of | |
852 the partial word in the buffer before point, using the spelling | |
853 dictionary as the space of possible words. @xref{Spelling}. | |
854 | |
855 @vindex text-mode-hook | |
856 Entering Text mode runs the hook @code{text-mode-hook}. Other major | |
857 modes related to Text mode also run this hook, followed by hooks of | |
858 their own; this includes Paragraph-Indent Text mode, Nroff mode, @TeX{} | |
859 mode, Outline mode, and Mail mode. Hook functions on | |
860 @code{text-mode-hook} can look at the value of @code{major-mode} to see | |
861 which of these modes is actually being entered. @xref{Hooks}. | |
862 | |
863 @ifinfo | |
864 Emacs provides two other modes for editing text that is to be passed | |
865 through a text formatter to produce fancy formatted printed output. | |
866 @xref{Nroff Mode}, for editing input to the formatter nroff. | |
867 @xref{TeX Mode}, for editing input to the formatter TeX. | |
868 | |
869 Another mode is used for editing outlines. It allows you to view the | |
870 text at various levels of detail. You can view either the outline | |
871 headings alone or both headings and text; you can also hide some of the | |
872 headings at lower levels from view to make the high level structure more | |
873 visible. @xref{Outline Mode}. | |
874 @end ifinfo | |
875 | |
876 @node Outline Mode | |
877 @section Outline Mode | |
878 @cindex Outline mode | |
879 @cindex mode, Outline | |
880 @cindex invisible lines | |
881 | |
882 @findex outline-mode | |
883 @findex outline-minor-mode | |
884 @vindex outline-minor-mode-prefix | |
885 Outline mode is a major mode much like Text mode but intended for | |
886 editing outlines. It allows you to make parts of the text temporarily | |
887 invisible so that you can see the outline structure. Type @kbd{M-x | |
888 outline-mode} to switch to Outline mode as the major mode of the current | |
889 buffer. | |
890 | |
891 When Outline mode makes a line invisible, the line does not appear on | |
892 the screen. The screen appears exactly as if the invisible line were | |
893 deleted, except that an ellipsis (three periods in a row) appears at the | |
894 end of the previous visible line (only one ellipsis no matter how many | |
895 invisible lines follow). | |
896 | |
897 Editing commands that operate on lines, such as @kbd{C-n} and | |
898 @kbd{C-p}, treat the text of the invisible line as part of the previous | |
899 visible line. Killing an entire visible line, including its terminating | |
900 newline, really kills all the following invisible lines along with it. | |
901 | |
902 Outline minor mode provides the same commands as the major mode, | |
903 Outline mode, but you can use it in conjunction with other major modes. | |
904 Type @kbd{M-x outline-minor-mode} to enable the Outline minor mode in | |
905 the current buffer. You can also specify this in the text of a file, | |
906 with a file local variable of the form @samp{mode: outline-minor} | |
907 (@pxref{File Variables}). | |
908 | |
909 @kindex C-c @@ @r{(Outline minor mode)} | |
910 The major mode, Outline mode, provides special key bindings on the | |
911 @kbd{C-c} prefix. Outline minor mode provides similar bindings with | |
912 @kbd{C-c @@} as the prefix; this is to reduce the conflicts with the | |
913 major mode's special commands. (The variable | |
914 @code{outline-minor-mode-prefix} controls the prefix used.) | |
915 | |
916 @vindex outline-mode-hook | |
917 Entering Outline mode runs the hook @code{text-mode-hook} followed by | |
918 the hook @code{outline-mode-hook} (@pxref{Hooks}). | |
919 | |
920 @menu | |
921 * Format: Outline Format. What the text of an outline looks like. | |
922 * Motion: Outline Motion. Special commands for moving through | |
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923 outlines. |
25829 | 924 * Visibility: Outline Visibility. Commands to control what is visible. |
925 * Views: Outline Views. Outlines and multiple views. | |
28328 | 926 * Foldout:: Folding editing. |
25829 | 927 @end menu |
928 | |
929 @node Outline Format | |
930 @subsection Format of Outlines | |
931 | |
932 @cindex heading lines (Outline mode) | |
933 @cindex body lines (Outline mode) | |
934 Outline mode assumes that the lines in the buffer are of two types: | |
935 @dfn{heading lines} and @dfn{body lines}. A heading line represents a | |
936 topic in the outline. Heading lines start with one or more stars; the | |
937 number of stars determines the depth of the heading in the outline | |
938 structure. Thus, a heading line with one star is a major topic; all the | |
939 heading lines with two stars between it and the next one-star heading | |
940 are its subtopics; and so on. Any line that is not a heading line is a | |
941 body line. Body lines belong with the preceding heading line. Here is | |
942 an example: | |
943 | |
944 @example | |
945 * Food | |
946 This is the body, | |
947 which says something about the topic of food. | |
948 | |
949 ** Delicious Food | |
950 This is the body of the second-level header. | |
951 | |
952 ** Distasteful Food | |
953 This could have | |
954 a body too, with | |
955 several lines. | |
956 | |
957 *** Dormitory Food | |
958 | |
959 * Shelter | |
960 Another first-level topic with its header line. | |
961 @end example | |
962 | |
963 A heading line together with all following body lines is called | |
964 collectively an @dfn{entry}. A heading line together with all following | |
965 deeper heading lines and their body lines is called a @dfn{subtree}. | |
966 | |
967 @vindex outline-regexp | |
968 You can customize the criterion for distinguishing heading lines | |
969 by setting the variable @code{outline-regexp}. Any line whose | |
970 beginning has a match for this regexp is considered a heading line. | |
971 Matches that start within a line (not at the left margin) do not count. | |
972 The length of the matching text determines the level of the heading; | |
973 longer matches make a more deeply nested level. Thus, for example, | |
974 if a text formatter has commands @samp{@@chapter}, @samp{@@section} | |
975 and @samp{@@subsection} to divide the document into chapters and | |
976 sections, you could make those lines count as heading lines by | |
977 setting @code{outline-regexp} to @samp{"@@chap\\|@@\\(sub\\)*section"}. | |
978 Note the trick: the two words @samp{chapter} and @samp{section} are equally | |
979 long, but by defining the regexp to match only @samp{chap} we ensure | |
980 that the length of the text matched on a chapter heading is shorter, | |
981 so that Outline mode will know that sections are contained in chapters. | |
982 This works as long as no other command starts with @samp{@@chap}. | |
983 | |
984 @vindex outline-level | |
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985 You can change the rule for calculating the level of a heading line |
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986 by setting the variable @code{outline-level}. The value of |
25829 | 987 @code{outline-level} should be a function that takes no arguments and |
988 returns the level of the current heading. Some major modes such as C, | |
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989 Nroff, and Emacs Lisp mode set this variable and @code{outline-regexp} |
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990 in order to work with Outline minor mode. |
25829 | 991 |
992 @node Outline Motion | |
993 @subsection Outline Motion Commands | |
994 | |
995 Outline mode provides special motion commands that move backward and | |
996 forward to heading lines. | |
997 | |
998 @table @kbd | |
999 @item C-c C-n | |
1000 Move point to the next visible heading line | |
1001 (@code{outline-next-visible-heading}). | |
1002 @item C-c C-p | |
1003 Move point to the previous visible heading line | |
1004 (@code{outline-previous-visible-heading}). | |
1005 @item C-c C-f | |
1006 Move point to the next visible heading line at the same level | |
1007 as the one point is on (@code{outline-forward-same-level}). | |
1008 @item C-c C-b | |
1009 Move point to the previous visible heading line at the same level | |
1010 (@code{outline-backward-same-level}). | |
1011 @item C-c C-u | |
1012 Move point up to a lower-level (more inclusive) visible heading line | |
1013 (@code{outline-up-heading}). | |
1014 @end table | |
1015 | |
1016 @findex outline-next-visible-heading | |
1017 @findex outline-previous-visible-heading | |
1018 @kindex C-c C-n @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1019 @kindex C-c C-p @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1020 @kbd{C-c C-n} (@code{outline-next-visible-heading}) moves down to the next | |
1021 heading line. @kbd{C-c C-p} (@code{outline-previous-visible-heading}) moves | |
1022 similarly backward. Both accept numeric arguments as repeat counts. The | |
1023 names emphasize that invisible headings are skipped, but this is not really | |
1024 a special feature. All editing commands that look for lines ignore the | |
1025 invisible lines automatically.@refill | |
1026 | |
1027 @findex outline-up-heading | |
1028 @findex outline-forward-same-level | |
1029 @findex outline-backward-same-level | |
1030 @kindex C-c C-f @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1031 @kindex C-c C-b @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1032 @kindex C-c C-u @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1033 More powerful motion commands understand the level structure of headings. | |
1034 @kbd{C-c C-f} (@code{outline-forward-same-level}) and | |
1035 @kbd{C-c C-b} (@code{outline-backward-same-level}) move from one | |
1036 heading line to another visible heading at the same depth in | |
1037 the outline. @kbd{C-c C-u} (@code{outline-up-heading}) moves | |
1038 backward to another heading that is less deeply nested. | |
1039 | |
1040 @node Outline Visibility | |
1041 @subsection Outline Visibility Commands | |
1042 | |
1043 The other special commands of outline mode are used to make lines visible | |
1044 or invisible. Their names all start with @code{hide} or @code{show}. | |
1045 Most of them fall into pairs of opposites. They are not undoable; instead, | |
1046 you can undo right past them. Making lines visible or invisible is simply | |
1047 not recorded by the undo mechanism. | |
1048 | |
1049 @table @kbd | |
1050 @item C-c C-t | |
1051 Make all body lines in the buffer invisible (@code{hide-body}). | |
1052 @item C-c C-a | |
1053 Make all lines in the buffer visible (@code{show-all}). | |
1054 @item C-c C-d | |
1055 Make everything under this heading invisible, not including this | |
1056 heading itself (@code{hide-subtree}). | |
1057 @item C-c C-s | |
1058 Make everything under this heading visible, including body, | |
1059 subheadings, and their bodies (@code{show-subtree}). | |
1060 @item C-c C-l | |
1061 Make the body of this heading line, and of all its subheadings, | |
1062 invisible (@code{hide-leaves}). | |
1063 @item C-c C-k | |
1064 Make all subheadings of this heading line, at all levels, visible | |
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1065 (@code{show-branches}). |
25829 | 1066 @item C-c C-i |
1067 Make immediate subheadings (one level down) of this heading line | |
1068 visible (@code{show-children}). | |
1069 @item C-c C-c | |
1070 Make this heading line's body invisible (@code{hide-entry}). | |
1071 @item C-c C-e | |
1072 Make this heading line's body visible (@code{show-entry}). | |
1073 @item C-c C-q | |
1074 Hide everything except the top @var{n} levels of heading lines | |
1075 (@code{hide-sublevels}). | |
1076 @item C-c C-o | |
1077 Hide everything except for the heading or body that point is in, plus | |
1078 the headings leading up from there to the top level of the outline | |
1079 (@code{hide-other}). | |
1080 @end table | |
1081 | |
1082 @findex hide-entry | |
1083 @findex show-entry | |
1084 @kindex C-c C-c @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1085 @kindex C-c C-e @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1086 Two commands that are exact opposites are @kbd{C-c C-c} | |
1087 (@code{hide-entry}) and @kbd{C-c C-e} (@code{show-entry}). They are | |
1088 used with point on a heading line, and apply only to the body lines of | |
1089 that heading. Subheadings and their bodies are not affected. | |
1090 | |
1091 @findex hide-subtree | |
1092 @findex show-subtree | |
1093 @kindex C-c C-s @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1094 @kindex C-c C-d @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1095 @cindex subtree (Outline mode) | |
1096 Two more powerful opposites are @kbd{C-c C-d} (@code{hide-subtree}) and | |
1097 @kbd{C-c C-s} (@code{show-subtree}). Both expect to be used when point is | |
1098 on a heading line, and both apply to all the lines of that heading's | |
1099 @dfn{subtree}: its body, all its subheadings, both direct and indirect, and | |
1100 all of their bodies. In other words, the subtree contains everything | |
1101 following this heading line, up to and not including the next heading of | |
1102 the same or higher rank.@refill | |
1103 | |
1104 @findex hide-leaves | |
1105 @findex show-branches | |
1106 @kindex C-c C-l @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1107 @kindex C-c C-k @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1108 Intermediate between a visible subtree and an invisible one is having | |
1109 all the subheadings visible but none of the body. There are two | |
1110 commands for doing this, depending on whether you want to hide the | |
1111 bodies or make the subheadings visible. They are @kbd{C-c C-l} | |
1112 (@code{hide-leaves}) and @kbd{C-c C-k} (@code{show-branches}). | |
1113 | |
1114 @kindex C-c C-i @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1115 @findex show-children | |
1116 A little weaker than @code{show-branches} is @kbd{C-c C-i} | |
1117 (@code{show-children}). It makes just the direct subheadings | |
1118 visible---those one level down. Deeper subheadings remain invisible, if | |
1119 they were invisible.@refill | |
1120 | |
1121 @findex hide-body | |
1122 @findex show-all | |
1123 @kindex C-c C-t @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1124 @kindex C-c C-a @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1125 Two commands have a blanket effect on the whole file. @kbd{C-c C-t} | |
1126 (@code{hide-body}) makes all body lines invisible, so that you see just | |
1127 the outline structure. @kbd{C-c C-a} (@code{show-all}) makes all lines | |
1128 visible. These commands can be thought of as a pair of opposites even | |
1129 though @kbd{C-c C-a} applies to more than just body lines. | |
1130 | |
1131 @findex hide-sublevels | |
1132 @kindex C-c C-q @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1133 The command @kbd{C-c C-q} (@code{hide-sublevels}) hides all but the | |
1134 top level headings. With a numeric argument @var{n}, it hides everything | |
1135 except the top @var{n} levels of heading lines. | |
1136 | |
1137 @findex hide-other | |
1138 @kindex C-c C-o @r{(Outline mode)} | |
1139 The command @kbd{C-c C-o} (@code{hide-other}) hides everything except | |
1140 the heading or body text that point is in, plus its parents (the headers | |
1141 leading up from there to top level in the outline). | |
1142 | |
1143 You can turn off the use of ellipses at the ends of visible lines by | |
1144 setting @code{selective-display-ellipses} to @code{nil}. Then there is | |
1145 no visible indication of the presence of invisible lines. | |
1146 | |
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1147 @findex reveal-mode |
25829 | 1148 When incremental search finds text that is hidden by Outline mode, |
1149 it makes that part of the buffer visible. If you exit the search | |
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1150 at that position, the text remains visible. You can also |
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1151 automatically make text visible as you navigate in it by using |
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1152 @kbd{M-x reveal-mode}. |
25829 | 1153 |
1154 @node Outline Views | |
1155 @subsection Viewing One Outline in Multiple Views | |
1156 | |
1157 @cindex multiple views of outline | |
1158 @cindex views of an outline | |
1159 @cindex outline with multiple views | |
1160 @cindex indirect buffers and outlines | |
1161 You can display two views of a single outline at the same time, in | |
1162 different windows. To do this, you must create an indirect buffer using | |
1163 @kbd{M-x make-indirect-buffer}. The first argument of this command is | |
1164 the existing outline buffer name, and its second argument is the name to | |
1165 use for the new indirect buffer. @xref{Indirect Buffers}. | |
1166 | |
1167 Once the indirect buffer exists, you can display it in a window in the | |
1168 normal fashion, with @kbd{C-x 4 b} or other Emacs commands. The Outline | |
1169 mode commands to show and hide parts of the text operate on each buffer | |
1170 independently; as a result, each buffer can have its own view. If you | |
1171 want more than two views on the same outline, create additional indirect | |
1172 buffers. | |
1173 | |
28328 | 1174 @node Foldout |
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1175 @subsection Folding Editing |
28328 | 1176 |
1177 @cindex folding editing | |
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1178 The Foldout package extends Outline mode and Outline minor mode with |
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1179 ``folding'' commands. The idea of folding is that you zoom in on a |
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1180 nested portion of the outline, while hiding its relatives at higher |
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1181 levels. |
30867 | 1182 |
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1183 Consider an Outline mode buffer all the text and subheadings under |
28328 | 1184 level-1 headings hidden. To look at what is hidden under one of these |
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1185 headings, you could use @kbd{C-c C-e} (@kbd{M-x show-entry}) to expose |
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1186 the body, or @kbd{C-c C-i} to expose the child (level-2) headings. |
28328 | 1187 |
1188 @kindex C-c C-z | |
1189 @findex foldout-zoom-subtree | |
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1190 With Foldout, you use @kbd{C-c C-z} (@kbd{M-x foldout-zoom-subtree}). |
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1191 This exposes the body and child subheadings, and narrows the buffer so |
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1192 that only the @w{level-1} heading, the body and the level-2 headings are |
28328 | 1193 visible. Now to look under one of the level-2 headings, position the |
1194 cursor on it and use @kbd{C-c C-z} again. This exposes the level-2 body | |
1195 and its level-3 child subheadings and narrows the buffer again. Zooming | |
1196 in on successive subheadings can be done as much as you like. A string | |
39267 | 1197 in the mode line shows how deep you've gone. |
28328 | 1198 |
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1199 When zooming in on a heading, to see only the child subheadings specify |
28328 | 1200 a numeric argument: @kbd{C-u C-c C-z}. The number of levels of children |
1201 can be specified too (compare @kbd{M-x show-children}), e.g.@: @kbd{M-2 | |
1202 C-c C-z} exposes two levels of child subheadings. Alternatively, the | |
39267 | 1203 body can be specified with a negative argument: @kbd{M-- C-c C-z}. The |
28328 | 1204 whole subtree can be expanded, similarly to @kbd{C-c C-s} (@kbd{M-x |
1205 show-subtree}), by specifying a zero argument: @kbd{M-0 C-c C-z}. | |
1206 | |
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1207 While you're zoomed in, you can still use Outline mode's exposure and |
28328 | 1208 hiding functions without disturbing Foldout. Also, since the buffer is |
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1209 narrowed, ``global'' editing actions will only affect text under the |
28328 | 1210 zoomed-in heading. This is useful for restricting changes to a |
1211 particular chapter or section of your document. | |
1212 | |
1213 @kindex C-c C-x | |
1214 @findex foldout-exit-fold | |
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1215 To unzoom (exit) a fold, use @kbd{C-c C-x} (@kbd{M-x foldout-exit-fold}). |
28328 | 1216 This hides all the text and subheadings under the top-level heading and |
1217 returns you to the previous view of the buffer. Specifying a numeric | |
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1218 argument exits that many levels of folds. Specifying a zero argument exits all |
28328 | 1219 folds. |
1220 | |
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1221 To cancel the narrowing of a fold without hiding the text and |
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1222 subheadings, specify a negative argument. For example, @kbd{M--2 C-c |
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1223 C-x} exits two folds and leaves the text and subheadings exposed. |
28328 | 1224 |
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1225 Foldout mode also provides mouse commands for entering and exiting |
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1226 folds, and for showing and hiding text: |
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1227 |
28328 | 1228 @table @asis |
40651 | 1229 @item @kbd{C-M-Mouse-1} zooms in on the heading clicked on |
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1230 @itemize @asis |
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1231 @item |
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1232 single click: expose body. |
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Get rid of inexplicable @t's in values of paragraph-start and
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1233 @item |
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1234 double click: expose subheadings. |
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|
1235 @item |
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|
1236 triple click: expose body and subheadings. |
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|
1237 @item |
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1238 quad click: expose entire subtree. |
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1239 @end itemize |
40651 | 1240 @item @kbd{C-M-Mouse-2} exposes text under the heading clicked on |
38951
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1241 @itemize @asis |
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1242 @item |
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|
1243 single click: expose body. |
7495f1fcfe14
Convert subtables in Foldout mode into @itemize.
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|
1244 @item |
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|
1245 double click: expose subheadings. |
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Convert subtables in Foldout mode into @itemize.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1246 @item |
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Convert subtables in Foldout mode into @itemize.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1247 triple click: expose body and subheadings. |
7495f1fcfe14
Convert subtables in Foldout mode into @itemize.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1248 @item |
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|
1249 quad click: expose entire subtree. |
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Convert subtables in Foldout mode into @itemize.
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1250 @end itemize |
40651 | 1251 @item @kbd{C-M-Mouse-3} hides text under the heading clicked on or exits fold |
38951
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1252 @itemize @asis |
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Convert subtables in Foldout mode into @itemize.
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|
1253 @item |
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Convert subtables in Foldout mode into @itemize.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1254 single click: hide subtree. |
7495f1fcfe14
Convert subtables in Foldout mode into @itemize.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1255 @item |
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Convert subtables in Foldout mode into @itemize.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1256 double click: exit fold and hide text. |
7495f1fcfe14
Convert subtables in Foldout mode into @itemize.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1257 @item |
7495f1fcfe14
Convert subtables in Foldout mode into @itemize.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1258 triple click: exit fold without hiding text. |
7495f1fcfe14
Convert subtables in Foldout mode into @itemize.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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changeset
|
1259 @item |
7495f1fcfe14
Convert subtables in Foldout mode into @itemize.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1260 quad click: exit all folds and hide text. |
7495f1fcfe14
Convert subtables in Foldout mode into @itemize.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1261 @end itemize |
28328 | 1262 @end table |
1263 | |
1264 @vindex foldout-mouse-modifiers | |
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|
1265 You can specify different modifier keys (instead of |
32fc1ec13574
Move the Refill Mode node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1266 @kbd{Control-Meta-}) by setting @code{foldout-mouse-modifiers}; but if |
32fc1ec13574
Move the Refill Mode node.
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|
1267 you have already loaded the @file{foldout.el} library, you must reload |
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|
1268 it in order for this to take effect. |
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|
1269 |
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|
1270 To use the Foldout package, you can type @kbd{M-x load-library |
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|
1271 @key{RET} foldout @key{RET}}; or you can arrange for to do that |
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1272 automatically by putting this in your @file{.emacs} file: |
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Move the Refill Mode node.
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|
1273 |
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|
1274 @example |
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1275 (eval-after-load "outline" '(require 'foldout)) |
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1276 @end example |
28328 | 1277 |
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(TeX Mode): Remove explicit next/prev/up in @node line.
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1278 @node TeX Mode |
25829 | 1279 @section @TeX{} Mode |
1280 @cindex @TeX{} mode | |
1281 @cindex La@TeX{} mode | |
1282 @cindex Sli@TeX{} mode | |
1283 @cindex mode, @TeX{} | |
1284 @cindex mode, La@TeX{} | |
1285 @cindex mode, Sli@TeX{} | |
1286 @findex tex-mode | |
1287 @findex plain-tex-mode | |
1288 @findex latex-mode | |
1289 @findex slitex-mode | |
1290 | |
1291 @TeX{} is a powerful text formatter written by Donald Knuth; it is also | |
1292 free, like GNU Emacs. La@TeX{} is a simplified input format for @TeX{}, | |
1293 implemented by @TeX{} macros; it comes with @TeX{}. Sli@TeX{} is a special | |
30867 | 1294 form of La@TeX{}.@footnote{Sli@TeX{} is obsoleted by the @samp{slides} |
1295 document class in recent La@TeX{} versions.} | |
25829 | 1296 |
1297 Emacs has a special @TeX{} mode for editing @TeX{} input files. | |
1298 It provides facilities for checking the balance of delimiters and for | |
1299 invoking @TeX{} on all or part of the file. | |
1300 | |
1301 @vindex tex-default-mode | |
1302 @TeX{} mode has three variants, Plain @TeX{} mode, La@TeX{} mode, and | |
1303 Sli@TeX{} mode (these three distinct major modes differ only slightly). | |
1304 They are designed for editing the three different formats. The command | |
1305 @kbd{M-x tex-mode} looks at the contents of the buffer to determine | |
1306 whether the contents appear to be either La@TeX{} input or Sli@TeX{} | |
1307 input; if so, it selects the appropriate mode. If the file contents do | |
1308 not appear to be La@TeX{} or Sli@TeX{}, it selects Plain @TeX{} mode. | |
1309 If the contents are insufficient to determine this, the variable | |
1310 @code{tex-default-mode} controls which mode is used. | |
1311 | |
1312 When @kbd{M-x tex-mode} does not guess right, you can use the commands | |
1313 @kbd{M-x plain-tex-mode}, @kbd{M-x latex-mode}, and @kbd{M-x | |
1314 slitex-mode} to select explicitly the particular variants of @TeX{} | |
1315 mode. | |
1316 | |
1317 @menu | |
1318 * Editing: TeX Editing. Special commands for editing in TeX mode. | |
1319 * LaTeX: LaTeX Editing. Additional commands for LaTeX input files. | |
1320 * Printing: TeX Print. Commands for printing part of a file with TeX. | |
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1321 * Misc: TeX Misc. Customization of TeX mode, and related features. |
25829 | 1322 @end menu |
1323 | |
1324 @node TeX Editing | |
1325 @subsection @TeX{} Editing Commands | |
1326 | |
1327 Here are the special commands provided in @TeX{} mode for editing the | |
1328 text of the file. | |
1329 | |
1330 @table @kbd | |
1331 @item " | |
1332 Insert, according to context, either @samp{``} or @samp{"} or | |
1333 @samp{''} (@code{tex-insert-quote}). | |
1334 @item C-j | |
1335 Insert a paragraph break (two newlines) and check the previous | |
1336 paragraph for unbalanced braces or dollar signs | |
1337 (@code{tex-terminate-paragraph}). | |
1338 @item M-x tex-validate-region | |
1339 Check each paragraph in the region for unbalanced braces or dollar signs. | |
1340 @item C-c @{ | |
1341 Insert @samp{@{@}} and position point between them (@code{tex-insert-braces}). | |
1342 @item C-c @} | |
1343 Move forward past the next unmatched close brace (@code{up-list}). | |
1344 @end table | |
1345 | |
1346 @findex tex-insert-quote | |
1347 @kindex " @r{(@TeX{} mode)} | |
1348 In @TeX{}, the character @samp{"} is not normally used; we use | |
1349 @samp{``} to start a quotation and @samp{''} to end one. To make | |
1350 editing easier under this formatting convention, @TeX{} mode overrides | |
1351 the normal meaning of the key @kbd{"} with a command that inserts a pair | |
1352 of single-quotes or backquotes (@code{tex-insert-quote}). To be | |
1353 precise, this command inserts @samp{``} after whitespace or an open | |
1354 brace, @samp{"} after a backslash, and @samp{''} after any other | |
1355 character. | |
1356 | |
1357 If you need the character @samp{"} itself in unusual contexts, use | |
1358 @kbd{C-q} to insert it. Also, @kbd{"} with a numeric argument always | |
1359 inserts that number of @samp{"} characters. You can turn off the | |
1360 feature of @kbd{"} expansion by eliminating that binding in the local | |
1361 map (@pxref{Key Bindings}). | |
1362 | |
1363 In @TeX{} mode, @samp{$} has a special syntax code which attempts to | |
1364 understand the way @TeX{} math mode delimiters match. When you insert a | |
1365 @samp{$} that is meant to exit math mode, the position of the matching | |
1366 @samp{$} that entered math mode is displayed for a second. This is the | |
1367 same feature that displays the open brace that matches a close brace that | |
1368 is inserted. However, there is no way to tell whether a @samp{$} enters | |
1369 math mode or leaves it; so when you insert a @samp{$} that enters math | |
1370 mode, the previous @samp{$} position is shown as if it were a match, even | |
1371 though they are actually unrelated. | |
1372 | |
1373 @findex tex-insert-braces | |
1374 @kindex C-c @{ @r{(@TeX{} mode)} | |
1375 @findex up-list | |
1376 @kindex C-c @} @r{(@TeX{} mode)} | |
1377 @TeX{} uses braces as delimiters that must match. Some users prefer | |
1378 to keep braces balanced at all times, rather than inserting them | |
1379 singly. Use @kbd{C-c @{} (@code{tex-insert-braces}) to insert a pair of | |
1380 braces. It leaves point between the two braces so you can insert the | |
1381 text that belongs inside. Afterward, use the command @kbd{C-c @}} | |
1382 (@code{up-list}) to move forward past the close brace. | |
1383 | |
1384 @findex tex-validate-region | |
1385 @findex tex-terminate-paragraph | |
1386 @kindex C-j @r{(@TeX{} mode)} | |
1387 There are two commands for checking the matching of braces. @kbd{C-j} | |
1388 (@code{tex-terminate-paragraph}) checks the paragraph before point, and | |
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Don't use "print" for displaying a message.
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1389 inserts two newlines to start a new paragraph. It outputs a message in |
25829 | 1390 the echo area if any mismatch is found. @kbd{M-x tex-validate-region} |
1391 checks a region, paragraph by paragraph. The errors are listed in the | |
1392 @samp{*Occur*} buffer, and you can use @kbd{C-c C-c} or @kbd{Mouse-2} in | |
1393 that buffer to go to a particular mismatch. | |
1394 | |
1395 Note that Emacs commands count square brackets and parentheses in | |
1396 @TeX{} mode, not just braces. This is not strictly correct for the | |
1397 purpose of checking @TeX{} syntax. However, parentheses and square | |
1398 brackets are likely to be used in text as matching delimiters and it is | |
1399 useful for the various motion commands and automatic match display to | |
1400 work with them. | |
1401 | |
1402 @node LaTeX Editing | |
1403 @subsection La@TeX{} Editing Commands | |
1404 | |
1405 La@TeX{} mode, and its variant, Sli@TeX{} mode, provide a few extra | |
1406 features not applicable to plain @TeX{}. | |
1407 | |
1408 @table @kbd | |
1409 @item C-c C-o | |
1410 Insert @samp{\begin} and @samp{\end} for La@TeX{} block and position | |
1411 point on a line between them (@code{tex-latex-block}). | |
1412 @item C-c C-e | |
1413 Close the innermost La@TeX{} block not yet closed | |
1414 (@code{tex-close-latex-block}). | |
1415 @end table | |
1416 | |
1417 @findex tex-latex-block | |
1418 @kindex C-c C-o @r{(La@TeX{} mode)} | |
1419 @vindex latex-block-names | |
1420 In La@TeX{} input, @samp{\begin} and @samp{\end} commands are used to | |
1421 group blocks of text. To insert a @samp{\begin} and a matching | |
1422 @samp{\end} (on a new line following the @samp{\begin}), use @kbd{C-c | |
1423 C-o} (@code{tex-latex-block}). A blank line is inserted between the | |
1424 two, and point is left there. You can use completion when you enter the | |
1425 block type; to specify additional block type names beyond the standard | |
1426 list, set the variable @code{latex-block-names}. For example, here's | |
1427 how to add @samp{theorem}, @samp{corollary}, and @samp{proof}: | |
1428 | |
1429 @example | |
1430 (setq latex-block-names '("theorem" "corollary" "proof")) | |
1431 @end example | |
1432 | |
1433 @findex tex-close-latex-block | |
1434 @kindex C-c C-e @r{(La@TeX{} mode)} | |
1435 In La@TeX{} input, @samp{\begin} and @samp{\end} commands must | |
1436 balance. You can use @kbd{C-c C-e} (@code{tex-close-latex-block}) to | |
1437 insert automatically a matching @samp{\end} to match the last unmatched | |
1438 @samp{\begin}. It indents the @samp{\end} to match the corresponding | |
1439 @samp{\begin}. It inserts a newline after @samp{\end} if point is at | |
1440 the beginning of a line. | |
1441 | |
1442 @node TeX Print | |
1443 @subsection @TeX{} Printing Commands | |
1444 | |
1445 You can invoke @TeX{} as an inferior of Emacs on either the entire | |
1446 contents of the buffer or just a region at a time. Running @TeX{} in | |
1447 this way on just one chapter is a good way to see what your changes | |
1448 look like without taking the time to format the entire file. | |
1449 | |
1450 @table @kbd | |
1451 @item C-c C-r | |
1452 Invoke @TeX{} on the current region, together with the buffer's header | |
1453 (@code{tex-region}). | |
1454 @item C-c C-b | |
1455 Invoke @TeX{} on the entire current buffer (@code{tex-buffer}). | |
1456 @item C-c @key{TAB} | |
1457 Invoke Bib@TeX{} on the current file (@code{tex-bibtex-file}). | |
1458 @item C-c C-f | |
1459 Invoke @TeX{} on the current file (@code{tex-file}). | |
1460 @item C-c C-l | |
1461 Recenter the window showing output from the inferior @TeX{} so that | |
1462 the last line can be seen (@code{tex-recenter-output-buffer}). | |
1463 @item C-c C-k | |
1464 Kill the @TeX{} subprocess (@code{tex-kill-job}). | |
1465 @item C-c C-p | |
1466 Print the output from the last @kbd{C-c C-r}, @kbd{C-c C-b}, or @kbd{C-c | |
1467 C-f} command (@code{tex-print}). | |
1468 @item C-c C-v | |
1469 Preview the output from the last @kbd{C-c C-r}, @kbd{C-c C-b}, or @kbd{C-c | |
1470 C-f} command (@code{tex-view}). | |
1471 @item C-c C-q | |
1472 Show the printer queue (@code{tex-show-print-queue}). | |
1473 @end table | |
1474 | |
1475 @findex tex-buffer | |
1476 @kindex C-c C-b @r{(@TeX{} mode)} | |
1477 @findex tex-print | |
1478 @kindex C-c C-p @r{(@TeX{} mode)} | |
1479 @findex tex-view | |
1480 @kindex C-c C-v @r{(@TeX{} mode)} | |
1481 @findex tex-show-print-queue | |
1482 @kindex C-c C-q @r{(@TeX{} mode)} | |
1483 You can pass the current buffer through an inferior @TeX{} by means of | |
1484 @kbd{C-c C-b} (@code{tex-buffer}). The formatted output appears in a | |
1485 temporary file; to print it, type @kbd{C-c C-p} (@code{tex-print}). | |
1486 Afterward, you can use @kbd{C-c C-q} (@code{tex-show-print-queue}) to | |
1487 view the progress of your output towards being printed. If your terminal | |
1488 has the ability to display @TeX{} output files, you can preview the | |
1489 output on the terminal with @kbd{C-c C-v} (@code{tex-view}). | |
1490 | |
29107 | 1491 @cindex @env{TEXINPUTS} environment variable |
25829 | 1492 @vindex tex-directory |
1493 You can specify the directory to use for running @TeX{} by setting the | |
1494 variable @code{tex-directory}. @code{"."} is the default value. If | |
29107 | 1495 your environment variable @env{TEXINPUTS} contains relative directory |
25829 | 1496 names, or if your files contains @samp{\input} commands with relative |
1497 file names, then @code{tex-directory} @emph{must} be @code{"."} or you | |
1498 will get the wrong results. Otherwise, it is safe to specify some other | |
1499 directory, such as @code{"/tmp"}. | |
1500 | |
1501 @vindex tex-run-command | |
1502 @vindex latex-run-command | |
1503 @vindex slitex-run-command | |
1504 @vindex tex-dvi-print-command | |
1505 @vindex tex-dvi-view-command | |
1506 @vindex tex-show-queue-command | |
1507 If you want to specify which shell commands are used in the inferior @TeX{}, | |
1508 you can do so by setting the values of the variables @code{tex-run-command}, | |
1509 @code{latex-run-command}, @code{slitex-run-command}, | |
1510 @code{tex-dvi-print-command}, @code{tex-dvi-view-command}, and | |
1511 @code{tex-show-queue-command}. You @emph{must} set the value of | |
1512 @code{tex-dvi-view-command} for your particular terminal; this variable | |
1513 has no default value. The other variables have default values that may | |
1514 (or may not) be appropriate for your system. | |
1515 | |
1516 Normally, the file name given to these commands comes at the end of | |
1517 the command string; for example, @samp{latex @var{filename}}. In some | |
1518 cases, however, the file name needs to be embedded in the command; an | |
1519 example is when you need to provide the file name as an argument to one | |
1520 command whose output is piped to another. You can specify where to put | |
1521 the file name with @samp{*} in the command string. For example, | |
1522 | |
1523 @example | |
1524 (setq tex-dvi-print-command "dvips -f * | lpr") | |
1525 @end example | |
1526 | |
1527 @findex tex-kill-job | |
1528 @kindex C-c C-k @r{(@TeX{} mode)} | |
1529 @findex tex-recenter-output-buffer | |
1530 @kindex C-c C-l @r{(@TeX{} mode)} | |
1531 The terminal output from @TeX{}, including any error messages, appears | |
1532 in a buffer called @samp{*tex-shell*}. If @TeX{} gets an error, you can | |
1533 switch to this buffer and feed it input (this works as in Shell mode; | |
1534 @pxref{Interactive Shell}). Without switching to this buffer you can | |
1535 scroll it so that its last line is visible by typing @kbd{C-c | |
1536 C-l}. | |
1537 | |
1538 Type @kbd{C-c C-k} (@code{tex-kill-job}) to kill the @TeX{} process if | |
1539 you see that its output is no longer useful. Using @kbd{C-c C-b} or | |
1540 @kbd{C-c C-r} also kills any @TeX{} process still running.@refill | |
1541 | |
1542 @findex tex-region | |
1543 @kindex C-c C-r @r{(@TeX{} mode)} | |
1544 You can also pass an arbitrary region through an inferior @TeX{} by typing | |
1545 @kbd{C-c C-r} (@code{tex-region}). This is tricky, however, because most files | |
1546 of @TeX{} input contain commands at the beginning to set parameters and | |
1547 define macros, without which no later part of the file will format | |
1548 correctly. To solve this problem, @kbd{C-c C-r} allows you to designate a | |
1549 part of the file as containing essential commands; it is included before | |
1550 the specified region as part of the input to @TeX{}. The designated part | |
1551 of the file is called the @dfn{header}. | |
1552 | |
1553 @cindex header (@TeX{} mode) | |
1554 To indicate the bounds of the header in Plain @TeX{} mode, you insert two | |
1555 special strings in the file. Insert @samp{%**start of header} before the | |
1556 header, and @samp{%**end of header} after it. Each string must appear | |
1557 entirely on one line, but there may be other text on the line before or | |
1558 after. The lines containing the two strings are included in the header. | |
1559 If @samp{%**start of header} does not appear within the first 100 lines of | |
1560 the buffer, @kbd{C-c C-r} assumes that there is no header. | |
1561 | |
1562 In La@TeX{} mode, the header begins with @samp{\documentclass} or | |
1563 @samp{\documentstyle} and ends with @samp{\begin@{document@}}. These | |
1564 are commands that La@TeX{} requires you to use in any case, so nothing | |
1565 special needs to be done to identify the header. | |
1566 | |
1567 @findex tex-file | |
1568 @kindex C-c C-f @r{(@TeX{} mode)} | |
1569 The commands (@code{tex-buffer}) and (@code{tex-region}) do all of their | |
1570 work in a temporary directory, and do not have available any of the auxiliary | |
1571 files needed by @TeX{} for cross-references; these commands are generally | |
1572 not suitable for running the final copy in which all of the cross-references | |
1573 need to be correct. | |
1574 | |
1575 When you want the auxiliary files for cross references, use @kbd{C-c | |
1576 C-f} (@code{tex-file}) which runs @TeX{} on the current buffer's file, | |
1577 in that file's directory. Before running @TeX{}, it offers to save any | |
1578 modified buffers. Generally, you need to use (@code{tex-file}) twice to | |
1579 get the cross-references right. | |
1580 | |
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1581 @vindex tex-start-options |
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1582 The value of the variable @code{tex-start-options} specifies |
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1583 options for the @TeX{} run. |
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1584 |
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1585 @vindex tex-start-commands |
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1586 The value of the variable @code{tex-start-commands} specifies @TeX{} |
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1587 commands for starting @TeX{}. The default value causes @TeX{} to run |
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1588 in nonstop mode. To run @TeX{} interactively, set the variable to |
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1589 @code{""}. |
25829 | 1590 |
1591 @vindex tex-main-file | |
1592 Large @TeX{} documents are often split into several files---one main | |
1593 file, plus subfiles. Running @TeX{} on a subfile typically does not | |
1594 work; you have to run it on the main file. In order to make | |
1595 @code{tex-file} useful when you are editing a subfile, you can set the | |
1596 variable @code{tex-main-file} to the name of the main file. Then | |
1597 @code{tex-file} runs @TeX{} on that file. | |
1598 | |
1599 The most convenient way to use @code{tex-main-file} is to specify it | |
1600 in a local variable list in each of the subfiles. @xref{File | |
1601 Variables}. | |
1602 | |
1603 @findex tex-bibtex-file | |
1604 @kindex C-c TAB @r{(@TeX{} mode)} | |
1605 @vindex tex-bibtex-command | |
1606 For La@TeX{} files, you can use Bib@TeX{} to process the auxiliary | |
1607 file for the current buffer's file. Bib@TeX{} looks up bibliographic | |
1608 citations in a data base and prepares the cited references for the | |
1609 bibliography section. The command @kbd{C-c TAB} | |
1610 (@code{tex-bibtex-file}) runs the shell command | |
1611 (@code{tex-bibtex-command}) to produce a @samp{.bbl} file for the | |
1612 current buffer's file. Generally, you need to do @kbd{C-c C-f} | |
1613 (@code{tex-file}) once to generate the @samp{.aux} file, then do | |
1614 @kbd{C-c TAB} (@code{tex-bibtex-file}), and then repeat @kbd{C-c C-f} | |
1615 (@code{tex-file}) twice more to get the cross-references correct. | |
1616 | |
36179
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1617 @node TeX Misc |
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1618 @subsection @TeX{} Mode Miscellany |
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1619 |
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1620 @vindex tex-shell-hook |
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1621 @vindex tex-mode-hook |
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1622 @vindex latex-mode-hook |
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1623 @vindex slitex-mode-hook |
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1624 @vindex plain-tex-mode-hook |
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1625 Entering any variant of @TeX{} mode runs the hooks |
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1626 @code{text-mode-hook} and @code{tex-mode-hook}. Then it runs either |
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1627 @code{plain-tex-mode-hook}, @code{latex-mode-hook}, or |
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1628 @code{slitex-mode-hook}, whichever is appropriate. Starting the |
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1629 @TeX{} shell runs the hook @code{tex-shell-hook}. @xref{Hooks}. |
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1630 |
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1631 @findex iso-iso2tex |
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1632 @findex iso-tex2iso |
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1633 @findex iso-iso2gtex |
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1634 @findex iso-gtex2iso |
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1635 @cindex Latin-1 @TeX{} encoding |
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1636 @TeX{} encoding |
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1637 The commands @kbd{M-x iso-iso2tex}, @kbd{M-x iso-tex2iso}, @kbd{M-x |
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1638 iso-iso2gtex} and @kbd{M-x iso-gtex2iso} can be used to convert |
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1639 between Latin-1 encoded files and @TeX{}-encoded equivalents. |
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1640 @ignore |
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1641 @c Too cryptic to be useful, too cryptic for me to make it better -- rms. |
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1642 They |
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1643 are included by default in the @code{format-alist} variable, so they |
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1644 can be used with @kbd{M-x format-find-file}, for instance. |
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1645 @end ignore |
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|
1646 |
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1647 @ignore @c Not worth documenting if it is only for Czech -- rms. |
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1648 @findex tildify-buffer |
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1649 @findex tildify-region |
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1650 @cindex ties, @TeX{}, inserting |
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1651 @cindex hard spaces, @TeX{}, inserting |
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1652 The commands @kbd{M-x tildify-buffer} and @kbd{M-x tildify-region} |
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1653 insert @samp{~} (@dfn{tie}) characters where they are conventionally |
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1654 required. This is set up for Czech---customize the group |
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1655 @samp{tildify} for other languages or for other sorts of markup. |
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1656 @end ignore |
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|
1657 |
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|
1658 @cindex Ref@TeX{} package |
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|
1659 @cindex references, La@TeX{} |
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|
1660 @cindex La@TeX{} references |
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1661 For managing all kinds of references for La@TeX{}, you can use |
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1662 Ref@TeX{}. @xref{Top, , RefTeX, reftex}. |
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1663 |
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1664 @node HTML Mode |
46397
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*** empty log message ***
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|
1665 @section SGML, XML, and HTML Modes |
46234
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1666 |
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1667 The major modes for SGML and HTML include indentation support and |
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1668 commands to operate on tags. This section describes the special |
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1669 commands of these modes. (HTML mode is a slightly customized variant |
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1670 of SGML mode.) |
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1671 |
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1672 @table @kbd |
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1673 @item C-c C-n |
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1674 @kindex C-c C-n @r{(SGML mode)} |
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1675 @findex sgml-name-char |
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|
1676 Interactively specify a special character and insert the SGML |
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1677 @samp{&}-command for that character. |
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|
1678 |
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1679 @item C-c C-t |
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|
1680 @kindex C-c C-t @r{(SGML mode)} |
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1681 @findex sgml-tag |
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|
1682 Interactively specify a tag and its attributes (@code{sgml-tag}). |
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|
1683 This command asks you for a tag name and for the attribute values, |
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|
1684 then inserts both the opening tag and the closing tag, leaving point |
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|
1685 between them. |
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|
1686 |
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|
1687 With a prefix argument @var{n}, the command puts the tag around the |
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|
1688 @var{n} words already present in the buffer after point. With |
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|
1689 @minus{}1 as argument, it puts the tag around the region. (In |
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|
1690 Transient Mark mode, it does this whenever a region is active.) |
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|
1691 |
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|
1692 @item C-c C-a |
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|
1693 @kindex C-c C-a @r{(SGML mode)} |
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|
1694 @findex sgml-attributes |
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|
1695 Interactively insert attribute values for the current tag |
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|
1696 (@code{sgml-attributes}). |
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|
1697 |
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|
1698 @item C-c C-f |
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1699 @kindex C-c C-f @r{(SGML mode)} |
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New node for SGML mode, etc.
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|
1700 @findex sgml-skip-tag-forward |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
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|
1701 Skip across a balanced tag group (which extends from an opening tag |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1702 through its corresponding closing tag) (@code{sgml-skip-tag-forward}). |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
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|
1703 A numeric argument acts as a repeat count. |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
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|
1704 |
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New node for SGML mode, etc.
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|
1705 @item C-c C-b |
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New node for SGML mode, etc.
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|
1706 @kindex C-c C-b @r{(SGML mode)} |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
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|
1707 @findex sgml-skip-tag-backward |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
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diff
changeset
|
1708 Skip backward across a balanced tag group (which extends from an |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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changeset
|
1709 opening tag through its corresponding closing tag) |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
1710 (@code{sgml-skip-tag-forward}). A numeric argument acts as a repeat |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
1711 count. |
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New node for SGML mode, etc.
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changeset
|
1712 |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
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|
1713 @item C-c C-d |
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New node for SGML mode, etc.
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|
1714 @kindex C-c C-d @r{(SGML mode)} |
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New node for SGML mode, etc.
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|
1715 @findex sgml-delete-tag |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
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|
1716 Delete the tag at or after point, and delete the matching tag too |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1717 (@code{sgml-delete-tag}). If the tag at or after point is an opening |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1718 tag, delete the closing tag too; if it is a closing tag, delete the |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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changeset
|
1719 opening tag too. |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
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changeset
|
1720 |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
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|
1721 @item C-c ? @var{tag} @key{RET} |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
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1722 @kindex C-c ? @r{(SGML mode)} |
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New node for SGML mode, etc.
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|
1723 @findex sgml-tag-help |
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New node for SGML mode, etc.
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|
1724 Display a description of the meaning of tag @var{tag} |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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changeset
|
1725 (@code{sgml-tag-help}). If the argument @var{tag} is empty, describe |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
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|
1726 the tag at point. |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
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|
1727 |
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New node for SGML mode, etc.
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|
1728 @item C-c / |
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New node for SGML mode, etc.
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1729 @kindex C-c / @r{(SGML mode)} |
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|
1730 @findex sgml-close-tag |
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*** empty log message ***
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1731 Insert a close tag for the innermost unterminated tag |
2f9698c0ca31
*** empty log message ***
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|
1732 (@code{sgml-close-tag}). If called from within a tag or a comment, |
2f9698c0ca31
*** empty log message ***
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diff
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|
1733 close this element instead of inserting a close tag. |
46234
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|
1734 |
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|
1735 @item C-c 8 |
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New node for SGML mode, etc.
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|
1736 @kindex C-c 8 @r{(SGML mode)} |
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New node for SGML mode, etc.
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|
1737 @findex sgml-name-8bit-mode |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1738 Toggle a minor mode in which Latin-1 characters insert the |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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changeset
|
1739 corresponding SGML commands that stand for them, instead of the |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1740 characters themselves (@code{sgml-name-8bit-mode}). |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
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|
1741 |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
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|
1742 @item C-c C-v |
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New node for SGML mode, etc.
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|
1743 @kindex C-c C-v @r{(SGML mode)} |
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|
1744 @findex sgml-validate |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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changeset
|
1745 Run a shell command (which you must specify) to validate the current |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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changeset
|
1746 buffer as SGML (@code{sgml-validate}). |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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changeset
|
1747 |
46397
2f9698c0ca31
*** empty log message ***
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
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|
1748 @item C-x TAB |
2f9698c0ca31
*** empty log message ***
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changeset
|
1749 @kindex C-c TAB @r{(SGML mode)} |
2f9698c0ca31
*** empty log message ***
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|
1750 @findex sgml-tags-invisible |
2f9698c0ca31
*** empty log message ***
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|
1751 Toggle the visibility of existing tags in the buffer. This can be |
2f9698c0ca31
*** empty log message ***
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diff
changeset
|
1752 used as a cheap preview. |
46398
77eee86ab97d
(HTML Mode): Put `@end table' at end of table.
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
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46397
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changeset
|
1753 @end table |
46397
2f9698c0ca31
*** empty log message ***
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|
1754 |
46234
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New node for SGML mode, etc.
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|
1755 @vindex sgml-xml-mode |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
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|
1756 SGML mode and HTML mode support XML also. In XML, every opening tag |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
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changeset
|
1757 must have an explicit closing tag. When @code{sgml-xml-mode} is |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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changeset
|
1758 non-@code{nil}, SGML mode (and HTML mode) always insert explicit |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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changeset
|
1759 closing tags. When you visit a file, these modes determine from the |
58b8a59669f4
New node for SGML mode, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1760 file contents whether it is XML or not, and set @code{sgml-xml-mode} |
46397
2f9698c0ca31
*** empty log message ***
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|
1761 accordingly, so that they do the right thing for the file in either |
46234
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New node for SGML mode, etc.
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|
1762 case. |
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|
1763 |
25829 | 1764 @node Nroff Mode |
1765 @section Nroff Mode | |
1766 | |
1767 @cindex nroff | |
1768 @findex nroff-mode | |
1769 Nroff mode is a mode like Text mode but modified to handle nroff commands | |
1770 present in the text. Invoke @kbd{M-x nroff-mode} to enter this mode. It | |
1771 differs from Text mode in only a few ways. All nroff command lines are | |
1772 considered paragraph separators, so that filling will never garble the | |
1773 nroff commands. Pages are separated by @samp{.bp} commands. Comments | |
1774 start with backslash-doublequote. Also, three special commands are | |
1775 provided that are not in Text mode: | |
1776 | |
1777 @findex forward-text-line | |
1778 @findex backward-text-line | |
1779 @findex count-text-lines | |
1780 @kindex M-n @r{(Nroff mode)} | |
1781 @kindex M-p @r{(Nroff mode)} | |
1782 @kindex M-? @r{(Nroff mode)} | |
1783 @table @kbd | |
1784 @item M-n | |
1785 Move to the beginning of the next line that isn't an nroff command | |
1786 (@code{forward-text-line}). An argument is a repeat count. | |
1787 @item M-p | |
1788 Like @kbd{M-n} but move up (@code{backward-text-line}). | |
1789 @item M-? | |
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Don't use "print" for displaying a message.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1790 Displays in the echo area the number of text lines (lines that are not |
25829 | 1791 nroff commands) in the region (@code{count-text-lines}). |
1792 @end table | |
1793 | |
1794 @findex electric-nroff-mode | |
1795 The other feature of Nroff mode is that you can turn on Electric Nroff | |
1796 mode. This is a minor mode that you can turn on or off with @kbd{M-x | |
1797 electric-nroff-mode} (@pxref{Minor Modes}). When the mode is on, each | |
1798 time you use @key{RET} to end a line that contains an nroff command that | |
1799 opens a kind of grouping, the matching nroff command to close that | |
1800 grouping is automatically inserted on the following line. For example, | |
1801 if you are at the beginning of a line and type @kbd{.@: ( b @key{RET}}, | |
1802 this inserts the matching command @samp{.)b} on a new line following | |
1803 point. | |
1804 | |
1805 If you use Outline minor mode with Nroff mode (@pxref{Outline Mode}), | |
1806 heading lines are lines of the form @samp{.H} followed by a number (the | |
1807 header level). | |
1808 | |
1809 @vindex nroff-mode-hook | |
1810 Entering Nroff mode runs the hook @code{text-mode-hook}, followed by | |
1811 the hook @code{nroff-mode-hook} (@pxref{Hooks}). | |
1812 | |
1813 @node Formatted Text | |
1814 @section Editing Formatted Text | |
1815 | |
1816 @cindex Enriched mode | |
1817 @cindex mode, Enriched | |
1818 @cindex formatted text | |
1819 @cindex WYSIWYG | |
1820 @cindex word processing | |
1821 @dfn{Enriched mode} is a minor mode for editing files that contain | |
1822 formatted text in WYSIWYG fashion, as in a word processor. Currently, | |
1823 formatted text in Enriched mode can specify fonts, colors, underlining, | |
1824 margins, and types of filling and justification. In the future, we plan | |
1825 to implement other formatting features as well. | |
1826 | |
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Get rid of inexplicable @t's in values of paragraph-start and
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
1827 Enriched mode is a minor mode (@pxref{Minor Modes}). It is |
ae24bb82158d
Get rid of inexplicable @t's in values of paragraph-start and
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1828 typically used in conjunction with Text mode (@pxref{Text Mode}), but |
ae24bb82158d
Get rid of inexplicable @t's in values of paragraph-start and
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1829 you can also use it with other major modes such as Outline mode and |
25829 | 1830 Paragraph-Indent Text mode. |
1831 | |
30867 | 1832 @cindex text/enriched MIME format |
25829 | 1833 Potentially, Emacs can store formatted text files in various file |
1834 formats. Currently, only one format is implemented: @dfn{text/enriched} | |
1835 format, which is defined by the MIME protocol. @xref{Format | |
1836 Conversion,, Format Conversion, elisp, the Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}, | |
1837 for details of how Emacs recognizes and converts file formats. | |
1838 | |
1839 The Emacs distribution contains a formatted text file that can serve as | |
1840 an example. Its name is @file{etc/enriched.doc}. It contains samples | |
1841 illustrating all the features described in this section. It also | |
1842 contains a list of ideas for future enhancements. | |
1843 | |
1844 @menu | |
1845 * Requesting Formatted Text:: Entering and exiting Enriched mode. | |
1846 * Hard and Soft Newlines:: There are two different kinds of newlines. | |
1847 * Editing Format Info:: How to edit text properties. | |
1848 * Faces: Format Faces. Bold, italic, underline, etc. | |
1849 * Color: Format Colors. Changing the color of text. | |
1850 * Indent: Format Indentation. Changing the left and right margins. | |
1851 * Justification: Format Justification. | |
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Trailing whitespace deleted.
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
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diff
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1852 Centering, setting text flush with the |
25829 | 1853 left or right margin, etc. |
1854 * Other: Format Properties. The "special" text properties submenu. | |
1855 * Forcing Enriched Mode:: How to force use of Enriched mode. | |
1856 @end menu | |
1857 | |
1858 @node Requesting Formatted Text | |
1859 @subsection Requesting to Edit Formatted Text | |
1860 | |
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|
1861 Whenever you visit a file that Emacs saved in the text/enriched |
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|
1862 format, Emacs automatically converts the formatting information in the |
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Doc tex-start-options and tex-start-commands
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|
1863 file into Emacs's own internal format (known as @dfn{text |
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Doc tex-start-options and tex-start-commands
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|
1864 properties}), and turns on Enriched mode. |
25829 | 1865 |
1866 @findex enriched-mode | |
1867 To create a new file of formatted text, first visit the nonexistent | |
1868 file, then type @kbd{M-x enriched-mode} before you start inserting text. | |
1869 This command turns on Enriched mode. Do this before you begin inserting | |
1870 text, to ensure that the text you insert is handled properly. | |
1871 | |
1872 More generally, the command @code{enriched-mode} turns Enriched mode | |
1873 on if it was off, and off if it was on. With a prefix argument, this | |
1874 command turns Enriched mode on if the argument is positive, and turns | |
1875 the mode off otherwise. | |
1876 | |
1877 When you save a buffer while Enriched mode is enabled in it, Emacs | |
1878 automatically converts the text to text/enriched format while writing it | |
1879 into the file. When you visit the file again, Emacs will automatically | |
1880 recognize the format, reconvert the text, and turn on Enriched mode | |
1881 again. | |
1882 | |
1883 @vindex enriched-fill-after-visiting | |
1884 Normally, after visiting a file in text/enriched format, Emacs refills | |
1885 each paragraph to fit the specified right margin. You can turn off this | |
1886 refilling, to save time, by setting the variable | |
1887 @code{enriched-fill-after-visiting} to @code{nil} or to @code{ask}. | |
1888 | |
1889 However, when visiting a file that was saved from Enriched mode, there | |
1890 is no need for refilling, because Emacs saves the right margin settings | |
1891 along with the text. | |
1892 | |
1893 @vindex enriched-translations | |
1894 You can add annotations for saving additional text properties, which | |
1895 Emacs normally does not save, by adding to @code{enriched-translations}. | |
1896 Note that the text/enriched standard requires any non-standard | |
1897 annotations to have names starting with @samp{x-}, as in | |
1898 @samp{x-read-only}. This ensures that they will not conflict with | |
1899 standard annotations that may be added later. | |
1900 | |
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|
1901 @xref{Text Properties,,, elisp, the Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}, |
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|
1902 for more information about text properties. |
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|
1903 |
25829 | 1904 @node Hard and Soft Newlines |
1905 @subsection Hard and Soft Newlines | |
1906 @cindex hard newline | |
1907 @cindex soft newline | |
1908 @cindex newlines, hard and soft | |
1909 | |
1910 In formatted text, Emacs distinguishes between two different kinds of | |
1911 newlines, @dfn{hard} newlines and @dfn{soft} newlines. | |
1912 | |
1913 Hard newlines are used to separate paragraphs, or items in a list, or | |
1914 anywhere that there should always be a line break regardless of the | |
1915 margins. The @key{RET} command (@code{newline}) and @kbd{C-o} | |
1916 (@code{open-line}) insert hard newlines. | |
1917 | |
1918 Soft newlines are used to make text fit between the margins. All the | |
1919 fill commands, including Auto Fill, insert soft newlines---and they | |
1920 delete only soft newlines. | |
1921 | |
1922 Although hard and soft newlines look the same, it is important to bear | |
1923 the difference in mind. Do not use @key{RET} to break lines in the | |
1924 middle of filled paragraphs, or else you will get hard newlines that are | |
1925 barriers to further filling. Instead, let Auto Fill mode break lines, | |
1926 so that if the text or the margins change, Emacs can refill the lines | |
1927 properly. @xref{Auto Fill}. | |
1928 | |
1929 On the other hand, in tables and lists, where the lines should always | |
1930 remain as you type them, you can use @key{RET} to end lines. For these | |
1931 lines, you may also want to set the justification style to | |
1932 @code{unfilled}. @xref{Format Justification}. | |
1933 | |
1934 @node Editing Format Info | |
1935 @subsection Editing Format Information | |
1936 | |
1937 There are two ways to alter the formatting information for a formatted | |
1938 text file: with keyboard commands, and with the mouse. | |
1939 | |
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1940 The easiest way to add properties to your document is with the Text |
25829 | 1941 Properties menu. You can get to this menu in two ways: from the Edit |
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1942 menu in the menu bar (use @kbd{@key{F10} e t} if you have no mouse), |
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1943 or with @kbd{C-Mouse-2} (hold the @key{CTRL} key and press the middle |
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1944 mouse button). There are also keyboard commands described in the |
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1945 following section. |
25829 | 1946 |
1947 Most of the items in the Text Properties menu lead to other submenus. | |
1948 These are described in the sections that follow. Some items run | |
1949 commands directly: | |
1950 | |
1951 @table @code | |
40778 | 1952 @findex facemenu-remove-face-props |
1953 @item Remove Face Properties | |
25829 | 1954 Delete from the region all the text properties that the Text Properties |
40778 | 1955 menu works with (@code{facemenu-remove-face-props}). |
25829 | 1956 |
1957 @findex facemenu-remove-all | |
1958 @item Remove All | |
1959 Delete @emph{all} text properties from the region | |
1960 (@code{facemenu-remove-all}). | |
1961 | |
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1962 @findex describe-text-at |
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1963 @cindex text properties of characters |
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1964 @cindex overlays at character position |
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1965 @cindex widgets at buffer position |
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1966 @cindex buttons at buffer position |
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1967 @item Describe Text |
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1968 List all the text properties, widgets, buttons, and overlays of the |
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1969 character following point (@code{describe-text-at}). |
25829 | 1970 |
1971 @item Display Faces | |
40778 | 1972 Display a list of all the defined faces (@code{list-faces-display}). |
25829 | 1973 |
1974 @item Display Colors | |
40778 | 1975 Display a list of all the defined colors (@code{list-colors-display}). |
25829 | 1976 @end table |
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1977 |
25829 | 1978 @node Format Faces |
1979 @subsection Faces in Formatted Text | |
1980 | |
1981 The Faces submenu lists various Emacs faces including @code{bold}, | |
1982 @code{italic}, and @code{underline}. Selecting one of these adds the | |
1983 chosen face to the region. @xref{Faces}. You can also specify a face | |
1984 with these keyboard commands: | |
1985 | |
1986 @table @kbd | |
1987 @kindex M-g d @r{(Enriched mode)} | |
1988 @findex facemenu-set-default | |
1989 @item M-g d | |
1990 Set the region, or the next inserted character, to the @code{default} face | |
1991 (@code{facemenu-set-default}). | |
1992 @kindex M-g b @r{(Enriched mode)} | |
1993 @findex facemenu-set-bold | |
1994 @item M-g b | |
1995 Set the region, or the next inserted character, to the @code{bold} face | |
1996 (@code{facemenu-set-bold}). | |
1997 @kindex M-g i @r{(Enriched mode)} | |
1998 @findex facemenu-set-italic | |
1999 @item M-g i | |
2000 Set the region, or the next inserted character, to the @code{italic} face | |
2001 (@code{facemenu-set-italic}). | |
2002 @kindex M-g l @r{(Enriched mode)} | |
2003 @findex facemenu-set-bold-italic | |
2004 @item M-g l | |
2005 Set the region, or the next inserted character, to the @code{bold-italic} face | |
2006 (@code{facemenu-set-bold-italic}). | |
2007 @kindex M-g u @r{(Enriched mode)} | |
2008 @findex facemenu-set-underline | |
2009 @item M-g u | |
2010 Set the region, or the next inserted character, to the @code{underline} face | |
2011 (@code{facemenu-set-underline}). | |
2012 @kindex M-g o @r{(Enriched mode)} | |
2013 @findex facemenu-set-face | |
2014 @item M-g o @var{face} @key{RET} | |
2015 Set the region, or the next inserted character, to the face @var{face} | |
2016 (@code{facemenu-set-face}). | |
2017 @end table | |
2018 | |
2019 If you use these commands with a prefix argument---or, in Transient Mark | |
2020 mode, if the region is not active---then these commands specify a face | |
2021 to use for your next self-inserting input. @xref{Transient Mark}. This | |
2022 applies to both the keyboard commands and the menu commands. | |
2023 | |
2024 Enriched mode defines two additional faces: @code{excerpt} and | |
2025 @code{fixed}. These correspond to codes used in the text/enriched file | |
2026 format. | |
2027 | |
2028 The @code{excerpt} face is intended for quotations. This face is the | |
2029 same as @code{italic} unless you customize it (@pxref{Face Customization}). | |
2030 | |
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2031 The @code{fixed} face means, ``Use a fixed-width font for this part |
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2032 of the text.'' This makes a visible difference only if you have |
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2033 specified a variable-width font in the default face; however, even if |
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2034 the default font is fixed-width, applying the @code{fixed} face to a |
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2035 part of the text will cause that part of the text to appear in a |
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2036 fixed-width font, if the file is ever displayed with a variable-width |
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2037 default font. This applies to Emacs and to other systems that display |
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2038 text/enriched format. So if you specifically want a certain part of |
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2039 the text to use a fixed-width font, you should specify the |
25829 | 2040 @code{fixed} face for that part. |
2041 | |
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2042 The @code{fixed} face is normally set up to use a different font |
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2043 from the default, even if the default face is also fixed-width. |
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2044 Different systems have different fonts installed, so you may need to |
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2045 customize this. @xref{Face Customization}. |
25829 | 2046 |
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2047 If your terminal cannot display different faces, you will not be |
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2048 able to see them, but you can still edit documents containing faces, |
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2049 and even add faces and colors to documents. The faces you specify |
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2050 will be visible when the file is viewed on a terminal that can display |
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2051 them. |
25829 | 2052 |
2053 @node Format Colors | |
2054 @subsection Colors in Formatted Text | |
2055 | |
2056 You can specify foreground and background colors for portions of the | |
2057 text. There is a menu for specifying the foreground color and a menu | |
2058 for specifying the background color. Each color menu lists all the | |
2059 colors that you have used in Enriched mode in the current Emacs session. | |
2060 | |
2061 If you specify a color with a prefix argument---or, in Transient Mark | |
2062 mode, if the region is not active---then it applies to your next | |
2063 self-inserting input. @xref{Transient Mark}. Otherwise, the command | |
2064 applies to the region. | |
2065 | |
2066 Each color menu contains one additional item: @samp{Other}. You can use | |
2067 this item to specify a color that is not listed in the menu; it reads | |
2068 the color name with the minibuffer. To display list of available colors | |
2069 and their names, use the @samp{Display Colors} menu item in the Text | |
2070 Properties menu (@pxref{Editing Format Info}). | |
2071 | |
2072 Any color that you specify in this way, or that is mentioned in a | |
2073 formatted text file that you read in, is added to both color menus for | |
2074 the duration of the Emacs session. | |
2075 | |
2076 @findex facemenu-set-foreground | |
2077 @findex facemenu-set-background | |
2078 There are no key bindings for specifying colors, but you can do so | |
2079 with the extended commands @kbd{M-x facemenu-set-foreground} and | |
2080 @kbd{M-x facemenu-set-background}. Both of these commands read the name | |
2081 of the color with the minibuffer. | |
2082 | |
2083 @node Format Indentation | |
2084 @subsection Indentation in Formatted Text | |
2085 | |
2086 When editing formatted text, you can specify different amounts of | |
2087 indentation for the right or left margin of an entire paragraph or a | |
2088 part of a paragraph. The margins you specify automatically affect the | |
2089 Emacs fill commands (@pxref{Filling}) and line-breaking commands. | |
2090 | |
2091 The Indentation submenu provides a convenient interface for specifying | |
2092 these properties. The submenu contains four items: | |
2093 | |
2094 @table @code | |
2095 @kindex C-x TAB @r{(Enriched mode)} | |
2096 @findex increase-left-margin | |
2097 @item Indent More | |
2098 Indent the region by 4 columns (@code{increase-left-margin}). In | |
2099 Enriched mode, this command is also available on @kbd{C-x @key{TAB}}; if | |
2100 you supply a numeric argument, that says how many columns to add to the | |
2101 margin (a negative argument reduces the number of columns). | |
2102 | |
2103 @item Indent Less | |
2104 Remove 4 columns of indentation from the region. | |
2105 | |
2106 @item Indent Right More | |
2107 Make the text narrower by indenting 4 columns at the right margin. | |
2108 | |
2109 @item Indent Right Less | |
2110 Remove 4 columns of indentation from the right margin. | |
2111 @end table | |
2112 | |
2113 You can use these commands repeatedly to increase or decrease the | |
2114 indentation. | |
2115 | |
2116 The most common way to use these commands is to change the indentation | |
2117 of an entire paragraph. However, that is not the only use. You can | |
2118 change the margins at any point; the new values take effect at the end | |
2119 of the line (for right margins) or the beginning of the next line (for | |
2120 left margins). | |
2121 | |
2122 This makes it possible to format paragraphs with @dfn{hanging indents}, | |
2123 which means that the first line is indented less than subsequent lines. | |
2124 To set up a hanging indent, increase the indentation of the region | |
2125 starting after the first word of the paragraph and running until the end | |
2126 of the paragraph. | |
2127 | |
2128 Indenting the first line of a paragraph is easier. Set the margin for | |
2129 the whole paragraph where you want it to be for the body of the | |
2130 paragraph, then indent the first line by inserting extra spaces or tabs. | |
2131 | |
2132 Sometimes, as a result of editing, the filling of a paragraph becomes | |
2133 messed up---parts of the paragraph may extend past the left or right | |
2134 margins. When this happens, use @kbd{M-q} (@code{fill-paragraph}) to | |
2135 refill the paragraph. | |
2136 | |
2137 @vindex standard-indent | |
2138 The variable @code{standard-indent} specifies how many columns these | |
2139 commands should add to or subtract from the indentation. The default | |
2140 value is 4. The overall default right margin for Enriched mode is | |
2141 controlled by the variable @code{fill-column}, as usual. | |
2142 | |
2143 The fill prefix, if any, works in addition to the specified paragraph | |
2144 indentation: @kbd{C-x .} does not include the specified indentation's | |
2145 whitespace in the new value for the fill prefix, and the fill commands | |
2146 look for the fill prefix after the indentation on each line. @xref{Fill | |
2147 Prefix}. | |
2148 | |
2149 @node Format Justification | |
2150 @subsection Justification in Formatted Text | |
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2151 |
25829 | 2152 When editing formatted text, you can specify various styles of |
2153 justification for a paragraph. The style you specify automatically | |
2154 affects the Emacs fill commands. | |
2155 | |
2156 The Justification submenu provides a convenient interface for specifying | |
2157 the style. The submenu contains five items: | |
2158 | |
2159 @table @code | |
2160 @item Flush Left | |
2161 This is the most common style of justification (at least for English). | |
2162 Lines are aligned at the left margin but left uneven at the right. | |
2163 | |
2164 @item Flush Right | |
2165 This aligns each line with the right margin. Spaces and tabs are added | |
2166 on the left, if necessary, to make lines line up on the right. | |
2167 | |
2168 @item Full | |
2169 This justifies the text, aligning both edges of each line. Justified | |
2170 text looks very nice in a printed book, where the spaces can all be | |
2171 adjusted equally, but it does not look as nice with a fixed-width font | |
2172 on the screen. Perhaps a future version of Emacs will be able to adjust | |
2173 the width of spaces in a line to achieve elegant justification. | |
2174 | |
2175 @item Center | |
2176 This centers every line between the current margins. | |
2177 | |
2178 @item None | |
2179 This turns off filling entirely. Each line will remain as you wrote it; | |
2180 the fill and auto-fill functions will have no effect on text which has | |
2181 this setting. You can, however, still indent the left margin. In | |
2182 unfilled regions, all newlines are treated as hard newlines (@pxref{Hard | |
2183 and Soft Newlines}) . | |
2184 @end table | |
2185 | |
2186 In Enriched mode, you can also specify justification from the keyboard | |
2187 using the @kbd{M-j} prefix character: | |
2188 | |
2189 @table @kbd | |
2190 @kindex M-j l @r{(Enriched mode)} | |
2191 @findex set-justification-left | |
2192 @item M-j l | |
2193 Make the region left-filled (@code{set-justification-left}). | |
2194 @kindex M-j r @r{(Enriched mode)} | |
2195 @findex set-justification-right | |
2196 @item M-j r | |
2197 Make the region right-filled (@code{set-justification-right}). | |
2198 @kindex M-j f @r{(Enriched mode)} | |
2199 @findex set-justification-full | |
2200 @item M-j f | |
2201 Make the region fully-justified (@code{set-justification-full}). | |
2202 @kindex M-j c @r{(Enriched mode)} | |
2203 @kindex M-S @r{(Enriched mode)} | |
2204 @findex set-justification-center | |
2205 @item M-j c | |
2206 @itemx M-S | |
2207 Make the region centered (@code{set-justification-center}). | |
2208 @kindex M-j u @r{(Enriched mode)} | |
2209 @findex set-justification-none | |
2210 @item M-j u | |
2211 Make the region unfilled (@code{set-justification-none}). | |
2212 @end table | |
2213 | |
2214 Justification styles apply to entire paragraphs. All the | |
2215 justification-changing commands operate on the paragraph containing | |
2216 point, or, if the region is active, on all paragraphs which overlap the | |
2217 region. | |
2218 | |
2219 @vindex default-justification | |
2220 The default justification style is specified by the variable | |
2221 @code{default-justification}. Its value should be one of the symbols | |
2222 @code{left}, @code{right}, @code{full}, @code{center}, or @code{none}. | |
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2223 |
25829 | 2224 @node Format Properties |
2225 @subsection Setting Other Text Properties | |
2226 | |
2227 The Other Properties menu lets you add or remove three other useful text | |
2228 properties: @code{read-only}, @code{invisible} and @code{intangible}. | |
2229 The @code{intangible} property disallows moving point within the text, | |
2230 the @code{invisible} text property hides text from display, and the | |
2231 @code{read-only} property disallows alteration of the text. | |
2232 | |
2233 Each of these special properties has a menu item to add it to the | |
2234 region. The last menu item, @samp{Remove Special}, removes all of these | |
2235 special properties from the text in the region. | |
2236 | |
2237 Currently, the @code{invisible} and @code{intangible} properties are | |
2238 @emph{not} saved in the text/enriched format. The @code{read-only} | |
2239 property is saved, but it is not a standard part of the text/enriched | |
2240 format, so other editors may not respect it. | |
2241 | |
2242 @node Forcing Enriched Mode | |
2243 @subsection Forcing Enriched Mode | |
2244 | |
2245 Normally, Emacs knows when you are editing formatted text because it | |
2246 recognizes the special annotations used in the file that you visited. | |
2247 However, there are situations in which you must take special actions | |
2248 to convert file contents or turn on Enriched mode: | |
2249 | |
2250 @itemize @bullet | |
2251 @item | |
2252 When you visit a file that was created with some other editor, Emacs may | |
2253 not recognize the file as being in the text/enriched format. In this | |
2254 case, when you visit the file you will see the formatting commands | |
2255 rather than the formatted text. Type @kbd{M-x format-decode-buffer} to | |
2256 translate it. | |
2257 | |
2258 @item | |
2259 When you @emph{insert} a file into a buffer, rather than visiting it. | |
2260 Emacs does the necessary conversions on the text which you insert, but | |
2261 it does not enable Enriched mode. If you wish to do that, type @kbd{M-x | |
2262 enriched-mode}. | |
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2263 @end itemize |
25829 | 2264 |
2265 The command @code{format-decode-buffer} translates text in various | |
2266 formats into Emacs's internal format. It asks you to specify the format | |
2267 to translate from; however, normally you can type just @key{RET}, which | |
2268 tells Emacs to guess the format. | |
2269 | |
2270 @findex format-find-file | |
2271 If you wish to look at text/enriched file in its raw form, as a | |
2272 sequence of characters rather than as formatted text, use the @kbd{M-x | |
2273 find-file-literally} command. This visits a file, like | |
2274 @code{find-file}, but does not do format conversion. It also inhibits | |
2275 character code conversion (@pxref{Coding Systems}) and automatic | |
2276 uncompression (@pxref{Compressed Files}). To disable format conversion | |
2277 but allow character code conversion and/or automatic uncompression if | |
2278 appropriate, use @code{format-find-file} with suitable arguments. | |
2279 |