Mercurial > emacs
annotate man/buffers.texi @ 67156:33af3a25cca6
(adjust_window_trailing_edge): New function.
(Fadjust_window_trailing_edge): New function.
(syms_of_window): defsubr it.
(window_deletion_count): New variable.
(delete_window): Update window_deletion_count.
author | Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org> |
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date | Sun, 27 Nov 2005 19:16:28 +0000 |
parents | fc256e77595d |
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25829 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
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2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2000, 2001, |
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3 @c 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25829 | 4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
5 @node Buffers, Windows, Files, Top | |
6 @chapter Using Multiple Buffers | |
7 | |
8 @cindex buffers | |
9 The text you are editing in Emacs resides in an object called a | |
10 @dfn{buffer}. Each time you visit a file, a buffer is created to hold the | |
11 file's text. Each time you invoke Dired, a buffer is created to hold the | |
12 directory listing. If you send a message with @kbd{C-x m}, a buffer named | |
13 @samp{*mail*} is used to hold the text of the message. When you ask for a | |
14 command's documentation, that appears in a buffer called @samp{*Help*}. | |
15 | |
16 @cindex selected buffer | |
17 @cindex current buffer | |
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18 At any time, one and only one buffer is @dfn{current}. It is also |
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19 called the @dfn{selected buffer}. Often we say that a command operates on |
25829 | 20 ``the buffer'' as if there were only one; but really this means that the |
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21 command operates on the current buffer (most commands do). |
25829 | 22 |
37121 | 23 When Emacs has multiple windows, each window has its own chosen |
24 buffer and displays it; at any time, only one of the windows is | |
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25 selected, and its chosen buffer is the current buffer. Each window's |
37121 | 26 mode line normally displays the name of the window's chosen buffer |
27 (@pxref{Windows}). | |
25829 | 28 |
29 Each buffer has a name, which can be of any length, and you can select | |
30 any buffer by giving its name. Most buffers are made by visiting files, | |
31 and their names are derived from the files' names. But you can also create | |
32 an empty buffer with any name you want. A newly started Emacs has a buffer | |
33 named @samp{*scratch*} which can be used for evaluating Lisp expressions in | |
34 Emacs. The distinction between upper and lower case matters in buffer | |
35 names. | |
36 | |
37 Each buffer records individually what file it is visiting, whether it is | |
38 modified, and what major mode and minor modes are in effect in it | |
39 (@pxref{Major Modes}). Any Emacs variable can be made @dfn{local to} a | |
40 particular buffer, meaning its value in that buffer can be different from | |
41 the value in other buffers. @xref{Locals}. | |
42 | |
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43 @cindex buffer size, maximum |
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44 A buffer's size cannot be larger than some maximum, which is defined |
37821 | 45 by the largest buffer position representable by the @dfn{Emacs integer} |
46 data type. This is because Emacs tracks buffer positions using that | |
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47 data type. For 32-bit machines, the largest buffer size is 256 |
37821 | 48 megabytes. |
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49 |
25829 | 50 @menu |
51 * Select Buffer:: Creating a new buffer or reselecting an old one. | |
52 * List Buffers:: Getting a list of buffers that exist. | |
53 * Misc Buffer:: Renaming; changing read-onlyness; copying text. | |
54 * Kill Buffer:: Killing buffers you no longer need. | |
55 * Several Buffers:: How to go through the list of all buffers | |
56 and operate variously on several of them. | |
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57 * Indirect Buffers:: An indirect buffer shares the text of another buffer. |
30869 | 58 * Buffer Convenience:: Convenience and customization features for |
59 buffer handling. | |
25829 | 60 @end menu |
61 | |
62 @node Select Buffer | |
63 @section Creating and Selecting Buffers | |
64 @cindex change buffers | |
65 @cindex switch buffers | |
66 | |
67 @table @kbd | |
68 @item C-x b @var{buffer} @key{RET} | |
69 Select or create a buffer named @var{buffer} (@code{switch-to-buffer}). | |
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70 @item C-x @key{LEFT} |
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71 Select the previous buffer in the list of existing buffers. |
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72 @item C-x @key{RIGHT} |
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73 Select the next buffer in the list of existing buffers. |
25829 | 74 @item C-x 4 b @var{buffer} @key{RET} |
75 Similar, but select @var{buffer} in another window | |
76 (@code{switch-to-buffer-other-window}). | |
77 @item C-x 5 b @var{buffer} @key{RET} | |
78 Similar, but select @var{buffer} in a separate frame | |
79 (@code{switch-to-buffer-other-frame}). | |
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80 @item C-u M-g M-g |
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81 @itemx C-u M-g g |
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82 Read a number @var{n} and move to line @var{n} in the most recently |
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83 selected buffer other than the current buffer. |
25829 | 84 @end table |
85 | |
86 @kindex C-x b | |
87 @findex switch-to-buffer | |
88 To select the buffer named @var{bufname}, type @kbd{C-x b @var{bufname} | |
89 @key{RET}}. This runs the command @code{switch-to-buffer} with argument | |
90 @var{bufname}. You can use completion on an abbreviation for the buffer | |
91 name you want (@pxref{Completion}). An empty argument to @kbd{C-x b} | |
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92 specifies the buffer that was current most recently among those not |
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93 now displayed in any window. |
25829 | 94 |
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95 @kindex C-x @key{LEFT} |
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96 @kindex C-x @key{RIGHT} |
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97 @findex next-buffer |
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98 @findex prev-buffer |
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99 For conveniently switching between a few buffers, use the commands |
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100 @kbd{C-x @key{LEFT}} and @kbd{C-x @key{RIGHT}}. @kbd{C-x @key{RIGHT}} |
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101 (@code{prev-buffer}) selects the previous buffer (following the order |
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102 of most recent selection), while @kbd{C-x @key{LEFT}} |
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103 (@code{next-buffer}) moves through buffers in the reverse direction. |
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104 |
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105 @kindex C-x 4 b |
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106 @findex switch-to-buffer-other-window |
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107 @vindex even-window-heights |
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108 To select a buffer in a window other than the current one, type |
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109 @kbd{C-x 4 b @var{bufname} @key{RET}}. This runs the command |
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110 @code{switch-to-buffer-other-window} which displays the buffer |
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111 @var{bufname} in another window. By default, if displaying the buffer |
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112 causes two vertically adjacent windows to be displayed, the heights of |
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113 those windows are evened out; to countermand that and preserve the |
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114 window configuration, set the variable @code{even-window-heights} to |
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115 @code{nil}. |
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116 |
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117 @kindex C-x 5 b |
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118 @findex switch-to-buffer-other-frame |
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119 Similarly, @kbd{C-x 5 b @var{buffer} @key{RET}} runs the command |
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120 @code{switch-to-buffer-other-frame} which selects a buffer in another |
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121 frame. |
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122 |
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123 @vindex display-buffer-reuse-frames |
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124 You can control how certain buffers are handled by these commands by |
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125 customizing the variables @code{special-display-buffer-names}, |
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126 @code{special-display-regexps}, @code{same-window-buffer-names}, and |
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127 @code{same-window-regexps}. See @ref{Force Same Window}, and |
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128 @ref{Special Buffer Frames}, for more about these variables. In |
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129 addition, if the value of @code{display-buffer-reuse-frames} is |
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130 non-@code{nil}, and the buffer you want to switch to is already |
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131 displayed in some frame, Emacs will raise that frame. |
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132 |
25829 | 133 Most buffers are created by visiting files, or by Emacs commands that |
134 want to display some text, but you can also create a buffer explicitly | |
135 by typing @kbd{C-x b @var{bufname} @key{RET}}. This makes a new, empty | |
136 buffer that is not visiting any file, and selects it for editing. Such | |
137 buffers are used for making notes to yourself. If you try to save one, | |
138 you are asked for the file name to use. The new buffer's major mode is | |
139 determined by the value of @code{default-major-mode} (@pxref{Major | |
140 Modes}). | |
141 | |
142 Note that @kbd{C-x C-f}, and any other command for visiting a file, | |
143 can also be used to switch to an existing file-visiting buffer. | |
144 @xref{Visiting}. | |
145 | |
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146 @kbd{C-u M-g M-g}, that is @code{goto-line} with a prefix argument |
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147 of just @kbd{C-u}, reads a number @var{n} using the minibuffer, |
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148 selects the most recently selected buffer other than the current |
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149 buffer in another window, and then moves point to the beginning of |
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150 line number @var{n} in that buffer. This is mainly useful in a buffer |
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151 that refers to line numbers in another buffer: if point is on or just |
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152 after a number, @code{goto-line} uses that number as the default for |
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153 @var{n}. Note that prefix arguments other than just @kbd{C-u} behave |
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154 differently. @kbd{C-u 4 M-g M-g} goes to line 4 in the @emph{current} |
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155 buffer, without reading a number from the minibuffer. (Remember that |
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156 @kbd{M-g M-g} without prefix argument reads a number @var{n} and then |
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157 moves to line number @var{n} in the current buffer.) |
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158 |
25829 | 159 Emacs uses buffer names that start with a space for internal purposes. |
160 It treats these buffers specially in minor ways---for example, by | |
161 default they do not record undo information. It is best to avoid using | |
162 such buffer names yourself. | |
163 | |
164 @node List Buffers | |
165 @section Listing Existing Buffers | |
166 | |
167 @table @kbd | |
168 @item C-x C-b | |
169 List the existing buffers (@code{list-buffers}). | |
170 @end table | |
171 | |
172 @cindex listing current buffers | |
173 @kindex C-x C-b | |
174 @findex list-buffers | |
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175 To display a list of existing buffers, type @kbd{C-x C-b}. Each |
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176 line in the list shows one buffer's name, major mode and visited file. |
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177 The buffers are listed in the order that they were current; the |
25829 | 178 buffers that were current most recently come first. |
179 | |
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180 @samp{*} in the first field of a line indicates the buffer is ``modified.'' |
25829 | 181 If several buffers are modified, it may be time to save some with @kbd{C-x s} |
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182 (@pxref{Save Commands}). @samp{%} indicates a read-only buffer. @samp{.} marks the |
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183 current buffer. Here is an example of a buffer list:@refill |
25829 | 184 |
185 @smallexample | |
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186 CRM Buffer Size Mode File |
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187 . * .emacs 3294 Emacs-Lisp ~/.emacs |
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188 % *Help* 101 Help |
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189 search.c 86055 C ~/cvs/emacs/src/search.c |
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190 % src 20959 Dired by name ~/cvs/emacs/src/ |
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191 * *mail* 42 Mail |
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192 % HELLO 1607 Fundamental ~/cvs/emacs/etc/HELLO |
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193 % NEWS 481184 Outline ~/cvs/emacs/etc/NEWS |
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194 *scratch* 191 Lisp Interaction |
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195 * *Messages* 1554 Fundamental |
25829 | 196 @end smallexample |
197 | |
198 @noindent | |
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199 Note that the buffer @samp{*Help*} was made by a help request; it is |
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200 not visiting any file. The buffer @code{src} was made by Dired on the |
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201 directory @file{~/cvs/emacs/src/}. You can list only buffers that are |
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202 visiting files by giving the command a prefix; for instance, by typing |
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203 @kbd{C-u C-x C-b}. |
25829 | 204 |
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205 @code{list-buffers} omits buffers whose names begin with a space, |
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206 unless they visit files: such buffers are used internally by Emacs. |
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207 |
25829 | 208 @need 2000 |
209 @node Misc Buffer | |
210 @section Miscellaneous Buffer Operations | |
211 | |
212 @table @kbd | |
213 @item C-x C-q | |
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214 Toggle read-only status of buffer (@code{toggle-read-only}). |
25829 | 215 @item M-x rename-buffer @key{RET} @var{name} @key{RET} |
216 Change the name of the current buffer. | |
217 @item M-x rename-uniquely | |
218 Rename the current buffer by adding @samp{<@var{number}>} to the end. | |
219 @item M-x view-buffer @key{RET} @var{buffer} @key{RET} | |
220 Scroll through buffer @var{buffer}. | |
221 @end table | |
222 | |
223 @kindex C-x C-q | |
224 @vindex buffer-read-only | |
225 @cindex read-only buffer | |
226 A buffer can be @dfn{read-only}, which means that commands to change | |
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227 its contents are not allowed. The mode line indicates read-only |
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228 buffers with @samp{%%} or @samp{%*} near the left margin. Read-only |
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229 buffers are usually made by subsystems such as Dired and Rmail that |
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230 have special commands to operate on the text; also by visiting a file |
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231 whose access control says you cannot write it. |
25829 | 232 |
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233 @findex toggle-read-only |
25829 | 234 If you wish to make changes in a read-only buffer, use the command |
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235 @kbd{C-x C-q} (@code{toggle-read-only}). It makes a read-only buffer |
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236 writable, and makes a writable buffer read-only. This |
25829 | 237 works by setting the variable @code{buffer-read-only}, which has a local |
238 value in each buffer and makes the buffer read-only if its value is | |
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239 non-@code{nil}. If you have files under version control, you may find |
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240 it convenient to bind @kbd{C-x C-q} to @code{vc-toggle-read-only} |
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241 instead. Then, typing @kbd{C-x C-q} not only changes the read-only |
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242 flag, but it also checks the file in or out. @xref{Version |
25829 | 243 Control}. |
244 | |
245 @findex rename-buffer | |
246 @kbd{M-x rename-buffer} changes the name of the current buffer. Specify | |
247 the new name as a minibuffer argument. There is no default. If you | |
248 specify a name that is in use for some other buffer, an error happens and | |
249 no renaming is done. | |
250 | |
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251 @findex rename-uniquely |
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252 @kbd{M-x rename-uniquely} renames the current buffer to a similar |
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253 name with a numeric suffix added to make it both different and unique. |
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254 This command does not need an argument. It is useful for creating |
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255 multiple shell buffers: if you rename the @samp{*shell*} buffer, then |
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256 do @kbd{M-x shell} again, it makes a new shell buffer named |
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257 @samp{*shell*}; meanwhile, the old shell buffer continues to exist |
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258 under its new name. This method is also good for mail buffers, |
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259 compilation buffers, and most Emacs features that create special |
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260 buffers with particular names. (With some of these features, such as |
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261 @kbd{M-x compile}, @kbd{M-x grep} an @kbd{M-x info}, you need to |
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262 switch to some other buffer before using the command, in order for it |
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263 to make a different buffer.) |
25829 | 264 |
265 @findex view-buffer | |
266 @kbd{M-x view-buffer} is much like @kbd{M-x view-file} (@pxref{Misc | |
267 File Ops}) except that it examines an already existing Emacs buffer. | |
268 View mode provides commands for scrolling through the buffer | |
269 conveniently but not for changing it. When you exit View mode with | |
270 @kbd{q}, that switches back to the buffer (and the position) which was | |
271 previously displayed in the window. Alternatively, if you exit View | |
272 mode with @kbd{e}, the buffer and the value of point that resulted from | |
273 your perusal remain in effect. | |
274 | |
275 The commands @kbd{M-x append-to-buffer} and @kbd{M-x insert-buffer} | |
276 can be used to copy text from one buffer to another. @xref{Accumulating | |
277 Text}.@refill | |
278 | |
279 @node Kill Buffer | |
280 @section Killing Buffers | |
281 | |
282 @cindex killing buffers | |
283 If you continue an Emacs session for a while, you may accumulate a | |
284 large number of buffers. You may then find it convenient to @dfn{kill} | |
285 the buffers you no longer need. On most operating systems, killing a | |
286 buffer releases its space back to the operating system so that other | |
287 programs can use it. Here are some commands for killing buffers: | |
288 | |
289 @table @kbd | |
290 @item C-x k @var{bufname} @key{RET} | |
291 Kill buffer @var{bufname} (@code{kill-buffer}). | |
292 @item M-x kill-some-buffers | |
293 Offer to kill each buffer, one by one. | |
294 @end table | |
295 | |
296 @findex kill-buffer | |
297 @findex kill-some-buffers | |
298 @kindex C-x k | |
299 | |
300 @kbd{C-x k} (@code{kill-buffer}) kills one buffer, whose name you | |
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301 specify in the minibuffer. The default, used if you type just |
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302 @key{RET} in the minibuffer, is to kill the current buffer. If you |
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303 kill the current buffer, another buffer becomes current: one that was |
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304 current in the recent past but is not displayed in any window now. If |
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305 you ask to kill a file-visiting buffer that is modified (has unsaved |
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306 editing), then you must confirm with @kbd{yes} before the buffer is |
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307 killed. |
25829 | 308 |
309 The command @kbd{M-x kill-some-buffers} asks about each buffer, one by | |
310 one. An answer of @kbd{y} means to kill the buffer. Killing the current | |
311 buffer or a buffer containing unsaved changes selects a new buffer or asks | |
312 for confirmation just like @code{kill-buffer}. | |
313 | |
314 The buffer menu feature (@pxref{Several Buffers}) is also convenient | |
315 for killing various buffers. | |
316 | |
317 @vindex kill-buffer-hook | |
318 If you want to do something special every time a buffer is killed, you | |
319 can add hook functions to the hook @code{kill-buffer-hook} (@pxref{Hooks}). | |
320 | |
321 @findex clean-buffer-list | |
322 If you run one Emacs session for a period of days, as many people do, | |
323 it can fill up with buffers that you used several days ago. The command | |
324 @kbd{M-x clean-buffer-list} is a convenient way to purge them; it kills | |
325 all the unmodified buffers that you have not used for a long time. An | |
326 ordinary buffer is killed if it has not been displayed for three days; | |
327 however, you can specify certain buffers that should never be killed | |
328 automatically, and others that should be killed if they have been unused | |
329 for a mere hour. | |
330 | |
331 @cindex Midnight mode | |
332 @vindex midnight-mode | |
333 @vindex midnight-hook | |
334 You can also have this buffer purging done for you, every day at | |
335 midnight, by enabling Midnight mode. Midnight mode operates each day at | |
336 midnight; at that time, it runs @code{clean-buffer-list}, or whichever | |
337 functions you have placed in the normal hook @code{midnight-hook} | |
338 (@pxref{Hooks}). | |
339 | |
340 To enable Midnight mode, use the Customization buffer to set the | |
341 variable @code{midnight-mode} to @code{t}. @xref{Easy Customization}. | |
342 | |
343 @node Several Buffers | |
344 @section Operating on Several Buffers | |
345 @cindex buffer menu | |
346 | |
347 The @dfn{buffer-menu} facility is like a ``Dired for buffers''; it allows | |
348 you to request operations on various Emacs buffers by editing an Emacs | |
349 buffer containing a list of them. You can save buffers, kill them | |
350 (here called @dfn{deleting} them, for consistency with Dired), or display | |
351 them. | |
352 | |
353 @table @kbd | |
354 @item M-x buffer-menu | |
355 Begin editing a buffer listing all Emacs buffers. | |
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356 @item M-x buffer-menu-other-window. |
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357 Similar, but do it in another window. |
25829 | 358 @end table |
359 | |
360 @findex buffer-menu | |
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361 @findex buffer-menu-other-window |
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362 The command @code{buffer-menu} writes a list of all Emacs |
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363 buffers@footnote{Buffers which don't visit files and whose names begin |
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364 with a space are omitted: these are used internally by Emacs.} into the |
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365 buffer @samp{*Buffer List*}, and selects that buffer in Buffer Menu |
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366 mode. |
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367 |
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368 The buffer is read-only, and can be |
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369 changed only through the special commands described in this section. |
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370 The usual Emacs cursor motion commands can be used in the @samp{*Buffer |
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371 List*} buffer. The following commands apply to the buffer described on |
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372 the current line. |
25829 | 373 |
374 @table @kbd | |
375 @item d | |
376 Request to delete (kill) the buffer, then move down. The request | |
377 shows as a @samp{D} on the line, before the buffer name. Requested | |
378 deletions take place when you type the @kbd{x} command. | |
379 @item C-d | |
380 Like @kbd{d} but move up afterwards instead of down. | |
381 @item s | |
382 Request to save the buffer. The request shows as an @samp{S} on the | |
383 line. Requested saves take place when you type the @kbd{x} command. | |
384 You may request both saving and deletion for the same buffer. | |
385 @item x | |
386 Perform previously requested deletions and saves. | |
387 @item u | |
388 Remove any request made for the current line, and move down. | |
389 @item @key{DEL} | |
390 Move to previous line and remove any request made for that line. | |
391 @end table | |
392 | |
393 The @kbd{d}, @kbd{C-d}, @kbd{s} and @kbd{u} commands to add or remove | |
394 flags also move down (or up) one line. They accept a numeric argument | |
395 as a repeat count. | |
396 | |
397 These commands operate immediately on the buffer listed on the current | |
398 line: | |
399 | |
400 @table @kbd | |
401 @item ~ | |
402 Mark the buffer ``unmodified.'' The command @kbd{~} does this | |
403 immediately when you type it. | |
404 @item % | |
405 Toggle the buffer's read-only flag. The command @kbd{%} does | |
406 this immediately when you type it. | |
407 @item t | |
408 Visit the buffer as a tags table. @xref{Select Tags Table}. | |
409 @end table | |
410 | |
411 There are also commands to select another buffer or buffers: | |
412 | |
413 @table @kbd | |
414 @item q | |
415 Quit the buffer menu---immediately display the most recent formerly | |
416 visible buffer in its place. | |
417 @item @key{RET} | |
418 @itemx f | |
419 Immediately select this line's buffer in place of the @samp{*Buffer | |
420 List*} buffer. | |
421 @item o | |
422 Immediately select this line's buffer in another window as if by | |
423 @kbd{C-x 4 b}, leaving @samp{*Buffer List*} visible. | |
424 @item C-o | |
425 Immediately display this line's buffer in another window, but don't | |
426 select the window. | |
427 @item 1 | |
428 Immediately select this line's buffer in a full-screen window. | |
429 @item 2 | |
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430 Immediately set up two windows, with this line's buffer selected in |
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431 one, and the previously current buffer (aside from the buffer |
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432 @samp{*Buffer List*}) displayed in the other. |
25829 | 433 @item b |
434 Bury the buffer listed on this line. | |
435 @item m | |
436 Mark this line's buffer to be displayed in another window if you exit | |
437 with the @kbd{v} command. The request shows as a @samp{>} at the | |
438 beginning of the line. (A single buffer may not have both a delete | |
439 request and a display request.) | |
440 @item v | |
441 Immediately select this line's buffer, and also display in other windows | |
442 any buffers previously marked with the @kbd{m} command. If you have not | |
443 marked any buffers, this command is equivalent to @kbd{1}. | |
444 @end table | |
445 | |
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446 There is also a command that affects the entire buffer list: |
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447 |
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448 @table @kbd |
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449 @item T |
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450 Delete, or reinsert, lines for non-file buffers. This command toggles |
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451 the inclusion of such buffers in the buffer list. |
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452 @end table |
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453 |
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454 What @code{buffer-menu} actually does is create and switch to a |
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455 suitable buffer, and turn on Buffer Menu mode in it. Everything else |
25829 | 456 described above is implemented by the special commands provided in |
457 Buffer Menu mode. One consequence of this is that you can switch from | |
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458 the @samp{*Buffer List*} buffer to another Emacs buffer, and edit |
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459 there. You can reselect the @samp{*Buffer List*} buffer later, to |
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460 perform the operations already requested, or you can kill it, or pay |
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461 no further attention to it. |
25829 | 462 |
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463 The list in the @samp{*Buffer List*} buffer looks exactly like the |
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464 buffer list described in @ref{List Buffers}, because they really are |
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465 the same. The only difference between @code{buffer-menu} and |
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466 @code{list-buffers} is that @code{buffer-menu} switches to the |
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467 @samp{*Buffer List*} buffer in the selected window; |
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468 @code{list-buffers} displays the same buffer in another window. If |
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469 you run @code{list-buffers} (that is, type @kbd{C-x C-b}) and select |
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470 the buffer list manually, you can use all of the commands described |
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471 here. |
25829 | 472 |
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473 Normally, the buffer @samp{*Buffer List*} is not updated automatically when |
25829 | 474 buffers are created and killed; its contents are just text. If you have |
475 created, deleted or renamed buffers, the way to update @samp{*Buffer | |
476 List*} to show what you have done is to type @kbd{g} | |
477 (@code{revert-buffer}) or repeat the @code{buffer-menu} command. | |
478 | |
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479 The @samp{*Buffer List*} buffer does automatically update every |
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480 @code{auto-revert-interval} seconds if you enable Auto Revert mode in |
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481 it. (As long as it is not marked modified.) Global Auto Revert mode |
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482 does not update the @samp{*Buffer List*} buffer by default, but it |
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483 does if @code{global-auto-revert-non-file-buffers} is non-@code{nil}. |
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484 @inforef{Autorevert,, emacs-xtra}, for details. |
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485 |
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486 The command @code{buffer-menu-other-window} works the same as |
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487 @code{buffer-menu}, except that it displays the buffers list in |
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488 another window. |
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489 |
25829 | 490 @node Indirect Buffers |
491 @section Indirect Buffers | |
492 @cindex indirect buffer | |
493 @cindex base buffer | |
494 | |
495 An @dfn{indirect buffer} shares the text of some other buffer, which | |
496 is called the @dfn{base buffer} of the indirect buffer. In some ways it | |
497 is the analogue, for buffers, of a symbolic link between files. | |
498 | |
499 @table @kbd | |
500 @findex make-indirect-buffer | |
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501 @item M-x make-indirect-buffer @key{RET} @var{base-buffer} @key{RET} @var{indirect-name} @key{RET} |
25829 | 502 Create an indirect buffer named @var{indirect-name} whose base buffer |
503 is @var{base-buffer}. | |
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504 @findex clone-indirect-buffer |
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505 @item M-x clone-indirect-buffer @key{RET} |
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506 Create an indirect buffer that is a twin copy of the current buffer. |
36884 | 507 @item C-x 4 c |
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508 @kindex C-x 4 c |
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509 @findex clone-indirect-buffer-other-window |
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510 Create an indirect buffer that is a twin copy of the current buffer, and |
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511 select it in another window (@code{clone-indirect-buffer-other-window}). |
25829 | 512 @end table |
513 | |
514 The text of the indirect buffer is always identical to the text of its | |
515 base buffer; changes made by editing either one are visible immediately | |
516 in the other. But in all other respects, the indirect buffer and its | |
517 base buffer are completely separate. They have different names, | |
518 different values of point, different narrowing, different markers, | |
519 different major modes, and different local variables. | |
520 | |
521 An indirect buffer cannot visit a file, but its base buffer can. If | |
522 you try to save the indirect buffer, that actually works by saving the | |
523 base buffer. Killing the base buffer effectively kills the indirect | |
524 buffer, but killing an indirect buffer has no effect on its base buffer. | |
525 | |
526 One way to use indirect buffers is to display multiple views of an | |
527 outline. @xref{Outline Views}. | |
30869 | 528 |
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529 A quick and handy way to make an indirect buffer is with the command |
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530 @kbd{M-x clone-indirect-buffer}. It creates and selects an indirect |
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531 buffer whose base buffer is the current buffer. With a numeric |
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532 argument, it prompts for the name of the indirect buffer; otherwise it |
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533 defaults to the name of the current buffer, modifying it by adding a |
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534 @samp{<@var{n}>} suffix if required. @kbd{C-x 4 c} |
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535 (@code{clone-indirect-buffer-other-window}) works like @kbd{M-x |
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536 clone-indirect-buffer}, but it selects the new buffer in another |
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537 window. |
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538 |
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539 The more general way to make an indirect buffer is with the command |
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540 @kbd{M-x make-indirect-buffer}. It creates an indirect buffer from |
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541 buffer @var{base-buffer}, under the name @var{indirect-name}. It |
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542 prompts for both @var{base-buffer} and @var{indirect-name} using the |
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543 minibuffer. |
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544 |
30869 | 545 @node Buffer Convenience |
546 @section Convenience Features and Customization of Buffer Handling | |
547 | |
37121 | 548 This section describes several modes and features that make it more |
549 convenient to switch between buffers. | |
550 | |
30869 | 551 @menu |
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552 * Uniquify:: Making buffer names unique with directory parts. |
31815 | 553 * Iswitchb:: Switching between buffers with substrings. |
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554 * Buffer Menus:: Configurable buffer menu. |
30869 | 555 @end menu |
556 | |
557 @node Uniquify | |
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558 @subsection Making Buffer Names Unique |
30869 | 559 |
560 @cindex unique buffer names | |
561 @cindex directories in buffer names | |
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562 When several buffers visit identically-named files, Emacs must give |
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563 the buffers distinct names. The usual method for making buffer names |
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564 unique adds @samp{<2>}, @samp{<3>}, etc. to the end of the buffer |
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565 names (all but one of them). |
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566 |
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567 @vindex uniquify-buffer-name-style |
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568 Other methods work by adding parts of each file's directory to the |
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569 buffer name. To select one, customize the variable |
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570 @code{uniquify-buffer-name-style} (@pxref{Easy Customization}). |
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571 |
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572 For instance, the @code{forward} naming method puts part of the |
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573 directory name at the beginning of the buffer name; using this method, |
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574 buffers visiting @file{/u/mernst/tmp/Makefile} and |
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575 @file{/usr/projects/zaphod/Makefile} would be named |
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576 @samp{tmp/Makefile} and @samp{zaphod/Makefile}, respectively (instead |
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577 of @samp{Makefile} and @samp{Makefile<2>}). |
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578 |
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579 By contrast, the @code{post-forward} naming method would call the |
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580 buffers @samp{Makefile|tmp} and @samp{Makefile|zaphod}, and the |
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581 @code{reverse} naming method would call them @samp{Makefile\tmp} and |
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582 @samp{Makefile\zaphod}. The nontrivial difference between |
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583 @code{post-forward} and @code{reverse} occurs when just one directory |
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584 name is not enough to distinguish two files; then @code{reverse} puts |
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585 the directory names in reverse order, so that @file{/top/middle/file} |
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586 becomes @samp{file\middle\top}, while @code{post-forward} puts them in |
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587 forward order after the file name, as in @samp{file|top/middle}. |
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588 |
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589 Which rule to follow for putting the directory names in the buffer |
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590 name is not very important if you are going to @emph{look} at the |
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591 buffer names before you type one. But as an experienced user, if you |
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592 know the rule, you won't have to look. And then you may find that one |
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593 rule or another is easier for you to remember and utilize fast. |
30869 | 594 |
31815 | 595 @node Iswitchb |
596 @subsection Switching Between Buffers using Substrings | |
597 | |
598 @findex iswitchb-mode | |
599 @cindex Iswitchb mode | |
600 @cindex mode, Iswitchb | |
601 @kindex C-x b @r{(Iswitchb mode)} | |
602 @kindex C-x 4 b @r{(Iswitchb mode)} | |
603 @kindex C-x 5 b @r{(Iswitchb mode)} | |
604 @kindex C-x 4 C-o @r{(Iswitchb mode)} | |
605 | |
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606 Iswitchb global minor mode provides convenient switching between |
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607 buffers using substrings of their names. It replaces the normal |
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608 definitions of @kbd{C-x b}, @kbd{C-x 4 b}, @kbd{C-x 5 b}, and @kbd{C-x |
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609 4 C-o} with alternative commands that are somewhat ``smarter.'' |
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610 |
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611 When one of these commands prompts you for a buffer name, you can |
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612 type in just a substring of the name you want to choose. As you enter |
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613 the substring, Iswitchb mode continuously displays a list of buffers |
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614 that match the substring you have typed. |
31815 | 615 |
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616 At any time, you can type @key{RET} to select the first buffer in |
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617 the list. So the way to select a particular buffer is to make it the |
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618 first in the list. There are two ways to do this. You can type more |
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619 of the buffer name and thus narrow down the list, excluding unwanted |
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620 buffers above the desired one. Alternatively, you can use @kbd{C-s} |
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621 and @kbd{C-r} to rotate the list until the desired buffer is first. |
31815 | 622 |
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623 @key{TAB} while entering the buffer name performs completion on the |
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624 string you have entered, based on the displayed list of buffers. |
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625 |
37121 | 626 To enable Iswitchb mode, type @kbd{M-x iswitchb-mode}, or customize |
627 the variable @code{iswitchb-mode} to @code{t} (@pxref{Easy | |
628 Customization}). | |
629 | |
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630 @node Buffer Menus |
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631 @subsection Customizing Buffer Menus |
30869 | 632 |
31311 | 633 @findex bs-show |
634 @cindex buffer list, customizable | |
635 @table @kbd | |
636 @item M-x bs-show | |
637 Make a list of buffers similarly to @kbd{M-x list-buffers} but | |
638 customizable. | |
639 @end table | |
640 | |
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641 @kbd{M-x bs-show} pops up a buffer list similar to the one normally |
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642 displayed by @kbd{C-x C-b} but which you can customize. If you prefer |
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643 this to the usual buffer list, you can bind this command to @kbd{C-x |
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644 C-b}. To customize this buffer list, use the @code{bs} Custom group |
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645 (@pxref{Easy Customization}). |
30869 | 646 |
31815 | 647 @findex msb-mode |
648 @cindex mode, MSB | |
649 @cindex MSB mode | |
650 @cindex buffer menu | |
651 @findex mouse-buffer-menu | |
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652 @kindex C-Down-Mouse-1 |
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653 MSB global minor mode (``MSB'' stands for ``mouse select buffer'') |
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654 provides a different and customizable mouse buffer menu which you may |
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655 prefer. It replaces the bindings of @code{mouse-buffer-menu}, |
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656 normally on @kbd{C-Down-Mouse-1}, and the menu bar buffer menu. You |
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657 can customize the menu in the @code{msb} Custom group. |
52401 | 658 |
659 @ignore | |
660 arch-tag: 08c43460-f4f4-4b43-9cb5-1ea9ad991695 | |
661 @end ignore |