annotate man/dired.texi @ 43290:3198ecb4e71f

Minor clarification.
author Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
date Thu, 14 Feb 2002 01:38:49 +0000
parents 0a2bf4c2c07c
children 729648fff079
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1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual.
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2 @c Copyright (C) 1985,86,87,93,94,95,97,2000,2001
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3 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions.
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5 @node Dired, Calendar/Diary, Rmail, Top
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6 @chapter Dired, the Directory Editor
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7 @cindex Dired
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8 @cindex file management
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9
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10 Dired makes an Emacs buffer containing a listing of a directory, and
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11 optionally some of its subdirectories as well. You can use the normal
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12 Emacs commands to move around in this buffer, and special Dired commands
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13 to operate on the files listed.
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14
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15 The Dired buffer is ``read-only,'' and inserting text in it is not
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16 useful, so ordinary printing characters such as @kbd{d} and @kbd{x} are
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17 used for special Dired commands. Some Dired commands @dfn{mark} or
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18 @dfn{flag} the @dfn{current file} (that is, the file on the current
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19 line); other commands operate on the marked files or on the flagged
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20 files.
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21
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22 The Dired-X package provides various extra features for Dired mode.
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23 @xref{Top, Dired-X,,dired-x, Dired Extra Version 2 User's Manual}.
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24
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25 @menu
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26 * Enter: Dired Enter. How to invoke Dired.
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27 * Navigation: Dired Navigation. Special motion commands in the Dired buffer.
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28 * Deletion: Dired Deletion. Deleting files with Dired.
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29 * Flagging Many Files:: Flagging files based on their names.
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30 * Visit: Dired Visiting. Other file operations through Dired.
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31 * Marks vs Flags:: Flagging for deletion vs marking.
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32 * Operating on Files:: How to copy, rename, print, compress, etc.
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33 either one file or several files.
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34 * Shell Commands in Dired:: Running a shell command on the marked files.
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35 * Transforming File Names:: Using patterns to rename multiple files.
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36 * Comparison in Dired:: Running `diff' by way of Dired.
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37 * Subdirectories in Dired:: Adding subdirectories to the Dired buffer.
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38 * Subdirectory Motion:: Moving across subdirectories, and up and down.
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39 * Hiding Subdirectories:: Making subdirectories visible or invisible.
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40 * Updating: Dired Updating. Discarding lines for files of no interest.
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41 * Find: Dired and Find. Using `find' to choose the files for Dired.
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42 @end menu
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43
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44 @node Dired Enter
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45 @section Entering Dired
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46
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47 @findex dired
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48 @kindex C-x d
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49 @vindex dired-listing-switches
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50 To invoke Dired, do @kbd{C-x d} or @kbd{M-x dired}. The command reads
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51 a directory name or wildcard file name pattern as a minibuffer argument
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52 to specify which files to list. Where @code{dired} differs from
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53 @code{list-directory} is in putting the buffer into Dired mode so that
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54 the special commands of Dired are available.
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55
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56 The variable @code{dired-listing-switches} specifies the options to
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57 give to @code{ls} for listing directory; this string @emph{must} contain
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58 @samp{-l}. If you use a numeric prefix argument with the @code{dired}
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59 command, you can specify the @code{ls} switches with the minibuffer
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60 before you enter the directory specification.
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61
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62 @findex dired-other-window
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63 @kindex C-x 4 d
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64 @findex dired-other-frame
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65 @kindex C-x 5 d
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66 To display the Dired buffer in another window rather than in the
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67 selected window, use @kbd{C-x 4 d} (@code{dired-other-window}) instead
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68 of @kbd{C-x d}. @kbd{C-x 5 d} (@code{dired-other-frame}) uses a
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69 separate frame to display the Dired buffer.
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70
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71 @node Dired Navigation
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72 @section Navigation in the Dired Buffer
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73
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74 @kindex C-n @r{(Dired)}
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75 @kindex C-p @r{(Dired)}
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76 All the usual Emacs cursor motion commands are available in Dired
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77 buffers. Some special-purpose cursor motion commands are also
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78 provided. The keys @kbd{C-n} and @kbd{C-p} are redefined to put the
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79 cursor at the beginning of the file name on the line, rather than at the
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80 beginning of the line.
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81
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82 @kindex SPC @r{(Dired)}
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83 For extra convenience, @key{SPC} and @kbd{n} in Dired are equivalent
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84 to @kbd{C-n}. @kbd{p} is equivalent to @kbd{C-p}. (Moving by lines is
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85 so common in Dired that it deserves to be easy to type.) @key{DEL}
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86 (move up and unflag) is often useful simply for moving up.
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87
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88 Some additional navigation commands are available when the Dired
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89 buffer includes several directories. @xref{Subdirectory Motion}.
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90
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91 @node Dired Deletion
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92 @section Deleting Files with Dired
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93 @cindex flagging files (in Dired)
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94 @cindex deleting files (in Dired)
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95
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96 One of the most frequent uses of Dired is to first @dfn{flag} files for
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97 deletion, then delete the files that were flagged.
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98
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99 @table @kbd
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100 @item d
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101 Flag this file for deletion.
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102 @item u
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103 Remove deletion flag on this line.
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104 @item @key{DEL}
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105 Move point to previous line and remove the deletion flag on that line.
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106 @item x
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107 Delete the files that are flagged for deletion.
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108 @end table
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109
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110 @kindex d @r{(Dired)}
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111 @findex dired-flag-file-deletion
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112 You can flag a file for deletion by moving to the line describing the
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113 file and typing @kbd{d} (@code{dired-flag-file-deletion}). The deletion flag is visible as a @samp{D} at
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114 the beginning of the line. This command moves point to the next line,
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115 so that repeated @kbd{d} commands flag successive files. A numeric
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116 argument serves as a repeat count.
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117
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118 @cindex recursive deletion
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119 @vindex dired-recursive-deletes
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120 The variable @code{dired-recursive-deletes} controls whether the
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121 delete command will delete non-empty directories (including their
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122 contents). The default is to delete only empty directories.
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123
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124 @kindex u @r{(Dired deletion)}
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125 @kindex DEL @r{(Dired)}
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126 The files are flagged for deletion rather than deleted immediately to
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127 reduce the danger of deleting a file accidentally. Until you direct
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128 Dired to delete the flagged files, you can remove deletion flags using
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129 the commands @kbd{u} and @key{DEL}. @kbd{u} (@code{dired-unmark}) works
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130 just like @kbd{d}, but removes flags rather than making flags.
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131 @key{DEL} (@code{dired-unmark-backward}) moves upward, removing flags;
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132 it is like @kbd{u} with argument @minus{}1.
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133
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134 @kindex x @r{(Dired)}
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135 @findex dired-do-flagged-delete
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136 @cindex expunging (Dired)
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137 To delete the flagged files, type @kbd{x} (@code{dired-do-flagged-delete}).
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138 (This is also known as @dfn{expunging}.)
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139 This command first displays a list of all the file names flagged for
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140 deletion, and requests confirmation with @kbd{yes}. If you confirm,
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141 Dired deletes the flagged files, then deletes their lines from the text
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142 of the Dired buffer. The shortened Dired buffer remains selected.
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143
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144 If you answer @kbd{no} or quit with @kbd{C-g} when asked to confirm, you
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145 return immediately to Dired, with the deletion flags still present in
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146 the buffer, and no files actually deleted.
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147
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148 @node Flagging Many Files
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149 @section Flagging Many Files at Once
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150 @cindex flagging many files for deletion (in Dired)
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151
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152 @table @kbd
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153 @item #
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154 Flag all auto-save files (files whose names start and end with @samp{#})
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155 for deletion (@pxref{Auto Save}).
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156
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157 @item ~
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158 Flag all backup files (files whose names end with @samp{~}) for deletion
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159 (@pxref{Backup}).
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160
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161 @item &
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162 Flag for deletion all files with certain kinds of names, names that
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163 suggest you could easily create the files again.
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164
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165 @item .@: @r{(Period)}
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166 Flag excess numeric backup files for deletion. The oldest and newest
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167 few backup files of any one file are exempt; the middle ones are
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168 flagged.
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169
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170 @item % d @var{regexp} @key{RET}
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171 Flag for deletion all files whose names match the regular expression
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172 @var{regexp}.
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173 @end table
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174
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175 The @kbd{#}, @kbd{~}, @kbd{&}, and @kbd{.} commands flag many files for
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176 deletion, based on their file names. These commands are useful
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177 precisely because they do not themselves delete any files; you can
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178 remove the deletion flags from any flagged files that you really wish to
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179 keep.@refill
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180
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181 @kindex & @r{(Dired)}
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182 @findex dired-flag-garbage-files
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183 @vindex dired-garbage-files-regexp
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184 @cindex deleting some backup files
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185 @kbd{&} (@code{dired-flag-garbage-files}) flags files whose names
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186 match the regular expression specified by the variable
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187 @code{dired-garbage-files-regexp}. By default, this matches certain
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188 files produced by @TeX{}, @samp{.bak} files, and the @samp{.orig} and
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189 @samp{.rej} files produced by @code{patch}.
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190
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191 @kindex # @r{(Dired)}
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192 @findex dired-flag-auto-save-files
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193 @cindex deleting auto-save files
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194 @kbd{#} (@code{dired-flag-auto-save-files}) flags for deletion all
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195 files whose names look like auto-save files (@pxref{Auto Save})---that
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196 is, files whose names begin and end with @samp{#}.
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197
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198 @kindex ~ @r{(Dired)}
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199 @findex dired-flag-backup-files
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200 @kbd{~} (@code{dired-flag-backup-files}) flags for deletion all files
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201 whose names say they are backup files (@pxref{Backup})---that is, files
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202 whose names end in @samp{~}.
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203
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204 @kindex . @r{(Dired)}
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205 @vindex dired-kept-versions
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206 @findex dired-clean-directory
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207 @kbd{.} (period, @code{dired-clean-directory}) flags just some of the
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208 backup files for deletion: all but the oldest few and newest few backups
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209 of any one file. Normally @code{dired-kept-versions} (@strong{not}
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210 @code{kept-new-versions}; that applies only when saving) specifies the
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211 number of newest versions of each file to keep, and
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212 @code{kept-old-versions} specifies the number of oldest versions to
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213 keep.
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214
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215 Period with a positive numeric argument, as in @kbd{C-u 3 .},
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216 specifies the number of newest versions to keep, overriding
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217 @code{dired-kept-versions}. A negative numeric argument overrides
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218 @code{kept-old-versions}, using minus the value of the argument to
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219 specify the number of oldest versions of each file to keep.
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220
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221 @findex dired-flag-files-regexp
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222 @kindex % d @r{(Dired)}
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223 The @kbd{% d} command flags all files whose names match a specified
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224 regular expression (@code{dired-flag-files-regexp}). Only the
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225 non-directory part of the file name is used in matching. You can use
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226 @samp{^} and @samp{$} to anchor matches. You can exclude subdirectories
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227 by hiding them (@pxref{Hiding Subdirectories}).
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228
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229 @node Dired Visiting
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230 @section Visiting Files in Dired
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231
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232 There are several Dired commands for visiting or examining the files
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233 listed in the Dired buffer. All of them apply to the current line's
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234 file; if that file is really a directory, these commands invoke Dired on
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235 that subdirectory (making a separate Dired buffer).
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236
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237 @table @kbd
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238 @item f
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239 @kindex f @r{(Dired)}
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240 @findex dired-find-file
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241 Visit the file described on the current line, like typing @kbd{C-x C-f}
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242 and supplying that file name (@code{dired-find-file}). @xref{Visiting}.
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243
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244 @item @key{RET}
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245 @itemx e
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246 @kindex RET @r{(Dired)}
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247 @kindex e @r{(Dired)}
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248 Equivalent to @kbd{f}.
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249
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250 @item a
50c69ce6e1b0 Describe dired-find-alternate-file.
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251 @kindex a @r{(Dired)}
50c69ce6e1b0 Describe dired-find-alternate-file.
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252 @findex dired-find-alternate-file
50c69ce6e1b0 Describe dired-find-alternate-file.
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253 Like @kbd{f}, but replaces the contents of the Dired buffer with
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254 that of an alternate file or directory (@code{dired-find-alternate-file}).
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255
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256 @item o
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257 @kindex o @r{(Dired)}
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258 @findex dired-find-file-other-window
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259 Like @kbd{f}, but uses another window to display the file's buffer
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260 (@code{dired-find-file-other-window}). The Dired buffer remains visible
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261 in the first window. This is like using @kbd{C-x 4 C-f} to visit the
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262 file. @xref{Windows}.
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263
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264 @item C-o
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265 @kindex C-o @r{(Dired)}
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266 @findex dired-display-file
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267 Visit the file described on the current line, and display the buffer in
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268 another window, but do not select that window (@code{dired-display-file}).
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269
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270 @item Mouse-2
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271 @findex dired-mouse-find-file-other-window
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272 Visit the file named by the line you click on
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273 (@code{dired-mouse-find-file-other-window}). This uses another window
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274 to display the file, like the @kbd{o} command.
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275
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276 @item v
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277 @kindex v @r{(Dired)}
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278 @findex dired-view-file
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279 View the file described on the current line, using @kbd{M-x view-file}
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280 (@code{dired-view-file}).
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281
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282 Viewing a file is like visiting it, but is slanted toward moving around
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283 in the file conveniently and does not allow changing the file.
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284 @xref{Misc File Ops,View File, Miscellaneous File Operations}.
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285
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286 @item ^
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287 @kindex ^ @r{(Dired)}
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288 @findex dired-up-directory
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289 Visit the parent directory of the current directory
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290 (@code{dired-up-directory}). This is more convenient than moving to
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291 the parent directory's line and typing @kbd{f} there.
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292 @end table
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293
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294 @node Marks vs Flags
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295 @section Dired Marks vs. Flags
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296
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297 @cindex marking many files (in Dired)
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298 Instead of flagging a file with @samp{D}, you can @dfn{mark} the
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299 file with some other character (usually @samp{*}). Most Dired
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300 commands to operate on files use the files marked with @samp{*}, the
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301 exception being @kbd{x} which deletes the flagged files.
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302
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303 Here are some commands for marking with @samp{*}, or for unmarking or
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304 operating on marks. (@xref{Dired Deletion}, for commands to flag and
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305 unflag files.)
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306
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307 @table @kbd
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308 @item m
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309 @itemx * m
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310 @kindex m @r{(Dired)}
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311 @kindex * m @r{(Dired)}
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312 @findex dired-mark
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313 Mark the current file with @samp{*} (@code{dired-mark}). With a numeric
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314 argument @var{n}, mark the next @var{n} files starting with the current
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315 file. (If @var{n} is negative, mark the previous @minus{}@var{n}
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316 files.)
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317
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318 @item * *
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319 @kindex * * @r{(Dired)}
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320 @findex dired-mark-executables
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321 @cindex marking executable files (in Dired)
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322 Mark all executable files with @samp{*}
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323 (@code{dired-mark-executables}). With a numeric argument, unmark all
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324 those files.
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325
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326 @item * @@
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327 @kindex * @@ @r{(Dired)}
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328 @findex dired-mark-symlinks
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329 @cindex marking symlinks (in Dired)
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330 Mark all symbolic links with @samp{*} (@code{dired-mark-symlinks}).
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331 With a numeric argument, unmark all those files.
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332
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333 @item * /
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334 @kindex * / @r{(Dired)}
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335 @findex dired-mark-directories
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336 @cindex marking subdirectories (in Dired)
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337 Mark with @samp{*} all files which are actually directories, except for
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338 @file{.} and @file{..} (@code{dired-mark-directories}). With a numeric
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339 argument, unmark all those files.
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340
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341 @item * s
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342 @kindex * s @r{(Dired)}
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343 @findex dired-mark-subdir-files
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344 Mark all the files in the current subdirectory, aside from @file{.}
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345 and @file{..} (@code{dired-mark-subdir-files}).
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346
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347 @item u
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348 @itemx * u
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349 @kindex u @r{(Dired)}
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350 @kindex * u @r{(Dired)}
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351 @findex dired-unmark
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352 Remove any mark on this line (@code{dired-unmark}).
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353
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354 @item @key{DEL}
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355 @itemx * @key{DEL}
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356 @kindex * DEL @r{(Dired)}
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357 @findex dired-unmark-backward
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358 @cindex unmarking files (in Dired)
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359 Move point to previous line and remove any mark on that line
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360 (@code{dired-unmark-backward}).
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361
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diff changeset
362 @item * !
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363 @kindex * ! @r{(Dired)}
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364 @findex dired-unmark-all-marks
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365 Remove all marks from all the files in this Dired buffer
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366 (@code{dired-unmark-all-marks}).
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367
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368 @item * ? @var{markchar}
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369 @kindex * ? @r{(Dired)}
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370 @findex dired-unmark-all-files
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371 Remove all marks that use the character @var{markchar}
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372 (@code{dired-unmark-all-files}). The argument is a single
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373 character---do not use @key{RET} to terminate it. See the description
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374 of the @kbd{* c} command below, which lets you replace one mark
7f2e9facb52a Minor cleanups.
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diff changeset
375 character with another.
25829
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376
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377 With a numeric argument, this command queries about each marked file,
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diff changeset
378 asking whether to remove its mark. You can answer @kbd{y} meaning yes,
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diff changeset
379 @kbd{n} meaning no, or @kbd{!} to remove the marks from the remaining
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diff changeset
380 files without asking about them.
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381
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diff changeset
382 @item * C-n
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383 @findex dired-next-marked-file
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diff changeset
384 @kindex * C-n @r{(Dired)}
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385 Move down to the next marked file (@code{dired-next-marked-file})
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diff changeset
386 A file is ``marked'' if it has any kind of mark.
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387
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388 @item * C-p
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389 @findex dired-prev-marked-file
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diff changeset
390 @kindex * C-p @r{(Dired)}
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391 Move up to the previous marked file (@code{dired-prev-marked-file})
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diff changeset
392
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393 @item * t
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394 @kindex * t @r{(Dired)}
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395 @findex dired-do-toggle
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396 @cindex toggling marks (in Dired)
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397 Toggle all marks (@code{dired-do-toggle}): files marked with @samp{*}
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398 become unmarked, and unmarked files are marked with @samp{*}. Files
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399 marked in any other way are not affected.
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400
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diff changeset
401 @item * c @var{old-markchar} @var{new-markchar}
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402 @kindex * c @r{(Dired)}
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403 @findex dired-change-marks
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957e48a1565e (Dired Visiting): Fix wording, suggested by Ron Ross <ronross@colba.net>.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 36263
diff changeset
404 Replace all marks that use the character @var{old-markchar} with marks
957e48a1565e (Dired Visiting): Fix wording, suggested by Ron Ross <ronross@colba.net>.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 36263
diff changeset
405 that use the character @var{new-markchar} (@code{dired-change-marks}).
957e48a1565e (Dired Visiting): Fix wording, suggested by Ron Ross <ronross@colba.net>.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 36263
diff changeset
406 This command is the primary way to create or use marks other than
957e48a1565e (Dired Visiting): Fix wording, suggested by Ron Ross <ronross@colba.net>.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 36263
diff changeset
407 @samp{*} or @samp{D}. The arguments are single characters---do not use
957e48a1565e (Dired Visiting): Fix wording, suggested by Ron Ross <ronross@colba.net>.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 36263
diff changeset
408 @key{RET} to terminate them.
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
409
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
410 You can use almost any character as a mark character by means of this
36477
957e48a1565e (Dired Visiting): Fix wording, suggested by Ron Ross <ronross@colba.net>.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 36263
diff changeset
411 command, to distinguish various classes of files. If @var{old-markchar}
957e48a1565e (Dired Visiting): Fix wording, suggested by Ron Ross <ronross@colba.net>.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 36263
diff changeset
412 is a space (@samp{ }), then the command operates on all unmarked files;
957e48a1565e (Dired Visiting): Fix wording, suggested by Ron Ross <ronross@colba.net>.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 36263
diff changeset
413 if @var{new-markchar} is a space, then the command unmarks the files it
957e48a1565e (Dired Visiting): Fix wording, suggested by Ron Ross <ronross@colba.net>.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 36263
diff changeset
414 acts on.
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
415
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
416 To illustrate the power of this command, here is how to put @samp{D}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
417 flags on all the files that have no marks, while unflagging all those
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
418 that already have @samp{D} flags:
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
419
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
420 @example
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
421 * c D t * c SPC D * c t SPC
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
422 @end example
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
423
36507
7f2e9facb52a Minor cleanups.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 36477
diff changeset
424 This assumes that no files were already marked with @samp{t}.
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
425
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
426 @item % m @var{regexp} @key{RET}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
427 @itemx * % @var{regexp} @key{RET}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
428 @findex dired-mark-files-regexp
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
429 @kindex % m @r{(Dired)}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
430 @kindex * % @r{(Dired)}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
431 Mark (with @samp{*}) all files whose names match the regular expression
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
432 @var{regexp} (@code{dired-mark-files-regexp}). This command is like
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
433 @kbd{% d}, except that it marks files with @samp{*} instead of flagging
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
434 with @samp{D}. @xref{Flagging Many Files}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
435
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
436 Only the non-directory part of the file name is used in matching. Use
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
437 @samp{^} and @samp{$} to anchor matches. Exclude subdirectories by
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
438 hiding them (@pxref{Hiding Subdirectories}).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
439
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
440 @item % g @var{regexp} @key{RET}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
441 @findex dired-mark-files-containing-regexp
35056
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Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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diff changeset
442 @kindex % g @r{(Dired)}
c9c43bb7f1d2 Add index entries for many Dired commands and features.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 30874
diff changeset
443 @cindex finding files containing regexp matches (in Dired)
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
444 Mark (with @samp{*}) all files whose @emph{contents} contain a match for
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
445 the regular expression @var{regexp}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
446 (@code{dired-mark-files-containing-regexp}). This command is like
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
447 @kbd{% m}, except that it searches the file contents instead of the file
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
448 name.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
449
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
450 @item C-_
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
451 @kindex C-_ @r{(Dired)}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
452 @findex dired-undo
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
453 Undo changes in the Dired buffer, such as adding or removing
37519
1a27ed8dcefc (Marks vs Flags): Explain that dired-undo doesn't undo the file
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37491
diff changeset
454 marks (@code{dired-undo}). @emph{This command does not revert the
38124
72ea86c1d394 Proofreading fixes from Tim Goodwin <tjg@star.le.ac.uk>.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37993
diff changeset
455 actual file operations, nor recover lost files!} It just undoes
37519
1a27ed8dcefc (Marks vs Flags): Explain that dired-undo doesn't undo the file
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37491
diff changeset
456 changes in the buffer itself. For example, if used after renaming one
1a27ed8dcefc (Marks vs Flags): Explain that dired-undo doesn't undo the file
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37491
diff changeset
457 or more files, @code{dired-undo} restores the original names, which
1a27ed8dcefc (Marks vs Flags): Explain that dired-undo doesn't undo the file
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37491
diff changeset
458 will get the Dired buffer out of sync with the actual contents of the
1a27ed8dcefc (Marks vs Flags): Explain that dired-undo doesn't undo the file
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37491
diff changeset
459 directory.
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
460 @end table
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
461
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
462 @node Operating on Files
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
463 @section Operating on Files
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
464 @cindex operating on files in Dired
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
465
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
466 This section describes the basic Dired commands to operate on one file
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
467 or several files. All of these commands are capital letters; all of
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
468 them use the minibuffer, either to read an argument or to ask for
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
469 confirmation, before they act. All of them give you several ways to
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
470 specify which files to manipulate:
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
471
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
472 @itemize @bullet
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
473 @item
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
474 If you give the command a numeric prefix argument @var{n}, it operates
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
475 on the next @var{n} files, starting with the current file. (If @var{n}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
476 is negative, the command operates on the @minus{}@var{n} files preceding
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
477 the current line.)
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
478
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
479 @item
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
480 Otherwise, if some files are marked with @samp{*}, the command operates
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
481 on all those files.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
482
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
483 @item
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
484 Otherwise, the command operates on the current file only.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
485 @end itemize
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
486
37491
772178ae2c7e (Operating on Files): Document dired-dwim-target.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37484
diff changeset
487 @vindex dired-dwim-target
772178ae2c7e (Operating on Files): Document dired-dwim-target.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37484
diff changeset
488 @cindex two directories (in Dired)
772178ae2c7e (Operating on Files): Document dired-dwim-target.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37484
diff changeset
489 Commands which ask for a destination directory, such as those which
772178ae2c7e (Operating on Files): Document dired-dwim-target.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37484
diff changeset
490 copy and rename files or create links for them, try to guess the default
772178ae2c7e (Operating on Files): Document dired-dwim-target.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37484
diff changeset
491 target directory for the operation. Normally, they suggest the Dired
772178ae2c7e (Operating on Files): Document dired-dwim-target.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37484
diff changeset
492 buffer's default directory, but if the variable @code{dired-dwim-target}
772178ae2c7e (Operating on Files): Document dired-dwim-target.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37484
diff changeset
493 is non-@code{nil}, and if there is another Dired buffer displayed in the
772178ae2c7e (Operating on Files): Document dired-dwim-target.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37484
diff changeset
494 next window, that other buffer's directory is suggested instead.
772178ae2c7e (Operating on Files): Document dired-dwim-target.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37484
diff changeset
495
25829
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parents:
diff changeset
496 Here are the file-manipulating commands that operate on files in this
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
497 way. (Some other Dired commands, such as @kbd{!} and the @samp{%}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
498 commands, also use these conventions to decide which files to work on.)
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
499
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
500 @table @kbd
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
501 @findex dired-do-copy
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
502 @kindex C @r{(Dired)}
35056
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Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 30874
diff changeset
503 @cindex copying files (in Dired)
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
504 @item C @var{new} @key{RET}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
505 Copy the specified files (@code{dired-do-copy}). The argument @var{new}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
506 is the directory to copy into, or (if copying a single file) the new
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
507 name.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
508
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
509 @vindex dired-copy-preserve-time
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
510 If @code{dired-copy-preserve-time} is non-@code{nil}, then copying with
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
511 this command sets the modification time of the new file to be the same
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
512 as that of the old file.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
513
36149
a1ff91eda21c Just a short xref for dired-x.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 35056
diff changeset
514 @vindex dired-recursive-copies
40617
aeebb5c33587 (Dired Deletion, Operating On Files): Add index entries.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 39287
diff changeset
515 @cindex recursive copying
36149
a1ff91eda21c Just a short xref for dired-x.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 35056
diff changeset
516 The variable @code{dired-recursive-copies} controls whether
a1ff91eda21c Just a short xref for dired-x.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 35056
diff changeset
517 directories are copied recursively. The default is to not copy
a1ff91eda21c Just a short xref for dired-x.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 35056
diff changeset
518 recursively, which means that directories cannot be copied.
a1ff91eda21c Just a short xref for dired-x.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 35056
diff changeset
519
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
520 @item D
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
521 @findex dired-do-delete
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
522 @kindex D @r{(Dired)}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
523 Delete the specified files (@code{dired-do-delete}). Like the other
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
524 commands in this section, this command operates on the @emph{marked}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
525 files, or the next @var{n} files. By contrast, @kbd{x}
37484
0e8d5a17a47f Fix command names dired-do-flagged-delete,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 36507
diff changeset
526 (@code{dired-do-flagged-delete}) deletes all @dfn{flagged} files.
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
527
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
528 @findex dired-do-rename
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
529 @kindex R @r{(Dired)}
35056
c9c43bb7f1d2 Add index entries for many Dired commands and features.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 30874
diff changeset
530 @cindex renaming files (in Dired)
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
531 @item R @var{new} @key{RET}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
532 Rename the specified files (@code{dired-do-rename}). The argument
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
533 @var{new} is the directory to rename into, or (if renaming a single
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
534 file) the new name.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
535
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
536 Dired automatically changes the visited file name of buffers associated
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
537 with renamed files so that they refer to the new names.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
538
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
539 @findex dired-do-hardlink
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
540 @kindex H @r{(Dired)}
35056
c9c43bb7f1d2 Add index entries for many Dired commands and features.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 30874
diff changeset
541 @cindex hard links (in Dired)
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
542 @item H @var{new} @key{RET}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
543 Make hard links to the specified files (@code{dired-do-hardlink}). The
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
544 argument @var{new} is the directory to make the links in, or (if making
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
545 just one link) the name to give the link.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
546
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
547 @findex dired-do-symlink
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
548 @kindex S @r{(Dired)}
35056
c9c43bb7f1d2 Add index entries for many Dired commands and features.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 30874
diff changeset
549 @cindex symlinks (in Dired)
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
550 @item S @var{new} @key{RET}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
551 Make symbolic links to the specified files (@code{dired-do-symlink}).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
552 The argument @var{new} is the directory to make the links in, or (if
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
553 making just one link) the name to give the link.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
554
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
555 @findex dired-do-chmod
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
556 @kindex M @r{(Dired)}
35056
c9c43bb7f1d2 Add index entries for many Dired commands and features.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 30874
diff changeset
557 @cindex changing file permissions (in Dired)
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
558 @item M @var{modespec} @key{RET}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
559 Change the mode (also called ``permission bits'') of the specified files
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
560 (@code{dired-do-chmod}). This uses the @code{chmod} program, so
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
561 @var{modespec} can be any argument that @code{chmod} can handle.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
562
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
563 @findex dired-do-chgrp
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
564 @kindex G @r{(Dired)}
36263
11db0318031d Remove redundant index entries.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 36149
diff changeset
565 @cindex changing file group (in Dired)
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
566 @item G @var{newgroup} @key{RET}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
567 Change the group of the specified files to @var{newgroup}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
568 (@code{dired-do-chgrp}).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
569
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
570 @findex dired-do-chown
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
571 @kindex O @r{(Dired)}
35056
c9c43bb7f1d2 Add index entries for many Dired commands and features.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 30874
diff changeset
572 @cindex changing file owner (in Dired)
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
573 @item O @var{newowner} @key{RET}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
574 Change the owner of the specified files to @var{newowner}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
575 (@code{dired-do-chown}). (On most systems, only the superuser can do
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
576 this.)
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
577
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
578 @vindex dired-chown-program
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
579 The variable @code{dired-chown-program} specifies the name of the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
580 program to use to do the work (different systems put @code{chown} in
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
581 different places).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
582
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
583 @findex dired-do-print
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
584 @kindex P @r{(Dired)}
35056
c9c43bb7f1d2 Add index entries for many Dired commands and features.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 30874
diff changeset
585 @cindex printing files (in Dired)
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
586 @item P @var{command} @key{RET}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
587 Print the specified files (@code{dired-do-print}). You must specify the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
588 command to print them with, but the minibuffer starts out with a
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
589 suitable guess made using the variables @code{lpr-command} and
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
590 @code{lpr-switches} (the same variables that @code{lpr-buffer} uses;
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
591 @pxref{Hardcopy}).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
592
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
593 @findex dired-do-compress
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
594 @kindex Z @r{(Dired)}
35056
c9c43bb7f1d2 Add index entries for many Dired commands and features.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 30874
diff changeset
595 @cindex compressing files (in Dired)
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
596 @item Z
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
597 Compress the specified files (@code{dired-do-compress}). If the file
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
598 appears to be a compressed file already, it is uncompressed instead.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
599
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
600 @findex dired-do-load
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
601 @kindex L @r{(Dired)}
35056
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Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 30874
diff changeset
602 @cindex loading several files (in Dired)
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
603 @item L
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
604 Load the specified Emacs Lisp files (@code{dired-do-load}).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
605 @xref{Lisp Libraries}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
606
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
607 @findex dired-do-byte-compile
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
608 @kindex B @r{(Dired)}
35056
c9c43bb7f1d2 Add index entries for many Dired commands and features.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 30874
diff changeset
609 @cindex byte-compiling several files (in Dired)
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
610 @item B
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
611 Byte compile the specified Emacs Lisp files
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
612 (@code{dired-do-byte-compile}). @xref{Byte Compilation,, Byte
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
613 Compilation, elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
614
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
615 @kindex A @r{(Dired)}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
616 @findex dired-do-search
35056
c9c43bb7f1d2 Add index entries for many Dired commands and features.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 30874
diff changeset
617 @cindex search multiple files (in Dired)
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
618 @item A @var{regexp} @key{RET}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
619 Search all the specified files for the regular expression @var{regexp}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
620 (@code{dired-do-search}).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
621
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
622 This command is a variant of @code{tags-search}. The search stops at
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
623 the first match it finds; use @kbd{M-,} to resume the search and find
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
624 the next match. @xref{Tags Search}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
625
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
626 @kindex Q @r{(Dired)}
37484
0e8d5a17a47f Fix command names dired-do-flagged-delete,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 36507
diff changeset
627 @findex dired-do-query-replace-regexp
35056
c9c43bb7f1d2 Add index entries for many Dired commands and features.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 30874
diff changeset
628 @cindex search and replace in multiple files (in Dired)
37484
0e8d5a17a47f Fix command names dired-do-flagged-delete,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 36507
diff changeset
629 @item Q @var{regexp} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET}
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
630 Perform @code{query-replace-regexp} on each of the specified files,
37484
0e8d5a17a47f Fix command names dired-do-flagged-delete,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 36507
diff changeset
631 replacing matches for @var{regexp} with the string
0e8d5a17a47f Fix command names dired-do-flagged-delete,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 36507
diff changeset
632 @var{to} (@code{dired-do-query-replace-regexp}).
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
633
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
634 This command is a variant of @code{tags-query-replace}. If you exit the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
635 query replace loop, you can use @kbd{M-,} to resume the scan and replace
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
636 more matches. @xref{Tags Search}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
637 @end table
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
638
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
639 @kindex + @r{(Dired)}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
640 @findex dired-create-directory
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
641 One special file-operation command is @kbd{+}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
642 (@code{dired-create-directory}). This command reads a directory name and
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
643 creates the directory if it does not already exist.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
644
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
645 @node Shell Commands in Dired
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
646 @section Shell Commands in Dired
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
647 @cindex shell commands, Dired
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
648
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
649 @findex dired-do-shell-command
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
650 @kindex ! @r{(Dired)}
36477
957e48a1565e (Dired Visiting): Fix wording, suggested by Ron Ross <ronross@colba.net>.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 36263
diff changeset
651 @kindex X @r{(Dired)}
957e48a1565e (Dired Visiting): Fix wording, suggested by Ron Ross <ronross@colba.net>.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 36263
diff changeset
652 The Dired command @kbd{!} (@code{dired-do-shell-command}) reads a shell
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
653 command string in the minibuffer and runs that shell command on all the
36477
957e48a1565e (Dired Visiting): Fix wording, suggested by Ron Ross <ronross@colba.net>.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 36263
diff changeset
654 specified files. @kbd{X} is a synonym for @kbd{!}. You can specify the
957e48a1565e (Dired Visiting): Fix wording, suggested by Ron Ross <ronross@colba.net>.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 36263
diff changeset
655 files to operate on in the usual ways for Dired commands
957e48a1565e (Dired Visiting): Fix wording, suggested by Ron Ross <ronross@colba.net>.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 36263
diff changeset
656 (@pxref{Operating on Files}). There are two ways of applying a shell
957e48a1565e (Dired Visiting): Fix wording, suggested by Ron Ross <ronross@colba.net>.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 36263
diff changeset
657 command to multiple files:
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
658
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
659 @itemize @bullet
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
660 @item
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
661 If you use @samp{*} in the shell command, then it runs just once, with
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
662 the list of file names substituted for the @samp{*}. The order of file
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
663 names is the order of appearance in the Dired buffer.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
664
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
665 Thus, @kbd{! tar cf foo.tar * @key{RET}} runs @code{tar} on the entire
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
666 list of file names, putting them into one tar file @file{foo.tar}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
667
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
668 @item
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
669 If the command string doesn't contain @samp{*}, then it runs once
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
670 @emph{for each file}, with the file name added at the end.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
671
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
672 For example, @kbd{! uudecode @key{RET}} runs @code{uudecode} on each
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
673 file.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
674 @end itemize
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
675
36149
a1ff91eda21c Just a short xref for dired-x.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 35056
diff changeset
676 What if you want to run the shell command once for each file, with the
a1ff91eda21c Just a short xref for dired-x.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 35056
diff changeset
677 file name inserted in the middle? You can use @samp{?} in the command
a1ff91eda21c Just a short xref for dired-x.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 35056
diff changeset
678 instead of @samp{*}. The current file name is substituted for
a1ff91eda21c Just a short xref for dired-x.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 35056
diff changeset
679 @samp{?}. You can use @samp{?} more than once. For instance, here is
a1ff91eda21c Just a short xref for dired-x.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 35056
diff changeset
680 how to uuencode each file, making the output file name by appending
a1ff91eda21c Just a short xref for dired-x.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 35056
diff changeset
681 @samp{.uu} to the input file name:
a1ff91eda21c Just a short xref for dired-x.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 35056
diff changeset
682
a1ff91eda21c Just a short xref for dired-x.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 35056
diff changeset
683 @example
a1ff91eda21c Just a short xref for dired-x.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 35056
diff changeset
684 uuencode ? ? > ?.uu
a1ff91eda21c Just a short xref for dired-x.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 35056
diff changeset
685 @end example
a1ff91eda21c Just a short xref for dired-x.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 35056
diff changeset
686
a1ff91eda21c Just a short xref for dired-x.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 35056
diff changeset
687 To use the file names in a more complicated fashion, you can use a
a1ff91eda21c Just a short xref for dired-x.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 35056
diff changeset
688 shell loop. For example, this shell command is another way to
a1ff91eda21c Just a short xref for dired-x.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 35056
diff changeset
689 uuencode each file:
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
690
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
691 @example
37484
0e8d5a17a47f Fix command names dired-do-flagged-delete,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 36507
diff changeset
692 for file in *; do uuencode "$file" "$file" >"$file".uu; done
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
693 @end example
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
694
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
695 The working directory for the shell command is the top-level directory
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
696 of the Dired buffer.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
697
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
698 The @kbd{!} command does not attempt to update the Dired buffer to show
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
699 new or modified files, because it doesn't really understand shell
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
700 commands, and does not know what files the shell command changed. Use
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
701 the @kbd{g} command to update the Dired buffer (@pxref{Dired
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
702 Updating}).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
703
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
704 @node Transforming File Names
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
705 @section Transforming File Names in Dired
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
706
37519
1a27ed8dcefc (Marks vs Flags): Explain that dired-undo doesn't undo the file
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37491
diff changeset
707 This section describes Dired commands which alter file names in a
1a27ed8dcefc (Marks vs Flags): Explain that dired-undo doesn't undo the file
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37491
diff changeset
708 systematic way.
1a27ed8dcefc (Marks vs Flags): Explain that dired-undo doesn't undo the file
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37491
diff changeset
709
1a27ed8dcefc (Marks vs Flags): Explain that dired-undo doesn't undo the file
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37491
diff changeset
710 Like the basic Dired file-manipulation commands (@pxref{Operating on
1a27ed8dcefc (Marks vs Flags): Explain that dired-undo doesn't undo the file
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37491
diff changeset
711 Files}), the commands described here operate either on the next
1a27ed8dcefc (Marks vs Flags): Explain that dired-undo doesn't undo the file
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37491
diff changeset
712 @var{n} files, or on all files marked with @samp{*}, or on the current
1a27ed8dcefc (Marks vs Flags): Explain that dired-undo doesn't undo the file
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37491
diff changeset
713 file. (To mark files, use the commands described in @ref{Marks vs
1a27ed8dcefc (Marks vs Flags): Explain that dired-undo doesn't undo the file
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37491
diff changeset
714 Flags}.)
1a27ed8dcefc (Marks vs Flags): Explain that dired-undo doesn't undo the file
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37491
diff changeset
715
1a27ed8dcefc (Marks vs Flags): Explain that dired-undo doesn't undo the file
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37491
diff changeset
716 All of the commands described in this section work
1a27ed8dcefc (Marks vs Flags): Explain that dired-undo doesn't undo the file
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37491
diff changeset
717 @emph{interactively}: they ask you to confirm the operation for each
1a27ed8dcefc (Marks vs Flags): Explain that dired-undo doesn't undo the file
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37491
diff changeset
718 candidate file. Thus, you can select more files than you actually
1a27ed8dcefc (Marks vs Flags): Explain that dired-undo doesn't undo the file
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37491
diff changeset
719 need to operate on (e.g., with a regexp that matches many files), and
1a27ed8dcefc (Marks vs Flags): Explain that dired-undo doesn't undo the file
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37491
diff changeset
720 then refine the selection by typing @kbd{y} or @kbd{n} when the
1a27ed8dcefc (Marks vs Flags): Explain that dired-undo doesn't undo the file
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37491
diff changeset
721 command prompts for confirmation.
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
722
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
723 @table @kbd
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
724 @findex dired-upcase
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
725 @kindex % u @r{(Dired)}
35056
c9c43bb7f1d2 Add index entries for many Dired commands and features.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 30874
diff changeset
726 @cindex upcase file names
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
727 @item % u
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
728 Rename each of the selected files to an upper-case name
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
729 (@code{dired-upcase}). If the old file names are @file{Foo}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
730 and @file{bar}, the new names are @file{FOO} and @file{BAR}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
731
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
732 @item % l
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
733 @findex dired-downcase
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
734 @kindex % l @r{(Dired)}
35056
c9c43bb7f1d2 Add index entries for many Dired commands and features.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 30874
diff changeset
735 @cindex downcase file names
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
736 Rename each of the selected files to a lower-case name
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
737 (@code{dired-downcase}). If the old file names are @file{Foo} and
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
738 @file{bar}, the new names are @file{foo} and @file{bar}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
739
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
740 @item % R @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
741 @kindex % R @r{(Dired)}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
742 @findex dired-do-rename-regexp
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
743 @itemx % C @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
744 @kindex % C @r{(Dired)}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
745 @findex dired-do-copy-regexp
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
746 @itemx % H @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
747 @kindex % H @r{(Dired)}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
748 @findex dired-do-hardlink-regexp
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
749 @itemx % S @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
750 @kindex % S @r{(Dired)}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
751 @findex dired-do-symlink-regexp
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
752 These four commands rename, copy, make hard links and make soft links,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
753 in each case computing the new name by regular-expression substitution
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
754 from the name of the old file.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
755 @end table
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
756
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
757 The four regular-expression substitution commands effectively perform
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
758 a search-and-replace on the selected file names in the Dired buffer.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
759 They read two arguments: a regular expression @var{from}, and a
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
760 substitution pattern @var{to}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
761
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
762 The commands match each ``old'' file name against the regular
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
763 expression @var{from}, and then replace the matching part with @var{to}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
764 You can use @samp{\&} and @samp{\@var{digit}} in @var{to} to refer to
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
765 all or part of what the pattern matched in the old file name, as in
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
766 @code{replace-regexp} (@pxref{Regexp Replace}). If the regular expression
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
767 matches more than once in a file name, only the first match is replaced.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
768
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
769 For example, @kbd{% R ^.*$ @key{RET} x-\& @key{RET}} renames each
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
770 selected file by prepending @samp{x-} to its name. The inverse of this,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
771 removing @samp{x-} from the front of each file name, is also possible:
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
772 one method is @kbd{% R ^x-\(.*\)$ @key{RET} \1 @key{RET}}; another is
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
773 @kbd{% R ^x- @key{RET} @key{RET}}. (Use @samp{^} and @samp{$} to anchor
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
774 matches that should span the whole filename.)
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
775
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
776 Normally, the replacement process does not consider the files'
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
777 directory names; it operates on the file name within the directory. If
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
778 you specify a numeric argument of zero, then replacement affects the
37519
1a27ed8dcefc (Marks vs Flags): Explain that dired-undo doesn't undo the file
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37491
diff changeset
779 entire absolute file name including directory name. (Non-zero
1a27ed8dcefc (Marks vs Flags): Explain that dired-undo doesn't undo the file
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37491
diff changeset
780 argument specifies the number of files to operate on.)
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
781
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
782 Often you will want to select the set of files to operate on using the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
783 same @var{regexp} that you will use to operate on them. To do this,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
784 mark those files with @kbd{% m @var{regexp} @key{RET}}, then use the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
785 same regular expression in the command to operate on the files. To make
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
786 this easier, the @kbd{%} commands to operate on files use the last
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
787 regular expression specified in any @kbd{%} command as a default.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
788
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
789 @node Comparison in Dired
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
790 @section File Comparison with Dired
35056
c9c43bb7f1d2 Add index entries for many Dired commands and features.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 30874
diff changeset
791 @cindex file comparison (in Dired)
c9c43bb7f1d2 Add index entries for many Dired commands and features.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 30874
diff changeset
792 @cindex compare files (in Dired)
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
793
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
794 Here are two Dired commands that compare specified files using
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
795 @code{diff}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
796
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
797 @table @kbd
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
798 @item =
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
799 @findex dired-diff
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
800 @kindex = @r{(Dired)}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
801 Compare the current file (the file at point) with another file (the file
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
802 at the mark) using the @code{diff} program (@code{dired-diff}). The
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
803 file at the mark is the first argument of @code{diff}, and the file at
37549
b7c260d40c0b (Comparison in Dired): Make it clear that ``the mark'' is settable by C-SPC.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37519
diff changeset
804 point is the second argument. Use @kbd{C-@key{SPC}}
b7c260d40c0b (Comparison in Dired): Make it clear that ``the mark'' is settable by C-SPC.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37519
diff changeset
805 (@code{set-mark-command}) to set the mark at the first file's line
b7c260d40c0b (Comparison in Dired): Make it clear that ``the mark'' is settable by C-SPC.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37519
diff changeset
806 (@pxref{Setting Mark}), since @code{dired-diff} ignores the files marked
b7c260d40c0b (Comparison in Dired): Make it clear that ``the mark'' is settable by C-SPC.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37519
diff changeset
807 with the Dired's @kbd{m} command.
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
808
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
809 @findex dired-backup-diff
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
810 @kindex M-= @r{(Dired)}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
811 @item M-=
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
812 Compare the current file with its latest backup file
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
813 (@code{dired-backup-diff}). If the current file is itself a backup,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
814 compare it with the file it is a backup of; this way, you can compare
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
815 a file with any backup version of your choice.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
816
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
817 The backup file is the first file given to @code{diff}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
818 @end table
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
819
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
820 @node Subdirectories in Dired
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
821 @section Subdirectories in Dired
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
822 @cindex subdirectories in Dired
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
823 @cindex expanding subdirectories in Dired
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
824
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
825 A Dired buffer displays just one directory in the normal case;
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
826 but you can optionally include its subdirectories as well.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
827
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
828 The simplest way to include multiple directories in one Dired buffer is
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
829 to specify the options @samp{-lR} for running @code{ls}. (If you give a
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
830 numeric argument when you run Dired, then you can specify these options
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
831 in the minibuffer.) That produces a recursive directory listing showing
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
832 all subdirectories at all levels.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
833
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
834 But usually all the subdirectories are too many; usually you will
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
835 prefer to include specific subdirectories only. You can do this with
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
836 the @kbd{i} command:
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
837
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
838 @table @kbd
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
839 @findex dired-maybe-insert-subdir
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
840 @kindex i @r{(Dired)}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
841 @item i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
842 @cindex inserted subdirectory (Dired)
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
843 @cindex in-situ subdirectory (Dired)
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
844 Insert the contents of a subdirectory later in the buffer.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
845 @end table
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
846
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
847 Use the @kbd{i} (@code{dired-maybe-insert-subdir}) command on a line
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
848 that describes a file which is a directory. It inserts the contents of
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
849 that directory into the same Dired buffer, and moves there. Inserted
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
850 subdirectory contents follow the top-level directory of the Dired
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
851 buffer, just as they do in @samp{ls -lR} output.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
852
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
853 If the subdirectory's contents are already present in the buffer, the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
854 @kbd{i} command just moves to it.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
855
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
856 In either case, @kbd{i} sets the Emacs mark before moving, so @kbd{C-u
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
857 C-@key{SPC}} takes you back to the old position in the buffer (the line
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
858 describing that subdirectory).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
859
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
860 Use the @kbd{l} command (@code{dired-do-redisplay}) to update the
36477
957e48a1565e (Dired Visiting): Fix wording, suggested by Ron Ross <ronross@colba.net>.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 36263
diff changeset
861 subdirectory's contents. Use @kbd{C-u k} on the subdirectory header
957e48a1565e (Dired Visiting): Fix wording, suggested by Ron Ross <ronross@colba.net>.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 36263
diff changeset
862 line to delete the subdirectory. @xref{Dired Updating}.
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
863
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
864 @node Subdirectory Motion
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
865 @section Moving Over Subdirectories
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
866
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
867 When a Dired buffer lists subdirectories, you can use the page motion
37484
0e8d5a17a47f Fix command names dired-do-flagged-delete,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 36507
diff changeset
868 commands @kbd{C-x [} and @kbd{C-x ]} to move by entire directories
0e8d5a17a47f Fix command names dired-do-flagged-delete,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 36507
diff changeset
869 (@pxref{Pages}).
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
870
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
871 @cindex header line (Dired)
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
872 @cindex directory header lines
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
873 The following commands move across, up and down in the tree of
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
874 directories within one Dired buffer. They move to @dfn{directory header
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
875 lines}, which are the lines that give a directory's name, at the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
876 beginning of the directory's contents.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
877
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
878 @table @kbd
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
879 @findex dired-next-subdir
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
880 @kindex C-M-n @r{(Dired)}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
881 @item C-M-n
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
882 Go to next subdirectory header line, regardless of level
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
883 (@code{dired-next-subdir}).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
884
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
885 @findex dired-prev-subdir
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
886 @kindex C-M-p @r{(Dired)}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
887 @item C-M-p
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
888 Go to previous subdirectory header line, regardless of level
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
889 (@code{dired-prev-subdir}).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
890
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
891 @findex dired-tree-up
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
892 @kindex C-M-u @r{(Dired)}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
893 @item C-M-u
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
894 Go up to the parent directory's header line (@code{dired-tree-up}).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
895
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
896 @findex dired-tree-down
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
897 @kindex C-M-d @r{(Dired)}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
898 @item C-M-d
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
899 Go down in the directory tree, to the first subdirectory's header line
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
900 (@code{dired-tree-down}).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
901
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
902 @findex dired-prev-dirline
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
903 @kindex < @r{(Dired)}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
904 @item <
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
905 Move up to the previous directory-file line (@code{dired-prev-dirline}).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
906 These lines are the ones that describe a directory as a file in its
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
907 parent directory.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
908
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
909 @findex dired-next-dirline
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
910 @kindex > @r{(Dired)}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
911 @item >
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
912 Move down to the next directory-file line (@code{dired-prev-dirline}).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
913 @end table
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
914
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
915 @node Hiding Subdirectories
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
916 @section Hiding Subdirectories
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
917
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
918 @cindex hiding in Dired (Dired)
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
919 @dfn{Hiding} a subdirectory means to make it invisible, except for its
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
920 header line, via selective display (@pxref{Selective Display}).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
921
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
922 @table @kbd
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
923 @item $
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
924 @findex dired-hide-subdir
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
925 @kindex $ @r{(Dired)}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
926 Hide or reveal the subdirectory that point is in, and move point to the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
927 next subdirectory (@code{dired-hide-subdir}). A numeric argument serves
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
928 as a repeat count.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
929
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
930 @item M-$
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
931 @findex dired-hide-all
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
932 @kindex M-$ @r{(Dired)}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
933 Hide all subdirectories in this Dired buffer, leaving only their header
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
934 lines (@code{dired-hide-all}). Or, if any subdirectory is currently
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
935 hidden, make all subdirectories visible again. You can use this command
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
936 to get an overview in very deep directory trees or to move quickly to
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
937 subdirectories far away.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
938 @end table
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
939
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
940 Ordinary Dired commands never consider files inside a hidden
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
941 subdirectory. For example, the commands to operate on marked files
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
942 ignore files in hidden directories even if they are marked. Thus you
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
943 can use hiding to temporarily exclude subdirectories from operations
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
944 without having to remove the markers.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
945
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
946 The subdirectory hiding commands toggle; that is, they hide what was
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
947 visible, and show what was hidden.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
948
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
949 @node Dired Updating
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
950 @section Updating the Dired Buffer
35056
c9c43bb7f1d2 Add index entries for many Dired commands and features.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 30874
diff changeset
951 @cindex updating Dired buffer
c9c43bb7f1d2 Add index entries for many Dired commands and features.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 30874
diff changeset
952 @cindex refreshing displayed files
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
953
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
954 This section describes commands to update the Dired buffer to reflect
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
955 outside (non-Dired) changes in the directories and files, and to delete
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
956 part of the Dired buffer.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
957
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
958 @table @kbd
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
959 @item g
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
960 Update the entire contents of the Dired buffer (@code{revert-buffer}).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
961
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
962 @item l
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
963 Update the specified files (@code{dired-do-redisplay}).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
964
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
965 @item k
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
966 Delete the specified @emph{file lines}---not the files, just the lines
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
967 (@code{dired-do-kill-lines}).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
968
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
969 @item s
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
970 Toggle between alphabetical order and date/time order
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
971 (@code{dired-sort-toggle-or-edit}).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
972
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
973 @item C-u s @var{switches} @key{RET}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
974 Refresh the Dired buffer using @var{switches} as
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
975 @code{dired-listing-switches}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
976 @end table
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
977
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
978 @kindex g @r{(Dired)}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
979 @findex revert-buffer @r{(Dired)}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
980 Type @kbd{g} (@code{revert-buffer}) to update the contents of the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
981 Dired buffer, based on changes in the files and directories listed.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
982 This preserves all marks except for those on files that have vanished.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
983 Hidden subdirectories are updated but remain hidden.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
984
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
985 @kindex l @r{(Dired)}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
986 @findex dired-do-redisplay
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
987 To update only some of the files, type @kbd{l}
37484
0e8d5a17a47f Fix command names dired-do-flagged-delete,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 36507
diff changeset
988 (@code{dired-do-redisplay}). Like the Dired file-operating commands,
0e8d5a17a47f Fix command names dired-do-flagged-delete,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 36507
diff changeset
989 this command operates on the next @var{n} files (or previous
0e8d5a17a47f Fix command names dired-do-flagged-delete,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 36507
diff changeset
990 @minus{}@var{n} files), or on the marked files if any, or on the
0e8d5a17a47f Fix command names dired-do-flagged-delete,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 36507
diff changeset
991 current file. Updating the files means reading their current status,
0e8d5a17a47f Fix command names dired-do-flagged-delete,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 36507
diff changeset
992 then updating their lines in the buffer to indicate that status.
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
993
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
994 If you use @kbd{l} on a subdirectory header line, it updates the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
995 contents of the corresponding subdirectory.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
996
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
997 @kindex k @r{(Dired)}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
998 @findex dired-do-kill-lines
37484
0e8d5a17a47f Fix command names dired-do-flagged-delete,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 36507
diff changeset
999 To delete the specified @emph{file lines} from the buffer---not
0e8d5a17a47f Fix command names dired-do-flagged-delete,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 36507
diff changeset
1000 delete the files---type @kbd{k} (@code{dired-do-kill-lines}). Like
0e8d5a17a47f Fix command names dired-do-flagged-delete,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 36507
diff changeset
1001 the file-operating commands, this command operates on the next @var{n}
0e8d5a17a47f Fix command names dired-do-flagged-delete,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 36507
diff changeset
1002 files, or on the marked files if any; but it does not operate on the
0e8d5a17a47f Fix command names dired-do-flagged-delete,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 36507
diff changeset
1003 current file as a last resort.
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1004
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1005 If you kill the line for a file that is a directory, the directory's
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1006 contents are also deleted from the buffer. Typing @kbd{C-u k} on the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1007 header line for a subdirectory is another way to delete a subdirectory
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1008 from the Dired buffer.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1009
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1010 The @kbd{g} command brings back any individual lines that you have
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1011 killed in this way, but not subdirectories---you must use @kbd{i} to
37484
0e8d5a17a47f Fix command names dired-do-flagged-delete,
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 36507
diff changeset
1012 reinsert a subdirectory.
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1013
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1014 @cindex Dired sorting
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1015 @cindex sorting Dired buffer
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1016 @kindex s @r{(Dired)}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1017 @findex dired-sort-toggle-or-edit
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1018 The files in a Dired buffers are normally listed in alphabetical order
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1019 by file names. Alternatively Dired can sort them by date/time. The
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1020 Dired command @kbd{s} (@code{dired-sort-toggle-or-edit}) switches
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1021 between these two sorting modes. The mode line in a Dired buffer
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1022 indicates which way it is currently sorted---by name, or by date.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1023
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1024 @kbd{C-u s @var{switches} @key{RET}} lets you specify a new value for
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1025 @code{dired-listing-switches}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1026
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1027 @node Dired and Find
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1028 @section Dired and @code{find}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1029 @cindex @code{find} and Dired
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1030
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1031 You can select a set of files for display in a Dired buffer more
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1032 flexibly by using the @code{find} utility to choose the files.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1033
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1034 @findex find-name-dired
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1035 To search for files with names matching a wildcard pattern use
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1036 @kbd{M-x find-name-dired}. It reads arguments @var{directory} and
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1037 @var{pattern}, and chooses all the files in @var{directory} or its
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1038 subdirectories whose individual names match @var{pattern}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1039
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1040 The files thus chosen are displayed in a Dired buffer in which the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1041 ordinary Dired commands are available.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1042
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1043 @findex find-grep-dired
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1044 If you want to test the contents of files, rather than their names,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1045 use @kbd{M-x find-grep-dired}. This command reads two minibuffer
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1046 arguments, @var{directory} and @var{regexp}; it chooses all the files in
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1047 @var{directory} or its subdirectories that contain a match for
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1048 @var{regexp}. It works by running the programs @code{find} and
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1049 @code{grep}. See also @kbd{M-x grep-find}, in @ref{Compilation}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1050 Remember to write the regular expression for @code{grep}, not for Emacs.
35056
c9c43bb7f1d2 Add index entries for many Dired commands and features.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 30874
diff changeset
1051 (An alternative method of showing files whose contents match a given
c9c43bb7f1d2 Add index entries for many Dired commands and features.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 30874
diff changeset
1052 regexp is the @kbd{% g @var{regexp}} command, see @ref{Marks vs Flags}.)
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1053
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1054 @findex find-dired
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1055 The most general command in this series is @kbd{M-x find-dired}, which
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1056 lets you specify any condition that @code{find} can test. It takes two
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1057 minibuffer arguments, @var{directory} and @var{find-args}; it runs
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1058 @code{find} in @var{directory}, passing @var{find-args} to tell
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1059 @code{find} what condition to test. To use this command, you need to
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1060 know how to use @code{find}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1061
36149
a1ff91eda21c Just a short xref for dired-x.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 35056
diff changeset
1062 @findex locate
a1ff91eda21c Just a short xref for dired-x.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 35056
diff changeset
1063 @findex locate-with-filter
a1ff91eda21c Just a short xref for dired-x.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 35056
diff changeset
1064 @cindex file database (locate)
a1ff91eda21c Just a short xref for dired-x.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 35056
diff changeset
1065 @vindex locate-command
38124
72ea86c1d394 Proofreading fixes from Tim Goodwin <tjg@star.le.ac.uk>.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37993
diff changeset
1066 @kbd{M-x locate} provides a similar interface to the @code{locate}
38156
e46c555b62c8 Minor change.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 38124
diff changeset
1067 program. @kbd{M-x locate-with-filter} is similar, but keeps only lines
38124
72ea86c1d394 Proofreading fixes from Tim Goodwin <tjg@star.le.ac.uk>.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37993
diff changeset
1068 matching a given regular expression.
36149
a1ff91eda21c Just a short xref for dired-x.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 35056
diff changeset
1069
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1070 @vindex find-ls-option
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1071 The format of listing produced by these commands is controlled by the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1072 variable @code{find-ls-option}, whose default value specifies using
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1073 options @samp{-ld} for @code{ls}. If your listings are corrupted, you
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1074 may need to change the value of this variable.