36404
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 1 The GNU Project
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 2
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 3 by Richard Stallman
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 4
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 5 originally published in the book "Open Sources"
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 6
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 7 The first software-sharing community
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 8
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 9 When I started working at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab in 1971,
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 10 I became part of a software-sharing community that had existed for
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 11 many years. Sharing of software was not limited to our particular
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 12 community; it is as old as computers, just as sharing of recipes is as
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 13 old as cooking. But we did it more than most.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 14
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 15 The AI Lab used a timesharing operating system called ITS (the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 16 Incompatible Timesharing System) that the lab's staff hackers (1) had
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 17 designed and written in assembler language for the Digital PDP-10, one
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 18 of the large computers of the era. As a member of this community, an
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 19 AI lab staff system hacker, my job was to improve this system.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 20
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 21 We did not call our software "free software", because that term did
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 22 not yet exist; but that is what it was. Whenever people from another
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 23 university or a company wanted to port and use a program, we gladly
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 24 let them. If you saw someone using an unfamiliar and interesting
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 25 program, you could always ask to see the source code, so that you
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 26 could read it, change it, or cannibalize parts of it to make a new
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 27 program.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 28
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 29 (1) The use of "hacker" to mean "security breaker" is a confusion on
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 30 the part of the mass media. We hackers refuse to recognize that
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 31 meaning, and continue using the word to mean, "Someone who loves to
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 32 program and enjoys being clever about it."
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 33
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 34 The collapse of the community
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 35
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 36 The situation changed drastically in the early 1980s when Digital
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 37 discontinued the PDP-10 series. Its architecture, elegant and powerful
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 38 in the 60s, could not extend naturally to the larger address spaces
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 39 that were becoming feasible in the 80s. This meant that nearly all of
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 40 the programs composing ITS were obsolete.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 41
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 42 The AI lab hacker community had already collapsed, not long before. In
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 43 1981, the spin-off company Symbolics had hired away nearly all of the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 44 hackers from the AI lab, and the depopulated community was unable to
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 45 maintain itself. (The book Hackers, by Steve Levy, describes these
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 46 events, as well as giving a clear picture of this community in its
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 47 prime.) When the AI lab bought a new PDP-10 in 1982, its
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 48 administrators decided to use Digital's non-free timesharing system
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 49 instead of ITS.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 50
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 51 The modern computers of the era, such as the VAX or the 68020, had
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 52 their own operating systems, but none of them were free software: you
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 53 had to sign a nondisclosure agreement even to get an executable copy.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 54
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 55 This meant that the first step in using a computer was to promise not
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 56 to help your neighbor. A cooperating community was forbidden. The rule
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 57 made by the owners of proprietary software was, "If you share with
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 58 your neighbor, you are a pirate. If you want any changes, beg us to
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 59 make them."
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 60
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 61 The idea that the proprietary software social system--the system that
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 62 says you are not allowed to share or change software--is antisocial,
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 63 that it is unethical, that it is simply wrong, may come as a surprise
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 64 to some readers. But what else could we say about a system based on
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 65 dividing the public and keeping users helpless? Readers who find the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 66 idea surprising may have taken proprietary social system as given, or
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 67 judged it on the terms suggested by proprietary software businesses.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 68 Software publishers have worked long and hard to convince people that
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 69 there is only one way to look at the issue.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 70
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 71 When software publishers talk about "enforcing" their "rights" or
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 72 "stopping piracy", what they actually *say* is secondary. The real
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 73 message of these statements is in the unstated assumptions they take
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 74 for granted; the public is supposed to accept them uncritically. So
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 75 let's examine them.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 76
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 77 One assumption is that software companies have an unquestionable
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 78 natural right to own software and thus have power over all its users.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 79 (If this were a natural right, then no matter how much harm it does to
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 80 the public, we could not object.) Interestingly, the US Constitution
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 81 and legal tradition reject this view; copyright is not a natural
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 82 right, but an artificial government-imposed monopoly that limits the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 83 users' natural right to copy.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 84
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 85 Another unstated assumption is that the only important thing about
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 86 software is what jobs it allows you to do--that we computer users
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 87 should not care what kind of society we are allowed to have.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 88
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 89 A third assumption is that we would have no usable software (or, would
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 90 never have a program to do this or that particular job) if we did not
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 91 offer a company power over the users of the program. This assumption
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 92 may have seemed plausible, before the free software movement
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 93 demonstrated that we can make plenty of useful software without
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 94 putting chains on it.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 95
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 96 If we decline to accept these assumptions, and judge these issues
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 97 based on ordinary common-sense morality while placing the users first,
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 98 we arrive at very different conclusions. Computer users should be free
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 99 to modify programs to fit their needs, and free to share software,
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 100 because helping other people is the basis of society.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 101
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 102 There is no room here for an extensive statement of the reasoning
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 103 behind this conclusion, so I refer the reader to the web page,
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 104 <http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-free.html>.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 105
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 106 A stark moral choice.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 107
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 108 With my community gone, to continue as before was impossible. Instead,
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 109 I faced a stark moral choice.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 110
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 111 The easy choice was to join the proprietary software world, signing
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 112 nondisclosure agreements and promising not to help my fellow hacker.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 113 Most likely I would also be developing software that was released
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 114 under nondisclosure agreements, thus adding to the pressure on other
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 115 people to betray their fellows too.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 116
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 117 I could have made money this way, and perhaps amused myself writing
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 118 code. But I knew that at the end of my career, I would look back on
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 119 years of building walls to divide people, and feel I had spent my life
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 120 making the world a worse place.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 121
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 122 I had already experienced being on the receiving end of a
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 123 nondisclosure agreement, when someone refused to give me and the MIT
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 124 AI lab the source code for the control program for our printer. (The
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 125 lack of certain features in this program made use of the printer
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 126 extremely frustrating.) So I could not tell myself that nondisclosure
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 127 agreements were innocent. I was very angry when he refused to share
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 128 with us; I could not turn around and do the same thing to everyone
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 129 else.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 130
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 131 Another choice, straightforward but unpleasant, was to leave the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 132 computer field. That way my skills would not be misused, but they
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 133 would still be wasted. I would not be culpable for dividing and
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 134 restricting computer users, but it would happen nonetheless.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 135
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 136 So I looked for a way that a programmer could do something for the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 137 good. I asked myself, was there a program or programs that I could
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 138 write, so as to make a community possible once again?
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 139
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 140 The answer was clear: what was needed first was an operating system.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 141 That is the crucial software for starting to use a computer. With an
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 142 operating system, you can do many things; without one, you cannot run
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 143 the computer at all. With a free operating system, we could again have
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 144 a community of cooperating hackers--and invite anyone to join. And
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 145 anyone would be able to use a computer without starting out by
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 146 conspiring to deprive his or her friends.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 147
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 148 As an operating system developer, I had the right skills for this job.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 149 So even though I could not take success for granted, I realized that I
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 150 was elected to do the job. I chose to make the system compatible with
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 151 Unix so that it would be portable, and so that Unix users could easily
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 152 switch to it. The name GNU was chosen following a hacker tradition, as
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 153 a recursive acronym for "GNU's Not Unix."
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 154
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 155 An operating system does not mean just a kernel, barely enough to run
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 156 other programs. In the 1970s, every operating system worthy of the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 157 name included command processors, assemblers, compilers, interpreters,
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 158 debuggers, text editors, mailers, and much more. ITS had them, Multics
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 159 had them, VMS had them, and Unix had them. The GNU operating system
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 160 would include them too.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 161
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 162 Later I heard these words, attributed to Hillel (1):
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 163
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 164 If I am not for myself, who will be for me?
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 165 If I am only for myself, what am I?
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 166 If not now, when?
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 167
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 168 The decision to start the GNU project was based on a similar spirit.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 169
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 170 (1) As an Atheist, I don't follow any religious leaders, but I
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 171 sometimes find I admire something one of them has said.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 172
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 173 Free as in freedom
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 174
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 175 The term "free software" is sometimes misunderstood--it has nothing to
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 176 do with price. It is about freedom. Here, therefore, is the definition
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 177 of free software: a program is free software, for you, a particular
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 178 user, if:
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 179
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 180 * You have the freedom to run the program, for any purpose.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 181 * You have the freedom to modify the program to suit your needs. (To
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 182 make this freedom effective in practice, you must have access to
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 183 the source code, since making changes in a program without having
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 184 the source code is exceedingly difficult.)
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 185 * You have the freedom to redistribute copies, either gratis or for
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 186 a fee.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 187 * You have the freedom to distribute modified versions of the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 188 program, so that the community can benefit from your improvements.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 189
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 190 Since "free" refers to freedom, not to price, there is no
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 191 contradiction between selling copies and free software. In fact, the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 192 freedom to sell copies is crucial: collections of free software sold
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 193 on CD-ROMs are important for the community, and selling them is an
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 194 important way to raise funds for free software development. Therefore,
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 195 a program which people are not free to include on these collections is
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 196 not free software.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 197
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 198 Because of the ambiguity of "free", people have long looked for
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 199 alternatives, but no one has found a suitable alternative. The English
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 200 Language has more words and nuances than any other, but it lacks a
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 201 simple, unambiguous, word that means "free," as in
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 202 freedom--"unfettered," being the word that comes closest in meaning.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 203 Such alternatives as "liberated", "freedom" and "open" have either the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 204 wrong meaning or some other disadvantage.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 205
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 206 GNU software and the GNU system
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 207
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 208 Developing a whole system is a very large project. To bring it into
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 209 reach, I decided to adapt and use existing pieces of free software
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 210 wherever that was possible. For example, I decided at the very
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 211 beginning to use TeX as the principal text formatter; a few years
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 212 later, I decided to use the X Window System rather than writing
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 213 another window system for GNU.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 214
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 215 Because of this decision, the GNU system is not the same as the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 216 collection of all GNU software. The GNU system includes programs that
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 217 are not GNU software, programs that were developed by other people and
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 218 projects for their own purposes, but which we can use because they are
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 219 free software.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 220
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 221 Commencing the project
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 222
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 223 In January 1984 I quit my job at MIT and began writing GNU software.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 224 Leaving MIT was necessary so that MIT would not be able to interfere
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 225 with distributing GNU as free software. If I had remained on the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 226 staff, MIT could have claimed to own the work, and could have imposed
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 227 their own distribution terms, or even turned the work into a
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 228 proprietary software package. I had no intention of doing a large
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 229 amount of work only to see it become useless for its intended purpose:
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 230 creating a new software-sharing community.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 231
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 232 However, Professor Winston, then the head of the MIT AI Lab, kindly
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 233 invited me to keep using the lab's facilities.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 234
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 235 The first steps
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 236
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 237 Shortly before beginning the GNU project, I heard about the Free
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 238 University Compiler Kit, also known as VUCK. (The Dutch word for
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 239 "free" is written with a V.) This was a compiler designed to handle
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 240 multiple languages, including C and Pascal, and to support multiple
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 241 target machines. I wrote to its author asking if GNU could use it.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 242
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 243 He responded derisively, stating that the university was free but the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 244 compiler was not. I therefore decided that my first program for the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 245 GNU project would be a multi-language, multi-platform compiler.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 246
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 247 Hoping to avoid the need to write the whole compiler myself, I
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 248 obtained the source code for the Pastel compiler, which was a
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 249 multi-platform compiler developed at Lawrence Livermore Lab. It
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 250 supported, and was written in, an extended version of Pascal, designed
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 251 to be a system-programming language. I added a C front end, and began
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 252 porting it to the Motorola 68000 computer. But I had to give that up
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 253 when I discovered that the compiler needed many megabytes of stack
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 254 space, and the available 68000 Unix system would only allow 64k.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 255
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 256 I then realized that the Pastel compiler functioned by parsing the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 257 entire input file into a syntax tree, converting the whole syntax tree
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 258 into a chain of "instructions", and then generating the whole output
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 259 file, without ever freeing any storage. At this point, I concluded I
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 260 would have to write a new compiler from scratch. That new compiler is
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 261 now known as GCC; none of the Pastel compiler is used in it, but I
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 262 managed to adapt and use the C front end that I had written. But that
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 263 was some years later; first, I worked on GNU Emacs.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 264
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 265 GNU Emacs
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 266
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 267 I began work on GNU Emacs in September 1984, and in early 1985 it was
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 268 beginning to be usable. This enabled me to begin using Unix systems to
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 269 do editing; having no interest in learning to use vi or ed, I had done
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 270 my editing on other kinds of machines until then.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 271
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 272 At this point, people began wanting to use GNU Emacs, which raised the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 273 question of how to distribute it. Of course, I put it on the anonymous
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 274 ftp server on the MIT computer that I used. (This computer,
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 275 prep.ai.mit.edu, thus became the principal GNU ftp distribution site;
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 276 when it was decommissioned a few years later, we transferred the name
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 277 to our new ftp server.) But at that time, many of the interested
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 278 people were not on the Internet and could not get a copy by ftp. So
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 279 the question was, what would I say to them?
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 280
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 281 I could have said, "Find a friend who is on the net and who will make
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 282 a copy for you." Or I could have done what I did with the original
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 283 PDP-10 Emacs: tell them, "Mail me a tape and a SASE, and I will mail
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 284 it back with Emacs on it." But I had no job, and I was looking for
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 285 ways to make money from free software. So I announced that I would
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 286 mail a tape to whoever wanted one, for a fee of $150. In this way, I
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 287 started a free software distribution business, the precursor of the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 288 companies that today distribute entire Linux-based GNU systems.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 289
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 290 Is a program free for every user?
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 291
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 292 If a program is free software when it leaves the hands of its author,
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 293 this does not necessarily mean it will be free software for everyone
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 294 who has a copy of it. For example, public domain software (software
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 295 that is not copyrighted) is free software; but anyone can make a
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 296 proprietary modified version of it. Likewise, many free programs are
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 297 copyrighted but distributed under simple permissive licenses which
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 298 allow proprietary modified versions.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 299
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 300 The paradigmatic example of this problem is the X Window System.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 301 Developed at MIT, and released as free software with a permissive
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 302 license, it was soon adopted by various computer companies. They added
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 303 X to their proprietary Unix systems, in binary form only, and covered
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 304 by the same nondisclosure agreement. These copies of X were no more
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 305 free software than Unix was.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 306
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 307 The developers of the X Window System did not consider this a
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 308 problem--they expected and intended this to happen. Their goal was not
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 309 freedom, just "success", defined as "having many users." They did not
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 310 care whether these users had freedom, only that they should be
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 311 numerous.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 312
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 313 This lead to a paradoxical situation where two different ways of
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 314 counting the amount of freedom gave different answers to the question,
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 315 "Is this program free?" If you judged based on the freedom provided by
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 316 the distribution terms of the MIT release, you would say that X was
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 317 free software. But if you measured the freedom of the average user of
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 318 X, you would have to say it was proprietary software. Most X users
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 319 were running the proprietary versions that came with Unix systems, not
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 320 the free version.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 321
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 322 Copyleft and the GNU GPL
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 323
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 324 The goal of GNU was to give users freedom, not just to be popular. So
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 325 we needed to use distribution terms that would prevent GNU software
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 326 from being turned into proprietary software. The method we use is
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 327 called "copyleft".(1)
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 328
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 329 Copyleft uses copyright law, but flips it over to serve the opposite
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 330 of its usual purpose: instead of a means of privatizing software, it
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 331 becomes a means of keeping software free.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 332
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 333 The central idea of copyleft is that we give everyone permission to
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 334 run the program, copy the program, modify the program, and distribute
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 335 modified versions--but not permission to add restrictions of their
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 336 own. Thus, the crucial freedoms that define "free software" are
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 337 guaranteed to everyone who has a copy; they become inalienable rights.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 338
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 339 For an effective copyleft, modified versions must also be free. This
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 340 ensures that work based on ours becomes available to our community if
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 341 it is published. When programmers who have jobs as programmers
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 342 volunteer to improve GNU software, it is copyleft that prevents their
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 343 employers from saying, "You can't share those changes, because we are
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 344 going to use them to make our proprietary version of the program."
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 345
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 346 The requirement that changes must be free is essential if we want to
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 347 ensure freedom for every user of the program. The companies that
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 348 privatized the X Window System usually made some changes to port it to
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 349 their systems and hardware. These changes were small compared with the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 350 great extent of X, but they were not trivial. If making changes were
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 351 an excuse to deny the users freedom, it would be easy for anyone to
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 352 take advantage of the excuse.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 353
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 354 A related issue concerns combining a free program with non-free code.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 355 Such a combination would inevitably be non-free; whichever freedoms
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 356 are lacking for the non-free part would be lacking for the whole as
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 357 well. To permit such combinations would open a hole big enough to sink
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 358 a ship. Therefore, a crucial requirement for copyleft is to plug this
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 359 hole: anything added to or combined with a copylefted program must be
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 360 such that the larger combined version is also free and copylefted.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 361
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 362 The specific implementation of copyleft that we use for most GNU
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 363 software is the GNU General Public License, or GNU GPL for short. We
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 364 have other kinds of copyleft that are used in specific circumstances.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 365 GNU manuals are copylefted also, but use a much simpler kind of
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 366 copyleft, because the complexity of the GNU GPL is not necessary for
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 367 manuals.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 368
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 369 (1) In 1984 or 1985, Don Hopkins (a very imaginative fellow) mailed me
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 370 a letter. On the envelope he had written several amusing sayings,
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 371 including this one: "Copyleft--all rights reversed." I used the word
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 372 "copyleft" to name the distribution concept I was developing at the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 373 time.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 374
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 375 The Free Software Foundation
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 376
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 377 As interest in using Emacs was growing, other people became involved
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 378 in the GNU project, and we decided that it was time to seek funding
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 379 once again. So in 1985 we created the Free Software Foundation, a
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 380 tax-exempt charity for free software development. The FSF also took
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 381 over the Emacs tape distribution business; later it extended this by
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 382 adding other free software (both GNU and non-GNU) to the tape, and by
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 383 selling free manuals as well.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 384
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 385 The FSF accepts donations, but most of its income has always come from
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 386 sales--of copies of free software, and of other related services.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 387 Today it sells CD-ROMs of source code, CD-ROMs with binaries, nicely
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 388 printed manuals (all with freedom to redistribute and modify), and
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 389 Deluxe Distributions (where we build the whole collection of software
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 390 for your choice of platform).
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 391
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 392 Free Software Foundation employees have written and maintained a
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 393 number of GNU software packages. Two notable ones are the C library
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 394 and the shell. The GNU C library is what every program running on a
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 395 GNU/Linux system uses to communicate with Linux. It was developed by a
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 396 member of the Free Software Foundation staff, Roland McGrath. The
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 397 shell used on most GNU/Linux systems is BASH, the Bourne Again
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 398 Shell(1), which was developed by FSF employee Brian Fox.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 399
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 400 We funded development of these programs because the GNU project was
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 401 not just about tools or a development environment. Our goal was a
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 402 complete operating system, and these programs were needed for that
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 403 goal.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 404
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 405 (1) "Bourne again Shell" is a joke on the name ``Bourne Shell'', which
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 406 was the usual shell on Unix.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 407
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 408 Free software support
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 409
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 410 The free software philosophy rejects a specific widespread business
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 411 practice, but it is not against business. When businesses respect the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 412 users' freedom, we wish them success.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 413
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 414 Selling copies of Emacs demonstrates one kind of free software
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 415 business. When the FSF took over that business, I needed another way
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 416 to make a living. I found it in selling services relating to the free
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 417 software I had developed. This included teaching, for subjects such as
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 418 how to program GNU Emacs and how to customize GCC, and software
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 419 development, mostly porting GCC to new platforms.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 420
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 421 Today each of these kinds of free software business is practiced by a
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 422 number of corporations. Some distribute free software collections on
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 423 CD-ROM; others sell support at levels ranging from answering user
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 424 questions, to fixing bugs, to adding major new features. We are even
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 425 beginning to see free software companies based on launching new free
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 426 software products.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 427
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 428 Watch out, though--a number of companies that associate themselves
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 429 with the term "open source" actually base their business on non-free
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 430 software that works with free software. These are not free software
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 431 companies, they are proprietary software companies whose products
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 432 tempt users away from freedom. They call these "value added", which
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 433 reflects the values they would like us to adopt: convenience above
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 434 freedom. If we value freedom more, we should call them "freedom
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 435 subtracted" products.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 436
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 437 Technical goals
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 438
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 439 The principal goal of GNU was to be free software. Even if GNU had no
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 440 technical advantage over Unix, it would have a social advantage,
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 441 allowing users to cooperate, and an ethical advantage, respecting the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 442 user's freedom.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 443
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 444 But it was natural to apply the known standards of good practice to
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 445 the work--for example, dynamically allocating data structures to avoid
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 446 arbitrary fixed size limits, and handling all the possible 8-bit codes
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 447 wherever that made sense.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 448
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 449 In addition, we rejected the Unix focus on small memory size, by
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 450 deciding not to support 16-bit machines (it was clear that 32-bit
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 451 machines would be the norm by the time the GNU system was finished),
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 452 and to make no effort to reduce memory usage unless it exceeded a
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 453 megabyte. In programs for which handling very large files was not
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 454 crucial, we encouraged programmers to read an entire input file into
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 455 core, then scan its contents without having to worry about I/O.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 456
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 457 These decisions enabled many GNU programs to surpass their Unix
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 458 counterparts in reliability and speed.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 459
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 460 Donated computers
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 461
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 462 As the GNU project's reputation grew, people began offering to donate
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 463 machines running UNIX to the project. These were very useful, because
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 464 the easiest way to develop components of GNU was to do it on a UNIX
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 465 system, and replace the components of that system one by one. But they
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 466 raised an ethical issue: whether it was right for us to have a copy of
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 467 UNIX at all.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 468
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 469 UNIX was (and is) proprietary software, and the GNU project's
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 470 philosophy said that we should not use proprietary software. But,
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 471 applying the same reasoning that leads to the conclusion that violence
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 472 in self defense is justified, I concluded that it was legitimate to
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 473 use a proprietary package when that was crucial for developing free
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 474 replacement that would help others stop using the proprietary package.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 475
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 476 But, even if this was a justifiable evil, it was still an evil. Today
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 477 we no longer have any copies of Unix, because we have replaced them
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 478 with free operating systems. If we could not replace a machine's
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 479 operating system with a free one, we replaced the machine instead.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 480
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 481 The GNU Task List
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 482
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 483 As the GNU project proceeded, and increasing numbers of system
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 484 components were found or developed, eventually it became useful to
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 485 make a list of the remaining gaps. We used it to recruit developers to
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 486 write the missing pieces. This list became known as the GNU task list.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 487 In addition to missing Unix components, we listed added various other
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 488 useful software and documentation projects that, we thought, a truly
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 489 complete system ought to have.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 490
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 491 Today, hardly any Unix components are left in the GNU task list--those
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 492 jobs have been done, aside from a few inessential ones. But the list
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 493 is full of projects that some might call "applications". Any program
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 494 that appeals to more than a narrow class of users would be a useful
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 495 thing to add to an operating system.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 496
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 497 Even games are included in the task list--and have been since the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 498 beginning. Unix included games, so naturally GNU should too. But
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 499 compatibility was not an issue for games, so we did not follow the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 500 list of games that Unix had. Instead, we listed a spectrum of
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 501 different kinds of games that users might like.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 502
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 503 The GNU Library GPL
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 504
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 505 The GNU C library uses a special kind of copyleft called the GNU
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 506 Library General Public License, which gives permission to link
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 507 proprietary software with the library. Why make this exception?
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 508
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 509 It is not a matter of principle; there is no principle that says
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 510 proprietary software products are entitled to include our code. (Why
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 511 contribute to a project predicated on refusing to share with us?)
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 512 Using the LGPL for the C library, or for any library, is a matter of
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 513 strategy.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 514
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 515 The C library does a generic job; every proprietary system or compiler
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 516 comes with a C library. Therefore, to make our C library available
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 517 only to free software would not have given free software any
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 518 advantage--it would only have discouraged use of our library.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 519
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 520 One system is an exception to this: on the GNU system (and this
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 521 includes GNU/Linux), the GNU C library is the only C library. So the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 522 distribution terms of the GNU C library determine whether it is
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 523 possible to compile a proprietary program for the GNU system. There is
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 524 no ethical reason to allow proprietary applications on the GNU system,
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 525 but strategically it seems that disallowing them would do more to
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 526 discourage use of the GNU system than to encourage development of free
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 527 applications.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 528
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 529 That is why using the Library GPL is a good strategy for the C
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 530 library. For other libraries, the strategic decision needs to be
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 531 considered on a case-by-case basis. When a library does a special job
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 532 that can help write certain kinds of programs, then releasing it under
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 533 the GPL, limiting it to free programs only, is a way of helping other
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 534 free software developers, giving them an advantage against proprietary
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 535 software.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 536
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 537 Consider GNU Readline, a library that was developed to provide
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 538 command-line editing for BASH. Readline is released under the ordinary
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 539 GNU GPL, not the Library GPL. This probably does reduce the amount
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 540 Readline is used, but that is no loss for us. Meanwhile, at least one
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 541 useful application has been made free software specifically so it
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 542 could use Readline, and that is a real gain for the community.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 543
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 544 Proprietary software developers have the advantages money provides;
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 545 free software developers need to make advantages for each other. I
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 546 hope some day we will have a large collection of GPL-covered libraries
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 547 that have no parallel available to proprietary software, providing
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 548 useful modules to serve as building blocks in new free software, and
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 549 adding up to a major advantage for further free software development.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 550
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 551 Scratching an itch?
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 552
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 553 Eric Raymond says that "Every good work of software starts by
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 554 scratching a developer's personal itch." Maybe that happens sometimes,
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 555 but many essential pieces of GNU software were developed in order to
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 556 have a complete free operating system. They come from a vision and a
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 557 plan, not from impulse.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 558
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 559 For example, we developed the GNU C library because a Unix-like system
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 560 needs a C library, the Bourne-Again Shell (bash) because a Unix-like
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 561 system needs a shell, and GNU tar because a Unix-like system needs a
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 562 tar program. The same is true for my own programs--the GNU C compiler,
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 563 GNU Emacs, GDB and GNU Make.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 564
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 565 Some GNU programs were developed to cope with specific threats to our
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 566 freedom. Thus, we developed gzip to replace the Compress program,
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 567 which had been lost to the community because of the LZW patents. We
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 568 found people to develop LessTif, and more recently started GNOME and
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 569 Harmony, to address the problems caused by certain proprietary
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 570 libraries (see below). We are developing the GNU Privacy Guard to
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 571 replace popular non-free encryption software, because users should not
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 572 have to choose between privacy and freedom.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 573
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 574 Of course, the people writing these programs became interested in the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 575 work, and many features were added to them by various people for the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 576 sake of their own needs and interests. But that is not why the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 577 programs exist.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 578
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 579 Unexpected developments
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 580
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 581 At the beginning of the GNU project, I imagined that we would develop
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 582 the whole GNU system, then release it as a whole. That is not how it
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 583 happened.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 584
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 585 Since each component of the GNU system was implemented on a Unix
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 586 system, each component could run on Unix systems, long before a
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 587 complete GNU system existed. Some of these programs became popular,
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 588 and users began extending them and porting them---to the various
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 589 incompatible versions of Unix, and sometimes to other systems as well.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 590
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 591 The process made these programs much more powerful, and attracted both
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 592 funds and contributors to the GNU project. But it probably also
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 593 delayed completion of a minimal working system by several years, as
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 594 GNU developers' time was put into maintaining these ports and adding
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 595 features to the existing components, rather than moving on to write
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 596 one missing component after another.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 597
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 598 The GNU Hurd
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 599
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 600 By 1990, the GNU system was almost complete; the only major missing
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 601 component was the kernel. We had decided to implement our kernel as a
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 602 collection of server processes running on top of Mach. Mach is a
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 603 microkernel developed at Carnegie Mellon University and then at the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 604 University of Utah; the GNU HURD is a collection of servers (or ``herd
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 605 of gnus'') that run on top of Mach, and do the various jobs of the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 606 Unix kernel. The start of development was delayed as we waited for
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 607 Mach to be released as free software, as had been promised.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 608
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 609 One reason for choosing this design was to avoid what seemed to be the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 610 hardest part of the job: debugging a kernel program without a
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 611 source-level debugger to do it with. This part of the job had been
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 612 done already, in Mach, and we expected to debug the HURD servers as
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 613 user programs, with GDB. But it took a long time to make that
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 614 possible, and the multi-threaded servers that send messages to each
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 615 other have turned out to be very hard to debug. Making the HURD work
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 616 solidly has stretched on for many years.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 617
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 618 Alix
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 619
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 620 The GNU kernel was not originally supposed to be called the HURD. Its
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 621 original name was Alix--named after the woman who was my sweetheart at
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 622 the time. She, a Unix system administrator, had pointed out how her
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 623 name would fit a common naming pattern for Unix system versions; as a
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 624 joke, she told her friends, "Someone should name a kernel after me." I
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 625 said nothing, but decided to surprise her with a kernel named Alix.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 626
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 627 It did not stay that way. Michael Bushnell (now Thomas), the main
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 628 developer of the kernel, preferred the name HURD, and redefined Alix
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 629 to refer to a certain part of the kernel--the part that would trap
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 630 system calls and handle them by sending messages to HURD servers.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 631
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 632 Ultimately, Alix and I broke up, and she changed her name;
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 633 independently, the HURD design was changed so that the C library would
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 634 send messages directly to servers, and this made the Alix component
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 635 disappear from the design.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 636
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 637 But before these things happened, a friend of hers came across the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 638 name Alix in the HURD source code, and mentioned the name to her. So
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 639 the name did its job.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 640
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 641 Linux and GNU/Linux
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 642
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 643 The GNU Hurd is not ready for production use. Fortunately, another
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 644 kernel is available. In 1991, Linus Torvalds developed a
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 645 Unix-compatible kernel and called it Linux. Around 1992, combining
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 646 Linux with the not-quite-complete GNU system resulted in a complete
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 647 free operating system. (Combining them was a substantial job in
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 648 itself, of course.) It is due to Linux that we can actually run a
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 649 version of the GNU system today.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 650
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 651 We call this system version GNU/Linux, to express its composition as a
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 652 combination of the GNU system with Linux as the kernel.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 653
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 654 Challenges in our future
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 655
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 656 We have proved our ability to develop a broad spectrum of free
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 657 software. This does not mean we are invincible and unstoppable.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 658 Several challenges make the future of free software uncertain; meeting
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 659 them will require steadfast effort and endurance, sometimes lasting
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 660 for years. It will require the kind of determination that people
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 661 display when they value their freedom and will not let anyone take it
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 662 away.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 663
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 664 The following four sections discuss these challenges.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 665
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 666 Secret hardware
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 667
43004
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 668 Hardware manufacturers increasingly tend to keep hardware
36404
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 669 specifications secret. This makes it difficult to write free drivers
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 670 so that Linux and XFree86 can support new hardware. We have complete
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 671 free systems today, but we will not have them tomorrow if we cannot
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 672 support tomorrow's computers.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 673
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 674 There are two ways to cope with this problem. Programmers can do
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 675 reverse engineering to figure out how to support the hardware. The
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 676 rest of us can choose the hardware that is supported by free software;
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 677 as our numbers increase, secrecy of specifications will become a
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 678 self-defeating policy.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 679
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 680 Reverse engineering is a big job; will we have programmers with
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 681 sufficient determination to undertake it? Yes--if we have built up a
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 682 strong feeling that free software is a matter of principle, and
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 683 non-free drivers are intolerable. And will large numbers of us spend
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 684 extra money, or even a little extra time, so we can use free drivers?
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 685 Yes, if the determination to have freedom is widespread.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 686
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 687 Non-free libraries
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 688
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 689 A non-free library that runs on free operating systems acts as a trap
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 690 for free software developers. The library's attractive features are
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 691 the bait; if you use the library, you fall into the trap, because your
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 692 program cannot usefully be part of a free operating system. (Strictly
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 693 speaking, we could include your program, but it won't run with the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 694 library missing.) Even worse, if a program that uses the proprietary
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 695 library becomes popular, it can lure other unsuspecting programmers
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 696 into the trap.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 697
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 698 The first instance of this problem was the Motif toolkit, back in the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 699 80s. Although there were as yet no free operating systems, it was
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 700 clear what problem Motif would cause for them later on. The GNU
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 701 Project responded in two ways: by asking individual free software
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 702 projects to support the free X toolkit widgets as well as Motif, and
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 703 by asking for someone to write a free replacement for Motif. The job
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 704 took many years; LessTif, developed by the Hungry Programmers, became
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 705 powerful enough to support most Motif applications only in 1997.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 706
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 707 Between 1996 and 1998, another non-free GUI toolkit library, called
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 708 Qt, was used in a substantial collection of free software, the desktop
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 709 KDE.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 710
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 711 Free GNU/Linux systems were unable to use KDE, because we could not
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 712 use the library. However, some commercial distributors of GNU/Linux
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 713 systems who were not strict about sticking with free software added
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 714 KDE to their systems--producing a system with more capabilities, but
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 715 less freedom. The KDE group was actively encouraging more programmers
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 716 to use Qt, and millions of new "Linux users" had never been exposed to
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 717 the idea that there was a problem in this. The situation appeared
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 718 grim.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 719
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 720 The free software community responded to the problem in two ways:
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 721 GNOME and Harmony.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 722
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 723 GNOME, the GNU Network Object Model Environment, is GNU's desktop
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 724 project. Started in 1997 by Miguel de Icaza, and developed with the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 725 support of Red Hat Software, GNOME set out to provide similar desktop
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 726 facilities, but using free software exclusively. It has technical
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 727 advantages as well, such as supporting a variety of languages, not
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 728 just C++. But its main purpose was freedom: not to require the use of
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 729 any non-free software.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 730
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 731 Harmony is a compatible replacement library, designed to make it
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 732 possible to run KDE software without using Qt.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 733
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 734 In November 1998, the developers of Qt announced a change of license
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 735 which, when carried out, should make Qt free software. There is no way
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 736 to be sure, but I think that this was partly due to the community's
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 737 firm response to the problem that Qt posed when it was non-free. (The
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 738 new license is inconvenient and inequitable, so it remains desirable
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 739 to avoid using Qt.)
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 740
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 741 [Subsequent note: in September 2000, Qt was rereleased under the GNU
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 742 GPL, which essentially solved this problem.]
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 743
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 744 How will we respond to the next tempting non-free library? Will the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 745 whole community understand the need to stay out of the trap? Or will
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 746 many of us give up freedom for convenience, and produce a major
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 747 problem? Our future depends on our philosophy.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 748
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 749 Software patents
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 750
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 751 The worst threat we face comes from software patents, which can put
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 752 algorithms and features off limits to free software for up to twenty
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 753 years. The LZW compression algorithm patents were applied for in 1983,
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 754 and we still cannot release free software to produce proper compressed
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 755 GIFs. In 1998, a free program to produce MP3 compressed audio was
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 756 removed from distribution under threat of a patent suit.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 757
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 758 There are ways to cope with patents: we can search for evidence that a
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 759 patent is invalid, and we can look for alternative ways to do a job.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 760 But each of these methods works only sometimes; when both fail, a
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 761 patent may force all free software to lack some feature that users
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 762 want. What will we do when this happens?
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 763
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 764 Those of us who value free software for freedom's sake will stay with
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 765 free software anyway. We will manage to get work done without the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 766 patented features. But those who value free software because they
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 767 expect it to be techically superior are likely to call it a failure
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 768 when a patent holds it back. Thus, while it is useful to talk about
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 769 the practical effectiveness of the "cathedral" model of development,
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 770 and the reliability and power of some free software, we must not stop
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 771 there. We must talk about freedom and principle.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 772
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 773 Free documentation
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 774
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 775 The biggest deficiency in our free operating systems is not in the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 776 software--it is the lack of good free manuals that we can include in
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 777 our systems. Documentation is an essential part of any software
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 778 package; when an important free software package does not come with a
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 779 good free manual, that is a major gap. We have many such gaps today.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 780
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 781 Free documentation, like free software, is a matter of freedom, not
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 782 price. The criterion for a free manual is pretty much the same as for
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 783 free software: it is a matter of giving all users certain freedoms.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 784 Redistribution (including commercial sale) must be permitted, on-line
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 785 and on paper, so that the manual can accompany every copy of the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 786 program.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 787
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 788 Permission for modification is crucial too. As a general rule, I don't
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 789 believe that it is essential for people to have permission to modify
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 790 all sorts of articles and books. For example, I don't think you or I
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 791 are obliged to give permission to modify articles like this one, which
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 792 describe our actions and our views.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 793
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 794 But there is a particular reason why the freedom to modify is crucial
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 795 for documentation for free software. When people exercise their right
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 796 to modify the software, and add or change its features, if they are
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 797 conscientious they will change the manual too--so they can provide
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 798 accurate and usable documentation with the modified program. A manual
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 799 which does not allow programmers to be conscientious and finish the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 800 job, does not fill our community's needs.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 801
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 802 Some kinds of limits on how modifications are done pose no problem.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 803 For example, requirements to preserve the original author's copyright
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 804 notice, the distribution terms, or the list of authors, are ok. It is
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 805 also no problem to require modified versions to include notice that
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 806 they were modified, even to have entire sections that may not be
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 807 deleted or changed, as long as these sections deal with nontechnical
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 808 topics. These kinds of restrictions are not a problem because they
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 809 don't stop the conscientious programmer from adapting the manual to
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 810 fit the modified program. In other words, they don't block the free
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 811 software community from making full use of the manual.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 812
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 813 However, it must be possible to modify all the *technical* content of
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 814 the manual, and then distribute the result in all the usual media,
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 815 through all the usual channels; otherwise, the restrictions do
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 816 obstruct the community, the manual is not free, and we need another
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 817 manual.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 818
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 819 Will free software developers have the awareness and determination to
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 820 produce a full spectrum of free manuals? Once again, our future
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 821 depends on philosophy.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 822
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 823 We must talk about freedom
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 824
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 825 Estimates today are that there are ten million users of GNU/Linux
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 826 systems such as Debian GNU/Linux and Red Hat Linux. Free software has
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 827 developed such practical advantages that users are flocking to it for
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 828 purely practical reasons.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 829
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 830 The good consequences of this are evident: more interest in developing
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 831 free software, more customers for free software businesses, and more
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 832 ability to encourage companies to develop commercial free software
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 833 instead of proprietary software products.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 834
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 835 But interest in the software is growing faster than awareness of the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 836 philosophy it is based on, and this leads to trouble. Our ability to
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 837 meet the challenges and threats described above depends on the will to
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 838 stand firm for freedom. To make sure our community has this will, we
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 839 need to spread the idea to the new users as they come into the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 840 community.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 841
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 842 But we are failing to do so: the efforts to attract new users into our
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 843 community are far outstripping the efforts to teach them the civics of
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 844 our community. We need to do both, and we need to keep the two efforts
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 845 in balance.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 846
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 847 "Open Source"
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 848
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 849 Teaching new users about freedom became more difficult in 1998, when a
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 850 part of the community decided to stop using the term "free software"
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 851 and say "open source software" instead.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 852
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 853 Some who favored this term aimed to avoid the confusion of "free" with
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 854 "gratis"--a valid goal. Others, however, aimed to set aside the spirit
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 855 of principle that had motivated the free software movement and the GNU
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 856 project, and to appeal instead to executives and business users, many
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 857 of whom hold an ideology that places profit above freedom, above
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 858 community, above principle. Thus, the rhetoric of "open source"
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 859 focuses on the potential to make high quality, powerful software, but
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 860 shuns the ideas of freedom, community, and principle.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 861
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 862 The "Linux" magazines are a clear example of this--they are filled
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 863 with advertisements for proprietary software that works with
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 864 GNU/Linux. When the next Motif or Qt appears, will these magazines
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 865 warn programmers to stay away from it, or will they run ads for it?
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 866
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 867 The support of business can contribute to the community in many ways;
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 868 all else being equal, it is useful. But winning their support by
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 869 speaking even less about freedom and principle can be disastrous; it
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 870 makes the previous imbalance between outreach and civics education
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 871 even worse.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 872
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 873 "Free software" and "open source" describe the same category of
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 874 software, more or less, but say different things about the software,
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 875 and about values. The GNU Project continues to use the term "free
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 876 software", to express the idea that freedom, not just technology, is
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 877 important.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 878
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 879 Try!
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 880
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 881 Yoda's philosophy ("There is no `try'") sounds neat, but it doesn't
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 882 work for me. I have done most of my work while anxious about whether I
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 883 could do the job, and unsure that it would be enough to achieve the
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 884 goal if I did. But I tried anyway, because there was no one but me
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 885 between the enemy and my city. Surprising myself, I have sometimes
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 886 succeeded.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 887
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 888 Sometimes I failed; some of my cities have fallen. Then I found
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 889 another threatened city, and got ready for another battle. Over time,
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 890 I've learned to look for threats and put myself between them and my
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 891 city, calling on other hackers to come and join me.
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 892
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 893 Nowadays, often I'm not the only one. It is a relief and a joy when I
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 894 see a regiment of hackers digging in to hold the line, and I realize,
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 895 this city may survive--for now. But the dangers are greater each year,
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 896 and now Microsoft has explicitly targeted our community. We can't take
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 897 the future of freedom for granted. Don't take it for granted! If you
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 898 want to keep your freedom, you must be prepared to defend it.
36414
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 899
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 900 Copyright (C) 1998 Richard Stallman
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 901
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 902 Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is permitted
+ 鐃緒申��申鐃初姐�渇����鐃醇�鐃緒申��申鐃緒申 903 in any medium, provided this notice is preserved.