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annotate man/fixit.texi @ 60638:338b5a42b1f4
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author | YAMAMOTO Mitsuharu <mituharu@math.s.chiba-u.ac.jp> |
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date | Wed, 16 Mar 2005 08:10:12 +0000 |
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25829 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 86, 87, 93, 94, 95, 1997 Free Software Foundation, Inc. | |
3 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. | |
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4 @node Fixit, Keyboard Macros, Search, Top |
25829 | 5 @chapter Commands for Fixing Typos |
6 @cindex typos, fixing | |
7 @cindex mistakes, correcting | |
8 | |
9 In this chapter we describe the commands that are especially useful for | |
10 the times when you catch a mistake in your text just after you have made | |
11 it, or change your mind while composing text on the fly. | |
12 | |
13 The most fundamental command for correcting erroneous editing is the | |
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14 undo command, @kbd{C-x u} or @kbd{C-_} or @kbd{C-/}. This command |
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15 undoes a single command (usually), a part of a command (in the case of |
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16 @code{query-replace}), or several consecutive self-inserting |
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17 characters. Consecutive repetitions of the undo command undo earlier |
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18 and earlier changes, back to the limit of the undo information |
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19 available. @xref{Undo}, for more information. |
25829 | 20 |
21 @menu | |
22 * Kill Errors:: Commands to kill a batch of recently entered text. | |
23 * Transpose:: Exchanging two characters, words, lines, lists... | |
24 * Fixing Case:: Correcting case of last word entered. | |
25 * Spelling:: Apply spelling checker to a word, or a whole file. | |
26 @end menu | |
27 | |
28 @node Kill Errors | |
29 @section Killing Your Mistakes | |
30 | |
31 @table @kbd | |
32 @item @key{DEL} | |
33 Delete last character (@code{delete-backward-char}). | |
34 @item M-@key{DEL} | |
35 Kill last word (@code{backward-kill-word}). | |
36 @item C-x @key{DEL} | |
37 Kill to beginning of sentence (@code{backward-kill-sentence}). | |
38 @end table | |
39 | |
40 The @key{DEL} character (@code{delete-backward-char}) is the most | |
41 important correction command. It deletes the character before point. | |
42 When @key{DEL} follows a self-inserting character command, you can think | |
43 of it as canceling that command. However, avoid the mistake of thinking | |
44 of @key{DEL} as a general way to cancel a command! | |
45 | |
46 When your mistake is longer than a couple of characters, it might be | |
47 more convenient to use @kbd{M-@key{DEL}} or @kbd{C-x @key{DEL}}. | |
48 @kbd{M-@key{DEL}} kills back to the start of the last word, and @kbd{C-x | |
49 @key{DEL}} kills back to the start of the last sentence. @kbd{C-x | |
50 @key{DEL}} is particularly useful when you change your mind about the | |
51 phrasing of the text you are writing. @kbd{M-@key{DEL}} and @kbd{C-x | |
52 @key{DEL}} save the killed text for @kbd{C-y} and @kbd{M-y} to | |
53 retrieve. @xref{Yanking}.@refill | |
54 | |
55 @kbd{M-@key{DEL}} is often useful even when you have typed only a few | |
56 characters wrong, if you know you are confused in your typing and aren't | |
57 sure exactly what you typed. At such a time, you cannot correct with | |
58 @key{DEL} except by looking at the screen to see what you did. Often it | |
59 requires less thought to kill the whole word and start again. | |
60 | |
61 @node Transpose | |
62 @section Transposing Text | |
63 | |
64 @table @kbd | |
65 @item C-t | |
66 Transpose two characters (@code{transpose-chars}). | |
67 @item M-t | |
68 Transpose two words (@code{transpose-words}). | |
69 @item C-M-t | |
70 Transpose two balanced expressions (@code{transpose-sexps}). | |
71 @item C-x C-t | |
72 Transpose two lines (@code{transpose-lines}). | |
73 @end table | |
74 | |
75 @kindex C-t | |
76 @findex transpose-chars | |
77 The common error of transposing two characters can be fixed, when they | |
78 are adjacent, with the @kbd{C-t} command (@code{transpose-chars}). Normally, | |
79 @kbd{C-t} transposes the two characters on either side of point. When | |
80 given at the end of a line, rather than transposing the last character of | |
81 the line with the newline, which would be useless, @kbd{C-t} transposes the | |
82 last two characters on the line. So, if you catch your transposition error | |
83 right away, you can fix it with just a @kbd{C-t}. If you don't catch it so | |
38954 | 84 fast, you must move the cursor back between the two transposed |
85 characters before you type @kbd{C-t}. If you transposed a space with | |
86 the last character of the word before it, the word motion commands are | |
87 a good way of getting there. Otherwise, a reverse search (@kbd{C-r}) | |
88 is often the best way. @xref{Search}. | |
25829 | 89 |
90 @kindex C-x C-t | |
91 @findex transpose-lines | |
92 @kindex M-t | |
93 @findex transpose-words | |
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94 @c Don't index C-M-t and transpose-sexps here, they are indexed in |
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95 @c programs.texi, in the "List Commands" node. |
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96 @c @kindex C-M-t |
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97 @c @findex transpose-sexps |
37120 | 98 @kbd{M-t} transposes the word before point with the word after point |
99 (@code{transpose-words}). It moves point forward over a word, | |
100 dragging the word preceding or containing point forward as well. The | |
101 punctuation characters between the words do not move. For example, | |
102 @w{@samp{FOO, BAR}} transposes into @w{@samp{BAR, FOO}} rather than | |
103 @samp{@w{BAR FOO,}}. | |
25829 | 104 |
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105 @kbd{C-M-t} (@code{transpose-sexps}) is a similar command for |
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106 transposing two expressions (@pxref{Expressions}), and @kbd{C-x C-t} |
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107 (@code{transpose-lines}) exchanges lines. They work like @kbd{M-t} |
38745 | 108 except as regards what units of text they transpose. |
25829 | 109 |
110 A numeric argument to a transpose command serves as a repeat count: it | |
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111 tells the transpose command to move the character (word, expression, line) |
25829 | 112 before or containing point across several other characters (words, |
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113 expressions, lines). For example, @kbd{C-u 3 C-t} moves the character before |
25829 | 114 point forward across three other characters. It would change |
115 @samp{f@point{}oobar} into @samp{oobf@point{}ar}. This is equivalent to | |
116 repeating @kbd{C-t} three times. @kbd{C-u - 4 M-t} moves the word | |
117 before point backward across four words. @kbd{C-u - C-M-t} would cancel | |
118 the effect of plain @kbd{C-M-t}.@refill | |
119 | |
120 A numeric argument of zero is assigned a special meaning (because | |
121 otherwise a command with a repeat count of zero would do nothing): to | |
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122 transpose the character (word, expression, line) ending after point |
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123 with the one ending after the mark. |
25829 | 124 |
125 @node Fixing Case | |
126 @section Case Conversion | |
127 | |
128 @table @kbd | |
129 @item M-- M-l | |
130 Convert last word to lower case. Note @kbd{Meta--} is Meta-minus. | |
131 @item M-- M-u | |
132 Convert last word to all upper case. | |
133 @item M-- M-c | |
134 Convert last word to lower case with capital initial. | |
135 @end table | |
136 | |
137 @kindex M-@t{-} M-l | |
138 @kindex M-@t{-} M-u | |
139 @kindex M-@t{-} M-c | |
140 A very common error is to type words in the wrong case. Because of this, | |
141 the word case-conversion commands @kbd{M-l}, @kbd{M-u} and @kbd{M-c} have a | |
142 special feature when used with a negative argument: they do not move the | |
143 cursor. As soon as you see you have mistyped the last word, you can simply | |
144 case-convert it and go on typing. @xref{Case}.@refill | |
145 | |
146 @node Spelling | |
147 @section Checking and Correcting Spelling | |
148 @cindex spelling, checking and correcting | |
149 @cindex checking spelling | |
150 @cindex correcting spelling | |
151 | |
152 This section describes the commands to check the spelling of a single | |
153 word or of a portion of a buffer. These commands work with the spelling | |
154 checker program Ispell, which is not part of Emacs. | |
155 @ifinfo | |
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156 @xref{Top, Ispell, Overview ispell, ispell, The Ispell Manual}. |
25829 | 157 @end ifinfo |
158 | |
159 @table @kbd | |
160 @item M-x flyspell-mode | |
161 Enable Flyspell mode, which highlights all misspelled words. | |
59887 | 162 @item M-x flyspell-prog-mode |
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163 Enable Flyspell mode for comments and strings only. |
25829 | 164 @item M-$ |
165 Check and correct spelling of the word at point (@code{ispell-word}). | |
166 @item M-@key{TAB} | |
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167 @itemx @key{ESC} @key{TAB} |
25829 | 168 Complete the word before point based on the spelling dictionary |
169 (@code{ispell-complete-word}). | |
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170 @item M-x ispell |
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171 Spell-check the active region or the current buffer. |
25829 | 172 @item M-x ispell-buffer |
173 Check and correct spelling of each word in the buffer. | |
174 @item M-x ispell-region | |
175 Check and correct spelling of each word in the region. | |
176 @item M-x ispell-message | |
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177 Check and correct spelling of each word in a draft mail message, |
25829 | 178 excluding cited material. |
179 @item M-x ispell-change-dictionary @key{RET} @var{dict} @key{RET} | |
180 Restart the Ispell process, using @var{dict} as the dictionary. | |
181 @item M-x ispell-kill-ispell | |
182 Kill the Ispell subprocess. | |
183 @end table | |
184 | |
185 @cindex Flyspell mode | |
186 @findex flyspell-mode | |
187 Flyspell mode is a fully-automatic way to check spelling as you edit | |
188 in Emacs. It operates by checking words as you change or insert them. | |
189 When it finds a word that it does not recognize, it highlights that | |
190 word. This does not interfere with your editing, but when you see the | |
191 highlighted word, you can move to it and fix it. Type @kbd{M-x | |
192 flyspell-mode} to enable or disable this mode in the current buffer. | |
193 | |
194 When Flyspell mode highlights a word as misspelled, you can click on | |
195 it with @kbd{Mouse-2} to display a menu of possible corrections and | |
196 actions. You can also correct the word by editing it manually in any | |
197 way you like. | |
198 | |
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199 @findex flyspell-prog-mode |
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200 Flyspell Prog mode works just like ordinary Flyspell mode, except that |
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201 it only checks words in comments and string constants. This feature |
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202 is useful for editing programs. Type @kbd{M-x flyspell-prog-mode} to |
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203 enable or disable this mode in the current buffer. |
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204 |
25829 | 205 The other Emacs spell-checking features check or look up words when |
206 you give an explicit command to do so. Checking all or part of the | |
207 buffer is useful when you have text that was written outside of this | |
208 Emacs session and might contain any number of misspellings. | |
209 | |
210 @kindex M-$ | |
211 @findex ispell-word | |
212 To check the spelling of the word around or next to point, and | |
213 optionally correct it as well, use the command @kbd{M-$} | |
214 (@code{ispell-word}). If the word is not correct, the command offers | |
215 you various alternatives for what to do about it. | |
216 | |
217 @findex ispell-buffer | |
218 @findex ispell-region | |
219 To check the entire current buffer, use @kbd{M-x ispell-buffer}. Use | |
220 @kbd{M-x ispell-region} to check just the current region. To check | |
221 spelling in an email message you are writing, use @kbd{M-x | |
38954 | 222 ispell-message}; that command checks the whole buffer, except for |
25829 | 223 material that is indented or appears to be cited from other messages. |
224 | |
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225 @findex ispell |
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226 @cindex spell-checking the active region |
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227 The @kbd{M-x ispell} command spell-checks the active region if the |
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228 Transient Mark mode is on (@pxref{Transient Mark}), otherwise it |
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229 spell-checks the current buffer. |
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230 |
25829 | 231 Each time these commands encounter an incorrect word, they ask you |
232 what to do. They display a list of alternatives, usually including | |
233 several ``near-misses''---words that are close to the word being | |
38954 | 234 checked. Then you must type a single-character response. Here are |
235 the valid responses: | |
25829 | 236 |
237 @table @kbd | |
238 @item @key{SPC} | |
239 Skip this word---continue to consider it incorrect, but don't change it | |
240 here. | |
241 | |
242 @item r @var{new} @key{RET} | |
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243 Replace the word (just this time) with @var{new}. (The replacement |
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244 string will be rescanned for more spelling errors.) |
25829 | 245 |
246 @item R @var{new} @key{RET} | |
247 Replace the word with @var{new}, and do a @code{query-replace} so you | |
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248 can replace it elsewhere in the buffer if you wish. (The replacements |
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249 will be rescanned for more spelling errors.) |
25829 | 250 |
251 @item @var{digit} | |
252 Replace the word (just this time) with one of the displayed | |
253 near-misses. Each near-miss is listed with a digit; type that digit to | |
254 select it. | |
255 | |
256 @item a | |
257 Accept the incorrect word---treat it as correct, but only in this | |
258 editing session. | |
259 | |
260 @item A | |
261 Accept the incorrect word---treat it as correct, but only in this | |
262 editing session and for this buffer. | |
263 | |
264 @item i | |
265 Insert this word in your private dictionary file so that Ispell will | |
38954 | 266 consider it correct from now on, even in future sessions. |
25829 | 267 |
268 @item u | |
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269 Insert the lower-case version of this word in your private dic@-tion@-ary |
25829 | 270 file. |
271 | |
272 @item m | |
273 Like @kbd{i}, but you can also specify dictionary completion | |
274 information. | |
275 | |
276 @item l @var{word} @key{RET} | |
277 Look in the dictionary for words that match @var{word}. These words | |
38954 | 278 become the new list of ``near-misses''; you can select one of them as |
279 the replacement by typing a digit. You can use @samp{*} in @var{word} as a | |
25829 | 280 wildcard. |
281 | |
282 @item C-g | |
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283 Quit interactive spell checking, leaving point at the word that was |
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284 being checked. You can restart checking again afterward with @kbd{C-u |
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285 M-$}. |
25829 | 286 |
287 @item X | |
288 Same as @kbd{C-g}. | |
289 | |
290 @item x | |
291 Quit interactive spell checking and move point back to where it was | |
292 when you started spell checking. | |
293 | |
294 @item q | |
295 Quit interactive spell checking and kill the Ispell subprocess. | |
296 | |
297 @item C-l | |
298 Refresh the screen. | |
299 | |
300 @item C-z | |
301 This key has its normal command meaning (suspend Emacs or iconify this | |
302 frame). | |
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303 |
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304 @item ? |
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305 Show the list of options. |
25829 | 306 @end table |
307 | |
308 @findex ispell-complete-word | |
309 The command @code{ispell-complete-word}, which is bound to the key | |
310 @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} in Text mode and related modes, shows a list of | |
311 completions based on spelling correction. Insert the beginning of a | |
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312 word, and then type @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}; the command displays a |
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313 completion list window. (If your window manager intercepts |
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314 @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}, type @kbd{@key{ESC} @key{TAB}} or @kbd{C-M-i}.) To |
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315 choose one of the completions listed, click @kbd{Mouse-2} or |
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316 @kbd{Mouse-1} fast on it, or move the cursor there in the completions |
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317 window and type @key{RET}. @xref{Text Mode}. |
25829 | 318 |
319 @ignore | |
320 @findex reload-ispell | |
321 The first time you use any of the spell checking commands, it starts | |
322 an Ispell subprocess. The first thing the subprocess does is read your | |
323 private dictionary, which defaults to the file @file{~/ispell.words}. | |
324 Words that you ``insert'' with the @kbd{i} command are added to that | |
325 file, but not right away---only at the end of the interactive | |
326 replacement procedure. Use the @kbd{M-x reload-ispell} command to | |
327 reload your private dictionary if you edit the file outside of Ispell. | |
328 @end ignore | |
329 | |
330 @cindex @code{ispell} program | |
331 @findex ispell-kill-ispell | |
332 Once started, the Ispell subprocess continues to run (waiting for | |
333 something to do), so that subsequent spell checking commands complete | |
334 more quickly. If you want to get rid of the Ispell process, use | |
335 @kbd{M-x ispell-kill-ispell}. This is not usually necessary, since the | |
336 process uses no time except when you do spelling correction. | |
337 | |
338 @vindex ispell-dictionary | |
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339 Ispell uses two dictionaries together for spell checking: the |
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340 standard dictionary and your private dictionary. The variable |
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341 @code{ispell-dictionary} specifies the file name to use for the |
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342 standard dictionary; a value of @code{nil} selects the default |
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343 dictionary. The command @kbd{M-x ispell-change-dictionary} sets this |
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344 variable and then restarts the Ispell subprocess, so that it will use |
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345 a different standard dictionary. |
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347 @vindex ispell-complete-word-dict |
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348 Ispell uses a separate dictionary for word completion. The variable |
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349 @code{ispell-complete-word-dict} specifies the file name of this |
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350 dictionary. The completion dictionary must be different because it |
56652 | 351 cannot use root and affix information. For some languages |
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352 there is a spell checking dictionary but no word completion |
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353 dictionary. |
52401 | 354 |
355 @ignore | |
356 arch-tag: 3359a443-96ed-448f-9f05-c8111ba8eac0 | |
357 @end ignore |