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author | Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com> |
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date | Sun, 13 Jul 2003 17:20:34 +0000 |
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45861 | 1 \input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c %**start of header | |
45864 | 3 @setfilename ../info/tramp |
45861 | 4 @settitle TRAMP User Manual |
5 @setchapternewpage odd | |
6 @c %**end of header | |
7 | |
8 @c This is *so* much nicer :) | |
9 @footnotestyle end | |
10 | |
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11 @c In the Tramp CVS, the version number is auto-frobbed from |
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12 @c configure.ac, so you should edit that file and run |
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13 @c "autoconf && ./configure" to change the version number. |
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14 |
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15 @c Additionally, flags are set with respect to the Emacs flavor; and |
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16 @c depending whether Tramp is packaged into (X)Emacs, or standalone. |
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17 |
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18 @include trampver.texi |
45861 | 19 |
20 @c Macro to make formatting of the tramp program name consistent. | |
21 @macro tramp | |
22 @sc{tramp} | |
23 @end macro | |
24 | |
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25 @c Macros for formatting a filename. |
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26 @c trampfn is for a full filename, trampfnmhp means method, host, localname |
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27 @c were given, and so on. |
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28 @macro trampfn(method, user, host, localname) |
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29 @value{tramp-prefix}@value{method}@value{user}@@@value{host}@value{tramp-postfix}@value{localname} |
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30 @end macro |
45861 | 31 |
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32 @copying |
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33 Copyright @copyright{} 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003 Free Software |
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34 Foundation, Inc. |
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35 |
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36 @quotation |
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37 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document |
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38 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or |
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39 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no |
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40 Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU |
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41 Manual'', and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the |
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42 license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation |
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43 License'' in the Emacs manual. |
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44 |
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45 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and modify |
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46 this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free |
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47 Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.'' |
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48 |
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49 This document is part of a collection distributed under the GNU Free |
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50 Documentation License. If you want to distribute this document |
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51 separately from the collection, you can do so by adding a copy of the |
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52 license to the document, as described in section 6 of the license. |
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53 @end quotation |
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54 @end copying |
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55 |
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56 @c Entries for @command{install-info} to use |
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57 @dircategory Emacs |
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58 @direntry |
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59 * TRAMP: (tramp). Transparent Remote Access, Multiple Protocol |
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60 Emacs remote file access via rsh and rcp. |
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61 @end direntry |
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62 |
45861 | 63 @tex |
64 | |
65 @titlepage | |
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66 @title @tramp{} version @trampver{} User Manual |
45861 | 67 |
68 @author by Daniel Pittman | |
69 @author based on documentation by Kai Gro@ss{}johann | |
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70 |
45861 | 71 @page |
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72 @insertcopying |
45861 | 73 |
74 @end titlepage | |
75 @page | |
76 | |
77 @end tex | |
78 | |
79 @ifnottex | |
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80 @node Top, Overview, (dir), (dir) |
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81 @top @tramp{} version @trampver{} User Manual |
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82 |
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83 This file documents @tramp{} version @trampver{}, a remote file |
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84 editing package for @value{emacs-name}. |
45861 | 85 |
86 @tramp{} stands for `Transparent Remote (file) Access, Multiple | |
87 Protocol'. This package provides remote file editing, similar to | |
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88 @value{ftp-package-name}. |
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89 |
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90 The difference is that @value{ftp-package-name} uses FTP to transfer |
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91 files between the local and the remote host, whereas @tramp{} uses a |
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92 combination of @command{rsh} and @command{rcp} or other work-alike |
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93 programs, such as @command{ssh}/@command{scp}. |
45861 | 94 |
95 You can find the latest version of this document on the web at | |
96 @uref{http://www.freesoftware.fsf.org/tramp/}. | |
97 | |
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98 @c Pointer to the other Emacs flavor is necessary only in case of |
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99 @c standalone installation. Text taken from trampinst.texi. |
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100 @ifset tramp-inst |
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101 @otherflavor{} |
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102 @end ifset |
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103 |
45861 | 104 @ifhtml |
105 This manual is also available as a @uref{tramp_ja.html, Japanese | |
106 translation}. | |
107 | |
108 The latest release of @tramp{} is available for | |
109 @uref{http://savannah.gnu.org/download/tramp/, | |
110 download}, or you may see @ref{Obtaining @tramp{}} for more details, | |
111 including the CVS server details. | |
112 | |
113 @tramp{} also has a @uref{https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/tramp/, | |
114 Savannah Project Page}. | |
115 @end ifhtml | |
116 | |
117 There is a mailing list for @tramp{}, available at | |
118 @email{tramp-devel@@mail.freesoftware.fsf.org}, and archived at | |
119 @uref{http://www.mail-archive.com/emacs-rcp@@ls6.cs.uni-dortmund.de/} as | |
120 well as the usual Savannah archives. | |
121 | |
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122 @insertcopying |
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123 |
45861 | 124 @end ifnottex |
125 | |
126 @menu | |
127 * Overview:: What @tramp{} can and cannot do. | |
128 | |
129 For the end user: | |
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130 |
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131 * Obtaining @tramp{}:: How to obtain @tramp{}. |
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132 * History:: History of @tramp{}. |
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133 @ifset tramp-inst |
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134 * Installation:: Installing @tramp{} with your @value{emacs-name}. |
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135 @end ifset |
45861 | 136 * Configuration:: Configuring @tramp{} for use. |
137 * Usage:: An overview of the operation of @tramp{}. | |
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138 * Bug Reports:: Reporting Bugs and Problems. |
45861 | 139 * Frequently Asked Questions:: Questions and answers from the mailing list. |
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140 * Concept Index:: An item for each concept |
45861 | 141 |
142 For the developer: | |
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143 |
45861 | 144 * Version Control:: The inner workings of remote version control. |
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145 * Files directories and localnames:: How file names, directories and localnames are mangled and managed. |
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146 * Issues:: Debatable Issues and What Was Decided. |
45861 | 147 |
148 @detailmenu | |
149 --- The Detailed Node Listing --- | |
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150 @c |
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151 @ifset tramp-inst |
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152 Installing @tramp{} with your @value{emacs-name} |
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153 |
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154 * Installation parameters:: Parameters in order to control installation. |
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155 * Load paths:: How to plug-in @tramp{} into your environment. |
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156 |
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157 @end ifset |
45861 | 158 |
159 Configuring @tramp{} for use | |
160 | |
161 * Connection types:: Types of connections made to remote machines. | |
162 * Inline methods:: Inline methods. | |
163 * External transfer methods:: External transfer methods. | |
164 * Multi-hop Methods:: Connecting to a remote host using multiple hops. | |
165 * Default Method:: Selecting a default method. | |
166 * Customizing Methods:: Using Non-Standard Methods. | |
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167 * Customizing Completion:: Selecting config files for user/host name completion. |
45861 | 168 * Remote Programs:: How @tramp{} finds and uses programs on the remote machine. |
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169 * Remote shell setup:: Remote shell setup hints. |
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170 * Windows setup hints:: Issues with Cygwin ssh. |
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171 * Auto-save and Backup:: Auto-save and Backup. |
45861 | 172 |
173 Using @tramp | |
174 | |
175 * Filename Syntax:: @tramp{} filename conventions. | |
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176 * Multi-hop filename syntax:: Multi-hop filename conventions. |
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177 * Filename completion:: Filename completion. |
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178 * Dired:: Dired. |
45861 | 179 |
180 The inner workings of remote version control | |
181 | |
182 * Version Controlled Files:: Determining if a file is under version control. | |
183 * Remote Commands:: Executing the version control commands on the remote machine. | |
184 * Changed workfiles:: Detecting if the working file has changed. | |
185 * Checking out files:: Bringing the workfile out of the repository. | |
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186 * Miscellaneous Version Control:: Things related to Version Control that don't fit elsewhere. |
45861 | 187 |
188 Things related to Version Control that don't fit elsewhere | |
189 | |
190 * Remote File Ownership:: How VC determines who owns a workfile. | |
191 * Back-end Versions:: How VC determines what release your RCS is. | |
192 | |
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193 How file names, directories and localnames are mangled and managed |
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194 |
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195 * Localname deconstruction:: Breaking a localname into its components. |
45861 | 196 |
197 @end detailmenu | |
198 @end menu | |
199 | |
200 @node Overview | |
201 @chapter An overview of @tramp | |
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202 @cindex overview |
45861 | 203 |
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204 After the installation of @tramp{} into your @value{emacs-name}, you |
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205 will be able to access files on remote machines as though they were |
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206 local. Access to the remote file system for editing files, version |
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207 control, and @command{dired} are transparently enabled. |
45861 | 208 |
209 Your access to the remote machine can be with the @command{rsh}, | |
210 @command{rlogin}, @command{telnet} programs or with any similar | |
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211 connection method. This connection must pass ASCII successfully to be |
45861 | 212 usable but need not be 8-bit clean. |
213 | |
214 The package provides support for @command{ssh} connections out of the | |
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215 box, one of the more common uses of the package. This allows |
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216 relatively secure access to machines, especially if @command{ftp} |
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217 access is disabled. |
45861 | 218 |
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219 The majority of activity carried out by @tramp{} requires only that |
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220 the remote login is possible and is carried out at the terminal. In |
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221 order to access remote files @tramp{} needs to transfer their content |
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222 to the local machine temporarily. |
45861 | 223 |
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224 @tramp{} can transfer files between the machines in a variety of ways. |
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225 The details are easy to select, depending on your needs and the |
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226 machines in question. |
45861 | 227 |
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228 The fastest transfer methods (for large files) rely on a remote file |
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229 transfer package such as @command{rcp}, @command{scp} or |
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230 @command{rsync}. The use of these methods is only possible if the |
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231 file copy command does not ask for a password for the remote machine. |
45861 | 232 |
233 If the remote copy methods are not suitable for you, @tramp{} also | |
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234 supports the use of encoded transfers directly through the shell. |
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235 This requires that the @command{mimencode} or @command{uuencode} tools |
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236 are available on the remote machine. These methods are generally |
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237 faster for small files. |
45861 | 238 |
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239 Within these limitations, @tramp{} is quite powerful. It is worth |
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240 noting that, as of the time of writing, it is far from a polished |
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241 end-user product. For a while yet you should expect to run into rough |
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242 edges and problems with the code now and then. |
45861 | 243 |
244 It is finished enough that the developers use it for day to day work but | |
245 the installation and setup can be a little difficult to master, as can | |
246 the terminology. | |
247 | |
248 @tramp{} is still under active development and any problems you encounter, | |
249 trivial or major, should be reported to the @tramp{} developers. | |
250 @xref{Bug Reports}. | |
251 | |
252 | |
253 @subsubheading Behind the scenes | |
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254 @cindex behind the scenes |
46366 | 255 @cindex details of operation |
256 @cindex how it works | |
45861 | 257 |
258 This section tries to explain what goes on behind the scenes when you | |
259 access a remote file through @tramp{}. | |
260 | |
261 Suppose you type @kbd{C-x C-f} and enter part of an @tramp{} file name, | |
262 then hit @kbd{@key{TAB}} for completion. Suppose further that this is | |
263 the first time that @tramp{} is invoked for the host in question. Here's | |
264 what happens: | |
265 | |
266 @itemize | |
267 @item | |
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268 @tramp{} discovers that it needs a connection to the host. So it |
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269 invokes @samp{telnet @var{host}} or @samp{rsh @var{host} -l |
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270 @var{user}} or a similar tool to connect to the remote host. |
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271 Communication with this process happens through an |
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272 @value{emacs-name} buffer, that is, the output from the remote end |
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273 goes into a buffer. |
45861 | 274 |
275 @item | |
276 The remote host may prompt for a login name (for @command{telnet}). The | |
277 login name is given in the file name, so @tramp{} sends the login name and | |
278 a newline. | |
279 | |
280 @item | |
281 The remote host may prompt for a password or pass phrase (for | |
282 @command{rsh} or for @command{telnet} after sending the login name). | |
283 @tramp{} displays the prompt in the minibuffer, asking you for the | |
284 password or pass phrase. | |
285 | |
286 You enter the password or pass phrase. @tramp{} sends it to the remote | |
287 host, followed by a newline. | |
288 | |
289 @item | |
290 @tramp{} now waits for the shell prompt or for a message that the login | |
291 failed. | |
292 | |
293 If @tramp{} sees neither of them after a certain period of time (a minute, | |
294 say), then it issues an error message saying that it couldn't find the | |
295 remote shell prompt and shows you what the remote host has sent. | |
296 | |
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297 If @tramp{} sees a @samp{login failed} message, it tells you so, |
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298 aborts the login attempt and allows you to try again. |
45861 | 299 |
300 @item | |
301 Suppose that the login was successful and @tramp{} sees the shell prompt | |
302 from the remote host. Now @tramp{} invokes @command{/bin/sh} because | |
303 Bourne shells and C shells have different command | |
304 syntaxes.@footnote{Invoking @command{/bin/sh} will fail if your login | |
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305 shell doesn't recognize @samp{exec /bin/sh} as a valid command. |
45861 | 306 Maybe you use the Scheme shell @command{scsh}@dots{}} |
307 | |
308 After the Bourne shell has come up, @tramp{} sends a few commands to | |
309 ensure a good working environment. It turns off echoing, it sets the | |
310 shell prompt, and a few other things. | |
311 | |
312 @item | |
313 Now the remote shell is up and it good working order. Remember, what | |
314 was supposed to happen is that @tramp{} tries to find out what files exist | |
315 on the remote host so that it can do filename completion. | |
316 | |
317 So, @tramp{} basically issues @command{cd} and @command{ls} commands and | |
318 also sometimes @command{echo} with globbing. Another command that is | |
319 often used is @command{test} to find out whether a file is writable or a | |
320 directory or the like. The output of each command is parsed for the | |
321 necessary operation. | |
322 | |
323 @item | |
324 Suppose you are finished with filename completion, have entered @kbd{C-x | |
325 C-f}, a full file name and hit @kbd{@key{RET}}. Now comes the time to | |
326 transfer the file contents from the remote host to the local host so | |
327 that you can edit them. | |
328 | |
329 See above for an explanation of how @tramp{} transfers the file contents. | |
330 | |
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331 For inline transfers, @tramp{} issues a command like @samp{mimencode -b |
45861 | 332 /path/to/remote/file}, waits until the output has accumulated in the |
333 buffer that's used for communication, then decodes that output to | |
334 produce the file contents. | |
335 | |
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336 For out-of-band transfers, @tramp{} issues a command like the following: |
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337 @example |
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338 rcp user@@host:/path/to/remote/file /tmp/tramp.4711 |
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339 @end example |
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340 It then reads the local temporary file @file{/tmp/tramp.4711} into a |
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341 buffer and deletes the temporary file. |
45861 | 342 |
343 @item | |
344 You now edit the buffer contents, blithely unaware of what has happened | |
345 behind the scenes. (Unless you have read this section, that is.) When | |
346 you are finished, you type @kbd{C-x C-s} to save the buffer. | |
347 | |
348 @item | |
349 Again, @tramp{} transfers the file contents to the remote host either | |
350 inline or out-of-band. This is the reverse of what happens when reading | |
351 the file. | |
352 | |
353 @end itemize | |
354 | |
355 I hope this has provided you with a basic overview of what happens | |
356 behind the scenes when you open a file with @tramp{}. | |
357 | |
358 | |
359 @c For the end user | |
360 @node Obtaining @tramp{} | |
361 @chapter Obtaining @tramp{}. | |
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362 @cindex obtaining Tramp |
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364 @tramp{} is freely available on the Internet and the latest release |
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365 may be downloaded from |
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366 @uref{http://savannah.nongnu.org/download/tramp/}. This |
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367 release includes the full documentation and code for @tramp{}, |
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368 suitable for installation. But Emacs (21.4 or later) includes |
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369 @tramp{} already, and there is a @tramp{} package for XEmacs, as well. |
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370 So maybe it is easier to just use those. But if you want the bleeding |
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371 edge, read on@dots{...} |
45861 | 372 |
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373 For the especially brave, @tramp{} is available from CVS. The CVS |
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374 version is the latest version of the code and may contain incomplete |
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375 features or new issues. Use these versions at your own risk. |
45861 | 376 |
377 Instructions for obtaining the latest development version of @tramp{} | |
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378 from CVS can be found by going to the Savannah project page at the |
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379 following URL and then clicking on the CVS link in the navigation bar |
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380 at the top. |
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381 |
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382 @noindent |
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383 @uref{http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/tramp/} |
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384 |
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385 @noindent |
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386 Or follow the example session below: |
45861 | 387 |
388 @example | |
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389 ] @strong{cd ~/@value{emacs-dir}} |
45861 | 390 ] @strong{cvs -d:pserver:anoncvs@@subversions.gnu.org:/cvsroot/tramp login} |
391 | |
392 (Logging in to anoncvs@@subversions.gnu.org) | |
393 CVS password: @strong{(just hit RET here)} | |
394 @dots{} | |
395 | |
396 ] @strong{cvs -z3 -d:pserver:anoncvs@@subversions.gnu.org:/cvsroot/tramp co tramp} | |
397 @end example | |
398 | |
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399 @noindent |
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400 You should now have a directory @file{~/@value{emacs-dir}/tramp} |
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401 containing the latest version of @tramp{}. You can fetch the latest |
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402 updates from the repository by issuing the command: |
45861 | 403 |
404 @example | |
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405 ] @strong{cd ~/@value{emacs-dir}/tramp} |
45861 | 406 ] @strong{cvs update -d} |
407 @end example | |
408 | |
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409 @noindent |
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410 Once you've got updated files from the CVS repository, you need to run |
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411 @command{autoconf} in order to get an up-to-date @file{configure} |
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412 script: |
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413 |
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414 @example |
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415 ] @strong{cd ~/@value{emacs-dir}/tramp} |
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416 ] @strong{autoconf} |
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417 @end example |
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418 |
45861 | 419 |
420 @node History | |
421 @chapter History of @tramp{} | |
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422 @cindex history |
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423 @cindex development history |
45861 | 424 |
425 Development was started end of November 1998. The package was called | |
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426 @file{rssh.el}, back then. It only provided one method to access a |
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427 file, using @command{ssh} to log in to a remote host and using |
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428 @command{scp} to transfer the file contents. After a while, the name |
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429 was changed to @file{rcp.el}, and now it's @tramp{}. Along the way, |
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430 many more methods for getting a remote shell and for transferring the |
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431 file contents were added. Support for VC was added. |
45861 | 432 |
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433 The most recent addition of major features were the multi-hop methods |
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434 added in April 2000 and the unification of @tramp{} and Ange-FTP |
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435 filenames in July 2002. |
45861 | 436 |
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437 @c Installation chapter is necessary only in case of standalone |
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438 @c installation. Text taken from trampinst.texi. |
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439 @ifset tramp-inst |
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440 @installationchapter{} |
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441 @end ifset |
45861 | 442 |
443 @node Configuration | |
444 @chapter Configuring @tramp{} for use | |
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445 @cindex configuration |
45861 | 446 |
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447 @cindex default configuration |
45861 | 448 @tramp{} is (normally) fully functional when it is initially |
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449 installed. It is initially configured to use the @command{ssh} program |
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450 to connect to the remote host and to use base-64 encoding (on the |
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451 remote host, via @command{mimencode}, and on the local host via the |
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452 built-in support for base-64 encoding in Emacs). |
45861 | 453 |
454 On some hosts, there are problems with opening a connection. These are | |
455 related to the behavior of the remote shell. See @xref{Remote shell | |
456 setup}, for details on this. | |
457 | |
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458 If you do not wish to use these commands to connect to the remote |
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459 host, you should change the default connection and transfer method |
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460 that @tramp uses. There are several different methods that @tramp{} |
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461 can use to connect to remote machines and transfer files |
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462 (@pxref{Connection types}). |
45861 | 463 |
464 | |
465 @menu | |
466 * Connection types:: Types of connections made to remote machines. | |
467 * Inline methods:: Inline methods. | |
468 * External transfer methods:: External transfer methods. | |
469 * Multi-hop Methods:: Connecting to a remote host using multiple hops. | |
470 * Default Method:: Selecting a default method. | |
471 * Customizing Methods:: Using Non-Standard Methods. | |
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472 * Customizing Completion:: Selecting config files for user/host name completion. |
45861 | 473 * Remote Programs:: How @tramp{} finds and uses programs on the remote machine. |
474 * Remote shell setup:: Remote shell setup hints. | |
475 * Windows setup hints:: Issues with Cygwin ssh. | |
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476 * Auto-save and Backup:: Auto-save and Backup. |
45861 | 477 @end menu |
478 | |
479 | |
480 @node Connection types | |
481 @section Types of connections made to remote machines. | |
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482 @cindex connection types, overview |
45861 | 483 |
484 There are two basic types of transfer methods, each with its own | |
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485 advantages and limitations. Both types of connection make use of a |
45861 | 486 remote shell access program such as @command{rsh}, @command{ssh} or |
487 @command{telnet} to connect to the remote machine. | |
488 | |
489 This connection is used to perform many of the operations that @tramp | |
490 requires to make the remote file system transparently accessible from | |
491 the local machine. It is only when visiting files that the methods | |
492 differ. | |
493 | |
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494 @cindex inline methods |
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495 @cindex external transfer methods |
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496 @cindex external methods |
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497 @cindex out-of-band methods |
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498 @cindex methods, inline |
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499 @cindex methods, external transfer |
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500 @cindex methods, out-of-band |
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501 Loading or saving a remote file requires that the content of the file |
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502 be transfered between the two machines. The content of the file can be |
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503 transfered over the same connection used to log in to the remote |
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504 machine or the file can be transfered through another connection using |
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505 a remote copy program such as @command{rcp}, @command{scp} or |
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506 @command{rsync}. The former are called @dfn{inline methods}, the |
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507 latter are called @dfn{out-of-band methods} or @dfn{external transfer |
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508 methods} (@dfn{external methods} for short). |
45861 | 509 |
510 The performance of the external transfer methods is generally better | |
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511 than that of the inline methods, at least for large files. This is |
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512 caused by the need to encode and decode the data when transferring |
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513 inline. |
45861 | 514 |
515 The one exception to this rule are the @command{scp} based transfer | |
516 methods. While these methods do see better performance when actually | |
517 transferring files, the overhead of the cryptographic negotiation at | |
518 startup may drown out the improvement in file transfer times. | |
519 | |
520 External transfer methods do require that the remote copy command is not | |
521 interactive --- that is, the command does not prompt you for a password. | |
522 If you cannot perform remote copies without a password, you will need to | |
523 use an inline transfer method to work with @tramp{}. | |
524 | |
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525 @cindex multi-hop methods |
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526 @cindex methods, multi-hop |
45861 | 527 A variant of the inline methods are the @dfn{multi-hop methods}. |
528 These methods allow you to connect a remote host using a number `hops', | |
529 each of which connects to a different host. This is useful if you are | |
530 in a secured network where you need to go through a bastion host to | |
531 connect to the outside world. | |
532 | |
533 | |
534 @node Inline methods | |
535 @section Inline methods | |
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536 @cindex inline methods |
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537 @cindex methods, inline |
45861 | 538 |
539 The inline methods in @tramp{} are quite powerful and can work in | |
540 situations where you cannot use an external transfer program to connect. | |
541 Inline methods are the only methods that work when connecting to the | |
542 remote machine via telnet. (There are also strange inline methods which | |
543 allow you to transfer files between @emph{user identities} rather than | |
544 hosts, see below.) | |
545 | |
546 These methods depend on the existence of a suitable encoding and | |
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547 decoding command on remote machine. Locally, @tramp{} may be able to use |
45861 | 548 features of Emacs to decode and encode the files or it may require |
549 access to external commands to perform that task. | |
550 | |
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551 @cindex uuencode |
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552 @cindex mimencode |
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553 @cindex base-64 encoding |
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554 @tramp{} checks the availability and usability of commands like |
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555 @command{mimencode} (part of the @command{metamail} package) or |
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556 @command{uuencode} on the remote host. The first reliable command |
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557 will be used. The search path can be customized, see @ref{Remote |
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558 Programs}. |
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559 |
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560 If both commands aren't available on the remote host, @tramp{} |
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561 transfers a small piece of Perl code to the remote host, and tries to |
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562 apply it for encoding and decoding. |
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563 |
45861 | 564 |
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565 @table @asis |
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566 @item @option{rsh} |
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567 @cindex method rsh |
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568 @cindex rsh method |
45861 | 569 |
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570 Connect to the remote host with @command{rsh}. Due to the unsecure |
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571 connection it is recommended for very local host topology only. |
45861 | 572 |
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573 On operating systems which provide the command @command{remsh} instead |
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574 of @command{rsh}, you can use the method @option{remsh}. This is true |
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575 for HP-UX or Cray UNICOS, for example. |
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576 |
45861 | 577 |
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578 @item @option{ssh} |
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579 @cindex method ssh |
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580 @cindex ssh method |
45861 | 581 |
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582 Connect to the remote host with @command{ssh}. This is identical to |
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583 the previous option except that the @command{ssh} package is used, |
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584 making the connection more secure. |
45861 | 585 |
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586 There are also two variants, @option{ssh1} and @option{ssh2}, that |
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587 call @samp{ssh -1} and @samp{ssh -2}, respectively. This way, you can |
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588 explicitly select whether you want to use the SSH protocol version 1 |
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589 or 2 to connect to the remote host. (You can also specify in |
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590 @file{~/.ssh/config}, the SSH configuration file, which protocol |
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591 should be used, and use the regular @option{ssh} method.) |
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592 |
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593 Two other variants, @option{ssh1_old} and @option{ssh2_old}, use the |
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594 @command{ssh1} and @command{ssh2} commands explicitly. If you don't |
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595 know what these are, you do not need these options. |
45861 | 596 |
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597 All the methods based on @command{ssh} have an additional kludgy |
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598 feature: you can specify a host name which looks like @file{host#42} |
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599 (the real host name, then a hash sign, then a port number). This |
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600 means to connect to the given host but to also pass @code{-p 42} as |
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601 arguments to the @command{ssh} command. |
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602 |
45861 | 603 |
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604 @item @option{telnet} |
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605 @cindex method telnet |
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606 @cindex telnet method |
45861 | 607 |
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608 Connect to the remote host with @command{telnet}. This is as unsecure |
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609 as the @option{rsh} method. |
45861 | 610 |
611 | |
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612 @item @option{su} |
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613 @cindex method su |
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614 @cindex su method |
45861 | 615 |
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616 This method does not connect to a remote host at all, rather it uses |
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617 the @command{su} program to allow you to edit files as another user. |
45861 | 618 |
619 | |
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620 @item @option{sudo} |
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621 @cindex method sudo |
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622 @cindex sudo method |
45861 | 623 |
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624 This is similar to the @option{su} method, but it uses @command{sudo} |
45861 | 625 rather than @command{su} to become a different user. |
626 | |
627 Note that @command{sudo} must be configured to allow you to start a | |
628 shell as the user. It would be nice if it was sufficient if | |
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629 @command{ls} and @command{mimencode} were allowed, but that is not |
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630 easy to implement, so I haven't got around to it, yet. |
45861 | 631 |
632 | |
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633 @item @option{sshx} |
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634 @cindex method sshx |
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635 @cindex sshx method |
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636 @cindex Cygwin (with sshx method) |
45861 | 637 |
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638 As you expect, this is similar to @option{ssh}, only a little |
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639 different. Whereas @option{ssh} opens a normal interactive shell on |
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640 the remote host, this option uses @samp{ssh -t -t @var{host} -l |
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641 @var{user} /bin/sh} to open a connection. This is useful for users |
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642 where the normal login shell is set up to ask them a number of |
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643 questions when logging in. This procedure avoids these questions, and |
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644 just gives @tramp{} a more-or-less `standard' login shell to work |
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645 with. |
45861 | 646 |
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647 Note that this procedure does not eliminate questions asked by |
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648 @command{ssh} itself. For example, @command{ssh} might ask ``Are you |
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649 sure you want to continue connecting?'' if the host key of the remote |
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650 host is not known. @tramp{} does not know how to deal with such a |
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651 question (yet), therefore you will need to make sure that you can log |
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652 in without such questions. |
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653 |
45861 | 654 This is also useful for Windows users where @command{ssh}, when |
655 invoked from an Emacs buffer, tells them that it is not allocating a | |
656 pseudo tty. When this happens, the login shell is wont to not print | |
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657 any shell prompt, which confuses @tramp{} mightily. For reasons |
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658 unknown, some Windows ports for @command{ssh} (maybe the Cygwin one) |
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659 require the doubled @samp{-t} option. |
45861 | 660 |
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661 This supports the @samp{-p} kludge. |
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662 |
45861 | 663 |
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664 @item @option{krlogin} |
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665 @cindex method krlogin |
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666 @cindex km krlogin |
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667 @cindex Kerberos (with krlogin method) |
45861 | 668 |
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669 This method is also similar to @option{ssh}. It only uses the |
45861 | 670 @command{krlogin -x} command to log in to the remote host. |
671 | |
672 | |
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673 @item @option{plink} |
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674 @cindex method plink |
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675 @cindex plink method |
45861 | 676 |
677 This method is mostly interesting for Windows users using the PuTTY | |
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678 implementation of SSH. It uses @samp{plink -ssh} to log in to the |
45861 | 679 remote host. |
680 | |
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681 Additionally, the method @option{plink1} is provided, which calls |
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682 @samp{plink -1 -ssh} in order to use SSH protocol version 1 |
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683 explicitely. |
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684 |
45861 | 685 CCC: Do we have to connect to the remote host once from the command |
686 line to accept the SSH key? Maybe this can be made automatic? | |
687 | |
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688 CCC: Does @command{plink} support the @samp{-p} option? @tramp{} will |
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689 support that, anyway. |
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690 |
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691 @end table |
45861 | 692 |
693 | |
694 | |
695 @node External transfer methods | |
696 @section External transfer methods | |
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697 @cindex methods, external transfer |
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698 @cindex methods, out-of-band |
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699 @cindex external transfer methods |
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700 @cindex out-of-band methods |
45861 | 701 |
702 The external transfer methods operate through multiple channels, using | |
703 the remote shell connection for many actions while delegating file | |
704 transfers to an external transfer utility. | |
705 | |
706 This saves the overhead of encoding and decoding that multiplexing the | |
707 transfer through the one connection has with the inline methods. | |
708 | |
709 If you want to use an external transfer method you @emph{must} be able | |
710 to execute the transfer utility to copy files to and from the remote | |
711 machine without any interaction. | |
712 | |
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713 @cindex ssh-agent |
45861 | 714 This means that you will need to use @command{ssh-agent} if you use the |
715 @command{scp} program for transfers, or maybe your version of | |
716 @command{scp} accepts a password on the command line.@footnote{PuTTY's | |
717 @command{pscp} allows you to specify the password on the command line.} | |
718 If you use @command{rsync} via @command{ssh} then the same rule must | |
719 apply to that connection. | |
720 | |
721 If you cannot get @command{scp} to run without asking for a password but | |
722 would still like to use @command{ssh} to secure your connection, have a | |
723 look at the @command{ssh} based inline methods. | |
724 | |
725 | |
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726 @table @asis |
45861 | 727 @item @option{rcp} --- @command{rsh} and @command{rcp} |
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728 @cindex method rcp |
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729 @cindex rcp method |
46366 | 730 @cindex rcp (with rcp method) |
731 @cindex rsh (with rcp method) | |
45861 | 732 |
733 This method uses the @command{rsh} and @command{rcp} commands to connect | |
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734 to the remote machine and transfer files. This is probably the fastest |
45861 | 735 connection method available. |
736 | |
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737 The alternative method @option{remcp} uses the @command{remsh} and |
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|
738 @command{rcp} commands. It should be applied on machines where |
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739 @command{remsh} is used instead of @command{rsh}. |
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740 |
45861 | 741 |
742 @item @option{scp} --- @command{ssh} and @command{scp} | |
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743 @cindex method scp |
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744 @cindex scp method |
46366 | 745 @cindex scp (with scp method) |
746 @cindex ssh (with scp method) | |
45861 | 747 |
748 Using @command{ssh} to connect to the remote host and @command{scp} to | |
749 transfer files between the machines is the best method for securely | |
750 connecting to a remote machine and accessing files. | |
751 | |
752 The performance of this option is also quite good. It may be slower than | |
753 the inline methods when you often open and close small files however. | |
754 The cost of the cryptographic handshake at the start of an @command{scp} | |
755 session can begin to absorb the advantage that the lack of encoding and | |
756 decoding presents. | |
757 | |
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758 There are also two variants, @option{scp1} and @option{scp2}, that |
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759 call @samp{ssh -1} and @samp{ssh -2}, respectively. This way, you can |
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760 explicitly select whether you want to use the SSH protocol version 1 |
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761 or 2 to connect to the remote host. (You can also specify in |
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762 @file{~/.ssh/config}, the SSH configuration file, which protocol |
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763 should be used, and use the regular @option{ssh} method.) |
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764 |
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765 Two other variants, @option{scp1_old} and @option{scp2_old}, use the |
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|
766 @command{ssh1} and @command{ssh2} commands explicitly. If you don't |
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|
767 know what these are, you do not need these options. |
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|
768 |
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769 All the @command{ssh} based methods support the kludgy @samp{-p} |
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770 feature where you can specify a port number to connect to in the host |
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771 name. For example, the host name @file{host#42} tells @tramp{} to |
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772 specify @samp{-p 42} in the argument list for @command{ssh}. |
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773 |
45861 | 774 |
775 @item @option{rsync} --- @command{ssh} and @command{rsync} | |
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776 @cindex method rsync |
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777 @cindex rsync method |
46366 | 778 @cindex rsync (with rsync method) |
779 @cindex ssh (with rsync method) | |
45861 | 780 |
781 Using the @command{ssh} command to connect securely to the remote | |
782 machine and the @command{rsync} command to transfer files is almost | |
783 identical to the @option{scp} method. | |
784 | |
785 While @command{rsync} performs much better than @command{scp} when | |
786 transferring files that exist on both hosts, this advantage is lost if | |
787 the file exists only on one side of the connection. | |
788 | |
789 The @command{rsync} based method may be considerably faster than the | |
790 @command{rcp} based methods when writing to the remote system. Reading | |
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791 files to the local machine is no faster than with a direct copy. |
45861 | 792 |
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793 This method supports the @samp{-p} hack. |
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794 |
45861 | 795 |
796 @item @option{scpx} --- @command{ssh} and @command{scp} | |
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797 @cindex method scpx |
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798 @cindex scpx method |
46366 | 799 @cindex scp (with scpx method) |
800 @cindex ssh (with scpx method) | |
801 @cindex Cygwin (with scpx method) | |
45861 | 802 |
803 As you expect, this is similar to @option{scp}, only a little | |
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804 different. Whereas @option{scp} opens a normal interactive shell on |
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805 the remote host, this option uses @samp{ssh -t -t @var{host} -l |
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806 @var{user} /bin/sh} to open a connection. This is useful for users |
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807 where the normal login shell is set up to ask them a number of |
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808 questions when logging in. This procedure avoids these questions, and |
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parents:
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809 just gives @tramp{} a more-or-less `standard' login shell to work |
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810 with. |
45861 | 811 |
812 This is also useful for Windows users where @command{ssh}, when | |
813 invoked from an Emacs buffer, tells them that it is not allocating a | |
814 pseudo tty. When this happens, the login shell is wont to not print | |
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815 any shell prompt, which confuses @tramp{} mightily. Maybe this |
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|
816 applies to the Cygwin port of SSH. |
45861 | 817 |
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818 This method supports the @samp{-p} hack. |
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819 |
45861 | 820 |
821 @item @option{pscp} --- @command{plink} and @command{pscp} | |
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822 @cindex method pscp |
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823 @cindex pscp method |
46366 | 824 @cindex pscp (with pscp method) |
825 @cindex plink (with pscp method) | |
826 @cindex PuTTY (with pscp method) | |
45861 | 827 |
828 This method is similar to @option{scp}, but it uses the | |
829 @command{plink} command to connect to the remote host, and it uses | |
830 @command{pscp} for transferring the files. These programs are part | |
831 of PuTTY, an SSH implementation for Windows. | |
832 | |
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833 CCC: Does @command{plink} support the @samp{-p} hack? |
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834 |
45861 | 835 |
836 @item @option{fcp} --- @command{fsh} and @command{fcp} | |
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837 @cindex method fcp |
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838 @cindex fcp method |
46366 | 839 @cindex fsh (with fcp method) |
840 @cindex fcp (with fcp method) | |
45861 | 841 |
842 This method is similar to @option{scp}, but it uses the @command{fsh} | |
843 command to connect to the remote host, and it uses @command{fcp} for | |
844 transferring the files. @command{fsh/fcp} are a front-end for | |
845 @command{ssh} which allow for reusing the same @command{ssh} session | |
846 for submitting several commands. This avoids the startup overhead of | |
847 @command{scp} (which has to establish a secure connection whenever it | |
848 is called). Note, however, that you can also use one of the inline | |
849 methods to achieve a similar effect. | |
850 | |
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851 This method uses the command @samp{fsh @var{host} -l @var{user} |
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|
852 /bin/sh -i} to establish the connection, it does not work to just say |
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|
853 @command{fsh @var{host} -l @var{user}}. |
45861 | 854 |
46366 | 855 @cindex method fsh |
856 @cindex fsh method | |
46361
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857 There is no inline method using @command{fsh} as the multiplexing |
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|
858 provided by the program is not very useful in our context. @tramp{} |
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|
859 opens just one connection to the remote host and then keeps it open, |
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|
860 anyway. |
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|
861 |
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862 |
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863 @ifset emacs |
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864 @item @option{ftp} |
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865 @cindex method ftp |
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866 @cindex ftp method |
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867 |
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868 This is not a native @tramp{} method. Instead of, it forwards all |
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869 requests to @value{ftp-package-name}. |
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870 @end ifset |
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871 |
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872 |
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873 @item @option{smb} --- @command{smbclient} |
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874 @cindex method smb |
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875 @cindex smb method |
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876 |
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877 This is another not natural @tramp{} method. It uses the |
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878 @command{smbclient} command on different Unices in order to connect to |
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879 an SMB server. An SMB server might be a Samba (or CIFS) server on |
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880 another UNIX host or, more interesting, a host running MS Windows. So |
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881 far, it is tested towards MS Windows NT, MS Windows 2000, and MS |
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882 Windows XP. |
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883 |
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884 The first directory in the localname must be a share name on the remote |
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885 host. Remember, that the @code{$} character in which default shares |
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886 usually end, must be written @code{$$} due to environment variable |
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887 substitution in file names. If no share name is given (i.e. remote |
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|
888 directory @code{/}), all available shares are listed. |
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889 |
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890 Since authorization is done on share level, you will be prompted |
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891 always for a password if you access another share on the same host. |
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892 Due to security reasons, the password is not cached. |
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893 |
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894 MS Windows uses for authorization both a user name and a domain name. |
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895 Because of this, the @tramp{} syntax has been extended: you can |
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896 specify a user name which looks like @code{user%domain} (the real user |
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897 name, then a percent sign, then the domain name). So, to connect to |
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898 the machine @code{melancholia} as user @code{daniel} of the domain |
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899 @code{BIZARRE}, and edit @file{.emacs} in the home directory (share |
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900 @code{daniel$}) I would specify the filename |
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901 @file{@value{tramp-prefix}smb@value{tramp-postfix-single-hop}daniel%BIZARRE@@melancholia@value{tramp-postfix}/daniel$$/.emacs}. |
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902 |
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903 The domain name as well as the user name are optional. If no user |
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904 name is specified at all, the anonymous user (without password |
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|
905 prompting) is assumed. This is different from all other @tramp{} |
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906 methods, where in such a case the local user name is taken. |
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907 |
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908 The @option{smb} method supports the @samp{-p} hack. |
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909 |
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910 @strong{Please note:} If Emacs runs locally under MS Windows, this |
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911 method isn't available. Instead of, you can use UNC file names like |
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912 @file{//melancholia/daniel$$/.emacs}. The only disadvantage is that |
51604
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913 there's no possibility to specify another user name. |
48974
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914 |
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915 @end table |
45861 | 916 |
917 @node Multi-hop Methods | |
918 @section Connecting to a remote host using multiple hops | |
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919 @cindex multi-hop methods |
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920 @cindex methods, multi-hop |
45861 | 921 |
922 Sometimes, the methods described before are not sufficient. Sometimes, | |
923 it is not possible to connect to a remote host using a simple command. | |
924 For example, if you are in a secured network, you might have to log in | |
925 to a `bastion host' first before you can connect to the outside world. | |
926 Of course, the target host may also require a bastion host. The format | |
927 of multi-hop filenames is slightly different than the format of normal | |
928 @tramp{} methods. | |
929 | |
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930 @cindex method multi |
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931 @cindex multi method |
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932 A multi-hop file name specifies a method, a number of hops, and a |
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933 localname (path name on the remote system). The method name is always |
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934 @option{multi}. |
45861 | 935 |
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936 Each hop consists of a @dfn{hop method} specification, a user name and |
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937 a host name. The hop method can be an inline method only. The |
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938 following hop methods are (currently) available: |
45861 | 939 |
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940 @table @option |
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941 @item telnet |
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942 @cindex hop method telnet |
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943 @cindex telnet hop method |
45861 | 944 |
945 Uses the well-known @command{telnet} program to connect to the host. | |
946 Whereas user name and host name are supplied in the file name, the | |
947 user is queried for the password. | |
948 | |
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949 @item rsh |
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950 @cindex hop method rsh |
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951 @cindex rsh hop method |
45861 | 952 |
953 This uses @command{rsh} to connect to the host. You do not need to | |
954 enter a password unless @command{rsh} explicitly asks for it. | |
955 | |
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956 The variant @option{remsh} uses the @command{remsh} command. It |
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957 should be applied on machines where @command{remsh} is used instead of |
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958 @command{rsh}. |
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959 |
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960 @item ssh |
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961 @cindex hop method ssh |
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962 @cindex ssh hop method |
45861 | 963 |
964 This uses @command{ssh} to connect to the host. You might have to enter | |
965 a password or a pass phrase. | |
966 | |
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967 @item su |
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968 @cindex hop method su |
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969 @cindex su hop method |
45861 | 970 |
971 This method does not actually contact a different host, but it allows | |
972 you to become a different user on the host you're currently on. This | |
973 might be useful if you want to edit files as root, but the remote host | |
974 does not allow remote root logins. In this case you can use | |
975 @option{telnet}, @option{rsh} or @option{ssh} to connect to the | |
976 remote host as a non-root user, then use an @option{su} hop to become | |
977 root. But @option{su} need not be the last hop in a sequence, you could | |
978 also use it somewhere in the middle, if the need arises. | |
979 | |
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980 Even though you @emph{must} specify both user and host with an |
45861 | 981 @option{su} hop, the host name is ignored and only the user name is |
982 used. | |
983 | |
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984 @item sudo |
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985 @cindex hop method sudo |
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986 @cindex sudo hop method |
45861 | 987 |
988 This is similar to the @option{su} hop, except that it uses | |
989 @command{sudo} rather than @command{su} to become a different user. | |
990 | |
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991 @end table |
45861 | 992 |
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993 Some people might wish to use port forwarding with @command{ssh} or |
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994 maybe they have to use a nonstandard port. This can be accomplished |
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995 by putting a stanza in @file{~/.ssh/config} for the account which |
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996 specifies a different port number for a certain host name. But it can |
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997 also be accomplished within @tramp{}, by adding a multi-hop method. |
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998 For example: |
45861 | 999 |
1000 @lisp | |
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1001 (add-to-list |
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1002 'tramp-multi-connection-function-alist |
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1003 '("sshf" tramp-multi-connect-rlogin "ssh %h -l %u -p 4400%n")) |
45861 | 1004 @end lisp |
1005 | |
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1006 Now you can use an @code{sshf} hop which connects to port 4400 instead of |
45861 | 1007 the standard port. |
1008 | |
1009 | |
1010 @node Default Method | |
1011 @section Selecting a default method | |
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1012 @cindex default method |
45861 | 1013 |
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1014 @vindex tramp-default-method |
45861 | 1015 When you select an appropriate transfer method for your typical usage |
1016 you should set the variable @var{tramp-default-method} to reflect that | |
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1017 choice. This variable controls which method will be used when a method |
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1018 is not specified in the @tramp{} file name. For example: |
45861 | 1019 |
1020 @lisp | |
1021 (setq tramp-default-method "scp") | |
1022 @end lisp | |
1023 | |
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1024 @vindex tramp-default-method-alist |
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1025 You can also specify different methods for certain user/host |
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1026 combinations, via the variable @var{tramp-default-method-alist}. For |
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1027 example, the following two lines specify to use the @option{ssh} |
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1028 method for all user names matching @samp{john} and the @option{rsync} |
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1029 method for all host names matching @samp{lily}. The third line |
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1030 specifies to use the @option{su} method for the user @samp{root} on |
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1031 the machine @samp{localhost}. |
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1032 |
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1033 @lisp |
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1034 (add-to-list 'tramp-default-method-alist '("" "john" "ssh")) |
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1035 (add-to-list 'tramp-default-method-alist '("lily" "" "rsync")) |
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1036 (add-to-list 'tramp-default-method-alist |
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1037 '("\\`localhost\\'" "\\`root\\'" "su")) |
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1038 @end lisp |
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1039 |
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1040 @noindent |
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1041 See the documentation for the variable |
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1042 @var{tramp-default-method-alist} for more details. |
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1043 |
45861 | 1044 External transfer methods are normally preferable to inline transfer |
1045 methods, giving better performance. They may not be useful if you use | |
1046 many remote machines where you cannot log in without a password. | |
1047 | |
1048 @xref{Inline methods}. | |
1049 @xref{External transfer methods}. | |
1050 @xref{Multi-hop Methods}. | |
1051 | |
1052 Another consideration with the selection of transfer methods is the | |
1053 environment you will use them in and, especially when used over the | |
1054 Internet, the security implications of your preferred method. | |
1055 | |
1056 The @command{rsh} and @command{telnet} methods send your password as | |
1057 plain text as you log in to the remote machine, as well as transferring | |
1058 the files in such a way that the content can easily be read from other | |
1059 machines. | |
1060 | |
1061 If you need to connect to remote systems that are accessible from the | |
1062 Internet, you should give serious thought to using @command{ssh} based | |
1063 methods to connect. These provide a much higher level of security, | |
1064 making it a non-trivial exercise for someone to obtain your password or | |
1065 read the content of the files you are editing. | |
1066 | |
1067 @node Customizing Methods | |
1068 @section Using Non-Standard Methods | |
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1069 @cindex customizing methods |
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1070 @cindex using non-standard methods |
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1071 @cindex create your own methods |
45861 | 1072 |
1073 There is a variable @code{tramp-methods} which you can change if the | |
1074 predefined methods don't seem right. | |
1075 | |
1076 For the time being, I'll refer you to the Lisp documentation of that | |
1077 variable, accessible with @kbd{C-h v tramp-methods @key{RET}}. | |
1078 | |
1079 | |
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1080 @node Customizing Completion |
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1081 @section Selecting config files for user/host name completion |
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1082 @cindex customizing completion |
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1083 @cindex selecting config files |
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1084 @vindex tramp-completion-function-alist |
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1085 |
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1086 The variable @code{tramp-completion-function-alist} is intended to |
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1087 customize which files are taken into account for user and host name |
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1088 completion (@pxref{Filename completion}). For every method, it keeps |
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1089 a set of configuration files, accompanied by a Lisp function able to |
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1090 parse that file. Entries in @code{tramp-completion-function-alist} |
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1091 have the form (@var{method} @var{pair1} @var{pair2} ...). |
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1092 |
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1093 Each @var{pair} is composed of (@var{function} @var{file}). |
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1094 @var{function} is responsible to extract user names and host names |
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1095 from @var{file} for completion. There are two functions which access |
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1096 this variable: |
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1097 |
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1098 @defun tramp-get-completion-function method |
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1099 This function returns the list of completion functions for @var{method}. |
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1100 |
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1101 Example: |
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1102 @example |
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1103 (tramp-get-completion-function "rsh") |
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1104 |
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1105 @result{} ((tramp-parse-rhosts "/etc/hosts.equiv") |
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1106 (tramp-parse-rhosts "~/.rhosts")) |
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1107 @end example |
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1108 @end defun |
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1109 |
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1110 @defun tramp-set-completion-function method function-list |
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1111 This function sets @var{function-list} as list of completion functions |
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1112 for @var{method}. |
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1113 |
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1114 Example: |
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1115 @example |
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1116 (tramp-set-completion-function "ssh" |
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1117 '((tramp-parse-sconfig "/etc/ssh_config") |
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1118 (tramp-parse-sconfig "~/.ssh/config"))) |
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1119 |
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1120 @result{} ((tramp-parse-sconfig "/etc/ssh_config") |
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1121 (tramp-parse-sconfig "~/.ssh/config")) |
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1122 @end example |
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1123 @end defun |
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1124 |
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1125 The following predefined functions parsing configuration files exist: |
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1126 |
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1127 @table @asis |
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1128 @item @code{tramp-parse-rhosts} |
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1129 @findex tramp-parse-rhosts |
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1130 |
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1131 This function parses files which are syntactical equivalent to |
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1132 @file{~/.rhosts}. It returns both host names and user names, if |
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1133 specified. |
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1134 |
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1135 @item @code{tramp-parse-shosts} |
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1136 @findex tramp-parse-shosts |
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1137 |
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1138 This function parses files which are syntactical equivalent to |
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1139 @file{~/.ssh/known_hosts}. Since there are no user names specified |
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1140 in such files, it can return host names only. |
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|
1141 |
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1142 @item @code{tramp-parse-sconfig} |
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1143 @findex tramp-parse-shosts |
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|
1144 |
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Version 2.0.35 of Tramp released.
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1145 This function returns the host nicknames defined by @code{Host} entries |
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1146 in @file{~/.ssh/config} style files. |
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1147 |
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1148 @item @code{tramp-parse-hosts} |
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1149 @findex tramp-parse-hosts |
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1150 |
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1151 A function dedicated to @file{/etc/hosts} style files. It returns |
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1152 host names only. |
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1153 |
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1154 @item @code{tramp-parse-passwd} |
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1155 @findex tramp-parse-passwd |
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1156 |
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1157 A function which parses @file{/etc/passwd} like files. Obviously, it |
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1158 can return user names only. |
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1159 |
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1160 @item @code{tramp-parse-netrc} |
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1161 @findex tramp-parse-netrc |
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|
1162 |
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1163 Finally, a function which parses @file{~/.netrc} like files. |
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1164 @end table |
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1165 |
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1166 If you want to keep your own data in a file, with your own structure, |
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1167 you might provide such a function as well. This function must meet |
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1168 the following conventions: |
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1169 |
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1170 @defun my-tramp-parse file |
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1171 @var{file} must be either a file name on your host, or @code{nil}. The |
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1172 function must return a list of (@var{user} @var{host}), which are |
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1173 taken as candidates for user and host name completion. |
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1174 |
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1175 Example: |
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1176 @example |
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1177 (my-tramp-parse "~/.my-tramp-hosts") |
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1178 |
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1179 @result{} ((nil "toto") ("daniel" "melancholia")) |
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1180 @end example |
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1181 @end defun |
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1182 |
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1183 |
45861 | 1184 @node Remote Programs |
1185 @section How @tramp{} finds and uses programs on the remote machine. | |
1186 | |
1187 @tramp{} depends on a number of programs on the remote host in order to | |
1188 function, including @command{ls}, @command{test}, @command{find} and | |
1189 @command{cat}. | |
1190 | |
1191 In addition to these required tools, there are various tools that may be | |
1192 required based on the connection method. See @ref{Inline methods} and | |
1193 @ref{External transfer methods} for details on these. | |
1194 | |
1195 Certain other tools, such as @command{perl} (or @command{perl5}) and | |
1196 @command{grep} will be used if they can be found. When they are | |
1197 available, they are used to improve the performance and accuracy of | |
1198 remote file access. | |
1199 | |
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1200 @vindex tramp-remote-path |
45861 | 1201 When @tramp{} connects to the remote machine, it searches for the |
1202 programs that it can use. The variable @var{tramp-remote-path} controls | |
1203 the directories searched on the remote machine. | |
1204 | |
1205 By default, this is set to a reasonable set of defaults for most | |
1206 machines. It is possible, however, that your local (or remote ;) system | |
1207 administrator has put the tools you want in some obscure local | |
1208 directory. | |
1209 | |
1210 In this case, you can still use them with @tramp{}. You simply need to | |
1211 add code to your @file{.emacs} to add the directory to the remote path. | |
1212 This will then be searched by @tramp{} when you connect and the software | |
1213 found. | |
1214 | |
1215 To add a directory to the remote search path, you could use code such | |
1216 as: | |
1217 | |
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1218 @lisp |
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1219 @i{;; We load @tramp{} to define the variable.} |
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1220 (require 'tramp) |
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1221 @i{;; We have @command{perl} in "/usr/local/perl/bin"} |
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1222 (add-to-list 'tramp-remote-path "/usr/local/perl/bin") |
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1223 @end lisp |
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1224 |
45861 | 1225 |
1226 @node Remote shell setup | |
1227 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
1228 @section Remote shell setup hints | |
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1229 @cindex remote shell setup |
46366 | 1230 @cindex @file{.profile} file |
1231 @cindex @file{.login} file | |
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1232 @cindex shell init files |
45861 | 1233 |
1234 As explained in the @ref{Overview} section, @tramp{} connects to the | |
1235 remote host and talks to the shell it finds there. Of course, when you | |
1236 log in, the shell executes its init files. Suppose your init file | |
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1237 requires you to enter the birth date of your mother; clearly @tramp{} |
45861 | 1238 does not know this and hence fails to log you in to that host. |
1239 | |
1240 There are different possible strategies for pursuing this problem. One | |
1241 strategy is to enable @tramp{} to deal with all possible situations. | |
1242 This is a losing battle, since it is not possible to deal with | |
1243 @emph{all} situations. The other strategy is to require you to set up | |
1244 the remote host such that it behaves like @tramp{} expect. This might | |
1245 be inconvenient because you have to invest a lot of effort into shell | |
1246 setup before you can begin to use @tramp{}. | |
1247 | |
1248 The package, therefore, pursues a combined approach. It tries to figure | |
1249 out some of the more common setups, and only requires you to avoid | |
1250 really exotic stuff. For example, it looks through a list of | |
1251 directories to find some programs on the remote host. And also, it | |
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1252 knows that it is not obvious how to check whether a file exists, and |
45861 | 1253 therefore it tries different possibilities. (On some hosts and shells, |
1254 the command @code{test -e} does the trick, on some hosts the shell | |
1255 builtin doesn't work but the program @code{/usr/bin/test -e} or | |
1256 @code{/bin/test -e} works. And on still other hosts, @code{ls -d} is | |
1257 the right way to do this.) | |
1258 | |
1259 Below you find a discussion of a few things that @tramp{} does not deal | |
1260 with, and that you therefore have to set up correctly. | |
1261 | |
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1262 @table @asis |
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1263 @item @var{shell-prompt-pattern} |
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1264 @vindex shell-prompt-pattern |
45861 | 1265 |
1266 After logging in to the remote host, @tramp{} has to wait for the remote | |
1267 shell startup to finish before it can send commands to the remote | |
1268 shell. The strategy here is to wait for the shell prompt. In order to | |
1269 recognize the shell prompt, the variable @code{shell-prompt-pattern} has | |
1270 to be set correctly to recognize the shell prompt on the remote host. | |
1271 | |
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1272 Note that @tramp{} requires the match for @code{shell-prompt-pattern} |
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1273 to be at the end of the buffer. Many people have something like the |
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1274 following as the value for the variable: @code{"^[^>$][>$] *"}. Now |
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1275 suppose your shell prompt is @code{a <b> c $ }. In this case, |
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1276 @tramp{} recognizes the @code{>} character as the end of the prompt, |
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1277 but it is not at the end of the buffer. |
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1278 |
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1279 @item @var{tramp-shell-prompt-pattern} |
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1280 @vindex tramp-shell-prompt-pattern |
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1281 |
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1282 This regular expression is used by @tramp{} in the same way as |
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1283 @code{shell-prompt-pattern}, to match prompts from the remote shell. |
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1284 This second variable exists because the prompt from the remote shell |
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1285 might be different from the prompt from a local shell --- after all, |
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1286 the whole point of @tramp{} is to log in to remote hosts as a |
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1287 different user. The default value of |
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1288 @code{tramp-shell-prompt-pattern} is the same as the default value of |
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1289 @code{shell-prompt-pattern}, which is reported to work well in many |
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1290 circumstances. |
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1291 |
45861 | 1292 @item @code{tset} and other questions |
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1293 @cindex Unix command tset |
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1294 @cindex tset Unix command |
45861 | 1295 |
1296 Some people invoke the @code{tset} program from their shell startup | |
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1297 scripts which asks the user about the terminal type of the shell. |
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1298 Maybe some shells ask other questions when they are started. @tramp{} |
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1299 does not know how to answer these questions. There are two approaches |
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1300 for dealing with this problem. One approach is to take care that the |
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1301 shell does not ask any questions when invoked from @tramp{}. You can |
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1302 do this by checking the @code{TERM} environment variable, it will be |
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1303 set to @code{dumb} when connecting. |
45861 | 1304 |
1305 @vindex tramp-terminal-type | |
1306 The variable @code{tramp-terminal-type} can be used to change this value | |
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1307 to @code{dumb}. |
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1308 |
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1309 The other approach is to teach @tramp{} about these questions. See |
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1310 the variables @code{tramp-actions-before-shell} and |
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1311 @code{tramp-multi-actions} (for multi-hop connections). |
45861 | 1312 |
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1313 @end table |
45861 | 1314 |
1315 | |
50338
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1316 @node Auto-save and Backup |
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1317 @section Auto-save and Backup configuration |
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1318 @cindex auto-save |
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1319 @cindex backup |
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1320 @vindex backup-directory-alist |
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1321 |
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1322 Explaining auto-save is still to do. |
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1323 |
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1324 Normally, Emacs writes backup files to the same directory as the |
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1325 original files, but this behavior can be changed via the variable |
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1326 @code{backup-directory-alist}. In connection with @tramp{}, this can |
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1327 have unexpected side effects. Suppose that you specify that all backups |
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1328 should go to the directory @file{~/.emacs.d/backups/}, and then you edit |
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1329 the file @file{/su:root@@localhost:/etc/secretfile}. The effect is that |
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1330 the backup file will be owned by you and not by root, thus possibly |
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1331 enabling others to see it even if they were not intended to see it. |
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1332 |
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1333 When @code{backup-directory-alist} is nil (the default), such problems |
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1334 do not occur. |
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1335 |
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1336 If you wish to customize the variable, the workaround is to include |
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1337 special settings for Tramp files. For example, the following statement |
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1338 effectively `turns off' the effect of @code{backup-directory-alist} for |
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1339 @tramp{} files: |
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1340 |
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1341 @lisp |
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1342 (require 'tramp) |
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1343 (add-to-list 'backup-directory-alist |
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1344 (cons tramp-file-name-regexp nil)) |
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1345 @end lisp |
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1346 |
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1347 |
45861 | 1348 @node Windows setup hints |
1349 @section Issues with Cygwin ssh | |
46366 | 1350 @cindex Cygwin, issues |
45861 | 1351 |
1352 This section needs a lot of work! Please help. | |
1353 | |
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1354 @cindex method sshx with Cygwin |
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1355 @cindex sshx method with Cygwin |
45861 | 1356 If you use the Cygwin installation of ssh (you have to explicitly select |
1357 it in the installer), then it should work out of the box to just select | |
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|
1358 @code{sshx} as the connection method. You can find information about |
45861 | 1359 setting up Cygwin in their FAQ at @uref{http://cygwin.com/faq/}. |
1360 | |
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1361 @cindex method scpx with Cygwin |
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1362 @cindex scpx method with Cygwin |
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1363 If you wish to use the @code{scpx} connection method, then you might |
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1364 have the problem that Emacs calls @code{scp} with a Windows filename |
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1365 such as @code{c:/foo}. The Cygwin version of @code{scp} does not know |
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1366 about Windows filenames and interprets this as a remote filename on the |
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1367 host @code{c}. |
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1368 |
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1369 One possible workaround is to write a wrapper script for @code{scp} |
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|
1370 which converts the Windows filename to a Cygwinized filename. |
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1371 |
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1372 I guess that another workaround is to run Emacs under Cygwin, or to run |
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1373 a Cygwinized Emacs. |
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1374 |
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|
1375 @cindex Cygwin and ssh-agent |
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1376 @cindex SSH_AUTH_SOCK and Emacs on Windows |
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1377 If you want to use either @code{ssh} based method on Windows, then you |
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|
1378 might encounter problems with @code{ssh-agent}. Using this program, |
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1379 you can avoid typing the pass-phrase every time you log in (and the |
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|
1380 @code{scpx} method more or less requires you to use @code{ssh-agent} |
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1381 because it does not allow you to type a password or pass-phrase). |
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1382 However, if you start Emacs from a desktop shortcut, then the |
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1383 environment variable @code{SSH_AUTH_SOCK} is not set and so Emacs and |
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1384 thus @tramp{} and thus @code{ssh} and @code{scp} started from @tramp{} |
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|
1385 cannot communicate with @code{ssh-agent}. It works better to start |
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|
1386 Emacs from the shell. |
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1387 |
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|
1388 If anyone knows how to start @code{ssh-agent} under Windows in such a |
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|
1389 way that desktop shortcuts can profit, please holler. I don't really |
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|
1390 know anything at all about Windows@dots{} |
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|
1391 |
45861 | 1392 |
1393 @node Usage | |
1394 @chapter Using @tramp | |
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|
1395 @cindex using @tramp |
45861 | 1396 |
1397 Once you have installed @tramp{} it will operate fairly transparently. You | |
1398 will be able to access files on any remote machine that you can log in | |
1399 to as though they were local. | |
1400 | |
1401 Files are specified to @tramp{} using a formalized syntax specifying the | |
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|
1402 details of the system to connect to. This is similar to the syntax used |
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1403 by the @value{ftp-package-name} package. |
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1404 |
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|
1405 @cindex type-ahead |
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1406 Something that might happen which surprises you is that Emacs |
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1407 remembers all your keystrokes, so if you see a password prompt from |
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1408 Emacs, say, and hit @kbd{@key{RET}} twice instead of once, then the |
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1409 second keystroke will be processed by Emacs after @tramp{} has done |
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1410 its thing. Why, this type-ahead is normal behavior, you say. Right |
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|
1411 you are, but be aware that opening a remote file might take quite a |
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1412 while, maybe half a minute when a connection needs to be opened. |
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1413 Maybe after half a minute you have already forgotten that you hit that |
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|
1414 key! |
45861 | 1415 |
1416 @menu | |
1417 * Filename Syntax:: @tramp{} filename conventions. | |
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1418 * Multi-hop filename syntax:: Multi-hop filename conventions. |
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1419 * Filename completion:: Filename completion. |
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|
1420 * Dired:: Dired. |
45861 | 1421 @end menu |
1422 | |
1423 | |
1424 @node Filename Syntax | |
1425 @section @tramp{} filename conventions | |
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1426 @cindex filename syntax |
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|
1427 @cindex filename examples |
45861 | 1428 |
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1429 To access the file @var{localname} on the remote machine @var{machine} you |
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|
1430 would specify the filename |
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|
1431 @file{@value{tramp-prefix}@var{machine}@value{tramp-postfix}@var{localname}}. |
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|
1432 This will connect to @var{machine} and transfer the file using the |
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|
1433 default method. @xref{Default Method}. |
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1434 |
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|
1435 Some examples of @tramp{} filenames are shown below. |
45861 | 1436 |
1437 @table @file | |
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1438 @item @value{tramp-prefix}melancholia@value{tramp-postfix}.emacs |
45861 | 1439 Edit the file @file{.emacs} in your home directory on the machine |
1440 @code{melancholia}. | |
1441 | |
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1442 @item @value{tramp-prefix}melancholia.danann.net@value{tramp-postfix}.emacs |
45861 | 1443 This edits the same file, using the fully qualified domain name of |
1444 the machine. | |
1445 | |
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1446 @item @value{tramp-prefix}melancholia@value{tramp-postfix}~/.emacs |
45861 | 1447 This also edits the same file --- the @file{~} is expanded to your |
1448 home directory on the remote machine, just like it is locally. | |
1449 | |
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1450 @item @value{tramp-prefix}melancholia@value{tramp-postfix}~daniel/.emacs |
45861 | 1451 This edits the file @file{.emacs} in the home directory of the user |
1452 @code{daniel} on the machine @code{melancholia}. The @file{~<user>} | |
1453 construct is expanded to the home directory of that user on the remote | |
1454 machine. | |
1455 | |
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1456 @item @value{tramp-prefix}melancholia@value{tramp-postfix}/etc/squid.conf |
45861 | 1457 This edits the file @file{/etc/squid.conf} on the machine |
1458 @code{melancholia}. | |
1459 | |
1460 @end table | |
1461 | |
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1462 Unless you specify a different name to use, @tramp{} will use the |
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|
1463 current local user name as the remote user name to log in with. If you |
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1464 need to log in as a different user, you can specify the user name as |
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|
1465 part of the filename. |
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1466 |
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1467 To log in to the remote machine as a specific user, you use the syntax |
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1468 @file{@value{tramp-prefix}@var{user}@@@var{machine}@value{tramp-postfix}/@var{path/to.file}}. |
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1469 That means that connecting to @code{melancholia} as @code{daniel} and |
46348 | 1470 editing @file{.emacs} in your home directory you would specify |
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1471 @file{@value{tramp-prefix}daniel@@melancholia@value{tramp-postfix}.emacs}. |
45861 | 1472 |
1473 It is also possible to specify other file transfer methods | |
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1474 (@pxref{Default Method}) as part of the filename. |
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1475 @ifset emacs |
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1476 This is done by putting the method before the user and host name, as |
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1477 in |
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1478 @file{@value{tramp-prefix}@var{method}@value{tramp-postfix-single-hop}} |
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1479 (Note the trailing colon). |
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1480 @end ifset |
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1481 @ifset xemacs |
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1482 This is done by replacing the initial |
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1483 @file{@value{tramp-prefix}} with |
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1484 @file{@value{tramp-prefix}<method>@value{tramp-postfix-single-hop}}. |
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1485 (Note the trailing slash!). |
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1486 @end ifset |
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1487 The user, machine and file specification remain the same. |
45861 | 1488 |
46348 | 1489 So, to connect to the machine @code{melancholia} as @code{daniel}, |
1490 using the @option{su} method to transfer files, and edit @file{.emacs} | |
1491 in my home directory I would specify the filename | |
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1492 @file{@value{tramp-prefix}su@value{tramp-postfix-single-hop}daniel@@melancholia@value{tramp-postfix}.emacs}. |
45861 | 1493 |
1494 | |
1495 @node Multi-hop filename syntax | |
1496 @section Multi-hop filename conventions | |
46361
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1497 @cindex filename syntax for multi-hop files |
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1498 @cindex multi-hop filename syntax |
45861 | 1499 |
1500 The syntax of multi-hop file names is necessarily slightly different | |
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1501 than the syntax of other @tramp{} file names. Here's an example |
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1502 multi-hop file name, first in Emacs syntax and then in XEmacs syntax: |
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1503 |
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1504 @example |
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1505 @value{tramp-prefix}multi@value{tramp-postfix-single-hop}rsh@value{tramp-postfix-multi-hop}out@@gate@value{tramp-postfix-single-hop}telnet@value{tramp-postfix-multi-hop}kai@@real.host@value{tramp-postfix}/path/to.file |
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1506 @end example |
45861 | 1507 |
1508 This is quite a mouthful. So let's go through it step by step. The | |
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1509 file name consists of three parts. |
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1510 @ifset emacs |
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1511 The parts are separated by colons |
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1512 @end ifset |
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1513 @ifset xemacs |
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1514 The parts are separated by slashes and square brackets. |
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1515 @end ifset |
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1516 The first part is @file{@value{tramp-prefix}multi}, the method |
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1517 specification. The second part is |
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1518 @file{rsh@value{tramp-postfix-multi-hop}out@@gate@value{tramp-postfix-single-hop}telnet@value{tramp-postfix-multi-hop}kai@@real.host} |
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1519 and specifies the hops. The final part is @file{/path/to.file} and |
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1520 specifies the file name on the remote host. |
45861 | 1521 |
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1522 The first part and the final part should be clear. See @ref{Multi-hop |
45861 | 1523 Methods}, for a list of alternatives for the method specification. |
1524 | |
47576
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1525 The second part can be subdivided again into components, so-called |
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1526 hops. In the above file name, there are two hops, |
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1527 @file{rsh@value{tramp-postfix-multi-hop}out@@gate} and |
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1528 @file{telnet@value{tramp-postfix-multi-hop}kai@@real.host}. |
45861 | 1529 |
1530 Each hop can @emph{again} be subdivided into (three) components, the | |
1531 @dfn{hop method}, the @dfn{user name} and the @dfn{host name}. The | |
1532 meaning of the second and third component should be clear, and the hop | |
1533 method says what program to use to perform that hop. | |
1534 | |
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1535 The first hop, @file{rsh@value{tramp-postfix-multi-hop}out@@gate}, |
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1536 says to use @command{rsh} to log in as user @code{out} to the host |
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1537 @code{gate}. Starting at that host, the second hop, |
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1538 @file{telnet@value{tramp-postfix-multi-hop}kai@@real.host}, says to |
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1539 use @command{telnet} to log in as user @code{kai} to host |
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1540 @code{real.host}. |
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|
1541 |
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1542 @xref{Multi-hop Methods}, for a list of possible hop method values. |
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1543 The variable @code{tramp-multi-connection-function-alist} contains the |
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1544 list of possible hop methods and information on how to execute them, |
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1545 should you want to add your own. |
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|
1546 |
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1547 |
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1548 @node Filename completion |
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|
1549 @section Filename completion |
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|
1550 @cindex filename completion |
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1551 |
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|
1552 Filename completion works with @tramp{} for both completing methods, |
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|
1553 user names and machine names (except multi hop methods) as well as for |
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|
1554 files on remote machines. |
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|
1555 |
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1556 If you, for example, type @kbd{C-x C-f @value{tramp-prefix}t |
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1557 @key{TAB}}, @tramp{} might give you as result the choice for |
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|
1558 |
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|
1559 @example |
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|
1560 @ifset emacs |
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|
1561 @value{tramp-prefix-single-hop}telnet@value{tramp-postfix-single-hop} tmp/ |
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1562 @value{tramp-prefix-single-hop}toto@value{tramp-postfix} |
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|
1563 @end ifset |
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|
1564 @ifset xemacs |
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|
1565 @value{tramp-prefix-single-hop}telnet@value{tramp-postfix-single-hop} @value{tramp-prefix-single-hop}toto@value{tramp-postfix} |
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|
1566 @end ifset |
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|
1567 @end example |
49600
23a1cea22d13
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|
1568 |
47576
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|
1569 @samp{@value{tramp-prefix-single-hop}telnet@value{tramp-postfix-single-hop}} |
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|
1570 is a possible completion for the respective method, |
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|
1571 @ifset emacs |
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|
1572 @samp{tmp/} stands for the directory @file{/tmp} on your local |
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|
1573 machine, |
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|
1574 @end ifset |
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1575 and @samp{@value{tramp-prefix-single-hop}toto@value{tramp-postfix}} |
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|
1576 might be a host @tramp has detected in your @file{~/.ssh/known_hosts} |
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1577 file (given you're using default method @option{ssh}). |
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|
1578 |
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|
1579 If you go on to type @kbd{e @key{TAB}}, the minibuffer is completed to |
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|
1580 @samp{@value{tramp-prefix}telnet@value{tramp-postfix-single-hop}}. |
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1581 Next @kbd{@key{TAB}} brings you all machine names @tramp{} detects in |
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|
1582 your @file{/etc/hosts} file, let's say |
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|
1583 |
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|
1584 @example |
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|
1585 @value{tramp-prefix-single-hop}telnet@value{tramp-postfix-single-hop}127.0.0.1@value{tramp-postfix} @value{tramp-prefix-single-hop}telnet@value{tramp-postfix-single-hop}192.168.0.1@value{tramp-postfix} |
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|
1586 @value{tramp-prefix-single-hop}telnet@value{tramp-postfix-single-hop}localhost@value{tramp-postfix} @value{tramp-prefix-single-hop}telnet@value{tramp-postfix-single-hop}melancholia.danann.net@value{tramp-postfix} |
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|
1587 @value{tramp-prefix-single-hop}telnet@value{tramp-postfix-single-hop}melancholia@value{tramp-postfix} |
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|
1588 @end example |
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|
1589 |
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|
1590 Now you can choose the desired machine, and you can continue to |
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|
1591 complete file names on that machine. |
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|
1592 |
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|
1593 As filename completion needs to fetch the listing of files from the |
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|
1594 remote machine, this feature is sometimes fairly slow. As @tramp{} |
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|
1595 does not yet cache the results of directory listing, there is no gain |
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|
1596 in performance the second time you complete filenames. |
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1597 |
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1598 If the configuration files (@pxref{Customizing Completion}), which |
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1599 @tramp{} uses for analysis of completion, offer user names, those user |
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1600 names will be taken into account as well. |
45861 | 1601 |
1602 | |
1603 @node Dired | |
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1604 @section Dired |
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1605 @cindex dired |
45861 | 1606 |
1607 @tramp{} works transparently with dired, enabling you to use this powerful | |
1608 file management tool to manage files on any machine you have access to | |
1609 over the Internet. | |
1610 | |
1611 If you need to browse a directory tree, Dired is a better choice, at | |
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1612 present, than filename completion. Dired has its own cache mechanism |
45861 | 1613 and will only fetch the directory listing once. |
1614 | |
1615 | |
1616 @node Bug Reports | |
1617 @chapter Reporting Bugs and Problems | |
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1618 @cindex bug reports |
45861 | 1619 |
1620 Bugs and problems with @tramp{} are actively worked on by the development | |
1621 team. Feature requests and suggestions are also more than welcome. | |
1622 | |
1623 The @tramp{} mailing list is a great place to get information on working | |
1624 with @tramp{}, solving problems and general discussion and advice on topics | |
1625 relating to the package. | |
1626 | |
1627 The mailing list is at @email{tramp-devel@@mail.freesoftware.fsf.org}. | |
1628 Messages sent to this address go to all the subscribers. This is | |
1629 @emph{not} the address to send subscription requests to. | |
1630 | |
1631 For help on subscribing to the list, send mail to the administrative | |
1632 address, @email{tramp-devel-request@@mail.freesoftware.fsf.org}, with the | |
1633 subject @samp{help}. | |
1634 | |
1635 To report a bug in @tramp{}, you should execute @kbd{M-x tramp-bug}. This | |
1636 will automatically generate a buffer with the details of your system and | |
1637 @tramp{} version. | |
1638 | |
1639 When submitting a bug report, please try to describe in excruciating | |
1640 detail the steps required to reproduce the problem, the setup of the | |
1641 remote machine and any special conditions that exist. | |
1642 | |
1643 If you can identify a minimal test case that reproduces the problem, | |
1644 include that with your bug report. This will make it much easier for the | |
1645 development team to analyze and correct the problem. | |
1646 | |
1647 @node Frequently Asked Questions | |
1648 @chapter Frequently Asked Questions | |
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1649 @cindex frequently asked questions |
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1650 @cindex FAQ |
45861 | 1651 |
1652 @itemize @bullet | |
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1653 @item |
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1654 Where can I get the latest @tramp{}? |
45861 | 1655 |
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1656 @tramp{} is available under the URL below. |
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1657 |
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1658 @noindent |
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1659 @uref{http://savannah.nongnu.org/download/tramp/} |
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1660 |
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1661 @noindent |
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1662 There is also a Savannah project page. |
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1663 |
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1664 @noindent |
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1665 @uref{https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/tramp/} |
45861 | 1666 |
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1667 @item |
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1668 Which systems does it work on? |
45861 | 1669 |
1670 The package has been used successfully on Emacs 20 and Emacs 21, as well | |
1671 as XEmacs 21. XEmacs 20 is more problematic, see the notes in | |
1672 @file{tramp.el}. I don't think anybody has really tried it on Emacs 19. | |
1673 | |
1674 The package was intended to work on Unix, and it really expects a | |
1675 Unix-like system on the remote end, but some people seemed to have some | |
1676 success getting it to work on NT Emacs. | |
1677 | |
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1678 There is some informations on @tramp{} on NT at the following URL; |
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1679 many thanks to Joe Stoy for providing the information: |
45861 | 1680 @uref{ftp://ftp.comlab.ox.ac.uk/tmp/Joe.Stoy/} |
1681 | |
1682 The above mostly contains patches to old ssh versions; Tom Roche has a | |
1683 Web page with instructions: | |
1684 @uref{http://www4.ncsu.edu/~tlroche/plinkTramp.html} | |
1685 | |
1686 ??? Is the XEmacs info correct? | |
1687 | |
1688 ??? Can somebody provide some information for getting it to work on NT | |
1689 Emacs? I think there was some issue with @command{ssh}? | |
1690 | |
1691 | |
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1692 @item |
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1693 I can't stop @value{ftp-package-name} starting with @value{emacs-name} |
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1694 |
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1695 @ifset emacs |
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1696 @value{ftp-package-name} is loaded from @tramp{} automatically if you |
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1697 require a file by the ftp method. Unfortunately, there are some Lisp |
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1698 packages which make @value{ftp-package-name} file name handlers active. |
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1699 You can see it applying @kbd{C-h v file-name-handler-alist}: |
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1700 |
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1701 @example |
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1702 file-name-handler-alist's value is |
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1703 (("^/[^/:]*\\'" . ange-ftp-completion-hook-function) |
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1704 ("^/[^/:]*[^/:.]:" . ange-ftp-hook-function) |
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1705 ("^/[^/]*$" . tramp-completion-file-name-handler) |
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1706 ("\\`/[^/:]+:" . tramp-file-name-handler) |
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1707 ("\\`/:" . file-name-non-special)) |
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1708 @end example |
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1709 |
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1710 Please try to find out which package is responsible for loading |
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1711 @value{ftp-package-name}, and raise a bug report. |
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1712 |
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1713 A workaround is to require @value{ftp-package-name} before @tramp{} in |
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1714 your @file{~/.emacs}, because @tramp{} cleans up the entries in |
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1715 @code{file-name-handler-alist}: |
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1716 |
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1717 @lisp |
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1718 ;; @value{ftp-package-name} temporarily required |
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1719 (require 'ange-ftp) |
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1720 ;; @tramp{} cleans up @code{file-name-handler-alist} |
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1721 (require 'tramp) |
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1722 @end lisp |
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1723 @end ifset |
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1724 |
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1725 @ifset xemacs |
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1726 Not all the older versions of @tramp{} supported @value{emacs-name} |
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1727 correctly. The first thing to do is to make sure that you have the |
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1728 latest version of @tramp{} installed. |
45861 | 1729 |
1730 If you do, please try and find out exactly the conditions required for | |
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1731 the @value{ftp-package-name} handlers to fire. If you can, putting a |
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1732 breakpoint on @code{efs-ftp-path} and sending in the stack trace along |
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1733 with your bug report would make it easier for the developers to work out |
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1734 what is going wrong. |
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1735 @end ifset |
45861 | 1736 |
1737 | |
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1738 @item |
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1739 File name completion does not work with @tramp{} |
45861 | 1740 |
1741 When you log in to the remote machine, do you see the output of | |
1742 @command{ls} in color? If so, this may be the cause of your problems. | |
1743 | |
1744 @command{ls} outputs @acronym{ANSI} escape sequences that your terminal | |
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1745 emulator interprets to set the colors. These escape sequences will |
45861 | 1746 confuse @tramp{} however. |
1747 | |
1748 In your @file{.bashrc}, @file{.profile} or equivalent on the remote | |
1749 machine you probably have an alias configured that adds the option | |
1750 @option{--color=yes} or @option{--color=auto}. | |
1751 | |
1752 You should remove that alias and ensure that a new login @emph{does not} | |
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1753 display the output of @command{ls} in color. If you still cannot use |
45861 | 1754 filename completion, report a bug to the @tramp{} developers. |
1755 | |
1756 | |
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1757 @item |
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1758 File name completion does not work in large directories |
45861 | 1759 |
1760 @tramp{} uses globbing for some operations. (Globbing means to use the | |
1761 shell to expand wildcards such as `*.c'.) This might create long | |
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1762 command lines, especially in directories with many files. Some shells |
45861 | 1763 choke on long command lines, or don't cope well with the globbing |
1764 itself. | |
1765 | |
1766 If you have a large directory on the remote end, you may wish to execute | |
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1767 a command like @samp{ls -d * ..?* > /dev/null} and see if it hangs. |
45861 | 1768 Note that you must first start the right shell, which might be |
1769 @command{/bin/sh}, @command{ksh} or @command{bash}, depending on which | |
1770 of those supports tilde expansion. | |
1771 | |
1772 | |
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1773 @item |
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1774 What kinds of systems does @tramp{} work on |
45861 | 1775 |
1776 @tramp{} really expects the remote system to be a Unix-like system. The | |
1777 local system should preferably be Unix-like, as well, but @tramp{} might | |
1778 work on NT with some tweaking. | |
1779 | |
1780 | |
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1781 @item |
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1782 How can I get notified when @tramp{} file transfers are complete? |
45861 | 1783 |
1784 The following snippet can be put in your @file{~/.emacs} file. It makes | |
1785 Emacs beep after reading from or writing to the remote host. | |
1786 | |
1787 @lisp | |
1788 (defadvice tramp-handle-write-region | |
1789 (after tramp-write-beep-advice activate) | |
1790 " make tramp beep after writing a file." | |
1791 (interactive) | |
1792 (beep)) | |
1793 (defadvice tramp-handle-do-copy-or-rename-file | |
1794 (after tramp-copy-beep-advice activate) | |
1795 " make tramp beep after copying a file." | |
1796 (interactive) | |
1797 (beep)) | |
1798 (defadvice tramp-handle-insert-file-contents | |
1799 (after tramp-copy-beep-advice activate) | |
1800 " make tramp beep after copying a file." | |
1801 (interactive) | |
1802 (beep)) | |
1803 @end lisp | |
1804 | |
1805 | |
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1806 @item |
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1807 There's this @file{~/.sh_history} file on the remote host which keeps |
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1808 growing and growing. What's that? |
45861 | 1809 |
1810 Sometimes, @tramp{} starts @code{ksh} on the remote host for tilde | |
1811 expansion. Maybe @code{ksh} saves the history by default. @tramp{} | |
1812 tries to turn off saving the history, but maybe you have to help. For | |
1813 example, you could put this in your @file{.kshrc}: | |
1814 | |
1815 @example | |
1816 if [ -f $HOME/.sh_history ] ; then | |
1817 /bin/rm $HOME/.sh_history | |
1818 fi | |
1819 if [ "$@{HISTFILE-unset@}" != "unset" ] ; then | |
1820 unset HISTFILE | |
1821 fi | |
1822 if [ "$@{HISTSIZE-unset@}" != "unset" ] ; then | |
1823 unset HISTSIZE | |
1824 fi | |
1825 @end example | |
1826 | |
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1827 |
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1828 @item @tramp{} doesn't transfer strings with more than 500 characters |
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1829 correctly |
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1830 |
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1831 On some few systems, the implementation of @code{process-send-string} |
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1832 seems to be broken for longer strings. This case, you should |
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1833 customize the variable @code{tramp-chunksize} to 500. For a |
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1834 description how to determine whether this is necessary see the |
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1835 documentation of @code{tramp-chunksize}. |
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1836 |
45861 | 1837 @end itemize |
1838 | |
1839 | |
1840 @c For the developer | |
1841 @node Version Control | |
1842 @chapter The inner workings of remote version control | |
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1843 @cindex Version Control |
45861 | 1844 |
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1845 Unlike @value{ftp-package-name}, @tramp{} has full shell access to the |
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1846 remote machine. This makes it possible to provide version control for |
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1847 files accessed under @tramp{}. |
45861 | 1848 |
1849 The actual version control binaries must be installed on the remote | |
1850 machine, accessible in the directories specified in | |
1851 @var{tramp-remote-path}. | |
1852 | |
1853 This transparent integration with the version control systems is one of | |
1854 the most valuable features provided by @tramp{}, but it is far from perfect. | |
1855 Work is ongoing to improve the transparency of the system. | |
1856 | |
1857 @menu | |
1858 * Version Controlled Files:: Determining if a file is under version control. | |
1859 * Remote Commands:: Executing the version control commands on the remote machine. | |
1860 * Changed workfiles:: Detecting if the working file has changed. | |
1861 * Checking out files:: Bringing the workfile out of the repository. | |
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1862 * Miscellaneous Version Control:: Things related to Version Control that don't fit elsewhere. |
45861 | 1863 @end menu |
1864 | |
1865 | |
1866 @node Version Controlled Files | |
1867 @section Determining if a file is under version control | |
1868 | |
1869 The VC package uses the existence of on-disk revision control master | |
1870 files to determine if a given file is under revision control. These file | |
1871 tests happen on the remote machine through the standard @tramp{} mechanisms. | |
1872 | |
1873 | |
1874 @node Remote Commands | |
1875 @section Executing the version control commands on the remote machine | |
1876 | |
1877 There are no hooks provided by VC to allow intercepting of the version | |
1878 control command execution. The calls occur through the | |
1879 @code{call-process} mechanism, a function that is somewhat more | |
1880 efficient than the @code{shell-command} function but that does not | |
1881 provide hooks for remote execution of commands. | |
1882 | |
1883 To work around this, the functions @code{vc-do-command} and | |
1884 @code{vc-simple-command} have been advised to intercept requests for | |
1885 operations on files accessed via @tramp{}. | |
1886 | |
1887 In the case of a remote file, the @code{shell-command} interface is | |
1888 used, with some wrapper code, to provide the same functionality on the | |
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1889 remote machine as would be seen on the local machine. |
45861 | 1890 |
1891 | |
1892 @node Changed workfiles | |
1893 @section Detecting if the working file has changed | |
1894 | |
1895 As there is currently no way to get access to the mtime of a file on a | |
1896 remote machine in a portable way, the @code{vc-workfile-unchanged-p} | |
1897 function is advised to call an @tramp{} specific function for remote files. | |
1898 | |
1899 The @code{tramp-vc-workfile-unchanged-p} function uses the functioning VC | |
1900 diff functionality to determine if any changes have occurred between the | |
1901 workfile and the version control master. | |
1902 | |
1903 This requires that a shell command be executed remotely, a process that | |
1904 is notably heavier-weight than the mtime comparison used for local | |
1905 files. Unfortunately, unless a portable solution to the issue is found, | |
1906 this will remain the cost of remote version control. | |
1907 | |
1908 | |
1909 @node Checking out files | |
1910 @section Bringing the workfile out of the repository | |
1911 | |
1912 VC will, by default, check for remote files and refuse to act on them | |
1913 when checking out files from the repository. To work around this | |
1914 problem, the function @code{vc-checkout} knows about @tramp{} files and | |
1915 allows version control to occur. | |
1916 | |
1917 | |
1918 @node Miscellaneous Version Control | |
1919 @section Things related to Version Control that don't fit elsewhere | |
1920 | |
1921 Minor implementation details, &c. | |
1922 | |
1923 @menu | |
1924 * Remote File Ownership:: How VC determines who owns a workfile. | |
1925 * Back-end Versions:: How VC determines what release your RCS is. | |
1926 @end menu | |
1927 | |
1928 | |
1929 @node Remote File Ownership | |
1930 @subsection How VC determines who owns a workfile | |
1931 | |
1932 Emacs provides the @code{user-full-name} function to return the login name | |
1933 of the current user as well as mapping from arbitrary user id values | |
1934 back to login names. The VC code uses this functionality to map from the | |
1935 uid of the owner of a workfile to the login name in some circumstances. | |
1936 | |
1937 This will not, for obvious reasons, work if the remote system has a | |
1938 different set of logins. As such, it is necessary to delegate to the | |
1939 remote machine the job of determining the login name associated with a | |
1940 uid. | |
1941 | |
1942 Unfortunately, with the profusion of distributed management systems such | |
1943 as @code{NIS}, @code{NIS+} and @code{NetInfo}, there is no simple, | |
1944 reliable and portable method for performing this mapping. | |
1945 | |
1946 Thankfully, the only place in the VC code that depends on the mapping of | |
1947 a uid to a login name is the @code{vc-file-owner} function. This returns | |
1948 the login of the owner of the file as a string. | |
1949 | |
1950 This function has been advised to use the output of @command{ls} on the | |
1951 remote machine to determine the login name, delegating the problem of | |
1952 mapping the uid to the login to the remote system which should know more | |
1953 about it than I do. | |
1954 | |
1955 | |
1956 @node Back-end Versions | |
1957 @subsection How VC determines what release your RCS is | |
1958 | |
1959 VC needs to know what release your revision control binaries you are | |
1960 running as not all features VC supports are available with older | |
1961 versions of @command{rcs(1)}, @command{cvs(1)} or @command{sccs(1)}. | |
1962 | |
1963 The default implementation of VC determines this value the first time it | |
1964 is needed and then stores the value globally to avoid the overhead of | |
1965 executing a process and parsing its output each time the information is | |
1966 needed. | |
1967 | |
1968 Unfortunately, life is not quite so easy when remote version control | |
1969 comes into the picture. Each remote machine may have a different version | |
1970 of the version control tools and, while this is painful, we need to | |
1971 ensure that unavailable features are not used remotely. | |
1972 | |
1973 To resolve this issue, @tramp{} currently takes the sledgehammer | |
1974 approach of making the release values of the revision control tools | |
1975 local to each @tramp{} buffer, forcing VC to determine these values | |
1976 again each time a new file is visited. | |
1977 | |
1978 This has, quite obviously, some performance implications. Thankfully, | |
1979 most of the common operations performed by VC do not actually require | |
1980 that the remote version be known. This makes the problem far less | |
1981 apparent. | |
1982 | |
1983 Eventually these values will be captured by @tramp{} on a system by | |
1984 system basis and the results cached to improve performance. | |
1985 | |
1986 | |
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1987 @node Files directories and localnames |
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1988 @chapter How file names, directories and localnames are mangled and managed. |
45861 | 1989 |
1990 @menu | |
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1991 * Localname deconstruction:: Breaking a localname into its components. |
45861 | 1992 @end menu |
1993 | |
1994 | |
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1995 @node Localname deconstruction |
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1996 @section Breaking a localname into its components. |
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1997 |
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1998 @tramp{} file names are somewhat different, obviously, to ordinary file |
45861 | 1999 names. As such, the lisp functions @code{file-name-directory} and |
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2000 @code{file-name-nondirectory} are overridden within the @tramp{} |
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2001 package. |
45861 | 2002 |
2003 Their replacements are reasonably simplistic in their approach. They | |
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2004 dissect the filename, call the original handler on the localname and |
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2005 then rebuild the @tramp{} file name with the result. |
45861 | 2006 |
2007 This allows the platform specific hacks in the original handlers to take | |
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2008 effect while preserving the @tramp{} file name information. |
45861 | 2009 |
2010 | |
2011 @node Issues | |
2012 @chapter Debatable Issues and What Was Decided | |
2013 | |
2014 @itemize @bullet | |
2015 @item The uuencode method does not always work. | |
2016 | |
2017 Due to the design of @tramp{}, the encoding and decoding programs need to | |
2018 read from stdin and write to stdout. On some systems, @code{uudecode -o | |
2019 -} will read stdin and write the decoded file to stdout, on other | |
2020 systems @code{uudecode -p} does the same thing. But some systems have | |
2021 uudecode implementations which cannot do this at all---it is not | |
2022 possible to call these uudecode implementations with suitable parameters | |
2023 so that they write to stdout. | |
2024 | |
2025 Of course, this could be circumvented: the @code{begin foo 644} line | |
2026 could be rewritten to put in some temporary file name, then | |
2027 @code{uudecode} could be called, then the temp file could be printed and | |
2028 deleted. | |
2029 | |
2030 But I have decided that this is too fragile to reliably work, so on some | |
2031 systems you'll have to do without the uuencode methods. | |
2032 | |
2033 @item @tramp{} does not work on XEmacs 20. | |
2034 | |
2035 This is because it requires the macro @code{with-timeout} which does not | |
2036 appear to exist in XEmacs 20. I'm somewhat reluctant to add an | |
2037 emulation macro to @tramp{}, but if somebody who uses XEmacs 20 steps | |
2038 forward and wishes to implement and test it, please contact me or the | |
2039 mailing list. | |
2040 | |
46348 | 2041 @item The @tramp{} filename syntax differs between Emacs and XEmacs. |
2042 | |
2043 The Emacs maintainers wish to use a unified filename syntax for | |
2044 Ange-FTP and @tramp{} so that users don't have to learn a new | |
2045 syntax. It is sufficient to learn some extensions to the old syntax. | |
2046 | |
2047 For the XEmacs maintainers, the problems caused from using a unified | |
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2048 filename syntax are greater than the gains. The XEmacs package system |
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2049 uses EFS for downloading new packages. So, obviously, EFS has to be |
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2050 installed from the start. If the filenames were unified, @tramp{} |
46348 | 2051 would have to be installed from the start, too. |
2052 | |
45861 | 2053 @end itemize |
2054 | |
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2055 @node Concept Index |
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2056 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
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2057 @unnumbered Concept Index |
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2058 @printindex cp |
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2059 @contents |
45861 | 2060 @c End of tramp.texi - the TRAMP User Manual |
2061 @bye | |
2062 | |
2063 @c TODO | |
2064 @c | |
2065 @c * Say something about the .login and .profile files of the remote | |
2066 @c shells. | |
2067 @c * Explain how tramp.el works in principle: open a shell on a remote | |
2068 @c host and then send commands to it. | |
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2069 @c * Mention that bookmarks are a cool feature to go along with Tramp. |
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2070 @c * Make terminology "inline" vs "out-of-band" consistent. |
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2071 @c It seems that "external" is also used instead of "out-of-band". |
45861 | 2072 |
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2073 @c * M. Albinus |
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2074 @c ** Use `filename' resp. `file name' consistently. |
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2075 @c ** Use `host' resp. `machine' consistently. |
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2076 @c ** Consistent small or capitalized words especially in menues. |