Mercurial > emacs
annotate doc/misc/ediff.texi @ 111755:350f17da7963
Document byte-to-string in Lisp manual.
* objects.texi (Symbol Type):
* text.texi (Near Point):
* help.texi (Help Functions):
* functions.texi (Mapping Functions): Use string instead of
char-to-string in examples.
* nonascii.texi (Converting Representations): Document
byte-to-string.
* strings.texi (Creating Strings): Don't mention semi-obsolete
function char-to-string.
(String Conversion): Shorten discussion of semi-obsolete function
string-to-char. Link to Converting Representations.
author | Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com> |
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date | Sun, 21 Nov 2010 13:07:47 -0500 |
parents | 1d1d5d9bd884 |
children | 50478146a2e1 376148b31b5e |
rev | line source |
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84291 | 1 \input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c documentation for Ediff | |
3 @c Written by Michael Kifer | |
4 | |
5 @comment %**start of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.) | |
6 | |
7 @comment Using ediff.info instead of ediff in setfilename breaks DOS. | |
8 @comment @setfilename ediff | |
9 @comment @setfilename ediff.info | |
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10 @setfilename ../../info/ediff |
84291 | 11 |
12 @settitle Ediff User's Manual | |
13 @synindex vr cp | |
14 @synindex fn cp | |
15 @synindex pg cp | |
16 @synindex ky cp | |
17 | |
18 @iftex | |
19 @finalout | |
20 @end iftex | |
21 @c @smallbook | |
22 @comment %**end of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.) | |
23 | |
24 @copying | |
25 This file documents Ediff, a comprehensive visual interface to Unix diff | |
26 and patch utilities. | |
27 | |
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28 Copyright @copyright{} 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, |
106815 | 29 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
84291 | 30 |
31 @quotation | |
32 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document | |
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33 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or |
84291 | 34 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no |
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35 Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU Manual'', |
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36 and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the license |
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37 is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''. |
84291 | 38 |
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39 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have the freedom to copy and |
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40 modify this GNU manual. Buying copies from the FSF supports it in |
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41 developing GNU and promoting software freedom.'' |
84291 | 42 @end quotation |
43 @end copying | |
44 | |
45 @dircategory Emacs | |
46 @direntry | |
47 * Ediff: (ediff). A visual interface for comparing and merging programs. | |
48 @end direntry | |
49 | |
50 @titlepage | |
51 @title Ediff User's Manual | |
52 @sp 4 | |
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53 @subtitle Ediff version 2.81.2 |
84291 | 54 @sp 1 |
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55 @subtitle November 2008 |
84291 | 56 @sp 5 |
57 @author Michael Kifer | |
58 @page | |
59 | |
60 @vskip 0pt plus 1filll | |
61 @insertcopying | |
62 @end titlepage | |
63 | |
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64 @contents |
84291 | 65 |
66 @node Top, Introduction, (dir), (dir) | |
67 | |
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68 @insertcopying |
84291 | 69 |
70 @menu | |
71 * Introduction:: About Ediff. | |
72 * Major Entry Points:: How to use Ediff. | |
73 * Session Commands:: Ediff commands used within a session. | |
74 * Registry of Ediff Sessions:: Keeping track of multiple Ediff sessions. | |
75 * Session Groups:: Comparing and merging directories. | |
76 * Remote and Compressed Files:: You may want to know about this. | |
77 * Customization:: How to make Ediff work the way YOU want. | |
78 * Credits:: Thanks to those who helped. | |
79 * GNU Free Documentation License:: The license for this documentation. | |
80 * Index:: | |
81 @end menu | |
82 | |
83 @node Introduction, Major Entry Points, Top, Top | |
84 @chapter Introduction | |
85 | |
86 @cindex Comparing files and buffers | |
87 @cindex Merging files and buffers | |
88 @cindex Patching files and buffers | |
89 @cindex Finding differences | |
90 | |
91 Ediff provides a convenient way for simultaneous browsing through | |
92 the differences between a pair (or a triple) of files or buffers | |
93 (which are called @samp{variants} for our purposes). The | |
94 files being compared, file-A, file-B, and file-C (if applicable) are | |
95 shown in separate windows (side by side, one above the another, or in | |
96 separate frames), and the differences are highlighted as you step | |
97 through them. You can also copy difference regions from one buffer to | |
98 another (and recover old differences if you change your mind). | |
99 | |
100 Another powerful feature is the ability to merge a pair of files into a | |
101 third buffer. Merging with an ancestor file is also supported. | |
102 Furthermore, Ediff is equipped with directory-level capabilities that | |
103 allow the user to conveniently launch browsing or merging sessions on | |
104 groups of files in two (or three) different directories. | |
105 | |
106 In addition, Ediff can apply a patch to a file and then let you step through | |
107 both files, the patched and the original one, simultaneously, | |
108 difference-by-difference. You can even apply a patch right out of a mail | |
109 buffer, i.e., patches received by mail don't even have to be saved. Since | |
110 Ediff lets you copy differences between variants, you can, in effect, apply | |
111 patches selectively (i.e., you can copy a difference region from | |
112 @file{file.orig} to @file{file}, thereby undoing any particular patch that | |
113 you don't like). | |
114 | |
115 Ediff even understands multi-file patches and can apply them interactively! | |
116 (Ediff can recognize multi-file patches only if they are in the context | |
117 format or GNU unified format. All other patches are treated as 1-file | |
118 patches. Ediff is [hopefully] using the same algorithm as @code{patch} to | |
119 determine which files need to be patched.) | |
120 | |
121 Ediff is aware of version control, which lets you compare | |
122 files with their older versions. Ediff also works with remote and | |
123 compressed files, automatically ftp'ing them over and uncompressing them. | |
124 @xref{Remote and Compressed Files}, for details. | |
125 | |
126 This package builds upon ideas borrowed from Emerge, and several of Ediff's | |
127 functions are adaptations from Emerge. Although Ediff subsumes and greatly | |
128 extends Emerge, much of the functionality in Ediff is influenced by Emerge. | |
129 The architecture and the interface are, of course, drastically different. | |
130 | |
131 @node Major Entry Points, Session Commands, Introduction, Top | |
132 @chapter Major Entry Points | |
133 | |
134 When Ediff starts up, it displays a small control window, which accepts the | |
135 Ediff commands, and two or three windows displaying the files to be compared | |
136 or merged. The control window can be in its own small frame or it can be | |
137 part of a bigger frame that displays other buffers. In any case, it is | |
138 important that the control window be active (i.e., be the one receiving the | |
139 keystrokes) when you use Ediff. You can switch to other Emacs buffers at | |
140 will and even edit the files currently being compared with Ediff and then | |
141 switch back to Ediff at any time by activating the appropriate Emacs windows. | |
142 | |
143 Ediff can be invoked interactively using the following functions, which can | |
144 be run either from the minibuffer or from the menu bar. In the menu bar, | |
145 all Ediff's entry points belong to three submenus of the Tools menu: | |
146 Compare, Merge, and Apply Patch. | |
147 | |
148 @table @code | |
149 @item ediff-files | |
150 @itemx ediff | |
151 @findex ediff-files | |
152 @findex ediff | |
153 Compare two files. | |
154 | |
155 @item ediff-backup | |
156 @findex ediff-backup | |
157 Compare a file with its backup. If there are several numerical backups, use | |
158 the latest. If the file is itself a backup, then compare it with its | |
159 original. | |
160 | |
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161 @item ediff-current-file |
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162 @findex ediff-current-file |
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163 Compare the buffer with its file on disk. This function can be used as a |
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164 safe version of @code{revert-buffer}. |
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165 |
84291 | 166 @item ediff-buffers |
167 @findex ediff-buffers | |
168 Compare two buffers. | |
169 | |
170 @item ediff-files3 | |
171 @itemx ediff3 | |
172 @findex ediff-files3 | |
173 @findex ediff3 | |
174 Compare three files. | |
175 | |
176 @item ediff-buffers3 | |
177 @findex ediff-buffers3 | |
178 Compare three buffers. | |
179 | |
180 @item edirs | |
181 @itemx ediff-directories | |
182 @findex edirs | |
183 @findex ediff-directories | |
184 Compare files common to two directories. | |
185 @item edirs3 | |
186 @itemx ediff-directories3 | |
187 @findex edirs3 | |
188 @findex ediff-directories3 | |
189 Compare files common to three directories. | |
190 @item edir-revisions | |
191 @itemx ediff-directory-revisions | |
192 @findex ediff-directory-revisions | |
193 @findex edir-revisions | |
194 Compare versions of files in a given directory. Ediff selects only the | |
195 files that are under version control. | |
196 @item edir-merge-revisions | |
197 @itemx ediff-merge-directory-revisions | |
198 @findex edir-merge-revisions | |
199 @findex ediff-merge-directory-revisions | |
200 Merge versions of files in a given directory. Ediff selects only the | |
201 files that are under version control. | |
202 @item edir-merge-revisions-with-ancestor | |
203 @itemx ediff-merge-directory-revisions-with-ancestor | |
204 @findex edir-merge-revisions-with-ancestor | |
205 @findex ediff-merge-directory-revisions-with-ancestor | |
206 Merge versions of files in a given directory using other versions as | |
207 ancestors. Ediff selects only the files that are under version control. | |
208 | |
209 @item ediff-windows-wordwise | |
210 @findex ediff-windows-wordwise | |
211 Compare windows word-by-word. | |
212 | |
213 @item ediff-windows-linewise | |
214 @findex ediff-windows-linewise | |
215 Compare windows line-by-line. | |
216 | |
217 @item ediff-regions-wordwise | |
218 @findex ediff-regions-wordwise | |
219 Compare regions word-by-word. The regions can come from the same buffer | |
220 and they can even overlap. You will be asked to specify the buffers that | |
221 contain the regions, which you want to compare. For each buffer, you will | |
222 also be asked to mark the regions to be compared. Pay attention to the | |
223 messages that appear in the minibuffer. | |
224 | |
225 @item ediff-regions-linewise | |
226 @findex ediff-regions-linewise | |
227 Similar to @code{ediff-windows-linewise}, but compares the regions | |
228 line-by-line. See @code{ediff-windows-linewise} for more details. | |
229 | |
230 @item ediff-revision | |
231 @findex ediff-revision | |
232 Compare versions of the current buffer, if the buffer is visiting | |
233 a file under version control. | |
234 | |
235 @item ediff-patch-file | |
236 @itemx epatch | |
237 @findex ediff-patch-file | |
238 @findex epatch | |
239 | |
240 Patch a file or multiple files, then compare. If the patch applies to just | |
241 one file, Ediff will invoke a regular comparison session. If it is a | |
242 multi-file patch, then a session group interface will be used and the user | |
243 will be able to patch the files selectively. @xref{Session Groups}, for | |
244 more details. | |
245 | |
246 Since the patch might be in a buffer or a file, you will be asked which is | |
247 the case. To avoid this extra prompt, you can invoke this command with a | |
248 prefix argument. With an odd prefix argument, Ediff assumes the patch | |
249 is in a file; with an even argument, a buffer is assumed. | |
250 | |
251 Note that @code{ediff-patch-file} will actually use the @code{patch} | |
252 utility to change the original files on disk. This is not that | |
253 dangerous, since you will always have the original contents of the file | |
254 saved in another file that has the extension @file{.orig}. | |
255 Furthermore, if the file is under version control, then you can always back | |
256 out to one of the previous versions (see the section on Version Control in | |
257 the Emacs manual). | |
258 | |
259 @code{ediff-patch-file} is careful about versions control: if the file | |
260 to be patched is checked in, then Ediff will offer to check it out, because | |
261 failing to do so may result in the loss of the changes when the file is | |
262 checked out the next time. | |
263 | |
264 If you don't intend to modify the file via the patch and just want to see | |
265 what the patch is all about (and decide later), then | |
266 @code{ediff-patch-buffer} might be a better choice. | |
267 | |
268 @item ediff-patch-buffer | |
269 @itemx epatch-buffer | |
270 @findex ediff-patch-buffer | |
271 @findex epatch-buffer | |
272 Patch a buffer, then compare. The buffer being patched and the file visited | |
273 by that buffer (if any) is @emph{not} modified. The result of the patch | |
274 appears in some other buffer that has the name ending with @emph{_patched}. | |
275 | |
276 This function would refuse to apply a multifile patch to a buffer. Use | |
277 @code{ediff-patch-file} for that (and when you want the original file to be | |
278 modified by the @code{patch} utility). | |
279 | |
280 Since the patch might be in a buffer or a file, you will be asked which is | |
281 the case. To avoid this extra prompt, you can invoke this command with a | |
282 prefix argument. With an odd prefix argument, Ediff assumes the patch | |
283 is in a file; with an even argument, a buffer is assumed. | |
284 | |
285 @item ediff-merge-files | |
286 @itemx ediff-merge | |
287 @findex ediff-merge-files | |
288 @findex ediff-merge | |
289 Merge two files. | |
290 | |
291 @item ediff-merge-files-with-ancestor | |
292 @itemx ediff-merge-with-ancestor | |
293 @findex ediff-merge-files-with-ancestor | |
294 @findex ediff-merge-with-ancestor | |
295 Like @code{ediff-merge}, but with a third ancestor file. | |
296 | |
297 @item ediff-merge-buffers | |
298 @findex ediff-merge-buffers | |
299 Merge two buffers. | |
300 | |
301 @item ediff-merge-buffers-with-ancestor | |
302 @findex ediff-merge-buffers-with-ancestor | |
303 Same but with ancestor. | |
304 | |
305 | |
306 @item edirs-merge | |
307 @itemx ediff-merge-directories | |
308 @findex edirs-merge | |
309 @findex ediff-merge-directories | |
310 Merge files common to two directories. | |
311 @item edirs-merge-with-ancestor | |
312 @itemx ediff-merge-directories-with-ancestor | |
313 @findex edirs-merge-with-ancestor | |
314 @findex ediff-merge-directories-with-ancestor | |
315 Same but using files in a third directory as ancestors. | |
316 If a pair of files doesn't have an ancestor in the ancestor-directory, you | |
317 will still be able to merge them without the ancestor. | |
318 | |
319 @item ediff-merge-revisions | |
320 @findex ediff-merge-revisions | |
321 Merge two versions of the file visited by the current buffer. | |
322 | |
323 @item ediff-merge-revisions-with-ancestor | |
324 @findex ediff-merge-revisions-with-ancestor | |
325 Same but with ancestor. | |
326 | |
327 @item ediff-documentation | |
328 @findex ediff-documentation | |
329 Brings up this manual. | |
330 | |
331 @item ediff-show-registry | |
332 @itemx eregistry | |
333 Brings up Ediff session registry. This feature enables you to quickly find | |
334 and restart active Ediff sessions. | |
335 @end table | |
336 | |
337 @noindent | |
338 If you want Ediff to be loaded from the very beginning of your Emacs | |
339 session, you should put this line in your @file{~/.emacs} file: | |
340 | |
341 @example | |
342 (require 'ediff) | |
343 @end example | |
344 | |
345 @noindent | |
346 Otherwise, Ediff will be loaded automatically when you use one of the | |
347 above functions, either directly or through the menus. | |
348 | |
349 When the above functions are invoked, the user is prompted for all the | |
350 necessary information---typically the files or buffers to compare, merge, or | |
351 patch. Ediff tries to be smart about these prompts. For instance, in | |
352 comparing/merging files, it will offer the visible buffers as defaults. In | |
353 prompting for files, if the user enters a directory, the previously input | |
354 file name will be appended to that directory. In addition, if the variable | |
355 @code{ediff-use-last-dir} is not @code{nil}, Ediff will offer | |
356 previously entered directories as defaults (which will be maintained | |
357 separately for each type of file, A, B, or C). | |
358 @vindex @code{ediff-use-last-dir} | |
359 | |
360 All the above functions use the POSIX @code{diff} or @code{diff3} programs | |
361 to find differences between two files. They process the @code{diff} output | |
362 and display it in a convenient form. At present, Ediff understands only | |
363 the plain output from diff. Options such as @samp{-c} are not supported, | |
364 nor is the format produced by incompatible file comparison programs such as | |
365 the VMS version of @code{diff}. | |
366 | |
367 The functions @code{ediff-files}, @code{ediff-buffers}, | |
368 @code{ediff-files3}, @code{ediff-buffers3} first display the coarse, | |
369 line-based difference regions, as reported by the @code{diff} program. The | |
370 total number of difference regions and the current difference number are | |
371 always displayed in the mode line of the control window. | |
372 | |
373 Since @code{diff} may report fairly large chunks of text as being different, | |
374 even though the difference may be localized to just a few words or even | |
375 to the white space or line breaks, Ediff further @emph{refines} the | |
376 regions to indicate which exact words differ. If the only difference is | |
377 in the white space and line breaks, Ediff says so. | |
378 | |
379 On a color display, fine differences are highlighted with color; on a | |
380 monochrome display, they are underlined. @xref{Highlighting Difference | |
381 Regions}, for information on how to customize this. | |
382 | |
383 The commands @code{ediff-windows-wordwise}, | |
384 @code{ediff-windows-linewise}, @code{ediff-regions-wordwise} and | |
385 @code{ediff-regions-linewise} do comparison on parts of existing Emacs | |
386 buffers. The commands @code{ediff-windows-wordwise} and | |
387 @code{ediff-regions-wordwise} are intended for relatively small segments | |
388 of buffers (e.g., up to 100 lines, depending on the speed of your machine), | |
389 as they perform comparison on the basis of words rather than lines. | |
390 (Word-wise comparison of large chunks of text can be slow.) | |
391 | |
392 To compare large regions, use @code{ediff-regions-linewise}. This | |
393 command displays differences much like @code{ediff-files} and | |
394 @code{ediff-buffers}. | |
395 | |
396 The functions @code{ediff-patch-file} and @code{ediff-patch-buffer} apply a | |
397 patch to a file or a buffer and then run Ediff on the appropriate | |
398 files/buffers, displaying the difference regions. | |
399 | |
400 The entry points @code{ediff-directories}, @code{ediff-merge-directories}, | |
401 etc., provide a convenient interface for comparing and merging files in | |
402 different directories. The user is presented with Dired-like interface from | |
403 which one can run a group of related Ediff sessions. | |
404 | |
405 For files under version control, @code{ediff-revision} lets you compare | |
406 the file visited by the current buffer to one of its checked-in versions. | |
407 You can also compare two checked-in versions of the visited file. | |
408 Moreover, the functions @code{ediff-directory-revisions}, | |
409 @code{ediff-merge-directory-revisions}, etc., let you run a group of | |
410 related Ediff sessions by taking a directory and comparing (or merging) | |
411 versions of files in that directory. | |
412 | |
413 @node Session Commands, Registry of Ediff Sessions, Major Entry Points, Top | |
414 @chapter Session Commands | |
415 | |
416 All Ediff commands are displayed in a Quick Help window, unless you type | |
417 @kbd{?} to shrink the window to just one line. You can redisplay the help | |
418 window by typing @kbd{?} again. The Quick Help commands are detailed below. | |
419 | |
420 Many Ediff commands take numeric prefix arguments. For instance, if you | |
421 type a number, say 3, and then @kbd{j} (@code{ediff-jump-to-difference}), | |
422 Ediff moves to the third difference region. Typing 3 and then @kbd{a} | |
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423 (@code{ediff-diff-to-diff}) copies the 3rd difference region from variant A |
84291 | 424 to variant B. Likewise, 4 followed by @kbd{ra} restores the 4th difference |
425 region in buffer A (if it was previously written over via the command | |
426 @kbd{a}). | |
427 | |
428 Some commands take negative prefix arguments as well. For instance, typing | |
429 @kbd{-} and then @kbd{j} will make the last difference region | |
430 current. Typing @kbd{-2} then @kbd{j} makes the penultimate difference | |
431 region current, etc. | |
432 | |
433 Without the prefix argument, all commands operate on the currently | |
434 selected difference region. You can make any difference region | |
435 current using the various commands explained below. | |
436 | |
437 For some commands, the actual value of the prefix argument is | |
438 immaterial. However, if supplied, the prefix argument may modify the | |
439 command (see @kbd{ga}, @kbd{gb}, and @kbd{gc}). | |
440 | |
441 @menu | |
442 * Quick Help Commands:: Frequently used commands. | |
443 * Other Session Commands:: Commands that are not bound to keys. | |
444 @end menu | |
445 | |
446 @node Quick Help Commands,Other Session Commands,,Session Commands | |
447 @section Quick Help Commands | |
448 | |
449 @table @kbd | |
450 @item ? | |
451 @kindex ? | |
452 Toggles the Ediff Quick Help window ON and OFF. | |
453 @item G | |
454 @kindex G | |
455 Prepares a mail buffer for sending a praise or a curse to the Ediff maintainer. | |
456 | |
457 @item E | |
458 @kindex E | |
459 Brings up the top node of this manual, where you can find further | |
460 information on the various Ediff functions and advanced issues, such as | |
461 customization, session groups, etc. | |
462 | |
463 @item v | |
464 @kindex v | |
465 Scrolls up buffers A and B (and buffer C where appropriate) in a | |
466 coordinated fashion. | |
467 @item V | |
468 @kindex V | |
469 Scrolls the buffers down. | |
470 | |
471 @item < | |
472 @kindex < | |
473 Scrolls the buffers to the left simultaneously. | |
474 @item > | |
475 @kindex > | |
476 Scrolls buffers to the right. | |
477 | |
478 @item wd | |
479 @kindex wd | |
480 Saves the output from the diff utility, for further reference. | |
481 | |
482 With prefix argument, saves the plain output from @code{diff} (see | |
483 @code{ediff-diff-program} and @code{ediff-diff-options}). Without the | |
484 argument, it saves customized @code{diff} output (see | |
485 @code{ediff-custom-diff-program} and @code{ediff-custom-diff-options}), if | |
486 it is available. | |
487 | |
488 @item wa | |
489 @kindex wa | |
490 Saves buffer A, if it was modified. | |
491 @item wb | |
492 @kindex wb | |
493 Saves buffer B, if it was modified. | |
494 @item wc | |
495 @kindex wc | |
496 Saves buffer C, if it was modified (if you are in a session that | |
497 compares three files simultaneously). | |
498 | |
499 @item a | |
500 @kindex a | |
501 @emph{In comparison sessions:} | |
502 Copies the current difference region (or the region specified as the prefix | |
503 to this command) from buffer A to buffer B. | |
504 Ediff saves the old contents of buffer B's region; it can | |
505 be restored via the command @kbd{rb}, which see. | |
506 | |
507 @emph{In merge sessions:} | |
508 Copies the current difference region (or the region specified as the prefix | |
509 to this command) from buffer A to the merge buffer. The old contents of | |
510 this region in buffer C can be restored via the command @kbd{r}. | |
511 | |
512 @item b | |
513 @kindex b | |
514 Works similarly, but copies the current difference region from buffer B to | |
515 buffer A (in @emph{comparison sessions}) or the merge buffer (in | |
516 @emph{merge sessions}). | |
517 | |
518 Ediff saves the old contents of the difference region copied over; it can | |
519 be reinstated via the command @kbd{ra} in comparison sessions and | |
520 @kbd{r} in merge sessions. | |
521 | |
522 @item ab | |
523 @kindex ab | |
524 Copies the current difference region (or the region specified as the prefix | |
525 to this command) from buffer A to buffer B. This (and the next five) | |
526 command is enabled only in sessions that compare three files | |
527 simultaneously. The old region in buffer B is saved and can be restored | |
528 via the command @kbd{rb}. | |
529 @item ac | |
530 @kindex ac | |
531 Copies the difference region from buffer A to buffer C. | |
532 The old region in buffer C is saved and can be restored via the command | |
533 @kbd{rc}. | |
534 @item ba | |
535 @kindex ba | |
536 Copies the difference region from buffer B to buffer A. | |
537 The old region in buffer A is saved and can be restored via the command | |
538 @kbd{ra}. | |
539 @item bc | |
540 @kindex bc | |
541 Copies the difference region from buffer B to buffer C. | |
542 The command @kbd{rc} undoes this. | |
543 @item ca | |
544 @kindex ca | |
545 Copies the difference region from buffer C to buffer A. | |
546 The command @kbd{ra} undoes this. | |
547 @item cb | |
548 @kindex cb | |
549 Copies the difference region from buffer C to buffer B. | |
550 The command @kbd{rb} undoes this. | |
551 | |
552 @item p | |
553 @itemx DEL | |
554 @kindex p | |
555 @kindex DEL | |
556 Makes the previous difference region current. | |
557 @item n | |
558 @itemx SPC | |
559 @kindex n | |
560 @kindex SPC | |
561 Makes the next difference region current. | |
562 | |
563 @item j | |
564 @itemx -j | |
565 @itemx Nj | |
566 @kindex j | |
567 Makes the very first difference region current. | |
568 | |
569 @kbd{-j} makes the last region current. Typing a number, N, and then `j' | |
570 makes the difference region N current. Typing -N (a negative number) then | |
571 `j' makes current the region Last - N. | |
572 | |
573 @item ga | |
574 @kindex ga | |
575 Makes current the difference region closest to the position of the point in | |
576 buffer A. | |
577 | |
578 However, with a prefix argument, Ediff would position all variants | |
579 around the area indicated by the current point in buffer A: if | |
580 the point is inside a difference region, then the variants will be | |
581 positioned at this difference region. If the point is not in any difference | |
582 region, then it is in an area where all variants agree with each other. In | |
583 this case, the variants will be positioned so that each would display this | |
584 area (of agreement). | |
585 @item gb | |
586 @kindex gb | |
587 Makes current the difference region closest to the position of the point in | |
588 buffer B. | |
589 | |
590 With a prefix argument, behaves like @kbd{ga}, but with respect to buffer B. | |
591 @item gc | |
592 @kindex gc | |
593 @emph{In merge sessions:} | |
594 makes current the difference region closest to the point in the merge buffer. | |
595 | |
596 @emph{In 3-file comparison sessions:} | |
597 makes current the region closest to the point in buffer C. | |
598 | |
599 With a prefix argument, behaves like @kbd{ga}, but with respect to buffer C. | |
600 | |
601 @item ! | |
602 @kindex ! | |
603 Recomputes the difference regions, bringing them up to date. This is often | |
604 needed because it is common to do all sorts of editing during Ediff | |
605 sessions, so after a while, the highlighted difference regions may no | |
606 longer reflect the actual differences among the buffers. | |
607 | |
608 @item * | |
609 @kindex * | |
610 Forces refinement of the current difference region, which highlights the exact | |
611 words of disagreement among the buffers. With a negative prefix argument, | |
612 unhighlights the current region. | |
613 | |
614 Forceful refinement may be needed if Ediff encounters a difference region | |
615 that is larger than @code{ediff-auto-refine-limit}. In this situation, | |
616 Ediff doesn't do automatic refinement in order to improve response time. | |
617 (Ediff doesn't auto-refine on dumb terminals as well, but @kbd{*} still | |
618 works there. However, the only useful piece of information it can tell you | |
619 is whether or not the difference regions disagree only in the amount of | |
620 white space.) | |
621 | |
622 This command is also useful when the highlighted fine differences are | |
623 no longer current, due to user editing. | |
624 | |
625 @item m | |
626 @kindex m | |
627 Displays the current Ediff session in a frame as wide as the physical | |
628 display. This is useful when comparing files side-by-side. Typing `m' again | |
629 restores the original size of the frame. | |
630 | |
631 @item | | |
632 @kindex | | |
633 Toggles the horizontal/vertical split of the Ediff display. Horizontal | |
634 split is convenient when it is possible to compare files | |
635 side-by-side. If the frame in which files are displayed is too narrow | |
636 and lines are cut off, typing @kbd{m} may help some. | |
637 | |
638 @item @@ | |
639 @kindex @@ | |
640 Toggles auto-refinement of difference regions (i.e., automatic highlighting | |
641 of the exact words that differ among the variants). Auto-refinement is | |
642 turned off on devices where Emacs doesn't support highlighting. | |
643 | |
644 On slow machines, it may be advantageous to turn auto-refinement off. The | |
645 user can always forcefully refine specific difference regions by typing | |
646 @kbd{*}. | |
647 | |
648 @item h | |
649 @kindex h | |
650 Cycles between full highlighting, the mode where fine differences are not | |
651 highlighted (but computed), and the mode where highlighting is done with | |
652 @acronym{ASCII} strings. The latter is not really recommended, unless on a dumb TTY. | |
653 | |
654 @item r | |
655 @kindex r | |
656 Restores the old contents of the region in the merge buffer. | |
657 (If you copied a difference region from buffer A or B into the merge buffer | |
658 using the commands @kbd{a} or @kbd{b}, Ediff saves the old contents of the | |
659 region in case you change your mind.) | |
660 | |
661 This command is enabled in merge sessions only. | |
662 | |
663 @item ra | |
664 @kindex ra | |
665 Restores the old contents of the current difference region in buffer A, | |
666 which was previously saved when the user invoked one of these commands: | |
667 @kbd{b}, @kbd{ba}, @kbd{ca}, which see. This command is enabled in | |
668 comparison sessions only. | |
669 @item rb | |
670 @kindex rb | |
671 Restores the old contents of the current difference region in buffer B, | |
672 which was previously saved when the user invoked one of these commands: | |
673 @kbd{a}, @kbd{ab}, @kbd{cb}, which see. This command is enabled in | |
674 comparison sessions only. | |
675 @item rc | |
676 @kindex rc | |
677 Restores the old contents of the current difference region in buffer C, | |
678 which was previously saved when the user invoked one of these commands: | |
679 @kbd{ac}, @kbd{bc}, which see. This command is enabled in 3-file | |
680 comparison sessions only. | |
681 | |
682 @item ## | |
683 @kindex ## | |
684 Tell Ediff to skip over regions that disagree among themselves only in the | |
685 amount of white space and line breaks. | |
686 | |
687 Even though such regions will be skipped over, you can still jump to any | |
688 one of them by typing the region number and then `j'. Typing @kbd{##} | |
689 again puts Ediff back in the original state. | |
690 | |
691 @item #c | |
692 @kindex #c | |
693 @vindex ediff-ignore-case-option | |
694 @vindex ediff-ignore-case-option3 | |
695 @vindex ediff-ignore-case | |
696 Toggle case sensitivity in the diff program. All diffs are recomputed. | |
697 Case sensitivity is controlled by the variables | |
698 @code{ediff-ignore-case-option}, @code{ediff-ignore-case-option3}, | |
699 and @code{ediff-ignore-case}, which are explained elsewhere. | |
700 | |
701 @item #h | |
702 @itemx #f | |
703 @kindex #f | |
704 @kindex #h | |
705 Ediff works hard to ameliorate the effects of boredom in the workplace... | |
706 | |
707 Quite often differences are due to identical replacements (e.g., the word | |
708 `foo' is replaced with the word `bar' everywhere). If the number of regions | |
709 with such boring differences exceeds your tolerance threshold, you may be | |
710 tempted to tell Ediff to skip these regions altogether (you will still be able | |
711 to jump to them via the command @kbd{j}). The above commands, @kbd{#h} | |
712 and @kbd{#f}, may well save your day! | |
713 | |
714 @kbd{#h} prompts you to specify regular expressions for each | |
715 variant. Difference regions where each variant's region matches the | |
716 corresponding regular expression will be skipped from then on. (You can | |
717 also tell Ediff to skip regions where at least one variant matches its | |
718 regular expression.) | |
719 | |
720 @kbd{#f} does dual job: it focuses on regions that match the corresponding | |
721 regular expressions. All other regions will be skipped | |
722 over. @xref{Selective Browsing}, for more. | |
723 | |
724 @item A | |
725 @kindex A | |
726 Toggles the read-only property in buffer A. | |
727 If file A is under version control and is checked in, it is checked out | |
728 (with your permission). | |
729 @item B | |
730 @kindex B | |
731 Toggles the read-only property in buffer B. | |
732 If file B is under version control and is checked in, it is checked out. | |
733 @item C | |
734 @kindex C | |
735 Toggles the read-only property in buffer C (in 3-file comparison sessions). | |
736 If file C is under version control and is checked in, it is checked out. | |
737 | |
738 @item ~ | |
739 @kindex ~ | |
740 Swaps the windows where buffers A and B are displayed. If you are comparing | |
741 three buffers at once, then this command would rotate the windows among | |
742 buffers A, B, and C. | |
743 | |
744 @item i | |
745 @kindex i | |
746 Displays all kinds of useful data about the current Ediff session. | |
747 @item D | |
748 @kindex D | |
749 Runs @code{ediff-custom-diff-program} on the variants and displays the | |
750 buffer containing the output. This is useful when you must send the output | |
751 to your Mom. | |
752 | |
753 With a prefix argument, displays the plain @code{diff} output. | |
754 @xref{Patch and Diff Programs}, for details. | |
755 | |
756 @item R | |
757 @kindex R | |
758 Displays a list of currently active Ediff sessions---the Ediff Registry. | |
759 You can then restart any of these sessions by either clicking on a session | |
760 record or by putting the cursor over it and then typing the return key. | |
761 | |
762 (Some poor souls leave so many active Ediff sessions around that they loose | |
763 track of them completely... The `R' command is designed to save these | |
764 people from the recently discovered Ediff Proficiency Syndrome.) | |
765 | |
766 Typing @kbd{R} brings up Ediff Registry only if it is typed into an Ediff | |
767 Control Panel. If you don't have a control panel handy, type this in the | |
768 minibuffer: @kbd{M-x eregistry}. @xref{Registry of Ediff Sessions}. | |
769 | |
770 @item M | |
771 @kindex M | |
772 Shows the session group buffer that invoked the current Ediff session. | |
773 @xref{Session Groups}, for more information on session groups. | |
774 | |
775 @item z | |
776 @kindex z | |
777 Suspends the current Ediff session. (If you develop a condition known as | |
778 Repetitive Ediff Injury---a serious but curable illness---you must change | |
779 your current activity. This command tries hard to hide all Ediff-related | |
780 buffers.) | |
781 | |
782 The easiest way to resume a suspended Ediff session is through the registry | |
783 of active sessions. @xref{Registry of Ediff Sessions}, for details. | |
784 @item q | |
785 @kindex q | |
786 Terminates this Ediff session. With a prefix argument (e.g.,@kbd{1q}), asks | |
787 if you also want to delete the buffers of the variants. | |
788 Modified files and the results of merges are never deleted. | |
789 | |
790 @item % | |
791 @kindex % | |
792 Toggles narrowing in Ediff buffers. Ediff buffers may be narrowed if you | |
793 are comparing only parts of these buffers via the commands | |
794 @code{ediff-windows-*} and @code{ediff-regions-*}, which see. | |
795 | |
796 @item C-l | |
797 @kindex C-l | |
798 Restores the usual Ediff window setup. This is the quickest way to resume | |
799 an Ediff session, but it works only if the control panel of that session is | |
800 visible. | |
801 | |
802 @item $$ | |
803 @kindex $$ | |
804 While merging with an ancestor file, Ediff is determined to reduce user's | |
805 wear and tear by saving him and her much of unproductive, repetitive | |
806 typing. If it notices that, say, file A's difference region is identical to | |
807 the same difference region in the ancestor file, then the merge buffer will | |
808 automatically get the difference region taken from buffer B. The rationale | |
809 is that this difference region in buffer A is as old as that in the | |
810 ancestor buffer, so the contents of that region in buffer B represents real | |
811 change. | |
812 | |
813 You may want to ignore such `obvious' merges and concentrate on difference | |
814 regions where both files `clash' with the ancestor, since this means that | |
815 two different people have been changing this region independently and they | |
816 had different ideas on how to do this. | |
817 | |
818 The above command does this for you by skipping the regions where only one | |
819 of the variants clashes with the ancestor but the other variant agrees with | |
820 it. Typing @kbd{$$} again undoes this setting. | |
821 | |
822 @item $* | |
823 @kindex $* | |
824 When merging files with large number of differences, it is sometimes | |
825 convenient to be able to skip the difference regions for which you already | |
826 decided which variant is most appropriate. Typing @kbd{$*} will accomplish | |
827 precisely this. | |
828 | |
829 To be more precise, this toggles the check for whether the current merge is | |
830 identical to its default setting, as originally decided by Ediff. For | |
831 instance, if Ediff is merging according to the `combined' policy, then the | |
832 merge region is skipped over if it is different from the combination of the | |
833 regions in buffers A and B. (Warning: swapping buffers A and B will confuse | |
834 things in this respect.) If the merge region is marked as `prefer-A' then | |
835 this region will be skipped if it differs from the current difference | |
836 region in buffer A, etc. | |
837 | |
838 @item / | |
839 @kindex / | |
840 Displays the ancestor file during merges. | |
841 @item & | |
842 @kindex & | |
843 In some situations, such as when one of the files agrees with the ancestor file | |
844 on a difference region and the other doesn't, Ediff knows what to do: it copies | |
845 the current difference region from the second buffer into the merge buffer. | |
846 | |
847 In other cases, the right course of action is not that clearcut, and Ediff | |
848 would use a default action. The above command changes the default action. | |
849 The default action can be @samp{default-A} (choose the region from buffer | |
850 A), @samp{default-B} (choose the region from buffer B), or @samp{combined} | |
851 (combine the regions from the two buffers). | |
852 @xref{Merging and diff3}, for further details. | |
853 | |
854 The command @kbd{&} also affects the regions in the merge buffers that have | |
855 @samp{default-A}, @samp{default-B}, or @samp{combined} status, provided | |
856 they weren't changed with respect to the original. For instance, if such a | |
857 region has the status @samp{default-A} then changing the default action to | |
858 @samp{default-B} will also replace this merge-buffer's region with the | |
859 corresponding region from buffer B. | |
860 | |
861 @item s | |
862 @kindex s | |
863 Causes the merge window shrink to its minimum size, thereby exposing as much | |
864 of the variant buffers as possible. Typing `s' again restores | |
865 the original size of that window. | |
866 | |
867 With a positive prefix argument, this command enlarges the merge window. | |
868 E.g., @kbd{4s} increases the size of the window by about 4 lines, if | |
869 possible. With a negative numeric argument, the size of the merge window | |
870 shrinks by that many lines, if possible. Thus, @kbd{-s} shrinks the window | |
871 by about 1 line and @kbd{-3s} by about 3 lines. | |
872 | |
873 This command is intended only for temporary viewing; therefore, Ediff | |
874 restores window C to its original size whenever it makes any other change | |
875 in the window configuration. However, redisplaying (@kbd{C-l}) or jumping | |
876 to another difference does not affect window C's size. | |
877 | |
878 The split between the merge window and the variant windows is controlled by | |
879 the variable @code{ediff-merge-window-share}, which see. | |
880 | |
881 @item + | |
882 @kindex + | |
883 Combines the difference regions from buffers A and B and copies the | |
884 result into the merge buffer. @xref{Merging and diff3}, and the | |
885 variables @code{ediff-combine-diffs} and @code{ediff-combination-pattern}. | |
886 | |
887 | |
888 @item = | |
889 @kindex = | |
890 You may run into situations when a large chunk of text in one file has been | |
891 edited and then moved to a different place in another file. In such a case, | |
892 these two chunks of text are unlikely to belong to the same difference | |
893 region, so the refinement feature of Ediff will not be able to tell you | |
894 what exactly differs inside these chunks. Since eyeballing large pieces of | |
895 text is contrary to human nature, Ediff has a special command to help | |
896 reduce the risk of developing a cataract. | |
897 | |
898 In other situations, the currently highlighted region might be big and you | |
899 might want to reconcile of them interactively. | |
900 | |
901 All of this can be done with the above command, @kbd{=}, which | |
902 compares regions within Ediff buffers. Typing @kbd{=} creates a | |
903 child Ediff session for comparing regions in buffers A, B, or | |
904 C as follows. | |
905 | |
906 First, you will be asked whether you want to compare the fine differences | |
907 between the currently highlighted buffers on a word-by-word basis. If you | |
908 accept, a child Ediff session will start using the currently highlighted | |
909 regions. Ediff will let you step over the differences word-wise. | |
910 | |
911 If you reject the offer, you will be asked to select regions of your choice. | |
912 | |
913 @emph{If you are comparing 2 files or buffers:} | |
914 Ediff will ask you to select regions in buffers A and B. | |
915 | |
916 @emph{If you are comparing 3 files or buffers simultaneously:} Ediff will | |
917 ask you to choose buffers and then select regions inside those buffers. | |
918 | |
919 @emph{If you are merging files or buffers (with or without ancestor):} | |
920 Ediff will ask you to choose which buffer (A or B) to compare with the | |
921 merge buffer and then select regions in those buffers. | |
922 | |
923 @end table | |
924 | |
925 @node Other Session Commands,,Quick Help Commands,Session Commands | |
926 @section Other Session Commands | |
927 | |
928 The following commands can be invoked from within any Ediff session, | |
929 although some of them are not bound to a key. | |
930 | |
931 @table @code | |
932 @item eregistry | |
933 @itemx ediff-show-registry | |
934 @findex eregistry | |
935 @findex ediff-show-registry | |
936 This command brings up the registry of active Ediff sessions. Ediff | |
937 registry is a device that can be used to resume any active Ediff session | |
938 (which may have been postponed because the user switched to some other | |
939 activity). This command is also useful for switching between multiple | |
940 active Ediff sessions that are run at the same time. The function | |
941 @code{eregistry} is an alias for @code{ediff-show-registry}. | |
942 @xref{Registry of Ediff Sessions}, for more information on this registry. | |
943 | |
944 @item ediff-toggle-multiframe | |
945 @findex ediff-toggle-multiframe | |
946 Changes the display from the multi-frame mode (where the quick help window | |
947 is in a separate frame) to the single-frame mode (where all Ediff buffers | |
948 share the same frame), and vice versa. See | |
949 @code{ediff-window-setup-function} for details on how to make either of | |
950 these modes the default one. | |
951 | |
952 This function can also be invoked from the Menubar. However, in some | |
953 cases, the change will take place only after you execute one of the Ediff | |
954 commands, such as going to the next difference or redisplaying. | |
955 | |
956 @item ediff-toggle-use-toolbar | |
957 @findex ediff-toggle-use-toolbar | |
958 Available in XEmacs only. The Ediff toolbar provides quick access to some | |
959 of the common Ediff functions. This function toggles the display of the | |
960 toolbar. If invoked from the menubar, the function may take sometimes | |
961 effect only after you execute an Ediff command, such as going to the next | |
962 difference. | |
963 | |
964 @item ediff-use-toolbar-p | |
965 @vindex ediff-use-toolbar-p | |
966 The use of the toolbar can also be specified via the variable | |
967 @code{ediff-use-toolbar-p} (default is @code{t}). This variable can be set | |
968 only in @file{.emacs} --- do @strong{not} change it interactively. Use the | |
969 function @code{ediff-toggle-use-toolbar} instead. | |
970 | |
971 @item ediff-revert-buffers-then-recompute-diffs | |
972 @findex ediff-revert-buffers-then-recompute-diffs | |
973 This command reverts the buffers you are comparing and recomputes their | |
974 differences. It is useful when, after making changes, you decided to | |
975 make a fresh start, or if at some point you changed the files being | |
976 compared but want to discard any changes to comparison buffers that were | |
977 done since then. | |
978 | |
979 This command normally asks for confirmation before reverting files. | |
980 With a prefix argument, it reverts files without asking. | |
981 | |
982 | |
983 @item ediff-profile | |
984 @findex ediff-profile | |
985 Ediff has an admittedly primitive (but useful) facility for profiling | |
986 Ediff's commands. It is meant for Ediff maintenance---specifically, for | |
987 making it run faster. The function @code{ediff-profile} toggles | |
988 profiling of ediff commands. | |
989 @end table | |
990 | |
991 @node Registry of Ediff Sessions, Session Groups, Session Commands, Top | |
992 @chapter Registry of Ediff Sessions | |
993 | |
994 Ediff maintains a registry of all its invocations that are | |
995 still @emph{active}. This feature is very convenient for switching among | |
996 active Ediff sessions or for quickly restarting a suspended Ediff session. | |
997 | |
998 The focal point of this activity is a buffer | |
999 called @emph{*Ediff Registry*}. You can display this buffer by typing | |
1000 @kbd{R} in any Ediff Control Buffer or Session Group Buffer | |
1001 (@pxref{Session Groups}), or by typing | |
1002 @kbd{M-x eregistry} into the Minibuffer. | |
1003 The latter would be the fastest way to bring up the registry | |
1004 buffer if no control or group buffer is displayed in any of the visible | |
1005 Emacs windows. | |
1006 If you are in a habit of running multiple long Ediff sessions and often need to | |
1007 suspend, resume, or switch between them, it may be a good idea to have the | |
1008 registry buffer permanently displayed in a separate, dedicated window. | |
1009 | |
1010 The registry buffer has several convenient key bindings. | |
1011 For instance, clicking mouse button 2 or typing | |
1012 @kbd{RET} or @kbd{v} over any session record resumes that session. | |
1013 Session records in the registry buffer provide a fairly complete | |
1014 description of each session, so it is usually easy to identify the right | |
1015 session to resume. | |
1016 | |
1017 Other useful commands are bound to @kbd{SPC} (next registry record) | |
1018 and @kbd{DEL} (previous registry record). There are other commands as well, | |
1019 but you don't need to memorize them, since they are listed at the top of | |
1020 the registry buffer. | |
1021 | |
1022 @node Session Groups, Remote and Compressed Files, Registry of Ediff Sessions, Top | |
1023 @chapter Session Groups | |
1024 | |
1025 Several major entries of Ediff perform comparison and merging on | |
1026 directories. On entering @code{ediff-directories}, | |
1027 @code{ediff-directories3}, | |
1028 @code{ediff-merge-directories}, | |
1029 @code{ediff-merge-directories-with-ancestor}, | |
1030 @code{ediff-directory-revisions}, | |
1031 @code{ediff-merge-directory-revisions}, or | |
1032 @code{ediff-merge-directory-revisions-with-ancestor}, | |
1033 the user is presented with a | |
1034 Dired-like buffer that lists files common to the directories involved along | |
1035 with their sizes. (The list of common files can be further filtered through | |
1036 a regular expression, which the user is prompted for.) We call this buffer | |
1037 @emph{Session Group Panel} because all Ediff sessions associated with the | |
1038 listed files will have this buffer as a common focal point. | |
1039 | |
1040 Clicking button 2 or typing @kbd{RET} or @kbd{v} over a | |
1041 record describing files invokes Ediff in the appropriate mode on these | |
1042 files. You can come back to the session group buffer associated with a | |
1043 particular invocation of Ediff by typing @kbd{M} in Ediff control buffer of | |
1044 that invocation. | |
1045 | |
1046 Many commands are available in the session group buffer; some are | |
1047 applicable only to certain types of work. The relevant commands are always | |
1048 listed at the top of each session group buffer, so there is no need to | |
1049 memorize them. | |
1050 | |
1051 In directory comparison or merging, a session group panel displays only the | |
1052 files common to all directories involved. The differences are kept in a | |
1053 separate @emph{directory difference buffer} and are conveniently displayed | |
1054 by typing @kbd{D} to the corresponding session group panel. Thus, as an | |
1055 added benefit, Ediff can be used to compare the contents of up to three | |
1056 directories. | |
1057 | |
1058 @cindex Directory difference buffer | |
1059 Sometimes it is desirable to copy some files from one directory to another | |
1060 without exiting Ediff. The @emph{directory difference buffer}, which is | |
1061 displayed by typing @kbd{D} as discussed above, can be used for this | |
1062 purpose. If a file is, say, in Ediff's Directory A, but is missing in | |
1063 Ediff's Directory B (Ediff will refuse to override existing files), then | |
1064 typing @kbd{C} or clicking mouse button 2 over that file (which must be | |
1065 displayed in directory difference buffer) will copy that file from | |
1066 Directory A to Directory B. | |
1067 | |
1068 Session records in session group panels are also marked with @kbd{+}, for | |
1069 active sessions, and with @kbd{-}, for finished sessions. | |
1070 | |
1071 Sometimes, it is convenient to exclude certain sessions from a group. | |
1072 Usually this happens when the user doesn't intend to run Ediff of certain | |
1073 files in the group, and the corresponding session records just add clutter | |
1074 to the session group buffer. To help alleviate this problem, the user can | |
1075 type @kbd{h} to mark a session as a candidate for exclusion and @kbd{x} to | |
1076 actually hide the marked sessions. There actions are reversible: with a | |
1077 prefix argument, @kbd{h} unmarks the session under the cursor, and @kbd{x} | |
1078 brings the hidden sessions into the view (@kbd{x} doesn't unmark them, | |
1079 though, so the user has to explicitly unmark the sessions of interest). | |
1080 | |
1081 Group sessions also understand the command @kbd{m}, which marks sessions | |
1082 for future operations (other than hiding) on a group of sessions. At present, | |
1083 the only such group-level operation is the creation of a multi-file patch. | |
1084 | |
1085 @vindex ediff-autostore-merges | |
1086 For group sessions created to merge files, Ediff can store all merges | |
1087 automatically in a directory. The user is asked to specify such directory | |
1088 if the value of @code{ediff-autostore-merges} is non-@code{nil}. If the value is | |
1089 @code{nil}, nothing is done to the merge buffers---it will be the user's | |
1090 responsibility to save them. If the value is @code{t}, the user will be | |
1091 asked where to save the merge buffers in all merge jobs, even those that do | |
1092 not originate from a session group. It the value is neither @code{nil} nor | |
1093 @code{t}, the merge buffer is saved @emph{only} if this merge session was | |
1094 invoked from a session group. This behavior is implemented in the function | |
1095 @code{ediff-maybe-save-and-delete-merge}, which is a hook in | |
1096 @code{ediff-quit-merge-hook}. The user can supply a different hook, if | |
1097 necessary. | |
1098 | |
1099 The variable @code{ediff-autostore-merges} is buffer-local, so it can be | |
1100 set on a per-buffer basis. Therefore, use @code{setq-default} to change | |
1101 this variable globally. | |
1102 | |
1103 @cindex Multi-file patches | |
1104 A multi-file patch is a concatenated output of several runs of the Unix | |
1105 @code{diff} command (some versions of @code{diff} let you create a | |
1106 multi-file patch in just one run). Ediff facilitates creation of | |
1107 multi-file patches as follows. If you are in a session group buffer | |
1108 created in response to @code{ediff-directories} or | |
1109 @code{ediff-directory-revisions}, you can mark (by typing @kbd{m}) the | |
1110 desired Ediff sessions and then type @kbd{P} to create a | |
1111 multi-file patch of those marked sessions. | |
1112 Ediff will then display a buffer containing the patch. | |
1113 The patch is generated by invoking @code{diff} on all marked individual | |
1114 sessions (represented by files) and session groups (represented by | |
1115 directories). Ediff will also recursively descend into any @emph{unmarked} | |
1116 session group and will search for marked sessions there. In this way, you | |
1117 can create multi-file patches that span file subtrees that grow out of | |
1118 any given directory. | |
1119 | |
1120 In an @code{ediff-directories} session, it is enough to just mark the | |
1121 requisite sessions. In @code{ediff-directory-revisions} revisions, the | |
1122 marked sessions must also be active, or else Ediff will refuse to produce a | |
1123 multi-file patch. This is because, in the latter-style sessions, there are | |
1124 many ways to create diff output, and it is easier to handle by running | |
1125 Ediff on the inactive sessions. | |
1126 | |
1127 Last, but not least, by typing @kbd{==}, you can quickly find out which | |
1128 sessions have identical entries, so you won't have to run Ediff on those | |
1129 sessions. This, however, works only on local, uncompressed files. | |
1130 For compressed or remote files, this command won't report anything. | |
1131 Likewise, you can use @kbd{=h} to mark sessions with identical entries | |
1132 for hiding or, with @kbd{=m}, for further operations. | |
1133 | |
1134 The comparison operations @kbd{==}, @kbd{=h}, and @kbd{=m} can recurse into | |
1135 subdirectories to see if they have identical contents (so the user will not | |
1136 need to descend into those subdirectories manually). These commands ask the | |
1137 user whether or not to do a recursive descent. | |
1138 | |
1139 | |
1140 | |
1141 @node Remote and Compressed Files, Customization, Session Groups, Top | |
1142 @chapter Remote and Compressed Files | |
1143 | |
1144 Ediff works with remote, compressed, and encrypted files. Ediff | |
1145 supports @file{ange-ftp.el}, @file{jka-compr.el}, @file{uncompress.el} | |
1146 and @file{crypt++.el}, but it may work with other similar packages as | |
1147 well. This means that you can compare files residing on another | |
1148 machine, or you can apply a patch to a file on another machine. Even | |
1149 the patch itself can be a remote file! | |
1150 | |
1151 When patching compressed or remote files, Ediff does not rename the source | |
1152 file (unlike what the @code{patch} utility would usually do). Instead, the | |
1153 source file retains its name and the result of applying the patch is placed | |
1154 in a temporary file that has the suffix @file{_patched} attached. | |
1155 Generally, this applies to files that are handled using black magic, such | |
1156 as special file handlers (ange-ftp and some compression and encryption | |
1157 packages also use this method). | |
1158 | |
1159 Regular files are treated by the @code{patch} utility in the usual manner, | |
1160 i.e., the original is renamed into @file{source-name.orig} and the result | |
1161 of the patch is placed into the file source-name (@file{_orig} is used | |
97142 | 1162 on systems like DOS, etc.) |
84291 | 1163 |
1164 @node Customization, Credits, Remote and Compressed Files, Top | |
1165 @chapter Customization | |
1166 | |
1167 Ediff has a rather self-explanatory interface, and in most cases you | |
1168 won't need to change anything. However, should the need arise, there are | |
1169 extensive facilities for changing the default behavior. | |
1170 | |
1171 Most of the customization can be done by setting various variables in the | |
1172 @file{.emacs} file. Some customization (mostly window-related | |
1173 customization and faces) can be done by putting appropriate lines in | |
1174 @file{.Xdefaults}, @file{.xrdb}, or whatever X resource file is in use. | |
1175 | |
1176 With respect to the latter, please note that the X resource | |
1177 for Ediff customization is `Ediff', @emph{not} `emacs'. | |
1178 @xref{Window and Frame Configuration}, | |
1179 @xref{Highlighting Difference Regions}, for further details. Please also | |
1180 refer to Emacs manual for the information on how to set Emacs X resources. | |
1181 | |
1182 @menu | |
1183 * Hooks:: Customization via the hooks. | |
1184 * Quick Help Customization:: How to customize Ediff's quick help feature. | |
1185 * Window and Frame Configuration:: Controlling the way Ediff displays things. | |
1186 * Selective Browsing:: Advanced browsing through difference regions. | |
1187 * Highlighting Difference Regions:: Controlling highlighting. | |
1188 * Narrowing:: Comparing regions, windows, etc. | |
1189 * Refinement of Difference Regions:: How to control the refinement process. | |
1190 * Patch and Diff Programs:: Changing the utilities that compute differences | |
1191 and apply patches. | |
1192 * Merging and diff3:: How to customize Ediff in its Merge Mode. | |
1193 * Support for Version Control:: Changing the version control package. | |
1194 You are not likely to do that. | |
1195 * Customizing the Mode Line:: Changing the look of the mode line in Ediff. | |
1196 * Miscellaneous:: Other customization. | |
1197 * Notes on Heavy-duty Customization:: Customization for the gurus. | |
1198 @end menu | |
1199 | |
1200 @node Hooks, Quick Help Customization, Customization, Customization | |
1201 @section Hooks | |
1202 | |
1203 The bulk of customization can be done via the following hooks: | |
1204 | |
1205 @table @code | |
1206 @item ediff-load-hook | |
1207 @vindex ediff-load-hook | |
1208 This hook can be used to change defaults after Ediff is loaded. | |
1209 | |
1210 @item ediff-before-setup-hook | |
1211 @vindex ediff-before-setup-hook | |
1212 Hook that is run just before Ediff rearranges windows to its liking. | |
1213 Can be used to save windows configuration. | |
1214 | |
1215 @item ediff-keymap-setup-hook | |
1216 @vindex ediff-keymap-setup-hook | |
1217 @vindex ediff-mode-map | |
1218 This hook can be used to alter bindings in Ediff's keymap, | |
1219 @code{ediff-mode-map}. These hooks are | |
1220 run right after the default bindings are set but before | |
1221 @code{ediff-load-hook}. The regular user needs not be concerned with this | |
1222 hook---it is provided for implementors of other Emacs packages built on top | |
1223 of Ediff. | |
1224 | |
1225 @item ediff-before-setup-windows-hook | |
1226 @itemx ediff-after-setup-windows-hook | |
1227 @vindex ediff-before-setup-windows-hook | |
1228 @vindex ediff-after-setup-windows-hook | |
1229 These two hooks are called before and after Ediff sets up its window | |
1230 configuration. These hooks are run each time Ediff rearranges windows to | |
1231 its liking. This happens whenever it detects that the user changed the | |
1232 windows setup. | |
1233 | |
1234 @item ediff-suspend-hook | |
1235 @itemx ediff-quit-hook | |
1236 @vindex ediff-suspend-hook | |
1237 @vindex ediff-quit-hook | |
1238 These two hooks are run when you suspend or quit Ediff. They can be | |
1239 used to set desired window configurations, delete files Ediff didn't | |
1240 want to clean up after exiting, etc. | |
1241 | |
1242 By default, @code{ediff-quit-hook} holds one hook function, | |
1243 @code{ediff-cleanup-mess}, which cleans after Ediff, as appropriate in | |
1244 most cases. You probably won't want to change it, but you might | |
1245 want to add other hook functions. | |
1246 | |
1247 Keep in mind that hooks executing before @code{ediff-cleanup-mess} start | |
1248 in @code{ediff-control-buffer;} they should also leave | |
1249 @code{ediff-control-buffer} as the current buffer when they finish. | |
1250 Hooks that are executed after @code{ediff-cleanup-mess} should expect | |
1251 the current buffer be either buffer A or buffer B. | |
1252 @code{ediff-cleanup-mess} doesn't kill the buffers being compared or | |
1253 merged (see @code{ediff-cleanup-hook}, below). | |
1254 | |
1255 @item ediff-cleanup-hook | |
1256 @vindex ediff-cleanup-hook | |
1257 This hook is run just before @code{ediff-quit-hook}. This is a good | |
1258 place to do various cleanups, such as deleting the variant buffers. | |
1259 Ediff provides a function, @code{ediff-janitor}, as one such possible | |
1260 hook, which you can add to @code{ediff-cleanup-hook} with | |
1261 @code{add-hooks}. | |
1262 | |
1263 @findex ediff-janitor | |
1264 This function kills buffers A, B, and, possibly, C, if these buffers aren't | |
1265 modified. In merge jobs, buffer C is never deleted. However, the side | |
1266 effect of using this function is that you may not be able to compare the | |
1267 same buffer in two separate Ediff sessions: quitting one of them will | |
1268 delete this buffer in another session as well. | |
1269 | |
1270 @item ediff-quit-merge-hook | |
1271 @vindex ediff-quit-merge-hook | |
1272 @vindex ediff-autostore-merges | |
1273 @findex ediff-maybe-save-and-delete-merge | |
1274 This hook is called when Ediff quits a merge job. By default, the value is | |
1275 @code{ediff-maybe-save-and-delete-merge}, which is a function that attempts | |
1276 to save the merge buffer according to the value of | |
1277 @code{ediff-autostore-merges}, as described later. | |
1278 | |
1279 @item ediff-before-setup-control-frame-hook | |
1280 @itemx ediff-after-setup-control-frame-hook | |
1281 @vindex ediff-before-setup-control-frame-hook | |
1282 @vindex ediff-after-setup-control-frame-hook | |
1283 These two hooks run before and after Ediff sets up the control frame. | |
1284 They can be used to relocate Ediff control frame when Ediff runs in a | |
1285 multiframe mode (i.e., when the control buffer is in its own dedicated | |
1286 frame). Be aware that many variables that drive Ediff are local to | |
1287 Ediff Control Panel (@code{ediff-control-buffer}), which requires | |
1288 special care in writing these hooks. Take a look at | |
1289 @code{ediff-default-suspend-hook} and @code{ediff-default-quit-hook} to | |
1290 see what's involved. | |
1291 | |
1292 @item ediff-startup-hook | |
1293 @vindex ediff-startup-hook | |
1294 This hook is run at the end of Ediff startup. | |
1295 | |
1296 @item ediff-select-hook | |
1297 @vindex ediff-select-hook | |
1298 This hook is run after Ediff selects the next difference region. | |
1299 | |
1300 @item ediff-unselect-hook | |
1301 @vindex ediff-unselect-hook | |
1302 This hook is run after Ediff unselects the current difference region. | |
1303 | |
1304 @item ediff-prepare-buffer-hook | |
1305 @vindex ediff-prepare-buffer-hook | |
1306 This hook is run for each Ediff buffer (A, B, C) right after the buffer | |
1307 is arranged. | |
1308 | |
1309 @item ediff-display-help-hook | |
1310 @vindex ediff-display-help-hook | |
1311 Ediff runs this hook each time after setting up the help message. It | |
1312 can be used to alter the help message for custom packages that run on | |
1313 top of Ediff. | |
1314 | |
1315 @item ediff-mode-hook | |
1316 @vindex ediff-mode-hook | |
1317 This hook is run just after Ediff mode is set up in the control | |
1318 buffer. This is done before any Ediff window is created. You can use it to | |
1319 set local variables that alter the look of the display. | |
1320 | |
1321 @item ediff-registry-setup-hook | |
1322 @vindex ediff-registry-setup-hook | |
1323 Hooks run after setting up the registry for all active Ediff session. | |
1324 @xref{Session Groups}, for details. | |
1325 @item ediff-before-session-group-setup-hook | |
1326 @vindex ediff-before-session-group-setup-hook | |
1327 Hooks run before setting up a control panel for a group of related Ediff | |
1328 sessions. Can be used, for example, to save window configuration to restore | |
1329 later. | |
1330 @item ediff-after-session-group-setup-hook | |
1331 @vindex ediff-after-session-group-setup-hook | |
1332 Hooks run after setting up a control panel for a group of related Ediff | |
1333 sessions. @xref{Session Groups}, for details. | |
1334 @item ediff-quit-session-group-hook | |
1335 @vindex ediff-quit-session-group-hook | |
1336 Hooks run just before exiting a session group. | |
1337 @item ediff-meta-buffer-keymap-setup-hook | |
1338 @vindex ediff-meta-buffer-keymap-setup-hook | |
1339 @vindex ediff-meta-buffer-map | |
1340 Hooks run just after setting up the @code{ediff-meta-buffer-map} --- the | |
1341 map that controls key bindings in the meta buffer. Since | |
1342 @code{ediff-meta-buffer-map} is a local variable, you can set different | |
1343 bindings for different kinds of meta buffers. | |
1344 @end table | |
1345 | |
1346 @node Quick Help Customization, Window and Frame Configuration, Hooks, Customization | |
1347 @section Quick Help Customization | |
1348 @vindex ediff-use-long-help-message | |
1349 @vindex ediff-control-buffer | |
1350 @vindex ediff-startup-hook | |
1351 @vindex ediff-help-message | |
1352 | |
1353 Ediff provides quick help using its control panel window. Since this window | |
1354 takes a fair share of the screen real estate, you can toggle it off by | |
1355 typing @kbd{?}. The control window will then shrink to just one line and a | |
1356 mode line, displaying a short help message. | |
1357 | |
1358 The variable @code{ediff-use-long-help-message} tells Ediff whether | |
1359 you use the short message or the long one. By default, it | |
1360 is set to @code{nil}, meaning that the short message is used. | |
1361 Set this to @code{t}, if you want Ediff to use the long | |
1362 message by default. This property can always be changed interactively, by | |
1363 typing @kbd{?} into Ediff Control Buffer. | |
1364 | |
1365 If you want to change the appearance of the help message on a per-buffer | |
1366 basis, you must use @code{ediff-startup-hook} to change the value of | |
1367 the variable @code{ediff-help-message}, which is local to | |
1368 @code{ediff-control-buffer}. | |
1369 | |
1370 @node Window and Frame Configuration, Selective Browsing, Quick Help Customization, Customization | |
1371 @section Window and Frame Configuration | |
1372 | |
1373 On a non-windowing display, Ediff sets things up in one frame, splitting | |
1374 it between a small control window and the windows for buffers A, B, and C. | |
1375 The split between these windows can be horizontal or | |
1376 vertical, which can be changed interactively by typing @kbd{|} while the | |
1377 cursor is in the control window. | |
1378 | |
1379 On a window display, Ediff sets up a dedicated frame for Ediff Control | |
1380 Panel and then it chooses windows as follows: If one of the buffers | |
1381 is invisible, it is displayed in the currently selected frame. If | |
1382 a buffer is visible, it is displayed in the frame where it is visible. | |
1383 If, according to the above criteria, the two buffers fall into the same | |
1384 frame, then so be it---the frame will be shared by the two. The same | |
1385 algorithm works when you type @kbd{C-l} (@code{ediff-recenter}), @kbd{p} | |
1386 (@code{ediff-previous-difference}), @kbd{n} | |
1387 (@code{ediff-next-difference}), etc. | |
1388 | |
1389 The above behavior also depends on whether the current frame is splittable, | |
1390 dedicated, etc. Unfortunately, the margin of this book is too narrow to | |
1391 present the details of this remarkable algorithm. | |
1392 | |
1393 The upshot of all this is that you can compare buffers in one frame or | |
1394 in different frames. The former is done by default, while the latter can | |
1395 be achieved by arranging buffers A, B (and C, if applicable) to be seen in | |
1396 different frames. Ediff respects these arrangements, automatically | |
1397 adapting itself to the multi-frame mode. | |
1398 | |
1399 Ediff uses the following variables to set up its control panel | |
1400 (a.k.a.@: control buffer, a.k.a.@: quick help window): | |
1401 | |
1402 @table @code | |
1403 @item ediff-control-frame-parameters | |
1404 @vindex ediff-control-frame-parameters | |
1405 You can change or augment this variable including the font, color, | |
1406 etc. The X resource name of Ediff Control Panel frames is @samp{Ediff}. Under | |
1407 X-windows, you can use this name to set up preferences in your | |
1408 @file{~/.Xdefaults}, @file{~/.xrdb}, or whatever X resource file is in | |
1409 use. Usually this is preferable to changing | |
1410 @code{ediff-control-frame-parameters} directly. For instance, you can | |
1411 specify in @file{~/.Xdefaults} the color of the control frame | |
1412 using the resource @samp{Ediff*background}. | |
1413 | |
1414 In general, any X resource pertaining the control frame can be reached | |
1415 via the prefix @code{Ediff*}. | |
1416 | |
1417 @item ediff-control-frame-position-function | |
1418 @vindex ediff-control-frame-position-function | |
1419 The preferred way of specifying the position of the control frame is by | |
1420 setting the variable @code{ediff-control-frame-position-function} to an | |
1421 appropriate function. | |
1422 The default value of this variable is | |
1423 @code{ediff-make-frame-position}. This function places the control frame in | |
1424 the vicinity of the North-East corner of the frame displaying buffer A. | |
1425 | |
1426 @findex ediff-make-frame-position | |
1427 @end table | |
1428 | |
1429 The following variables can be used to adjust the location produced by | |
1430 @code{ediff-make-frame-position} and for related customization. | |
1431 | |
1432 @table @code | |
1433 @item ediff-narrow-control-frame-leftward-shift | |
1434 @vindex ediff-narrow-control-frame-leftward-shift | |
1435 Specifies the number of characters for shifting | |
1436 the control frame from the rightmost edge of frame A when the control | |
1437 frame is displayed as a small window. | |
1438 | |
1439 @item ediff-wide-control-frame-rightward-shift | |
1440 @vindex ediff-wide-control-frame-rightward-shift | |
1441 Specifies the rightward shift of the control frame | |
1442 from the left edge of frame A when the control frame shows the full | |
1443 menu of options. | |
1444 | |
1445 @item ediff-control-frame-upward-shift | |
1446 @vindex ediff-control-frame-upward-shift | |
1447 Specifies the number of pixels for the upward shift | |
1448 of the control frame. | |
1449 | |
1450 @item ediff-prefer-iconified-control-frame | |
1451 @vindex ediff-prefer-iconified-control-frame | |
1452 If this variable is @code{t}, the control frame becomes iconified | |
1453 automatically when you toggle the quick help message off. This saves | |
1454 valuable real estate on the screen. Toggling help back will deiconify | |
1455 the control frame. | |
1456 | |
1457 To start Ediff with an iconified Control Panel, you should set this | |
1458 variable to @code{t} and @code{ediff-prefer-long-help-message} to | |
1459 @code{nil} (@pxref{Quick Help Customization}). This behavior is useful | |
1460 only if icons are allowed to accept keyboard input (which depends on the | |
1461 window manager and other factors). | |
1462 @end table | |
1463 | |
1464 @findex ediff-setup-windows | |
1465 To make more creative changes in the way Ediff sets up windows, you can | |
1466 rewrite the function @code{ediff-setup-windows}. However, we believe | |
1467 that detaching Ediff Control Panel from the rest and making it into a | |
1468 separate frame offers an important opportunity by allowing you to | |
1469 iconify that frame. The icon will usually accept all of the Ediff | |
1470 commands, but will free up valuable real estate on your screen (this may | |
1471 depend on your window manager, though). | |
1472 | |
1473 The following variable controls how windows are set up: | |
1474 | |
1475 @table @code | |
1476 @item ediff-window-setup-function | |
1477 @vindex ediff-window-setup-function | |
1478 The multiframe setup is done by the | |
1479 @code{ediff-setup-windows-multiframe} function, which is the default on | |
1480 windowing displays. The plain setup, one where all windows are always | |
1481 in one frame, is done by @code{ediff-setup-windows-plain}, which is the | |
1482 default on a non-windowing display (or in an xterm window). In fact, | |
1483 under Emacs, you can switch freely between these two setups by executing | |
1484 the command @code{ediff-toggle-multiframe} using the Minibuffer of the | |
1485 Menubar. | |
1486 @findex ediff-setup-windows-multiframe | |
1487 @findex ediff-setup-windows-plain | |
1488 @findex ediff-toggle-multiframe | |
1489 | |
1490 If you don't like any of these setups, write your own function. See the | |
1491 documentation for @code{ediff-window-setup-function} for the basic | |
1492 guidelines. However, writing window setups is not easy, so you should | |
1493 first take a close look at @code{ediff-setup-windows-plain} and | |
1494 @code{ediff-setup-windows-multiframe}. | |
1495 @end table | |
1496 | |
1497 You can run multiple Ediff sessions at once, by invoking Ediff several | |
1498 times without exiting previous Ediff sessions. Different sessions | |
1499 may even operate on the same pair of files. | |
1500 | |
1501 Each session has its own Ediff Control Panel and all the regarding a | |
1502 particular session is local to the associated control panel buffer. You | |
1503 can switch between sessions by suspending one session and then switching | |
1504 to another control panel. (Different control panel buffers are | |
1505 distinguished by a numerical suffix, e.g., @samp{Ediff Control Panel<3>}.) | |
1506 | |
1507 @node Selective Browsing, Highlighting Difference Regions, Window and Frame Configuration, Customization | |
1508 @section Selective Browsing | |
1509 | |
1510 Sometimes it is convenient to be able to step through only some difference | |
1511 regions, those that match certain regular expressions, and to ignore all | |
1512 others. On other occasions, you may want to ignore difference regions that | |
1513 match some regular expressions, and to look only at the rest. | |
1514 | |
1515 The commands @kbd{#f} and @kbd{#h} let you do precisely this. | |
1516 | |
1517 Typing @kbd{#f} lets you specify regular expressions that match difference | |
1518 regions you want to focus on. | |
1519 We shall call these regular expressions @var{regexp-A}, @var{regexp-B} and | |
1520 @var{regexp-C}. | |
1521 Ediff will then start stepping through only those difference regions | |
1522 where the region in buffer A matches @var{regexp-A} and/or the region in | |
1523 buffer B matches @var{regexp-B}, etc. Whether `and' or `or' will be used | |
1524 depends on how you respond to a question. | |
1525 | |
1526 When scanning difference regions for the aforesaid regular expressions, | |
1527 Ediff narrows the buffers to those regions. This means that you can use | |
1528 the expressions @kbd{\`} and @kbd{\'} to tie search to the beginning or end | |
1529 of the difference regions. | |
1530 | |
1531 On the other hand, typing @kbd{#h} lets you specify (hide) uninteresting | |
1532 regions. That is, if a difference region in buffer A matches | |
1533 @var{regexp-A}, the corresponding region in buffer B matches @var{regexp-B} | |
1534 and (if applicable) buffer C's region matches @var{regexp-C}, then the | |
1535 region will be ignored by the commands @kbd{n}/@key{SPC} | |
1536 (@code{ediff-next-difference}) and @kbd{p}/@key{DEL} | |
1537 (@code{ediff-previous-difference}) commands. | |
1538 | |
1539 Typing @kbd{#f} and @kbd{#h} toggles selective browsing on and off. | |
1540 | |
1541 Note that selective browsing affects only @code{ediff-next-difference} | |
1542 and @code{ediff-previous-difference}, i.e., the commands | |
1543 @kbd{n}/@key{SPC} and @kbd{p}/@key{DEL}. @kbd{#f} and @kbd{#h} do not | |
1544 change the position of the point in the buffers. And you can still jump | |
1545 directly (using @kbd{j}) to any numbered | |
1546 difference. | |
1547 | |
1548 Users can supply their own functions to specify how Ediff should do | |
1549 selective browsing. To change the default Ediff function, add a function to | |
1550 @code{ediff-load-hook} which will do the following assignments: | |
1551 | |
1552 @example | |
1553 (setq ediff-hide-regexp-matches-function 'your-hide-function) | |
1554 (setq ediff-focus-on-regexp-matches-function 'your-focus-function) | |
1555 @end example | |
1556 | |
1557 @strong{Useful hint}: To specify a regexp that matches everything, don't | |
1558 simply type @key{RET} in response to a prompt. Typing @key{RET} tells Ediff | |
1559 to accept the default value, which may not be what you want. Instead, you | |
1560 should enter something like @key{^} or @key{$}. These match every | |
1561 line. | |
1562 | |
1563 You can use the status command, @kbd{i}, to find out whether | |
1564 selective browsing is currently in effect. | |
1565 | |
1566 The regular expressions you specified are kept in the local variables | |
1567 @code{ediff-regexp-focus-A}, @code{ediff-regexp-focus-B}, | |
1568 @code{ediff-regexp-focus-C}, @code{ediff-regexp-hide-A}, | |
1569 @code{ediff-regexp-hide-B}, @code{ediff-regexp-hide-C}. Their default value | |
1570 is the empty string (i.e., nothing is hidden or focused on). To change the | |
1571 default, set these variables in @file{.emacs} using @code{setq-default}. | |
1572 | |
1573 In addition to the ability to ignore regions that match regular | |
1574 expressions, Ediff can be ordered to start skipping over certain | |
1575 ``uninteresting'' difference regions. This is controlled by the following | |
1576 variable: | |
1577 | |
1578 @table @code | |
1579 @item ediff-ignore-similar-regions | |
1580 @vindex ediff-ignore-similar-regions | |
1581 If @code{t}, causes Ediff to skip over "uninteresting" difference regions, | |
1582 which are the regions where the variants differ only in the amount of the | |
1583 white space and newlines. This feature can be toggled on/off interactively, | |
1584 via the command @kbd{##}. | |
1585 @end table | |
1586 | |
1587 @strong{Please note:} in order for this feature to work, auto-refining of | |
1588 difference regions must be on, since otherwise Ediff won't know if there | |
1589 are fine differences between regions. On devices where Emacs can display | |
1590 faces, auto-refining is a default, but it is not turned on by default on | |
1591 text-only terminals. In that case, you must explicitly turn auto-refining | |
1592 on (such as, by typing @kbd{@@}). | |
1593 | |
1594 @strong{Reassurance:} If many such uninteresting regions appear in a row, | |
1595 Ediff may take a long time to skip over them because it has to compute fine | |
1596 differences of all intermediate regions. This delay does not indicate any | |
1597 problem. | |
1598 | |
1599 @vindex ediff-ignore-case-option | |
1600 @vindex ediff-ignore-case-option3 | |
1601 @vindex ediff-ignore-case | |
1602 Finally, Ediff can be told to ignore the case of the letters. This behavior | |
1603 can be toggled with @kbd{#c} and it is controlled with three variables: | |
1604 @code{ediff-ignore-case-option}, @code{ediff-ignore-case-option3}, and | |
1605 @code{ediff-ignore-case}. | |
1606 | |
1607 The variable @code{ediff-ignore-case-option} specifies the option to pass | |
1608 to the diff program for comparing two files or buffers. For GNU | |
1609 @code{diff}, this option is @code{"-i"}. The variable | |
1610 @code{ediff-ignore-case-option3} specifies the option to pass to the | |
1611 @code{diff3} program in order to make it case-insensitive. GNU @code{diff3} | |
1612 does not have such an option, so when merging or comparing three files with | |
1613 this program, ignoring the letter case is not supported. | |
1614 | |
1615 The variable @code{ediff-ignore-case} controls whether Ediff starts out by | |
1616 ignoring letter case or not. It can be set in @file{.emacs} using | |
1617 @code{setq-default}. | |
1618 | |
1619 When case sensitivity is toggled, all difference | |
1620 regions are recomputed. | |
1621 | |
1622 @node Highlighting Difference Regions, Narrowing, Selective Browsing, Customization | |
1623 @section Highlighting Difference Regions | |
1624 | |
1625 The following variables control the way Ediff highlights difference | |
1626 regions: | |
1627 | |
1628 @table @code | |
1629 @item ediff-before-flag-bol | |
1630 @itemx ediff-after-flag-eol | |
1631 @itemx ediff-before-flag-mol | |
1632 @itemx ediff-after-flag-mol | |
1633 @vindex ediff-before-flag-bol | |
1634 @vindex ediff-after-flag-eol | |
1635 @vindex ediff-before-flag-mol | |
1636 @vindex ediff-after-flag-mol | |
1637 These variables hold strings that Ediff uses to mark the beginning and the | |
1638 end of the differences found in files A, B, and C on devices where Emacs | |
1639 cannot display faces. Ediff uses different flags to highlight regions that | |
1640 begin/end at the beginning/end of a line or in a middle of a line. | |
1641 | |
1642 @item ediff-current-diff-face-A | |
1643 @itemx ediff-current-diff-face-B | |
1644 @itemx ediff-current-diff-face-C | |
1645 @vindex ediff-current-diff-face-A | |
1646 @vindex ediff-current-diff-face-B | |
1647 @vindex ediff-current-diff-face-C | |
1648 Ediff uses these faces to highlight current differences on devices where | |
1649 Emacs can display faces. These and subsequently described faces can be set | |
1650 either in @file{.emacs} or in @file{.Xdefaults}. The X resource for Ediff | |
1651 is @samp{Ediff}, @emph{not} @samp{emacs}. Please refer to Emacs manual for | |
1652 the information on how to set X resources. | |
1653 @item ediff-fine-diff-face-A | |
1654 @itemx ediff-fine-diff-face-B | |
1655 @itemx ediff-fine-diff-face-C | |
1656 @vindex ediff-fine-diff-face-A | |
1657 @vindex ediff-fine-diff-face-B | |
1658 @vindex ediff-fine-diff-face-C | |
1659 Ediff uses these faces to show the fine differences between the current | |
1660 differences regions in buffers A, B, and C, respectively. | |
1661 | |
1662 @item ediff-even-diff-face-A | |
1663 @itemx ediff-even-diff-face-B | |
1664 @itemx ediff-even-diff-face-C | |
1665 @itemx ediff-odd-diff-face-A | |
1666 @itemx ediff-odd-diff-face-B | |
1667 @itemx ediff-odd-diff-face-C | |
1668 @vindex ediff-even-diff-face-A | |
1669 @vindex ediff-even-diff-face-B | |
1670 @vindex ediff-even-diff-face-C | |
1671 @vindex ediff-odd-diff-face-A | |
1672 @vindex ediff-odd-diff-face-B | |
1673 @vindex ediff-odd-diff-face-C | |
1674 Non-current difference regions are displayed using these alternating | |
1675 faces. The odd and the even faces are actually identical on monochrome | |
1676 displays, because without colors options are limited. | |
1677 So, Ediff uses italics to highlight non-current differences. | |
1678 | |
1679 @item ediff-force-faces | |
1680 @vindex ediff-force-faces | |
1681 Ediff generally can detect when Emacs is running on a device where it can | |
1682 use highlighting with faces. However, if it fails to determine that faces | |
1683 can be used, the user can set this variable to @code{t} to make sure that | |
1684 Ediff uses faces to highlight differences. | |
1685 | |
1686 @item ediff-highlight-all-diffs | |
1687 @vindex ediff-highlight-all-diffs | |
1688 Indicates whether---on a windowing display---Ediff should highlight | |
1689 differences using inserted strings (as on text-only terminals) or using | |
1690 colors and highlighting. Normally, Ediff highlights all differences, but | |
1691 the selected difference is highlighted more visibly. One can cycle through | |
1692 various modes of highlighting by typing @kbd{h}. By default, Ediff starts | |
1693 in the mode where all difference regions are highlighted. If you prefer to | |
1694 start in the mode where unselected differences are not highlighted, you | |
1695 should set @code{ediff-highlight-all-diffs} to @code{nil}. Type @kbd{h} to | |
1696 restore highlighting for all differences. | |
1697 | |
1698 Ediff lets you switch between the two modes of highlighting. That is, | |
1699 you can switch interactively from highlighting using faces to | |
1700 highlighting using string flags, and back. Of course, switching has | |
1701 effect only under a windowing system. On a text-only terminal or in an | |
1702 xterm window, the only available option is highlighting with strings. | |
1703 @end table | |
1704 | |
1705 @noindent | |
1706 If you want to change the default settings for @code{ediff-force-faces} and | |
1707 @code{ediff-highlight-all-diffs}, you must do it @strong{before} Ediff is | |
1708 loaded. | |
1709 | |
1710 You can also change the defaults for the faces used to highlight the | |
1711 difference regions. There are two ways to do this. The simplest and the | |
1712 preferred way is to use the customization widget accessible from the | |
1713 menubar. Ediff's customization group is located under "Tools", which in | |
1714 turn is under "Programming". The faces that are used to highlight | |
1715 difference regions are located in the "Highlighting" subgroup of the Ediff | |
1716 customization group. | |
1717 | |
1718 The second, much more arcane, method to change default faces is to include | |
1719 some Lisp code in @file{~/.emacs}. For instance, | |
1720 | |
1721 @example | |
1722 (setq ediff-current-diff-face-A | |
1723 (copy-face 'bold-italic 'ediff-current-diff-face-A)) | |
1724 @end example | |
1725 | |
1726 @noindent | |
1727 would use the pre-defined face @code{bold-italic} to highlight the current | |
1728 difference region in buffer A (this face is not a good choice, by the way). | |
1729 | |
1730 If you are unhappy with just @emph{some} of the aspects of the default | |
1731 faces, you can modify them when Ediff is being loaded using | |
1732 @code{ediff-load-hook}. For instance: | |
1733 | |
1734 @smallexample | |
1735 (add-hook 'ediff-load-hook | |
1736 (lambda () | |
1737 (set-face-foreground | |
1738 ediff-current-diff-face-B "blue") | |
1739 (set-face-background | |
1740 ediff-current-diff-face-B "red") | |
1741 (make-face-italic | |
1742 ediff-current-diff-face-B))) | |
1743 @end smallexample | |
1744 | |
1745 @strong{Please note:} to set Ediff's faces, use only @code{copy-face} | |
1746 or @code{set/make-face-@dots{}} as shown above. Emacs' low-level | |
1747 face-manipulation functions should be avoided. | |
1748 | |
1749 @node Narrowing, Refinement of Difference Regions, Highlighting Difference Regions, Customization | |
1750 @section Narrowing | |
1751 | |
1752 If buffers being compared are narrowed at the time of invocation of | |
1753 Ediff, @code{ediff-buffers} will preserve the narrowing range. However, | |
1754 if @code{ediff-files} is invoked on the files visited by these buffers, | |
1755 that would widen the buffers, since this command is defined to compare the | |
1756 entire files. | |
1757 | |
1758 Calling @code{ediff-regions-linewise} or @code{ediff-windows-linewise}, or | |
1759 the corresponding @samp{-wordwise} commands, narrows the variants to the | |
1760 particular regions being compared. The original accessible ranges are | |
1761 restored when you quit Ediff. During the command, you can toggle this | |
1762 narrowing on and off with the @kbd{%} command. | |
1763 | |
1764 These two variables control this narrowing behavior: | |
1765 | |
1766 @table @code | |
1767 @item ediff-start-narrowed | |
1768 @vindex ediff-start-narrowed | |
1769 If @code{t}, Ediff narrows the display to the appropriate range when it | |
1770 is invoked with an @samp{ediff-regions@dots{}} or | |
1771 @samp{ediff-windows@dots{}} command. If @code{nil}, these commands do | |
1772 not automatically narrow, but you can still toggle narrowing on and off | |
1773 by typing @kbd{%}. | |
1774 | |
1775 @item ediff-quit-widened | |
1776 @vindex ediff-quit-widened | |
1777 Controls whether on quitting Ediff should restore the accessible range | |
1778 that existed before the current invocation. | |
1779 @end table | |
1780 | |
1781 @node Refinement of Difference Regions, Patch and Diff Programs, Narrowing, Customization | |
1782 @section Refinement of Difference Regions | |
1783 | |
1784 Ediff has variables to control the way fine differences are | |
1785 highlighted. This feature gives you control over the process of refinement. | |
1786 Note that refinement ignores spaces, tabs, and newlines. | |
1787 | |
1788 @table @code | |
1789 @item ediff-auto-refine | |
1790 @vindex ediff-auto-refine | |
1791 This variable controls whether fine differences within regions are | |
1792 highlighted automatically (``auto-refining''). The default is yes | |
1793 (@samp{on}). | |
1794 | |
1795 On a slow machine, automatic refinement may be painful. In that case, | |
1796 you can turn auto-refining on or off interactively by typing | |
1797 @kbd{@@}. You can also turn off display of refining that has | |
1798 already been done. | |
1799 | |
1800 When auto-refining is off, fine differences are shown only for regions | |
1801 for which these differences have been computed and saved before. If | |
1802 auto-refining and display of refining are both turned off, fine | |
1803 differences are not shown at all. | |
1804 | |
1805 Typing @kbd{*} computes and displays fine differences for the current | |
1806 difference region, regardless of whether auto-refining is turned on. | |
1807 | |
1808 @item ediff-auto-refine-limit | |
1809 @vindex ediff-auto-refine-limit | |
1810 If auto-refining is on, this variable limits the size of the regions to | |
1811 be auto-refined. This guards against the possible slowdown that may be | |
1812 caused by extraordinary large difference regions. | |
1813 | |
1814 You can always refine the current region by typing @kbd{*}. | |
1815 | |
1816 @item ediff-forward-word-function | |
1817 @vindex ediff-forward-word-function | |
1818 This variable controls how fine differences are computed. The | |
1819 value must be a Lisp function that determines how the current difference | |
1820 region should be split into words. | |
1821 | |
1822 @vindex ediff-diff-program | |
1823 @vindex ediff-forward-word-function | |
1824 @findex ediff-forward-word | |
1825 Fine differences are computed by first splitting the current difference | |
1826 region into words and then passing the result to | |
1827 @code{ediff-diff-program}. For the default forward word function (which is | |
1828 @code{ediff-forward-word}), a word is a string consisting of letters, | |
1829 @samp{-}, or @samp{_}; a string of punctuation symbols; a string of digits, | |
1830 or a string consisting of symbols that are neither space, nor a letter. | |
1831 | |
1832 This default behavior is controlled by four variables: @code{ediff-word-1}, | |
1833 ..., @code{ediff-word-4}. See the on-line documentation for these variables | |
1834 and for the function @code{ediff-forward-word} for an explanation of how to | |
1835 modify these variables. | |
1836 @vindex ediff-word-1 | |
1837 @vindex ediff-word-2 | |
1838 @vindex ediff-word-3 | |
1839 @vindex ediff-word-4 | |
1840 @end table | |
1841 | |
1842 Sometimes, when a region has too many differences between the variants, | |
1843 highlighting of fine differences is inconvenient, especially on | |
1844 color displays. If that is the case, type @kbd{*} with a negative | |
1845 prefix argument. This unhighlights fine differences for the current | |
1846 region. | |
1847 | |
1848 To unhighlight fine differences in all difference regions, use the | |
1849 command @kbd{@@}. Repeated typing of this key cycles through three | |
1850 different states: auto-refining, no-auto-refining, and no-highlighting | |
1851 of fine differences. | |
1852 | |
1853 @node Patch and Diff Programs, Merging and diff3, Refinement of Difference Regions, Customization | |
1854 @section Patch and Diff Programs | |
1855 | |
1856 This section describes variables that specify the programs to be used for | |
1857 applying patches and for computing the main difference regions (not the | |
1858 fine difference regions): | |
1859 | |
1860 @table @code | |
1861 @item ediff-diff-program | |
1862 @itemx ediff-diff3-program | |
1863 @vindex ediff-patch-program | |
1864 @vindex ediff-diff-program | |
1865 @vindex ediff-diff3-program | |
1866 These variables specify the programs to use to produce differences | |
1867 and do patching. | |
1868 | |
1869 @item ediff-diff-options | |
1870 @itemx ediff-diff3-options | |
1871 @vindex ediff-patch-options | |
1872 @vindex ediff-diff-options | |
1873 @vindex ediff-diff3-options | |
1874 These variables specify the options to pass to the above utilities. | |
1875 | |
1876 In @code{ediff-diff-options}, it may be useful to specify options | |
1877 such as @samp{-w} that ignore certain kinds of changes. However, | |
1878 Ediff does not let you use the option @samp{-c}, as it doesn't recognize this | |
1879 format yet. | |
1880 | |
1881 @item ediff-coding-system-for-read | |
1882 @vindex ediff-coding-system-for-read | |
1883 This variable specifies the coding system to use when reading the output | |
1884 that the programs @code{diff3} and @code{diff} send to Emacs. The default | |
1885 is @code{raw-text}, and this should work fine in Unix and in most | |
1886 cases under Windows NT/95/98/2000. There are @code{diff} programs | |
1887 for which the default option doesn't work under Windows. In such cases, | |
1888 @code{raw-text-dos} might work. If not, you will have to experiment with | |
1889 other coding systems or use GNU diff. | |
1890 | |
1891 @item ediff-patch-program | |
1892 The program to use to apply patches. Since there are certain | |
1893 incompatibilities between the different versions of the patch program, the | |
1894 best way to stay out of trouble is to use a GNU-compatible version. | |
1895 Otherwise, you may have to tune the values of the variables | |
1896 @code{ediff-patch-options}, @code{ediff-backup-specs}, and | |
1897 @code{ediff-backup-extension} as described below. | |
1898 @item ediff-patch-options | |
1899 Options to pass to @code{ediff-patch-program}. | |
1900 | |
1901 Note: the `-b' and `-z' options should be specified in | |
1902 `ediff-backup-specs', not in @code{ediff-patch-options}. | |
1903 | |
1904 It is recommended to pass the `-f' option to the patch program, so it won't | |
1905 ask questions. However, some implementations don't accept this option, in | |
1906 which case the default value of this variable should be changed. | |
1907 | |
1908 @item ediff-backup-extension | |
1909 Backup extension used by the patch program. Must be specified, even if | |
1910 @code{ediff-backup-specs} is given. | |
1911 @item ediff-backup-specs | |
1912 Backup directives to pass to the patch program. | |
1913 Ediff requires that the old version of the file (before applying the patch) | |
1914 is saved in a file named @file{the-patch-file.extension}. Usually | |
1915 `extension' is `.orig', but this can be changed by the user, and may also be | |
1916 system-dependent. Therefore, Ediff needs to know the backup extension used | |
1917 by the patch program. | |
1918 | |
1919 Some versions of the patch program let the user specify `-b backup-extension'. | |
1920 Other versions only permit `-b', which (usually) assumes the extension `.orig'. | |
1921 Yet others force you to use `-z<backup-extension>'. | |
1922 | |
1923 Note that both `ediff-backup-extension' and `ediff-backup-specs' must be | |
1924 properly set. If your patch program takes the option `-b', but not | |
1925 `-b extension', the variable `ediff-backup-extension' must still | |
1926 be set so Ediff will know which extension to use. | |
1927 | |
1928 @item ediff-custom-diff-program | |
1929 @itemx ediff-custom-diff-options | |
1930 @vindex ediff-custom-diff-program | |
1931 @vindex ediff-custom-diff-options | |
1932 @findex ediff-save-buffer | |
1933 Because Ediff limits the options you may want to pass to the @code{diff} | |
1934 program, it partially makes up for this drawback by letting you save the | |
1935 output from @code{diff} in your preferred format, which is specified via | |
1936 the above two variables. | |
1937 | |
1938 The output generated by @code{ediff-custom-diff-program} (which doesn't | |
1939 even have to be a standard-style @code{diff}!)@: is not used by Ediff. It is | |
1940 provided exclusively so that you can | |
1941 refer to | |
1942 it later, send it over email, etc. For instance, after reviewing the | |
1943 differences, you may want to send context differences to a colleague. | |
1944 Since Ediff ignores the @samp{-c} option in | |
1945 @code{ediff-diff-program}, you would have to run @code{diff -c} separately | |
1946 just to produce the list of differences. Fortunately, | |
1947 @code{ediff-custom-diff-program} and @code{ediff-custom-diff-options} | |
1948 eliminate this nuisance by keeping a copy of a difference list in the | |
1949 desired format in a buffer that can be displayed via the command @kbd{D}. | |
1950 | |
1951 @item ediff-patch-default-directory | |
1952 @vindex ediff-patch-default-directory | |
1953 Specifies the default directory to look for patches. | |
1954 | |
1955 @end table | |
1956 | |
1957 @noindent | |
1958 @strong{Warning:} Ediff does not support the output format of VMS | |
1959 @code{diff}. Instead, make sure you are using some implementation of POSIX | |
1960 @code{diff}, such as @code{gnudiff}. | |
1961 | |
1962 @node Merging and diff3, Support for Version Control, Patch and Diff Programs, Customization | |
1963 @section Merging and diff3 | |
1964 | |
1965 Ediff supports three-way comparison via the functions @code{ediff-files3} and | |
1966 @code{ediff-buffers3}. The interface is the same as for two-way comparison. | |
1967 In three-way comparison and merging, Ediff reports if any two difference | |
1968 regions are identical. For instance, if the current region in buffer A | |
1969 is the same as the region in buffer C, then the mode line of buffer A will | |
1970 display @samp{[=diff(C)]} and the mode line of buffer C will display | |
1971 @samp{[=diff(A)]}. | |
1972 | |
1973 Merging is done according to the following algorithm. | |
1974 | |
1975 If a difference region in one of the buffers, say B, differs from the ancestor | |
1976 file while the region in the other buffer, A, doesn't, then the merge buffer, | |
1977 C, gets B's region. Similarly when buffer A's region differs from | |
1978 the ancestor and B's doesn't, A's region is used. | |
1979 | |
1980 @vindex ediff-default-variant | |
1981 If both regions in buffers A and B differ from the ancestor file, Ediff | |
1982 chooses the region according to the value of the variable | |
1983 @code{ediff-default-variant}. If its value is @code{default-A} then A's | |
1984 region is chosen. If it is @code{default-B} then B's region is chosen. | |
1985 If it is @code{combined} then the region in buffer C will look like | |
1986 this: | |
1987 | |
1988 @comment Use @set to avoid triggering merge conflict detectors like CVS. | |
1989 @set seven-left <<<<<<< | |
1990 @set seven-right >>>>>>> | |
1991 @example | |
1992 @value{seven-left} variant A | |
1993 the difference region from buffer A | |
1994 @value{seven-right} variant B | |
1995 the difference region from buffer B | |
1996 ####### Ancestor | |
1997 the difference region from the ancestor buffer, if available | |
1998 ======= end | |
1999 @end example | |
2000 | |
2001 The above is the default template for the combined region. The user can | |
2002 customize this template using the variable | |
2003 @code{ediff-combination-pattern}. | |
2004 | |
2005 @vindex ediff-combination-pattern | |
2006 The variable @code{ediff-combination-pattern} specifies the template that | |
2007 determines how the combined merged region looks like. The template is | |
2008 represented as a list of the form @code{(STRING1 Symbol1 STRING2 Symbol2 | |
2009 STRING3 Symbol3 STRING4)}. The symbols here must be atoms of the form | |
2010 @code{A}, @code{B}, or @code{Ancestor}. They determine the order in which | |
2011 the corresponding difference regions (from buffers A, B, and the ancestor | |
2012 buffer) are displayed in the merged region of buffer C. The strings in the | |
2013 template determine the text that separates the aforesaid regions. The | |
2014 default template is | |
2015 | |
2016 @smallexample | |
2017 ("@value{seven-left} variant A" A "@value{seven-right} variant B" B | |
2018 "####### Ancestor" Ancestor "======= end") | |
2019 @end smallexample | |
2020 | |
2021 @noindent | |
2022 (this is one long line) and the corresponding combined region is shown | |
2023 above. The order in which the regions are shown (and the separator | |
2024 strings) can be changed by changing the above template. It is even | |
2025 possible to add or delete region specifiers in this template (although | |
2026 the only possibly useful such modification seems to be the deletion of | |
2027 the ancestor). | |
2028 | |
2029 In addition to the state of the difference, Ediff displays the state of the | |
2030 merge for each region. If a difference came from buffer A by default | |
2031 (because both regions A and B were different from the ancestor and | |
2032 @code{ediff-default-variant} was set to @code{default-A}) then | |
2033 @samp{[=diff(A) default-A]} is displayed in the mode line. If the | |
2034 difference in buffer C came, say, from buffer B because the difference | |
2035 region in that buffer differs from the ancestor, but the region in buffer A | |
2036 does not (if merging with an ancestor) then @samp{[=diff(B) prefer-B]} is | |
2037 displayed. The indicators default-A/B and prefer-A/B are inspired by | |
2038 Emerge and have the same meaning. | |
2039 | |
2040 Another indicator of the state of merge is @samp{combined}. It appears | |
2041 with any difference region in buffer C that was obtained by combining | |
2042 the difference regions in buffers A and B as explained above. | |
2043 | |
2044 In addition to the state of merge and state of difference indicators, while | |
2045 merging with an ancestor file or buffer, Ediff informs the user when the | |
2046 current difference region in the (normally invisible) ancestor buffer is | |
2047 empty via the @emph{AncestorEmpty} indicator. This helps determine if the | |
2048 changes made to the original in variants A and B represent pure insertion | |
2049 or deletion of text: if the mode line shows @emph{AncestorEmpty} and the | |
2050 corresponding region in buffers A or B is not empty, this means that new | |
2051 text was inserted. If this indicator is not present and the difference | |
2052 regions in buffers A or B are non-empty, this means that text was | |
2053 modified. Otherwise, the original text was deleted. | |
2054 | |
2055 Although the ancestor buffer is normally invisible, Ediff maintains | |
2056 difference regions there and advances the current difference region | |
2057 accordingly. All highlighting of difference regions is provided in the | |
2058 ancestor buffer, except for the fine differences. Therefore, if desired, the | |
2059 user can put the ancestor buffer in a separate frame and watch it | |
2060 there. However, on a TTY, only one frame can be visible at any given time, | |
2061 and Ediff doesn't support any single-frame window configuration where all | |
2062 buffers, including the ancestor buffer, would be visible. However, the | |
2063 ancestor buffer can be displayed by typing @kbd{/} to the control | |
2064 window. (Type @kbd{C-l} to hide it again.) | |
2065 | |
2066 Note that the state-of-difference indicators @samp{=diff(A)} and | |
2067 @samp{=diff(B)} above are not redundant, even in the presence of a | |
2068 state-of-merge indicator. In fact, the two serve different purposes. | |
2069 | |
2070 For instance, if the mode line displays @samp{=diff(B) prefer(B)} and | |
2071 you copy a difference region from buffer A to buffer C then | |
2072 @samp{=diff(B)} will change to @samp{diff-A} and the mode line will | |
2073 display @samp{=diff(A) prefer-B}. This indicates that the difference | |
2074 region in buffer C is identical to that in buffer A, but originally | |
2075 buffer C's region came from buffer B. This is useful to know because | |
2076 you can recover the original difference region in buffer C by typing | |
2077 @kbd{r}. | |
2078 | |
2079 | |
2080 Ediff never changes the state-of-merge indicator, except in response to | |
2081 the @kbd{!} command (see below), in which case the indicator is lost. | |
2082 On the other hand, the state-of-difference indicator is changed | |
2083 automatically by the copying/recovery commands, @kbd{a}, @kbd{b}, @kbd{r}, | |
2084 @kbd{+}. | |
2085 | |
2086 The @kbd{!} command loses the information about origins of the regions | |
2087 in the merge buffer (default-A, prefer-B, or combined). This is because | |
2088 recomputing differences in this case means running @code{diff3} on | |
2089 buffers A, B, and the merge buffer, not on the ancestor buffer. (It | |
2090 makes no sense to recompute differences using the ancestor file, since | |
2091 in the merging mode Ediff assumes that you have not edited buffers A and | |
2092 B, but that you may have edited buffer C, and these changes are to be | |
2093 preserved.) Since some difference regions may disappear as a result of | |
2094 editing buffer C and others may arise, there is generally no simple way | |
2095 to tell where the various regions in the merge buffer came from. | |
2096 | |
2097 In three-way comparison, Ediff tries to disregard regions that consist | |
2098 entirely of white space. For instance, if, say, the current region in | |
2099 buffer A consists of the white space only (or if it is empty), Ediff will | |
2100 not take it into account for the purpose of computing fine differences. The | |
2101 result is that Ediff can provide a better visual information regarding the | |
2102 actual fine differences in the non-white regions in buffers B and | |
2103 C. Moreover, if the regions in buffers B and C differ in the white space | |
2104 only, then a message to this effect will be displayed. | |
2105 | |
2106 @vindex ediff-merge-window-share | |
2107 In the merge mode, the share of the split between window C (the window | |
2108 displaying the merge-buffer) and the windows displaying buffers A and B | |
2109 is controlled by the variable @code{ediff-merge-window-share}. Its | |
2110 default value is 0.5. To make the merge-buffer window smaller, reduce | |
2111 this amount. | |
2112 | |
2113 We don't recommend increasing the size of the merge-window to more than | |
2114 half the frame (i.e., to increase the value of | |
2115 @code{ediff-merge-window-share}) to more than 0.5, since it would be | |
2116 hard to see the contents of buffers A and B. | |
2117 | |
2118 You can temporarily shrink the merge window to just one line by | |
2119 typing @kbd{s}. This change is temporary, until Ediff finds a reason to | |
2120 redraw the screen. Typing @kbd{s} again restores the original window size. | |
2121 | |
2122 With a positive prefix argument, the @kbd{s} command will make the merge | |
2123 window slightly taller. This change is persistent. With `@kbd{-}' or | |
2124 with a negative prefix argument, the command @kbd{s} makes the merge | |
2125 window slightly shorter. This change also persistent. | |
2126 | |
2127 @vindex ediff-show-clashes-only | |
2128 Ediff lets you automatically ignore the regions where only one of the | |
2129 buffers A and B disagrees with the ancestor. To do this, set the | |
2130 variable @code{ediff-show-clashes-only} to non-@code{nil}. | |
2131 | |
2132 You can toggle this feature interactively by typing @kbd{$$}. | |
2133 | |
2134 Note that this variable affects only the show next/previous difference | |
2135 commands. You can still jump directly to any difference region directly | |
2136 using the command @kbd{j} (with a prefix argument specifying the difference | |
2137 number). | |
2138 | |
2139 @vindex ediff-autostore-merges | |
2140 @vindex ediff-quit-merge-hook | |
2141 @findex ediff-maybe-save-and-delete-merge | |
2142 The variable @code{ediff-autostore-merges} controls what happens to the | |
2143 merge buffer when Ediff quits. If the value is @code{nil}, nothing is done | |
2144 to the merge buffer---it will be the user's responsibility to save it. | |
2145 If the value is @code{t}, the user will be asked where to save the buffer | |
2146 and whether to delete it afterwards. It the value is neither @code{nil} nor | |
2147 @code{t}, the merge buffer is saved @emph{only} if this merge session was | |
2148 invoked from a group of related Ediff session, such as those that result | |
2149 from @code{ediff-merge-directories}, | |
2150 @code{ediff-merge-directory-revisions}, etc. | |
2151 @xref{Session Groups}. This behavior is implemented in the function | |
2152 @code{ediff-maybe-save-and-delete-merge}, which is a hook in | |
2153 @code{ediff-quit-merge-hook}. The user can supply a different hook, if | |
2154 necessary. | |
2155 | |
2156 The variable @code{ediff-autostore-merges} is buffer-local, so it can be | |
2157 set in a per-buffer manner. Therefore, use @code{setq-default} to globally | |
2158 change this variable. | |
2159 | |
2160 @vindex ediff-merge-filename-prefix | |
2161 When merge buffers are saved automatically as directed by | |
2162 @code{ediff-autostore-merges}, Ediff attaches a prefix to each file, as | |
2163 specified by the variable @code{ediff-merge-filename-prefix}. The default | |
2164 is @code{merge_}, but this can be changed by the user. | |
2165 | |
2166 @node Support for Version Control, Customizing the Mode Line, Merging and diff3, Customization | |
2167 @section Support for Version Control | |
2168 | |
2169 | |
2170 Ediff supports version control and lets you compare versions of files | |
2171 visited by Emacs buffers via the function @code{ediff-revision}. This | |
2172 feature is controlled by the following variables: | |
2173 | |
2174 @table @code | |
2175 @item ediff-version-control-package | |
2176 @vindex ediff-version-control-package | |
2177 A symbol. The default is @samp{vc}. | |
2178 | |
2179 If you are like most Emacs users, Ediff will use VC as the version control | |
2180 package. This is the standard Emacs interface to RCS, CVS, and SCCS. | |
2181 | |
2182 However, if your needs are better served by other interfaces, you will | |
2183 have to tell Ediff which version control package you are using, e.g., | |
2184 @example | |
2185 (setq ediff-version-control-package 'rcs) | |
2186 @end example | |
2187 | |
2188 Apart from the standard @file{vc.el}, Ediff supports three other interfaces | |
2189 to version control: @file{rcs.el}, @file{pcl-cvs.el} (recently renamed | |
2190 pcvs.el), and @file{generic-sc.el}. The package @file{rcs.el} is written | |
2191 by Sebastian Kremer <sk@@thp.Uni-Koeln.DE> and is available as | |
2192 @example | |
2193 @file{ftp.cs.buffalo.edu:pub/Emacs/rcs.tar.Z} | |
2194 @file{ftp.uni-koeln.de:/pub/gnu/emacs/rcs.tar.Z} | |
2195 @end example | |
2196 @pindex @file{vc.el} | |
2197 @pindex @file{rcs.el} | |
2198 @pindex @file{pcl-cvs.el} | |
2199 @pindex @file{generic-sc.el} | |
2200 @end table | |
2201 | |
2202 Ediff's interface to the above packages allows the user to compare the | |
2203 versions of the current buffer or to merge them (with or without an | |
2204 ancestor-version). These operations can also be performed on directories | |
2205 containing files under version control. | |
2206 | |
2207 In case of @file{pcl-cvs.el}, Ediff can also be invoked via the function | |
2208 @code{run-ediff-from-cvs-buffer}---see the documentation string for this | |
2209 function. | |
2210 | |
2211 @node Customizing the Mode Line, Miscellaneous, Support for Version Control, Customization | |
2212 @section Customizing the Mode Line | |
2213 | |
2214 When Ediff is running, the mode line of @samp{Ediff Control Panel} | |
2215 buffer shows the current difference number and the total number of | |
2216 difference regions in the two files. | |
2217 | |
2218 The mode line of the buffers being compared displays the type of the | |
2219 buffer (@samp{A:}, @samp{B:}, or @samp{C:}) and (usually) the file name. | |
2220 Ediff tries to be intelligent in choosing the mode line buffer | |
2221 identification. In particular, it works well with the | |
2222 @file{uniquify.el} and @file{mode-line.el} packages (which improve on | |
2223 the default way in which Emacs displays buffer identification). If you | |
2224 don't like the way Ediff changes the mode line, you can use | |
2225 @code{ediff-prepare-buffer-hook} to modify the mode line. | |
2226 @vindex ediff-prepare-buffer-hook | |
2227 @pindex @file{uniquify.el} | |
2228 @pindex @file{mode-line.el} | |
2229 | |
2230 @node Miscellaneous, Notes on Heavy-duty Customization, Customizing the Mode Line, Customization | |
2231 @section Miscellaneous | |
2232 | |
2233 Here are a few other variables for customizing Ediff: | |
2234 | |
2235 @table @code | |
2236 @item ediff-split-window-function | |
2237 @vindex ediff-split-window-function | |
2238 Controls the way you want the window be split between file-A and file-B | |
2239 (and file-C, if applicable). It defaults to the vertical split | |
2240 (@code{split-window-vertically}, but you can set it to | |
2241 @code{split-window-horizontally}, if you so wish. | |
2242 Ediff also lets you switch from vertical to horizontal split and back | |
2243 interactively. | |
2244 | |
2245 Note that if Ediff detects that all the buffers it compares are displayed in | |
2246 separate frames, it assumes that the user wants them to be so displayed | |
2247 and stops splitting windows. Instead, it arranges for each buffer to | |
2248 be displayed in a separate frame. You can switch to the one-frame mode | |
2249 by hiding one of the buffers A/B/C. | |
2250 | |
2251 You can also swap the windows where buffers are displayed by typing | |
2252 @kbd{~}. | |
2253 | |
2254 @item ediff-merge-split-window-function | |
2255 @vindex ediff-merge-split-window-function | |
2256 Controls how windows are | |
2257 split between buffers A and B in the merge mode. | |
2258 This variable is like @code{ediff-split-window-function}, but it defaults | |
2259 to @code{split-window-horizontally} instead of | |
2260 @code{split-window-vertically}. | |
2261 | |
2262 @item ediff-make-wide-display-function | |
2263 @vindex ediff-make-wide-display-function | |
2264 The value is a function to be called to widen the frame for displaying | |
2265 the Ediff buffers. See the on-line documentation for | |
2266 @code{ediff-make-wide-display-function} for details. It is also | |
2267 recommended to look into the source of the default function | |
2268 @code{ediff-make-wide-display}. | |
2269 | |
2270 You can toggle wide/regular display by typing @kbd{m}. In the wide | |
2271 display mode, buffers A, B (and C, when applicable) are displayed in a | |
2272 single frame that is as wide as the entire workstation screen. This is | |
2273 useful when files are compared side-by-side. By default, the display is | |
2274 widened without changing its height. | |
2275 | |
2276 @item ediff-use-last-dir | |
2277 @vindex ediff-use-last-dir | |
2278 Controls the way Ediff presents the | |
2279 default directory when it prompts the user for files to compare. If | |
2280 @code{nil}, | |
2281 Ediff uses the default directory of the current buffer when it | |
2282 prompts the user for file names. Otherwise, it will use the | |
2283 directories it had previously used for files A, B, or C, respectively. | |
2284 | |
2285 @item ediff-no-emacs-help-in-control-buffer | |
2286 @vindex ediff-no-emacs-help-in-control-buffer | |
2287 If @code{t}, makes @kbd{C-h} | |
2288 behave like the @key{DEL} key, i.e., it will move you back to the previous | |
2289 difference rather than invoking help. This is useful when, in an xterm | |
2290 window or a text-only terminal, the Backspace key is bound to @kbd{C-h} and is | |
2291 positioned more conveniently than the @key{DEL} key. | |
2292 | |
2293 @item ediff-toggle-read-only-function | |
2294 @vindex ediff-toggle-read-only-function | |
2295 This variable's value is a function that Ediff uses to toggle | |
2296 the read-only property in its buffers. | |
2297 | |
2298 The default function that Ediff uses simply toggles the read-only property, | |
2299 unless the file is under version control. For a checked-in file under | |
2300 version control, Ediff first tries to check the file out. | |
2301 | |
2302 @item ediff-make-buffers-readonly-at-startup nil | |
2303 @vindex ediff-make-buffers-readonly-at-startup | |
2304 If @code{t}, all variant buffers are made read-only at Ediff startup. | |
2305 | |
2306 @item ediff-keep-variants | |
2307 @vindex @code{ediff-keep-variants} | |
2308 The default is @code{t}, meaning that the buffers being compared or merged will | |
2309 be preserved when Ediff quits. Setting this to @code{nil} causes Ediff to | |
2310 offer the user a chance to delete these buffers (if they are not modified). | |
2311 Supplying a prefix argument to the quit command (@code{q}) temporarily | |
2312 reverses the meaning of this variable. This is convenient when the user | |
2313 prefers one of the behaviors most of the time, but occasionally needs the | |
2314 other behavior. | |
2315 | |
2316 However, Ediff temporarily resets this variable to @code{t} if it is | |
2317 invoked via one of the "buffer" jobs, such as @code{ediff-buffers}. | |
2318 This is because it is all too easy to loose day's work otherwise. | |
2319 Besides, in a "buffer" job, the variant buffers have already been loaded | |
2320 prior to starting Ediff, so Ediff just preserves status quo here. | |
2321 | |
2322 Using @code{ediff-cleanup-hook}, one can make Ediff delete the variants | |
2323 unconditionally (e.g., by making @code{ediff-janitor} into one of these hooks). | |
2324 | |
2325 @item ediff-keep-tmp-versions | |
2326 @vindex @code{ediff-keep-tmp-versions} | |
2327 Default is @code{nil}. If @code{t}, the versions of the files being | |
2328 compared or merged using operations such as @code{ediff-revision} or | |
2329 @code{ediff-merge-revisions} are not deleted on exit. The normal action is | |
2330 to clean up and delete these version files. | |
2331 | |
2332 @item ediff-grab-mouse | |
2333 @vindex @code{ediff-grab-mouse} | |
2334 Default is @code{t}. Normally, Ediff grabs mouse and puts it in its | |
2335 control frame. This is useful since the user can be sure that when he | |
2336 needs to type an Ediff command the focus will be in an appropriate Ediff's | |
2337 frame. However, some users prefer to move the mouse by themselves. The | |
2338 above variable, if set to @code{maybe}, will prevent Ediff from grabbing | |
2339 the mouse in many situations, usually after commands that may take more | |
2340 time than usual. In other situation, Ediff will continue grabbing the mouse | |
2341 and putting it where it believes is appropriate. If the value is | |
2342 @code{nil}, then mouse is entirely user's responsibility. | |
2343 Try different settings and see which one is for you. | |
2344 @end table | |
2345 | |
2346 | |
2347 @node Notes on Heavy-duty Customization, , Miscellaneous, Customization | |
2348 @section Notes on Heavy-duty Customization | |
2349 | |
2350 Some users need to customize Ediff in rather sophisticated ways, which | |
2351 requires different defaults for different kinds of files (e.g., SGML, | |
2352 etc.). Ediff supports this kind of customization in several ways. First, | |
2353 most customization variables are buffer-local. Those that aren't are | |
2354 usually accessible from within Ediff Control Panel, so one can make them | |
2355 local to the panel by calling make-local-variable from within | |
2356 @code{ediff-startup-hook}. | |
2357 | |
2358 Second, the function @code{ediff-setup} accepts an optional sixth | |
2359 argument which has the form @code{((@var{var-name-1} .@: @var{val-1}) | |
2360 (@var{var-name-2} .@: @var{val-2}) @dots{})}. The function | |
2361 @code{ediff-setup} sets the variables in the list to the respective | |
2362 values, locally in the Ediff control buffer. This is an easy way to | |
2363 throw in custom variables (which usually should be buffer-local) that | |
2364 can then be tested in various hooks. | |
2365 | |
2366 Make sure the variable @code{ediff-job-name} and @code{ediff-word-mode} are set | |
2367 properly in this case, as some things in Ediff depend on this. | |
2368 | |
2369 Finally, if you want custom-tailored help messages, you can set the | |
2370 variables @code{ediff-brief-help-message-function} and | |
2371 @code{ediff-long-help-message-function} | |
2372 to functions that return help strings. | |
2373 @vindex ediff-startup-hook | |
2374 @findex ediff-setup | |
2375 @vindex ediff-job-name | |
2376 @vindex ediff-word-mode | |
2377 @vindex ediff-brief-help-message-function | |
2378 @vindex ediff-long-help-message-function | |
2379 | |
2380 When customizing Ediff, some other variables are useful, although they are | |
2381 not user-definable. They are local to the Ediff control buffer, so this | |
2382 buffer must be current when you access these variables. The control buffer | |
2383 is accessible via the variable @code{ediff-control-buffer}, which is also | |
2384 local to that buffer. It is usually used for checking if the current buffer | |
2385 is also the control buffer. | |
2386 | |
2387 Other variables of interest are: | |
2388 @table @code | |
2389 @item ediff-buffer-A | |
2390 The first of the data buffers being compared. | |
2391 | |
2392 @item ediff-buffer-B | |
2393 The second of the data buffers being compared. | |
2394 | |
2395 @item ediff-buffer-C | |
2396 In three-way comparisons, this is the third buffer being compared. | |
2397 In merging, this is the merge buffer. | |
2398 In two-way comparison, this variable is @code{nil}. | |
2399 | |
2400 @item ediff-window-A | |
2401 The window displaying buffer A. If buffer A is not visible, this variable | |
2402 is @code{nil} or it may be a dead window. | |
2403 | |
2404 @item ediff-window-B | |
2405 The window displaying buffer B. | |
2406 | |
2407 @item ediff-window-C | |
2408 The window displaying buffer C, if any. | |
2409 | |
2410 @item ediff-control-frame | |
2411 A dedicated frame displaying the control buffer, if it exists. It is | |
2412 non-@code{nil} only if Ediff uses the multiframe display, i.e., when | |
2413 the control buffer is in its own frame. | |
2414 @end table | |
2415 | |
2416 @node Credits, GNU Free Documentation License, Customization, Top | |
2417 @chapter Credits | |
2418 | |
2419 Ediff was written by Michael Kifer <kifer@@cs.stonybrook.edu>. It was inspired | |
2420 by emerge.el written by Dale R.@: Worley <drw@@math.mit.edu>. An idea due to | |
2421 Boris Goldowsky <boris@@cs.rochester.edu> made it possible to highlight | |
2422 fine differences in Ediff buffers. Alastair Burt <burt@@dfki.uni-kl.de> | |
2423 ported Ediff to XEmacs, Eric Freudenthal <freudent@@jan.ultra.nyu.edu> | |
2424 made it work with VC, Marc Paquette <marcpa@@cam.org> wrote the | |
2425 toolbar support package for Ediff, and Hrvoje Niksic <hniksic@@xemacs.org> | |
2426 adapted it to the Emacs customization package. | |
2427 | |
2428 Many people provided help with bug reports, feature suggestions, and advice. | |
2429 Without them, Ediff would not be nearly as useful as it is today. | |
2430 Here is a hopefully full list of contributors: | |
2431 | |
2432 @example | |
104278
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2433 Adrian Aichner (aichner at ecf.teradyne.com), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2434 Drew Adams (drew.adams at oracle.com), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2435 Steve Baur (steve at xemacs.org), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2436 Neal Becker (neal at ctd.comsat.com), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2437 E.@: Jay Berkenbilt (ejb at ql.org), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2438 Lennart Borgman (ennart.borgman at gmail.com) |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2439 Alastair Burt (burt at dfki.uni-kl.de), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2440 Paul Bibilo (peb at delcam.co.uk), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2441 Kevin Broadey (KevinB at bartley.demon.co.uk), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2442 Harald Boegeholz (hwb at machnix.mathematik.uni-stuttgart.de), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2443 Bradley A.@: Bosch (brad at lachman.com), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2444 Michael D.@: Carney (carney at ltx-tr.com), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2445 Jin S.@: Choi (jin at atype.com), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2446 Scott Cummings (cummings at adc.com), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2447 Albert Dvornik (bert at mit.edu), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2448 Eric Eide (eeide at asylum.cs.utah.edu), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2449 Paul Eggert (eggert at twinsun.com), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2450 Urban Engberg (ue at cci.dk), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2451 Kevin Esler (esler at ch.hp.com), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2452 Robert Estes (estes at ece.ucdavis.edu), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2453 Jay Finger (jayf at microsoft.com), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2454 Xavier Fornari (xavier at europe.cma.fr), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2455 Eric Freudenthal (freudent at jan.ultra.nyu.edu), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2456 Job Ganzevoort (Job.Ganzevoort at cwi.nl), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2457 Felix Heinrich Gatzemeier (felix.g at tzemeier.info), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2458 Boris Goldowsky (boris at cs.rochester.edu), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2459 Allan Gottlieb (gottlieb at allan.ultra.nyu.edu), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2460 Aaron Gross (aaron at bfr.co.il), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2461 Thorbjoern Hansen (thorbjoern.hansen at mchp.siemens.de), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2462 Marcus Harnisch (marcus_harnisch at mint-tech.com), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2463 Steven E. Harris (seh at panix.com), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2464 Aaron S. Hawley (Aaron.Hawley at uvm.edu), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2465 Xiaoli Huang (hxl at epic.com), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2466 Andreas Jaeger (aj at suse.de), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2467 Lars Magne Ingebrigtsen (larsi at ifi.uio.no), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2468 Larry Gouge (larry at itginc.com), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2469 Karl Heuer (kwzh at gnu.org), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2470 (irvine at lks.csi.com), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2471 (jaffe at chipmunk.cita.utoronto.ca), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2472 David Karr (dkarr at nmo.gtegsc.com), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2473 Norbert Kiesel (norbert at i3.informatik.rwth-aachen.de), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2474 Steffen Kilb (skilb at gmx.net), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2475 Leigh L Klotz (klotz at adoc.xerox.com), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2476 Fritz Knabe (Fritz.Knabe at ecrc.de), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2477 Heinz Knutzen (hk at informatik.uni-kiel.d400.de), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2478 Andrew Koenig (ark at research.att.com), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2479 Hannu Koivisto (azure at iki.fi), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2480 Ken Laprade (laprade at dw3f.ess.harris.com), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2481 Will C Lauer (wcl at cadre.com), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2482 Richard Levitte (levitte at e.kth.se), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2483 Mike Long (mike.long at analog.com), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2484 Dave Love (d.love at dl.ac.uk), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2485 Martin Maechler (maechler at stat.math.ethz.ch), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2486 Simon Marshall (simon at gnu.org), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2487 Paul C. Meuse (pmeuse at delcomsys.com), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2488 Richard Mlynarik (mly at adoc.xerox.com), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2489 Stefan Monnier (monnier at cs.yale.edu), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2490 Chris Murphy (murphycm at sun.aston.ac.uk), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2491 Erik Naggum (erik at naggum.no), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2492 Eyvind Ness (Eyvind.Ness at hrp.no), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2493 Ray Nickson (nickson at cs.uq.oz.au), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2494 Dan Nicolaescu (dann at ics.uci.edu), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2495 David Petchey (petchey_david at jpmorgan.com), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2496 Benjamin Pierce (benjamin.pierce at cl.cam.ac.uk), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2497 Francois Pinard (pinard at iro.umontreal.ca), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2498 Tibor Polgar (tlp00 at spg.amdahl.com), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2499 David Prince (dave0d at fegs.co.uk), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2500 Paul Raines (raines at slac.stanford.edu), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2501 Stefan Reicher (xsteve at riic.at), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2502 Charles Rich (rich at merl.com), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2503 Bill Richter (richter at math.nwu.edu), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2504 C.S.@: Roberson (roberson at aur.alcatel.com), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2505 Kevin Rodgers (kevin.rodgers at ihs.com), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2506 Sandy Rutherford (sandy at ibm550.sissa.it), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2507 Heribert Schuetz (schuetz at ecrc.de), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2508 Andy Scott (ascott at pcocd2.intel.com), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2509 Axel Seibert (axel at tumbolia.ppp.informatik.uni-muenchen.de), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2510 Vin Shelton (acs at xemacs.org), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2511 Scott O. Sherman (Scott.Sherman at mci.com), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2512 Nikolaj Schumacher (n_schumacher at web.de), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2513 Richard Stallman (rms at gnu.org), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2514 Richard Stanton (stanton at haas.berkeley.edu), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2515 Sam Steingold (sds at goems.com), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2516 Ake Stenhoff (etxaksf at aom.ericsson.se), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2517 Stig (stig at hackvan.com), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2518 Peter Stout (Peter_Stout at cs.cmu.edu), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2519 Chuck Thompson (cthomp at cs.uiuc.edu), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2520 Ray Tomlinson (tomlinso at bbn.com), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2521 Raymond Toy (toy at rtp.ericsson.se), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2522 Stephen J. Turnbull (stephen at xemacs.org), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2523 Jan Vroonhof (vroonhof at math.ethz.ch), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2524 Colin Walters (walters at cis.ohio-state.edu), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2525 Philippe Waroquiers (philippe.waroquiers at eurocontrol.be), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2526 Klaus Weber (gizmo at zork.north.de), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2527 Ben Wing (ben at xemacs.org), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2528 Tom Wurgler (twurgler at goodyear.com), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2529 Steve Youngs (youngs at xemacs.org), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2530 Ilya Zakharevich (ilya at math.ohio-state.edu), |
25648648783d
2009-08-15 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
parents:
102953
diff
changeset
|
2531 Eli Zaretskii (eliz at is.elta.co.il) |
84291 | 2532 @end example |
2533 | |
2534 @node GNU Free Documentation License, Index, Credits, Top | |
2535 @appendix GNU Free Documentation License | |
2536 @include doclicense.texi | |
2537 | |
2538 | |
2539 @node Index, , GNU Free Documentation License, Top | |
2540 @unnumbered Index | |
2541 @printindex cp | |
2542 | |
2543 @bye | |
2544 | |
2545 @ignore | |
2546 arch-tag: 165ecb88-d03c-44b1-a921-b93f50b05b46 | |
2547 @end ignore |