annotate lispref/numbers.texi @ 64855:2fe6c83ec9b4

(ispell-word): More fboundp checks. (ispell-find-aspell-dictionaries): New command. (ispell-have-aspell-dictionaries): New variable. (ispell-aspell-data-dir, ispell-aspell-dict-dir): New variables. (ispell-get-aspell-config-value): New function. (ispell-aspell-find-dictionary): New function. (ispell-aspell-add-aliases): New function. (ispell-valid-dictionary-list): Call ispell-find-aspell-dictionaries if appropriate. Don't look for ispell dictionaries if we use aspell. (ispell-menu-map): Don't build a submenu of dictionaries.
author Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
date Tue, 09 Aug 2005 14:11:49 +0000
parents ca22580c24e7
children e836425ee789 bb71c6cf2009
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1 @c -*-texinfo-*-
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2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual.
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3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, 1999, 2003
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4 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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5 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions.
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6 @setfilename ../info/numbers
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7 @node Numbers, Strings and Characters, Lisp Data Types, Top
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8 @chapter Numbers
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9 @cindex integers
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10 @cindex numbers
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11
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12 GNU Emacs supports two numeric data types: @dfn{integers} and
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13 @dfn{floating point numbers}. Integers are whole numbers such as
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14 @minus{}3, 0, 7, 13, and 511. Their values are exact. Floating point
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15 numbers are numbers with fractional parts, such as @minus{}4.5, 0.0, or
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16 2.71828. They can also be expressed in exponential notation: 1.5e2
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17 equals 150; in this example, @samp{e2} stands for ten to the second
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18 power, and that is multiplied by 1.5. Floating point values are not
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19 exact; they have a fixed, limited amount of precision.
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20
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21 @menu
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22 * Integer Basics:: Representation and range of integers.
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23 * Float Basics:: Representation and range of floating point.
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24 * Predicates on Numbers:: Testing for numbers.
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25 * Comparison of Numbers:: Equality and inequality predicates.
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26 * Numeric Conversions:: Converting float to integer and vice versa.
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27 * Arithmetic Operations:: How to add, subtract, multiply and divide.
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28 * Rounding Operations:: Explicitly rounding floating point numbers.
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29 * Bitwise Operations:: Logical and, or, not, shifting.
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30 * Math Functions:: Trig, exponential and logarithmic functions.
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31 * Random Numbers:: Obtaining random integers, predictable or not.
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32 @end menu
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33
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34 @node Integer Basics
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35 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
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36 @section Integer Basics
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37
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38 The range of values for an integer depends on the machine. The
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39 minimum range is @minus{}268435456 to 268435455 (29 bits; i.e.,
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40 @ifnottex
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41 -2**28
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42 @end ifnottex
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43 @tex
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44 @math{-2^{28}}
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45 @end tex
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46 to
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47 @ifnottex
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48 2**28 - 1),
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49 @end ifnottex
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50 @tex
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51 @math{2^{28}-1}),
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52 @end tex
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53 but some machines may provide a wider range. Many examples in this
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54 chapter assume an integer has 29 bits.
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55 @cindex overflow
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56
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57 The Lisp reader reads an integer as a sequence of digits with optional
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58 initial sign and optional final period.
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59
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60 @example
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61 1 ; @r{The integer 1.}
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62 1. ; @r{The integer 1.}
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63 +1 ; @r{Also the integer 1.}
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64 -1 ; @r{The integer @minus{}1.}
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65 536870913 ; @r{Also the integer 1, due to overflow.}
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66 0 ; @r{The integer 0.}
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67 -0 ; @r{The integer 0.}
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68 @end example
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69
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70 @cindex integers in specific radix
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71 @cindex radix for reading an integer
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72 @cindex base for reading an integer
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73 @cindex hex numbers
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74 @cindex octal numbers
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75 @cindex reading numbers in hex, octal, and binary
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76 The syntax for integers in bases other than 10 uses @samp{#}
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77 followed by a letter that specifies the radix: @samp{b} for binary,
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78 @samp{o} for octal, @samp{x} for hex, or @samp{@var{radix}r} to
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79 specify radix @var{radix}. Case is not significant for the letter
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80 that specifies the radix. Thus, @samp{#b@var{integer}} reads
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81 @var{integer} in binary, and @samp{#@var{radix}r@var{integer}} reads
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82 @var{integer} in radix @var{radix}. Allowed values of @var{radix} run
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83 from 2 to 36. For example:
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84
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85 @example
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86 #b101100 @result{} 44
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87 #o54 @result{} 44
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88 #x2c @result{} 44
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89 #24r1k @result{} 44
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90 @end example
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91
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92 To understand how various functions work on integers, especially the
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93 bitwise operators (@pxref{Bitwise Operations}), it is often helpful to
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94 view the numbers in their binary form.
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95
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96 In 29-bit binary, the decimal integer 5 looks like this:
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97
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98 @example
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99 0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0101
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100 @end example
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101
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102 @noindent
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103 (We have inserted spaces between groups of 4 bits, and two spaces
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104 between groups of 8 bits, to make the binary integer easier to read.)
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105
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106 The integer @minus{}1 looks like this:
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107
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108 @example
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109 1 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111
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110 @end example
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111
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112 @noindent
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113 @cindex two's complement
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114 @minus{}1 is represented as 29 ones. (This is called @dfn{two's
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115 complement} notation.)
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116
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117 The negative integer, @minus{}5, is creating by subtracting 4 from
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118 @minus{}1. In binary, the decimal integer 4 is 100. Consequently,
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119 @minus{}5 looks like this:
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120
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121 @example
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122 1 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1011
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123 @end example
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124
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125 In this implementation, the largest 29-bit binary integer value is
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126 268,435,455 in decimal. In binary, it looks like this:
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127
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128 @example
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129 0 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111
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130 @end example
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131
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132 Since the arithmetic functions do not check whether integers go
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133 outside their range, when you add 1 to 268,435,455, the value is the
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134 negative integer @minus{}268,435,456:
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135
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136 @example
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137 (+ 1 268435455)
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138 @result{} -268435456
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139 @result{} 1 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000
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140 @end example
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141
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142 Many of the functions described in this chapter accept markers for
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143 arguments in place of numbers. (@xref{Markers}.) Since the actual
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144 arguments to such functions may be either numbers or markers, we often
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145 give these arguments the name @var{number-or-marker}. When the argument
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146 value is a marker, its position value is used and its buffer is ignored.
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147
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148 @defvar most-positive-fixnum
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149 The value of this variable is the largest integer that Emacs Lisp
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150 can handle.
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151 @end defvar
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152
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153 @defvar most-negative-fixnum
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154 The value of this variable is the smallest integer that Emacs Lisp can
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155 handle. It is negative.
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156 @end defvar
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157
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158 @node Float Basics
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159 @section Floating Point Basics
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160
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161 Floating point numbers are useful for representing numbers that are
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162 not integral. The precise range of floating point numbers is
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163 machine-specific; it is the same as the range of the C data type
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164 @code{double} on the machine you are using.
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165
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166 The read-syntax for floating point numbers requires either a decimal
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167 point (with at least one digit following), an exponent, or both. For
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168 example, @samp{1500.0}, @samp{15e2}, @samp{15.0e2}, @samp{1.5e3}, and
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169 @samp{.15e4} are five ways of writing a floating point number whose
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170 value is 1500. They are all equivalent. You can also use a minus sign
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171 to write negative floating point numbers, as in @samp{-1.0}.
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172
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173 @cindex @acronym{IEEE} floating point
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174 @cindex positive infinity
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175 @cindex negative infinity
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176 @cindex infinity
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177 @cindex NaN
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178 Most modern computers support the @acronym{IEEE} floating point standard,
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179 which provides for positive infinity and negative infinity as floating point
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180 values. It also provides for a class of values called NaN or
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181 ``not-a-number''; numerical functions return such values in cases where
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182 there is no correct answer. For example, @code{(/ 0.0 0.0)} returns a
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183 NaN. For practical purposes, there's no significant difference between
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184 different NaN values in Emacs Lisp, and there's no rule for precisely
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185 which NaN value should be used in a particular case, so Emacs Lisp
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186 doesn't try to distinguish them (but it does report the sign, if you
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187 print it). Here are the read syntaxes for these special floating
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188 point values:
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189
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190 @table @asis
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191 @item positive infinity
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192 @samp{1.0e+INF}
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193 @item negative infinity
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194 @samp{-1.0e+INF}
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195 @item Not-a-number
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196 @samp{0.0e+NaN} or @samp{-0.0e+NaN}.
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197 @end table
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198
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199 To test whether a floating point value is a NaN, compare it with
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200 itself using @code{=}. That returns @code{nil} for a NaN, and
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201 @code{t} for any other floating point value.
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202
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203 The value @code{-0.0} is distinguishable from ordinary zero in
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204 @acronym{IEEE} floating point, but Emacs Lisp @code{equal} and
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205 @code{=} consider them equal values.
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206
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207 You can use @code{logb} to extract the binary exponent of a floating
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208 point number (or estimate the logarithm of an integer):
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209
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210 @defun logb number
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211 This function returns the binary exponent of @var{number}. More
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212 precisely, the value is the logarithm of @var{number} base 2, rounded
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213 down to an integer.
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214
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215 @example
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216 (logb 10)
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217 @result{} 3
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218 (logb 10.0e20)
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219 @result{} 69
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220 @end example
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221 @end defun
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222
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223 @node Predicates on Numbers
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224 @section Type Predicates for Numbers
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225
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226 The functions in this section test for numbers, or for a specific
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227 type of number. The functions @code{integerp} and @code{floatp} can
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228 take any type of Lisp object as argument (they would not be of much
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229 use otherwise), but the @code{zerop} predicate requires a number as
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230 its argument. See also @code{integer-or-marker-p} and
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231 @code{number-or-marker-p}, in @ref{Predicates on Markers}.
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232
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233 @defun floatp object
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234 This predicate tests whether its argument is a floating point
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235 number and returns @code{t} if so, @code{nil} otherwise.
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236
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237 @code{floatp} does not exist in Emacs versions 18 and earlier.
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238 @end defun
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239
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240 @defun integerp object
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241 This predicate tests whether its argument is an integer, and returns
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242 @code{t} if so, @code{nil} otherwise.
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243 @end defun
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244
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245 @defun numberp object
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246 This predicate tests whether its argument is a number (either integer or
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247 floating point), and returns @code{t} if so, @code{nil} otherwise.
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248 @end defun
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249
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250 @defun wholenump object
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251 @cindex natural numbers
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252 The @code{wholenump} predicate (whose name comes from the phrase
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253 ``whole-number-p'') tests to see whether its argument is a nonnegative
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254 integer, and returns @code{t} if so, @code{nil} otherwise. 0 is
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255 considered non-negative.
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256
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257 @findex natnump
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258 @code{natnump} is an obsolete synonym for @code{wholenump}.
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259 @end defun
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260
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261 @defun zerop number
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262 This predicate tests whether its argument is zero, and returns @code{t}
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263 if so, @code{nil} otherwise. The argument must be a number.
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264
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265 @code{(zerop x)} is equivalent to @code{(= x 0)}.
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266 @end defun
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267
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268 @node Comparison of Numbers
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269 @section Comparison of Numbers
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270 @cindex number equality
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271
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272 To test numbers for numerical equality, you should normally use
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273 @code{=}, not @code{eq}. There can be many distinct floating point
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274 number objects with the same numeric value. If you use @code{eq} to
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275 compare them, then you test whether two values are the same
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276 @emph{object}. By contrast, @code{=} compares only the numeric values
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277 of the objects.
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278
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279 At present, each integer value has a unique Lisp object in Emacs Lisp.
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280 Therefore, @code{eq} is equivalent to @code{=} where integers are
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281 concerned. It is sometimes convenient to use @code{eq} for comparing an
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282 unknown value with an integer, because @code{eq} does not report an
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283 error if the unknown value is not a number---it accepts arguments of any
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284 type. By contrast, @code{=} signals an error if the arguments are not
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285 numbers or markers. However, it is a good idea to use @code{=} if you
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286 can, even for comparing integers, just in case we change the
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287 representation of integers in a future Emacs version.
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288
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289 Sometimes it is useful to compare numbers with @code{equal}; it
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290 treats two numbers as equal if they have the same data type (both
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291 integers, or both floating point) and the same value. By contrast,
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292 @code{=} can treat an integer and a floating point number as equal.
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293 @xref{Equality Predicates}.
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294
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295 There is another wrinkle: because floating point arithmetic is not
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296 exact, it is often a bad idea to check for equality of two floating
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297 point values. Usually it is better to test for approximate equality.
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298 Here's a function to do this:
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299
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300 @example
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301 (defvar fuzz-factor 1.0e-6)
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302 (defun approx-equal (x y)
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303 (or (and (= x 0) (= y 0))
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304 (< (/ (abs (- x y))
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305 (max (abs x) (abs y)))
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306 fuzz-factor)))
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307 @end example
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308
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309 @cindex CL note---integers vrs @code{eq}
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310 @quotation
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311 @b{Common Lisp note:} Comparing numbers in Common Lisp always requires
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312 @code{=} because Common Lisp implements multi-word integers, and two
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313 distinct integer objects can have the same numeric value. Emacs Lisp
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314 can have just one integer object for any given value because it has a
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315 limited range of integer values.
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316 @end quotation
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317
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318 @defun = number-or-marker1 number-or-marker2
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319 This function tests whether its arguments are numerically equal, and
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320 returns @code{t} if so, @code{nil} otherwise.
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321 @end defun
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322
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323 @defun eql value1 value2
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324 This function acts like @code{eq} except when both arguments are
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325 numbers. It compares numbers by type and numberic value, so that
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326 @code{(eql 1.0 1)} returns @code{nil}, but @code{(eql 1.0 1.0)} and
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327 @code{(eql 1 1)} both return @code{t}.
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328 @end defun
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329
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330 @defun /= number-or-marker1 number-or-marker2
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331 This function tests whether its arguments are numerically equal, and
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332 returns @code{t} if they are not, and @code{nil} if they are.
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333 @end defun
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334
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335 @defun < number-or-marker1 number-or-marker2
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336 This function tests whether its first argument is strictly less than
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337 its second argument. It returns @code{t} if so, @code{nil} otherwise.
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338 @end defun
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339
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340 @defun <= number-or-marker1 number-or-marker2
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341 This function tests whether its first argument is less than or equal
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342 to its second argument. It returns @code{t} if so, @code{nil}
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343 otherwise.
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344 @end defun
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345
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346 @defun > number-or-marker1 number-or-marker2
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347 This function tests whether its first argument is strictly greater
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348 than its second argument. It returns @code{t} if so, @code{nil}
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349 otherwise.
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350 @end defun
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351
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352 @defun >= number-or-marker1 number-or-marker2
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353 This function tests whether its first argument is greater than or
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354 equal to its second argument. It returns @code{t} if so, @code{nil}
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355 otherwise.
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356 @end defun
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357
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358 @defun max number-or-marker &rest numbers-or-markers
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359 This function returns the largest of its arguments.
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360 If any of the arguments is floating-point, the value is returned
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361 as floating point, even if it was given as an integer.
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362
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363 @example
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364 (max 20)
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365 @result{} 20
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366 (max 1 2.5)
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367 @result{} 2.5
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368 (max 1 3 2.5)
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369 @result{} 3.0
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370 @end example
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371 @end defun
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372
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373 @defun min number-or-marker &rest numbers-or-markers
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374 This function returns the smallest of its arguments.
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375 If any of the arguments is floating-point, the value is returned
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376 as floating point, even if it was given as an integer.
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377
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378 @example
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379 (min -4 1)
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380 @result{} -4
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381 @end example
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382 @end defun
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383
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384 @defun abs number
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385 This function returns the absolute value of @var{number}.
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386 @end defun
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387
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388 @node Numeric Conversions
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389 @section Numeric Conversions
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390 @cindex rounding in conversions
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391
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392 To convert an integer to floating point, use the function @code{float}.
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393
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394 @defun float number
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395 This returns @var{number} converted to floating point.
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396 If @var{number} is already a floating point number, @code{float} returns
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397 it unchanged.
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398 @end defun
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399
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400 There are four functions to convert floating point numbers to integers;
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401 they differ in how they round. All accept an argument @var{number}
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402 and an optional argument @var{divisor}. Both arguments may be
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403 integers or floating point numbers. @var{divisor} may also be
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404 @code{nil}. If @var{divisor} is @code{nil} or omitted, these
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405 functions convert @var{number} to an integer, or return it unchanged
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406 if it already is an integer. If @var{divisor} is non-@code{nil}, they
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407 divide @var{number} by @var{divisor} and convert the result to an
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408 integer. An @code{arith-error} results if @var{divisor} is 0.
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409
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410 @defun truncate number &optional divisor
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411 This returns @var{number}, converted to an integer by rounding towards
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412 zero.
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413
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414 @example
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415 (truncate 1.2)
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416 @result{} 1
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417 (truncate 1.7)
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418 @result{} 1
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419 (truncate -1.2)
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420 @result{} -1
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421 (truncate -1.7)
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422 @result{} -1
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423 @end example
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424 @end defun
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425
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426 @defun floor number &optional divisor
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427 This returns @var{number}, converted to an integer by rounding downward
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428 (towards negative infinity).
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429
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430 If @var{divisor} is specified, this uses the kind of division
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431 operation that corresponds to @code{mod}, rounding downward.
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432
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433 @example
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434 (floor 1.2)
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435 @result{} 1
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436 (floor 1.7)
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437 @result{} 1
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438 (floor -1.2)
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439 @result{} -2
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440 (floor -1.7)
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441 @result{} -2
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442 (floor 5.99 3)
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443 @result{} 1
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444 @end example
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445 @end defun
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446
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447 @defun ceiling number &optional divisor
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448 This returns @var{number}, converted to an integer by rounding upward
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449 (towards positive infinity).
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450
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451 @example
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452 (ceiling 1.2)
4d77816c7cad Add examples for floor, ceiling, truncate, round.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
453 @result{} 2
4d77816c7cad Add examples for floor, ceiling, truncate, round.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
454 (ceiling 1.7)
4d77816c7cad Add examples for floor, ceiling, truncate, round.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
455 @result{} 2
4d77816c7cad Add examples for floor, ceiling, truncate, round.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
456 (ceiling -1.2)
4d77816c7cad Add examples for floor, ceiling, truncate, round.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
457 @result{} -1
4d77816c7cad Add examples for floor, ceiling, truncate, round.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
458 (ceiling -1.7)
4d77816c7cad Add examples for floor, ceiling, truncate, round.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
459 @result{} -1
4d77816c7cad Add examples for floor, ceiling, truncate, round.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
460 @end example
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461 @end defun
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parents:
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462
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aa36f3c0f66e (Numeric Conversions): Not just `floor', but also `truncate',
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
463 @defun round number &optional divisor
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parents:
diff changeset
464 This returns @var{number}, converted to an integer by rounding towards the
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
465 nearest integer. Rounding a value equidistant between two integers
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
466 may choose the integer closer to zero, or it may prefer an even integer,
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
467 depending on your machine.
38787
4d77816c7cad Add examples for floor, ceiling, truncate, round.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
468
4d77816c7cad Add examples for floor, ceiling, truncate, round.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
469 @example
4d77816c7cad Add examples for floor, ceiling, truncate, round.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
470 (round 1.2)
4d77816c7cad Add examples for floor, ceiling, truncate, round.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
471 @result{} 1
4d77816c7cad Add examples for floor, ceiling, truncate, round.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
472 (round 1.7)
4d77816c7cad Add examples for floor, ceiling, truncate, round.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
473 @result{} 2
4d77816c7cad Add examples for floor, ceiling, truncate, round.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
474 (round -1.2)
4d77816c7cad Add examples for floor, ceiling, truncate, round.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
475 @result{} -1
4d77816c7cad Add examples for floor, ceiling, truncate, round.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
476 (round -1.7)
4d77816c7cad Add examples for floor, ceiling, truncate, round.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
477 @result{} -2
4d77816c7cad Add examples for floor, ceiling, truncate, round.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
478 @end example
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479 @end defun
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480
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481 @node Arithmetic Operations
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482 @section Arithmetic Operations
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parents:
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483
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484 Emacs Lisp provides the traditional four arithmetic operations:
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parents:
diff changeset
485 addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Remainder and modulus
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parents:
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486 functions supplement the division functions. The functions to
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
487 add or subtract 1 are provided because they are traditional in Lisp and
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parents:
diff changeset
488 commonly used.
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parents:
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489
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parents:
diff changeset
490 All of these functions except @code{%} return a floating point value
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parents:
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491 if any argument is floating.
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parents:
diff changeset
492
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
493 It is important to note that in Emacs Lisp, arithmetic functions
52886
3a30e4cd22e9 Update for extra bit of integer range.
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents: 52863
diff changeset
494 do not check for overflow. Thus @code{(1+ 268435455)} may evaluate to
3a30e4cd22e9 Update for extra bit of integer range.
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents: 52863
diff changeset
495 @minus{}268435456, depending on your hardware.
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496
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497 @defun 1+ number-or-marker
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498 This function returns @var{number-or-marker} plus 1.
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parents:
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499 For example,
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parents:
diff changeset
500
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501 @example
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502 (setq foo 4)
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parents:
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503 @result{} 4
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504 (1+ foo)
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parents:
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505 @result{} 5
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506 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
507
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a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
508 This function is not analogous to the C operator @code{++}---it does not
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
509 increment a variable. It just computes a sum. Thus, if we continue,
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parents:
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510
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511 @example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
512 foo
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513 @result{} 4
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514 @end example
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parents:
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515
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516 If you want to increment the variable, you must use @code{setq},
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517 like this:
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parents:
diff changeset
518
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519 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
520 (setq foo (1+ foo))
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521 @result{} 5
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522 @end example
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523 @end defun
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parents:
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524
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parents:
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525 @defun 1- number-or-marker
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parents:
diff changeset
526 This function returns @var{number-or-marker} minus 1.
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parents:
diff changeset
527 @end defun
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parents:
diff changeset
528
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parents:
diff changeset
529 @defun + &rest numbers-or-markers
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
530 This function adds its arguments together. When given no arguments,
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
531 @code{+} returns 0.
6510
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parents:
diff changeset
532
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diff changeset
533 @example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
534 (+)
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
535 @result{} 0
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
536 (+ 1)
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parents:
diff changeset
537 @result{} 1
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
538 (+ 1 2 3 4)
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
539 @result{} 10
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
540 @end example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
541 @end defun
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
542
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 16736
diff changeset
543 @defun - &optional number-or-marker &rest more-numbers-or-markers
6510
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parents:
diff changeset
544 The @code{-} function serves two purposes: negation and subtraction.
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
545 When @code{-} has a single argument, the value is the negative of the
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
546 argument. When there are multiple arguments, @code{-} subtracts each of
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 16736
diff changeset
547 the @var{more-numbers-or-markers} from @var{number-or-marker},
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
548 cumulatively. If there are no arguments, the result is 0.
6510
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parents:
diff changeset
549
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
550 @example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
551 (- 10 1 2 3 4)
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
552 @result{} 0
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
553 (- 10)
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
554 @result{} -10
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
555 (-)
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
556 @result{} 0
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
557 @end example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
558 @end defun
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
559
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
560 @defun * &rest numbers-or-markers
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
561 This function multiplies its arguments together, and returns the
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
562 product. When given no arguments, @code{*} returns 1.
6510
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parents:
diff changeset
563
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
564 @example
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
565 (*)
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
566 @result{} 1
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
567 (* 1)
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
568 @result{} 1
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
569 (* 1 2 3 4)
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
570 @result{} 24
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
571 @end example
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
572 @end defun
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
573
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
574 @defun / dividend divisor &rest divisors
7115
9a9e88e65617 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6510
diff changeset
575 This function divides @var{dividend} by @var{divisor} and returns the
6510
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parents:
diff changeset
576 quotient. If there are additional arguments @var{divisors}, then it
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
577 divides @var{dividend} by each divisor in turn. Each argument may be a
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
578 number or a marker.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
579
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parents:
diff changeset
580 If all the arguments are integers, then the result is an integer too.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
581 This means the result has to be rounded. On most machines, the result
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
582 is rounded towards zero after each division, but some machines may round
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
583 differently with negative arguments. This is because the Lisp function
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
584 @code{/} is implemented using the C division operator, which also
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
585 permits machine-dependent rounding. As a practical matter, all known
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
586 machines round in the standard fashion.
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
587
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
588 @cindex @code{arith-error} in division
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
589 If you divide an integer by 0, an @code{arith-error} error is signaled.
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
590 (@xref{Errors}.) Floating point division by zero returns either
52978
1a5c50faf357 Replace @sc{foo} with @acronym{FOO}.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 52901
diff changeset
591 infinity or a NaN if your machine supports @acronym{IEEE} floating point;
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
592 otherwise, it signals an @code{arith-error} error.
6510
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parents:
diff changeset
593
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
594 @example
12282
586e3ea81792 updates for version 19.29 made by melissa; also needed to check out files
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12128
diff changeset
595 @group
6510
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parents:
diff changeset
596 (/ 6 2)
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
597 @result{} 3
12282
586e3ea81792 updates for version 19.29 made by melissa; also needed to check out files
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12128
diff changeset
598 @end group
6510
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parents:
diff changeset
599 (/ 5 2)
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
600 @result{} 2
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
601 (/ 5.0 2)
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
602 @result{} 2.5
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
603 (/ 5 2.0)
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
604 @result{} 2.5
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
605 (/ 5.0 2.0)
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
606 @result{} 2.5
6510
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parents:
diff changeset
607 (/ 25 3 2)
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
608 @result{} 4
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
609 (/ -17 6)
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
610 @result{} -2
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
611 @end example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
612
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
613 The result of @code{(/ -17 6)} could in principle be -3 on some
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
614 machines.
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
615 @end defun
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
616
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
617 @defun % dividend divisor
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
618 @cindex remainder
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
619 This function returns the integer remainder after division of @var{dividend}
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
620 by @var{divisor}. The arguments must be integers or markers.
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
621
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622 For negative arguments, the remainder is in principle machine-dependent
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623 since the quotient is; but in practice, all known machines behave alike.
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624
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625 An @code{arith-error} results if @var{divisor} is 0.
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626
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627 @example
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628 (% 9 4)
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629 @result{} 1
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630 (% -9 4)
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631 @result{} -1
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632 (% 9 -4)
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633 @result{} 1
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634 (% -9 -4)
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635 @result{} -1
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636 @end example
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637
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638 For any two integers @var{dividend} and @var{divisor},
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639
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640 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
641 @group
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parents:
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642 (+ (% @var{dividend} @var{divisor})
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parents:
diff changeset
643 (* (/ @var{dividend} @var{divisor}) @var{divisor}))
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parents:
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644 @end group
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645 @end example
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parents:
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646
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647 @noindent
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diff changeset
648 always equals @var{dividend}.
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649 @end defun
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parents:
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650
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diff changeset
651 @defun mod dividend divisor
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parents:
diff changeset
652 @cindex modulus
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parents:
diff changeset
653 This function returns the value of @var{dividend} modulo @var{divisor};
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
654 in other words, the remainder after division of @var{dividend}
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parents:
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655 by @var{divisor}, but with the same sign as @var{divisor}.
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parents:
diff changeset
656 The arguments must be numbers or markers.
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parents:
diff changeset
657
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parents:
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658 Unlike @code{%}, @code{mod} returns a well-defined result for negative
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parents:
diff changeset
659 arguments. It also permits floating point arguments; it rounds the
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
660 quotient downward (towards minus infinity) to an integer, and uses that
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
661 quotient to compute the remainder.
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parents:
diff changeset
662
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parents:
diff changeset
663 An @code{arith-error} results if @var{divisor} is 0.
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parents:
diff changeset
664
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parents:
diff changeset
665 @example
12282
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parents: 12128
diff changeset
666 @group
6510
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parents:
diff changeset
667 (mod 9 4)
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parents:
diff changeset
668 @result{} 1
12282
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Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12128
diff changeset
669 @end group
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Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12128
diff changeset
670 @group
6510
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parents:
diff changeset
671 (mod -9 4)
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parents:
diff changeset
672 @result{} 3
12282
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Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12128
diff changeset
673 @end group
586e3ea81792 updates for version 19.29 made by melissa; also needed to check out files
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12128
diff changeset
674 @group
6510
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parents:
diff changeset
675 (mod 9 -4)
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parents:
diff changeset
676 @result{} -3
12282
586e3ea81792 updates for version 19.29 made by melissa; also needed to check out files
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12128
diff changeset
677 @end group
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Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12128
diff changeset
678 @group
6510
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parents:
diff changeset
679 (mod -9 -4)
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parents:
diff changeset
680 @result{} -1
12282
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Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12128
diff changeset
681 @end group
586e3ea81792 updates for version 19.29 made by melissa; also needed to check out files
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12128
diff changeset
682 @group
6510
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parents:
diff changeset
683 (mod 5.5 2.5)
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parents:
diff changeset
684 @result{} .5
12282
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Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12128
diff changeset
685 @end group
6510
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parents:
diff changeset
686 @end example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
687
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
688 For any two numbers @var{dividend} and @var{divisor},
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
689
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
690 @example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
691 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
692 (+ (mod @var{dividend} @var{divisor})
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
693 (* (floor @var{dividend} @var{divisor}) @var{divisor}))
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
694 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
695 @end example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
696
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
697 @noindent
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
698 always equals @var{dividend}, subject to rounding error if either
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
699 argument is floating point. For @code{floor}, see @ref{Numeric
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
700 Conversions}.
6510
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parents:
diff changeset
701 @end defun
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
702
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
703 @node Rounding Operations
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
704 @section Rounding Operations
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
705 @cindex rounding without conversion
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
706
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
707 The functions @code{ffloor}, @code{fceiling}, @code{fround}, and
6510
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
708 @code{ftruncate} take a floating point argument and return a floating
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
709 point result whose value is a nearby integer. @code{ffloor} returns the
8017
ae1a594ebb1d entered into RCS
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7115
diff changeset
710 nearest integer below; @code{fceiling}, the nearest integer above;
7115
9a9e88e65617 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6510
diff changeset
711 @code{ftruncate}, the nearest integer in the direction towards zero;
6510
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
712 @code{fround}, the nearest integer.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
713
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
714 @defun ffloor float
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
715 This function rounds @var{float} to the next lower integral value, and
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
716 returns that value as a floating point number.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
717 @end defun
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parents:
diff changeset
718
8017
ae1a594ebb1d entered into RCS
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7115
diff changeset
719 @defun fceiling float
6510
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
720 This function rounds @var{float} to the next higher integral value, and
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
721 returns that value as a floating point number.
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
722 @end defun
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
723
7115
9a9e88e65617 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6510
diff changeset
724 @defun ftruncate float
6510
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
725 This function rounds @var{float} towards zero to an integral value, and
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
726 returns that value as a floating point number.
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
727 @end defun
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
728
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
729 @defun fround float
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
730 This function rounds @var{float} to the nearest integral value,
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
731 and returns that value as a floating point number.
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
732 @end defun
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
733
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
734 @node Bitwise Operations
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
735 @section Bitwise Operations on Integers
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
736
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
737 In a computer, an integer is represented as a binary number, a
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
738 sequence of @dfn{bits} (digits which are either zero or one). A bitwise
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
739 operation acts on the individual bits of such a sequence. For example,
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
740 @dfn{shifting} moves the whole sequence left or right one or more places,
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
741 reproducing the same pattern ``moved over''.
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
742
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
743 The bitwise operations in Emacs Lisp apply only to integers.
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
744
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
745 @defun lsh integer1 count
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
746 @cindex logical shift
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
747 @code{lsh}, which is an abbreviation for @dfn{logical shift}, shifts the
7115
9a9e88e65617 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6510
diff changeset
748 bits in @var{integer1} to the left @var{count} places, or to the right
9a9e88e65617 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6510
diff changeset
749 if @var{count} is negative, bringing zeros into the vacated bits. If
9a9e88e65617 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6510
diff changeset
750 @var{count} is negative, @code{lsh} shifts zeros into the leftmost
9a9e88e65617 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6510
diff changeset
751 (most-significant) bit, producing a positive result even if
9a9e88e65617 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6510
diff changeset
752 @var{integer1} is negative. Contrast this with @code{ash}, below.
6510
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
753
7115
9a9e88e65617 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6510
diff changeset
754 Here are two examples of @code{lsh}, shifting a pattern of bits one
9a9e88e65617 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6510
diff changeset
755 place to the left. We show only the low-order eight bits of the binary
9a9e88e65617 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6510
diff changeset
756 pattern; the rest are all zero.
6510
e18202af3602 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
757
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parents:
diff changeset
758 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
759 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
760 (lsh 5 1)
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
761 @result{} 10
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
762 ;; @r{Decimal 5 becomes decimal 10.}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
763 00000101 @result{} 00001010
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
764
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
765 (lsh 7 1)
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
766 @result{} 14
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
767 ;; @r{Decimal 7 becomes decimal 14.}
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
768 00000111 @result{} 00001110
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
769 @end group
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
770 @end example
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
771
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
772 @noindent
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
773 As the examples illustrate, shifting the pattern of bits one place to
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
774 the left produces a number that is twice the value of the previous
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
775 number.
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
776
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
777 Shifting a pattern of bits two places to the left produces results
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
778 like this (with 8-bit binary numbers):
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
779
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
780 @example
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
781 @group
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
782 (lsh 3 2)
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
783 @result{} 12
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
784 ;; @r{Decimal 3 becomes decimal 12.}
49600
23a1cea22d13 Trailing whitespace deleted.
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents: 48700
diff changeset
785 00000011 @result{} 00001100
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
786 @end group
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
787 @end example
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
788
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
789 On the other hand, shifting one place to the right looks like this:
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
790
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
791 @example
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
792 @group
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
793 (lsh 6 -1)
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
794 @result{} 3
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
795 ;; @r{Decimal 6 becomes decimal 3.}
49600
23a1cea22d13 Trailing whitespace deleted.
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents: 48700
diff changeset
796 00000110 @result{} 00000011
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
797 @end group
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
798
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
799 @group
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
800 (lsh 5 -1)
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
801 @result{} 2
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
802 ;; @r{Decimal 5 becomes decimal 2.}
49600
23a1cea22d13 Trailing whitespace deleted.
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents: 48700
diff changeset
803 00000101 @result{} 00000010
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
804 @end group
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
805 @end example
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
806
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
807 @noindent
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
808 As the example illustrates, shifting one place to the right divides the
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
809 value of a positive integer by two, rounding downward.
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
810
7115
9a9e88e65617 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6510
diff changeset
811 The function @code{lsh}, like all Emacs Lisp arithmetic functions, does
9a9e88e65617 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6510
diff changeset
812 not check for overflow, so shifting left can discard significant bits
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11230
diff changeset
813 and change the sign of the number. For example, left shifting
52886
3a30e4cd22e9 Update for extra bit of integer range.
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents: 52863
diff changeset
814 268,435,455 produces @minus{}2 on a 29-bit machine:
6510
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
815
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
816 @example
52886
3a30e4cd22e9 Update for extra bit of integer range.
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents: 52863
diff changeset
817 (lsh 268435455 1) ; @r{left shift}
6510
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
818 @result{} -2
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
819 @end example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
820
52886
3a30e4cd22e9 Update for extra bit of integer range.
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents: 52863
diff changeset
821 In binary, in the 29-bit implementation, the argument looks like this:
6510
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
822
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
823 @example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
824 @group
52886
3a30e4cd22e9 Update for extra bit of integer range.
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents: 52863
diff changeset
825 ;; @r{Decimal 268,435,455}
3a30e4cd22e9 Update for extra bit of integer range.
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents: 52863
diff changeset
826 0 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111
6510
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
827 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
828 @end example
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
829
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
830 @noindent
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
831 which becomes the following when left shifted:
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
832
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
833 @example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
834 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
835 ;; @r{Decimal @minus{}2}
52886
3a30e4cd22e9 Update for extra bit of integer range.
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents: 52863
diff changeset
836 1 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1110
6510
e18202af3602 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
837 @end group
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
838 @end example
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
839 @end defun
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
840
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
841 @defun ash integer1 count
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
842 @cindex arithmetic shift
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
843 @code{ash} (@dfn{arithmetic shift}) shifts the bits in @var{integer1}
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
844 to the left @var{count} places, or to the right if @var{count}
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
845 is negative.
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
846
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
847 @code{ash} gives the same results as @code{lsh} except when
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
848 @var{integer1} and @var{count} are both negative. In that case,
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
849 @code{ash} puts ones in the empty bit positions on the left, while
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
850 @code{lsh} puts zeros in those bit positions.
6510
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
851
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
852 Thus, with @code{ash}, shifting the pattern of bits one place to the right
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
853 looks like this:
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
854
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
855 @example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
856 @group
49600
23a1cea22d13 Trailing whitespace deleted.
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents: 48700
diff changeset
857 (ash -6 -1) @result{} -3
6510
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
858 ;; @r{Decimal @minus{}6 becomes decimal @minus{}3.}
52886
3a30e4cd22e9 Update for extra bit of integer range.
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents: 52863
diff changeset
859 1 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1010
49600
23a1cea22d13 Trailing whitespace deleted.
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents: 48700
diff changeset
860 @result{}
52886
3a30e4cd22e9 Update for extra bit of integer range.
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents: 52863
diff changeset
861 1 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1101
6510
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
862 @end group
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
863 @end example
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
864
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
865 In contrast, shifting the pattern of bits one place to the right with
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
866 @code{lsh} looks like this:
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
867
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
868 @example
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
869 @group
52886
3a30e4cd22e9 Update for extra bit of integer range.
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents: 52863
diff changeset
870 (lsh -6 -1) @result{} 268435453
3a30e4cd22e9 Update for extra bit of integer range.
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents: 52863
diff changeset
871 ;; @r{Decimal @minus{}6 becomes decimal 268,435,453.}
3a30e4cd22e9 Update for extra bit of integer range.
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents: 52863
diff changeset
872 1 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1010
49600
23a1cea22d13 Trailing whitespace deleted.
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents: 48700
diff changeset
873 @result{}
52886
3a30e4cd22e9 Update for extra bit of integer range.
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents: 52863
diff changeset
874 0 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1101
6510
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
875 @end group
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
876 @end example
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
877
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
878 Here are other examples:
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
879
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
880 @c !!! Check if lined up in smallbook format! XDVI shows problem
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
881 @c with smallbook but not with regular book! --rjc 16mar92
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
882 @smallexample
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
883 @group
52886
3a30e4cd22e9 Update for extra bit of integer range.
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents: 52863
diff changeset
884 ; @r{ 29-bit binary values}
6510
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
885
52886
3a30e4cd22e9 Update for extra bit of integer range.
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents: 52863
diff changeset
886 (lsh 5 2) ; 5 = @r{0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0101}
3a30e4cd22e9 Update for extra bit of integer range.
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents: 52863
diff changeset
887 @result{} 20 ; = @r{0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0001 0100}
6510
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
888 @end group
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
889 @group
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
890 (ash 5 2)
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
891 @result{} 20
52886
3a30e4cd22e9 Update for extra bit of integer range.
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents: 52863
diff changeset
892 (lsh -5 2) ; -5 = @r{1 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1011}
3a30e4cd22e9 Update for extra bit of integer range.
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents: 52863
diff changeset
893 @result{} -20 ; = @r{1 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1110 1100}
6510
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
894 (ash -5 2)
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
895 @result{} -20
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
896 @end group
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
897 @group
52886
3a30e4cd22e9 Update for extra bit of integer range.
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents: 52863
diff changeset
898 (lsh 5 -2) ; 5 = @r{0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0101}
3a30e4cd22e9 Update for extra bit of integer range.
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents: 52863
diff changeset
899 @result{} 1 ; = @r{0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0001}
6510
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
900 @end group
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
901 @group
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
902 (ash 5 -2)
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
903 @result{} 1
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
904 @end group
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
905 @group
52886
3a30e4cd22e9 Update for extra bit of integer range.
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents: 52863
diff changeset
906 (lsh -5 -2) ; -5 = @r{1 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1011}
3a30e4cd22e9 Update for extra bit of integer range.
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents: 52863
diff changeset
907 @result{} 134217726 ; = @r{0 0111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1110}
6510
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
908 @end group
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
909 @group
52886
3a30e4cd22e9 Update for extra bit of integer range.
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents: 52863
diff changeset
910 (ash -5 -2) ; -5 = @r{1 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1011}
3a30e4cd22e9 Update for extra bit of integer range.
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents: 52863
diff changeset
911 @result{} -2 ; = @r{1 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1110}
6510
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
912 @end group
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
913 @end smallexample
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
914 @end defun
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
915
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
916 @defun logand &rest ints-or-markers
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
917 @cindex logical and
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
918 @cindex bitwise and
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
919 This function returns the ``logical and'' of the arguments: the
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
920 @var{n}th bit is set in the result if, and only if, the @var{n}th bit is
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
921 set in all the arguments. (``Set'' means that the value of the bit is 1
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
922 rather than 0.)
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
923
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
924 For example, using 4-bit binary numbers, the ``logical and'' of 13 and
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
925 12 is 12: 1101 combined with 1100 produces 1100.
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
926 In both the binary numbers, the leftmost two bits are set (i.e., they
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
927 are 1's), so the leftmost two bits of the returned value are set.
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
928 However, for the rightmost two bits, each is zero in at least one of
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
929 the arguments, so the rightmost two bits of the returned value are 0's.
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
930
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
931 @noindent
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
932 Therefore,
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
933
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
934 @example
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
935 @group
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
936 (logand 13 12)
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
937 @result{} 12
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
938 @end group
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
939 @end example
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
940
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
941 If @code{logand} is not passed any argument, it returns a value of
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
942 @minus{}1. This number is an identity element for @code{logand}
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
943 because its binary representation consists entirely of ones. If
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
944 @code{logand} is passed just one argument, it returns that argument.
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
945
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
946 @smallexample
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
947 @group
52886
3a30e4cd22e9 Update for extra bit of integer range.
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents: 52863
diff changeset
948 ; @r{ 29-bit binary values}
6510
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parents:
diff changeset
949
52886
3a30e4cd22e9 Update for extra bit of integer range.
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents: 52863
diff changeset
950 (logand 14 13) ; 14 = @r{0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 1110}
3a30e4cd22e9 Update for extra bit of integer range.
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents: 52863
diff changeset
951 ; 13 = @r{0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 1101}
3a30e4cd22e9 Update for extra bit of integer range.
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents: 52863
diff changeset
952 @result{} 12 ; 12 = @r{0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 1100}
6510
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
953 @end group
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
954
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
955 @group
52886
3a30e4cd22e9 Update for extra bit of integer range.
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents: 52863
diff changeset
956 (logand 14 13 4) ; 14 = @r{0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 1110}
3a30e4cd22e9 Update for extra bit of integer range.
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents: 52863
diff changeset
957 ; 13 = @r{0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 1101}
3a30e4cd22e9 Update for extra bit of integer range.
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents: 52863
diff changeset
958 ; 4 = @r{0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0100}
3a30e4cd22e9 Update for extra bit of integer range.
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents: 52863
diff changeset
959 @result{} 4 ; 4 = @r{0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0100}
6510
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
960 @end group
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
961
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
962 @group
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
963 (logand)
52886
3a30e4cd22e9 Update for extra bit of integer range.
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents: 52863
diff changeset
964 @result{} -1 ; -1 = @r{1 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111}
6510
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
965 @end group
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
966 @end smallexample
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
967 @end defun
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
968
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
969 @defun logior &rest ints-or-markers
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
970 @cindex logical inclusive or
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
971 @cindex bitwise or
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
972 This function returns the ``inclusive or'' of its arguments: the @var{n}th bit
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
973 is set in the result if, and only if, the @var{n}th bit is set in at least
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
974 one of the arguments. If there are no arguments, the result is zero,
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
975 which is an identity element for this operation. If @code{logior} is
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
976 passed just one argument, it returns that argument.
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
977
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
978 @smallexample
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
979 @group
52886
3a30e4cd22e9 Update for extra bit of integer range.
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents: 52863
diff changeset
980 ; @r{ 29-bit binary values}
6510
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
981
52886
3a30e4cd22e9 Update for extra bit of integer range.
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents: 52863
diff changeset
982 (logior 12 5) ; 12 = @r{0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 1100}
3a30e4cd22e9 Update for extra bit of integer range.
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents: 52863
diff changeset
983 ; 5 = @r{0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0101}
3a30e4cd22e9 Update for extra bit of integer range.
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents: 52863
diff changeset
984 @result{} 13 ; 13 = @r{0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 1101}
6510
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
985 @end group
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
986
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
987 @group
52886
3a30e4cd22e9 Update for extra bit of integer range.
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents: 52863
diff changeset
988 (logior 12 5 7) ; 12 = @r{0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 1100}
3a30e4cd22e9 Update for extra bit of integer range.
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents: 52863
diff changeset
989 ; 5 = @r{0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0101}
3a30e4cd22e9 Update for extra bit of integer range.
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents: 52863
diff changeset
990 ; 7 = @r{0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0111}
3a30e4cd22e9 Update for extra bit of integer range.
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents: 52863
diff changeset
991 @result{} 15 ; 15 = @r{0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 1111}
6510
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
992 @end group
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
993 @end smallexample
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
994 @end defun
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
995
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
996 @defun logxor &rest ints-or-markers
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
997 @cindex bitwise exclusive or
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
998 @cindex logical exclusive or
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
999 This function returns the ``exclusive or'' of its arguments: the
7115
9a9e88e65617 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6510
diff changeset
1000 @var{n}th bit is set in the result if, and only if, the @var{n}th bit is
9a9e88e65617 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6510
diff changeset
1001 set in an odd number of the arguments. If there are no arguments, the
9a9e88e65617 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6510
diff changeset
1002 result is 0, which is an identity element for this operation. If
9a9e88e65617 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6510
diff changeset
1003 @code{logxor} is passed just one argument, it returns that argument.
6510
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1004
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1005 @smallexample
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1006 @group
52886
3a30e4cd22e9 Update for extra bit of integer range.
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents: 52863
diff changeset
1007 ; @r{ 29-bit binary values}
6510
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1008
52886
3a30e4cd22e9 Update for extra bit of integer range.
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents: 52863
diff changeset
1009 (logxor 12 5) ; 12 = @r{0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 1100}
3a30e4cd22e9 Update for extra bit of integer range.
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents: 52863
diff changeset
1010 ; 5 = @r{0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0101}
3a30e4cd22e9 Update for extra bit of integer range.
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents: 52863
diff changeset
1011 @result{} 9 ; 9 = @r{0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 1001}
6510
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1012 @end group
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1013
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1014 @group
52886
3a30e4cd22e9 Update for extra bit of integer range.
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents: 52863
diff changeset
1015 (logxor 12 5 7) ; 12 = @r{0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 1100}
3a30e4cd22e9 Update for extra bit of integer range.
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents: 52863
diff changeset
1016 ; 5 = @r{0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0101}
3a30e4cd22e9 Update for extra bit of integer range.
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents: 52863
diff changeset
1017 ; 7 = @r{0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0111}
3a30e4cd22e9 Update for extra bit of integer range.
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents: 52863
diff changeset
1018 @result{} 14 ; 14 = @r{0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 1110}
6510
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1019 @end group
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1020 @end smallexample
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1021 @end defun
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1022
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1023 @defun lognot integer
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1024 @cindex logical not
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1025 @cindex bitwise not
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1026 This function returns the logical complement of its argument: the @var{n}th
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1027 bit is one in the result if, and only if, the @var{n}th bit is zero in
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1028 @var{integer}, and vice-versa.
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1029
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1030 @example
49600
23a1cea22d13 Trailing whitespace deleted.
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents: 48700
diff changeset
1031 (lognot 5)
6510
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1032 @result{} -6
52886
3a30e4cd22e9 Update for extra bit of integer range.
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents: 52863
diff changeset
1033 ;; 5 = @r{0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0101}
6510
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1034 ;; @r{becomes}
52886
3a30e4cd22e9 Update for extra bit of integer range.
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents: 52863
diff changeset
1035 ;; -6 = @r{1 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1010}
6510
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1036 @end example
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1037 @end defun
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1038
11230
c6b70cdf844e Don't call the special math functions "transcendental".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 10558
diff changeset
1039 @node Math Functions
c6b70cdf844e Don't call the special math functions "transcendental".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 10558
diff changeset
1040 @section Standard Mathematical Functions
6510
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1041 @cindex transcendental functions
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1042 @cindex mathematical functions
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1043
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1044 These mathematical functions allow integers as well as floating point
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1045 numbers as arguments.
6510
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1046
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1047 @defun sin arg
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1048 @defunx cos arg
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1049 @defunx tan arg
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1050 These are the ordinary trigonometric functions, with argument measured
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1051 in radians.
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1052 @end defun
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1053
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1054 @defun asin arg
25454
80ac191b6d2b *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
1055 The value of @code{(asin @var{arg})} is a number between
27193
89afca54a135 @ifinto -> @ifnottex.
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 27189
diff changeset
1056 @ifnottex
25454
80ac191b6d2b *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
1057 @minus{}pi/2
27193
89afca54a135 @ifinto -> @ifnottex.
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 27189
diff changeset
1058 @end ifnottex
25454
80ac191b6d2b *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
1059 @tex
25751
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 25454
diff changeset
1060 @math{-\pi/2}
25454
80ac191b6d2b *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
1061 @end tex
80ac191b6d2b *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
1062 and
27193
89afca54a135 @ifinto -> @ifnottex.
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 27189
diff changeset
1063 @ifnottex
25454
80ac191b6d2b *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
1064 pi/2
27193
89afca54a135 @ifinto -> @ifnottex.
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 27189
diff changeset
1065 @end ifnottex
25454
80ac191b6d2b *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
1066 @tex
25751
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 25454
diff changeset
1067 @math{\pi/2}
25454
80ac191b6d2b *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
1068 @end tex
53432
7dd1ab1ebb2c (Math Functions): asin, acos, log, log10 report domain-error errors.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 53044
diff changeset
1069 (inclusive) whose sine is @var{arg}; if, however, @var{arg} is out of
7dd1ab1ebb2c (Math Functions): asin, acos, log, log10 report domain-error errors.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 53044
diff changeset
1070 range (outside [-1, 1]), it signals a @code{domain-error} error.
6510
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1071 @end defun
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1072
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1073 @defun acos arg
25454
80ac191b6d2b *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
1074 The value of @code{(acos @var{arg})} is a number between 0 and
27193
89afca54a135 @ifinto -> @ifnottex.
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 27189
diff changeset
1075 @ifnottex
25454
80ac191b6d2b *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
1076 pi
27193
89afca54a135 @ifinto -> @ifnottex.
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 27189
diff changeset
1077 @end ifnottex
25454
80ac191b6d2b *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
1078 @tex
25751
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 25454
diff changeset
1079 @math{\pi}
25454
80ac191b6d2b *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
1080 @end tex
53432
7dd1ab1ebb2c (Math Functions): asin, acos, log, log10 report domain-error errors.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 53044
diff changeset
1081 (inclusive) whose cosine is @var{arg}; if, however, @var{arg} is out
7dd1ab1ebb2c (Math Functions): asin, acos, log, log10 report domain-error errors.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 53044
diff changeset
1082 of range (outside [-1, 1]), it signals a @code{domain-error} error.
6510
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1083 @end defun
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1084
43414
90f3a1f6ee84 (Math Functions): Document the optional second arg of atan.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 39198
diff changeset
1085 @defun atan y &optional x
90f3a1f6ee84 (Math Functions): Document the optional second arg of atan.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 39198
diff changeset
1086 The value of @code{(atan @var{y})} is a number between
27193
89afca54a135 @ifinto -> @ifnottex.
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 27189
diff changeset
1087 @ifnottex
25454
80ac191b6d2b *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
1088 @minus{}pi/2
27193
89afca54a135 @ifinto -> @ifnottex.
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 27189
diff changeset
1089 @end ifnottex
25454
80ac191b6d2b *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
1090 @tex
25751
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 25454
diff changeset
1091 @math{-\pi/2}
25454
80ac191b6d2b *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
1092 @end tex
80ac191b6d2b *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
1093 and
27193
89afca54a135 @ifinto -> @ifnottex.
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 27189
diff changeset
1094 @ifnottex
25454
80ac191b6d2b *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
1095 pi/2
27193
89afca54a135 @ifinto -> @ifnottex.
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 27189
diff changeset
1096 @end ifnottex
25454
80ac191b6d2b *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
1097 @tex
25751
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 25454
diff changeset
1098 @math{\pi/2}
25454
80ac191b6d2b *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
1099 @end tex
43414
90f3a1f6ee84 (Math Functions): Document the optional second arg of atan.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 39198
diff changeset
1100 (exclusive) whose tangent is @var{y}. If the optional second
90f3a1f6ee84 (Math Functions): Document the optional second arg of atan.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 39198
diff changeset
1101 argument @var{x} is given, the value of @code{(atan y x)} is the
90f3a1f6ee84 (Math Functions): Document the optional second arg of atan.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 39198
diff changeset
1102 angle in radians between the vector @code{[@var{x}, @var{y}]} and the
90f3a1f6ee84 (Math Functions): Document the optional second arg of atan.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 39198
diff changeset
1103 @code{X} axis.
6510
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1104 @end defun
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1105
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1106 @defun exp arg
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1107 This is the exponential function; it returns
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1108 @tex
25751
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 25454
diff changeset
1109 @math{e}
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1110 @end tex
27193
89afca54a135 @ifinto -> @ifnottex.
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 27189
diff changeset
1111 @ifnottex
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1112 @i{e}
27193
89afca54a135 @ifinto -> @ifnottex.
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 27189
diff changeset
1113 @end ifnottex
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1114 to the power @var{arg}.
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1115 @tex
25751
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 25454
diff changeset
1116 @math{e}
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1117 @end tex
27193
89afca54a135 @ifinto -> @ifnottex.
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 27189
diff changeset
1118 @ifnottex
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1119 @i{e}
27193
89afca54a135 @ifinto -> @ifnottex.
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 27189
diff changeset
1120 @end ifnottex
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1121 is a fundamental mathematical constant also called the base of natural
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1122 logarithms.
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e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1123 @end defun
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1124
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1125 @defun log arg &optional base
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1126 This function returns the logarithm of @var{arg}, with base @var{base}.
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1127 If you don't specify @var{base}, the base
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1128 @tex
25751
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 25454
diff changeset
1129 @math{e}
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1130 @end tex
27193
89afca54a135 @ifinto -> @ifnottex.
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 27189
diff changeset
1131 @ifnottex
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1132 @i{e}
27193
89afca54a135 @ifinto -> @ifnottex.
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 27189
diff changeset
1133 @end ifnottex
53432
7dd1ab1ebb2c (Math Functions): asin, acos, log, log10 report domain-error errors.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 53044
diff changeset
1134 is used. If @var{arg} is negative, it signals a @code{domain-error}
7dd1ab1ebb2c (Math Functions): asin, acos, log, log10 report domain-error errors.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 53044
diff changeset
1135 error.
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e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1136 @end defun
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1137
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1138 @ignore
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1139 @defun expm1 arg
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1140 This function returns @code{(1- (exp @var{arg}))}, but it is more
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1141 accurate than that when @var{arg} is negative and @code{(exp @var{arg})}
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1142 is close to 1.
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1143 @end defun
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1144
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1145 @defun log1p arg
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1146 This function returns @code{(log (1+ @var{arg}))}, but it is more
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1147 accurate than that when @var{arg} is so small that adding 1 to it would
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1148 lose accuracy.
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1149 @end defun
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1150 @end ignore
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1151
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1152 @defun log10 arg
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1153 This function returns the logarithm of @var{arg}, with base 10. If
53432
7dd1ab1ebb2c (Math Functions): asin, acos, log, log10 report domain-error errors.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 53044
diff changeset
1154 @var{arg} is negative, it signals a @code{domain-error} error.
7dd1ab1ebb2c (Math Functions): asin, acos, log, log10 report domain-error errors.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 53044
diff changeset
1155 @code{(log10 @var{x})} @equiv{} @code{(log @var{x} 10)}, at least
7dd1ab1ebb2c (Math Functions): asin, acos, log, log10 report domain-error errors.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 53044
diff changeset
1156 approximately.
6510
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1157 @end defun
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1158
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1159 @defun expt x y
10306
89f8d7f3bd73 Integers now at least 28 bits.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 8017
diff changeset
1160 This function returns @var{x} raised to power @var{y}. If both
89f8d7f3bd73 Integers now at least 28 bits.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 8017
diff changeset
1161 arguments are integers and @var{y} is positive, the result is an
60043
d262f544d0bf (Integer Basics): Clarify radix explanation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 58499
diff changeset
1162 integer; in this case, overflow causes truncation, so watch out.
6510
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1163 @end defun
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1164
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1165 @defun sqrt arg
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1166 This returns the square root of @var{arg}. If @var{arg} is negative,
53465
a603854deb89 (Math Functions): sqrt reports a domain-error
Andreas Schwab <schwab@suse.de>
parents: 53432
diff changeset
1167 it signals a @code{domain-error} error.
6510
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1168 @end defun
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1169
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1170 @node Random Numbers
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1171 @section Random Numbers
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1172 @cindex random numbers
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1173
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1174 A deterministic computer program cannot generate true random numbers.
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1175 For most purposes, @dfn{pseudo-random numbers} suffice. A series of
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1176 pseudo-random numbers is generated in a deterministic fashion. The
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1177 numbers are not truly random, but they have certain properties that
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1178 mimic a random series. For example, all possible values occur equally
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1179 often in a pseudo-random series.
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1180
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1181 In Emacs, pseudo-random numbers are generated from a ``seed'' number.
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1182 Starting from any given seed, the @code{random} function always
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1183 generates the same sequence of numbers. Emacs always starts with the
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1184 same seed value, so the sequence of values of @code{random} is actually
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1185 the same in each Emacs run! For example, in one operating system, the
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1186 first call to @code{(random)} after you start Emacs always returns
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1187 -1457731, and the second one always returns -7692030. This
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1188 repeatability is helpful for debugging.
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1189
25751
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 25454
diff changeset
1190 If you want random numbers that don't always come out the same, execute
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 25454
diff changeset
1191 @code{(random t)}. This chooses a new seed based on the current time of
52978
1a5c50faf357 Replace @sc{foo} with @acronym{FOO}.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 52901
diff changeset
1192 day and on Emacs's process @acronym{ID} number.
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e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1193
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1194 @defun random &optional limit
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1195 This function returns a pseudo-random integer. Repeated calls return a
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1196 series of pseudo-random integers.
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1197
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11230
diff changeset
1198 If @var{limit} is a positive integer, the value is chosen to be
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1199 nonnegative and less than @var{limit}.
6510
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1200
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1201 If @var{limit} is @code{t}, it means to choose a new seed based on the
52978
1a5c50faf357 Replace @sc{foo} with @acronym{FOO}.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 52901
diff changeset
1202 current time of day and on Emacs's process @acronym{ID} number.
6510
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1203 @c "Emacs'" is incorrect usage!
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1204
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1205 On some machines, any integer representable in Lisp may be the result
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1206 of @code{random}. On other machines, the result can never be larger
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1207 than a certain maximum or less than a certain (negative) minimum.
e18202af3602 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1208 @end defun
52401
695cf19ef79e Add arch taglines
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 51920
diff changeset
1209
695cf19ef79e Add arch taglines
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 51920
diff changeset
1210 @ignore
695cf19ef79e Add arch taglines
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 51920
diff changeset
1211 arch-tag: 574e8dd2-d513-4616-9844-c9a27869782e
695cf19ef79e Add arch taglines
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 51920
diff changeset
1212 @end ignore