annotate lispref/files.texi @ 20348:3665989afd33

Add prototypes. (save_signal_handlers): Make static. (restore_signal_handlers): Likewise.
author Andreas Schwab <schwab@suse.de>
date Tue, 25 Nov 1997 13:38:04 +0000
parents eb712b69e495
children 66d807bdc5b4
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1 @c -*-texinfo-*-
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2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual.
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3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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4 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions.
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5 @setfilename ../info/files
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6 @node Files, Backups and Auto-Saving, Documentation, Top
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7 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
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8 @chapter Files
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9
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10 In Emacs, you can find, create, view, save, and otherwise work with
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11 files and file directories. This chapter describes most of the
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12 file-related functions of Emacs Lisp, but a few others are described in
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13 @ref{Buffers}, and those related to backups and auto-saving are
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14 described in @ref{Backups and Auto-Saving}.
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15
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16 Many of the file functions take one or more arguments that are file
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17 names. A file name is actually a string. Most of these functions
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18 expand file name arguments using @code{expand-file-name}, so that
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19 @file{~} is handled correctly, as are relative file names (including
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20 @samp{../}). These functions don't recognize environment variable
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21 substitutions such as @samp{$HOME}. @xref{File Name Expansion}.
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22
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23 @menu
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24 * Visiting Files:: Reading files into Emacs buffers for editing.
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25 * Saving Buffers:: Writing changed buffers back into files.
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26 * Reading from Files:: Reading files into buffers without visiting.
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27 * Writing to Files:: Writing new files from parts of buffers.
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28 * File Locks:: Locking and unlocking files, to prevent
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29 simultaneous editing by two people.
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30 * Information about Files:: Testing existence, accessibility, size of files.
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31 * Changing File Attributes:: Renaming files, changing protection, etc.
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32 * File Names:: Decomposing and expanding file names.
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33 * Contents of Directories:: Getting a list of the files in a directory.
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34 * Create/Delete Dirs:: Creating and Deleting Directories.
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35 * Magic File Names:: Defining "magic" special handling
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36 for certain file names.
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37 * Format Conversion:: Conversion to and from various file formats.
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38 * Files and MS-DOS:: Distinguishing text and binary files on MS-DOS.
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39 @end menu
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40
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41 @node Visiting Files
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42 @section Visiting Files
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43 @cindex finding files
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44 @cindex visiting files
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45
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46 Visiting a file means reading a file into a buffer. Once this is
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47 done, we say that the buffer is @dfn{visiting} that file, and call the
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48 file ``the visited file'' of the buffer.
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49
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50 A file and a buffer are two different things. A file is information
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51 recorded permanently in the computer (unless you delete it). A buffer,
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52 on the other hand, is information inside of Emacs that will vanish at
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53 the end of the editing session (or when you kill the buffer). Usually,
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54 a buffer contains information that you have copied from a file; then we
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55 say the buffer is visiting that file. The copy in the buffer is what
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56 you modify with editing commands. Such changes to the buffer do not
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57 change the file; therefore, to make the changes permanent, you must
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58 @dfn{save} the buffer, which means copying the altered buffer contents
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59 back into the file.
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60
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61 In spite of the distinction between files and buffers, people often
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62 refer to a file when they mean a buffer and vice-versa. Indeed, we say,
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63 ``I am editing a file,'' rather than, ``I am editing a buffer that I
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64 will soon save as a file of the same name.'' Humans do not usually need
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65 to make the distinction explicit. When dealing with a computer program,
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66 however, it is good to keep the distinction in mind.
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67
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68 @menu
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69 * Visiting Functions:: The usual interface functions for visiting.
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70 * Subroutines of Visiting:: Lower-level subroutines that they use.
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71 @end menu
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72
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73 @node Visiting Functions
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74 @subsection Functions for Visiting Files
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75
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76 This section describes the functions normally used to visit files.
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77 For historical reasons, these functions have names starting with
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78 @samp{find-} rather than @samp{visit-}. @xref{Buffer File Name}, for
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79 functions and variables that access the visited file name of a buffer or
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80 that find an existing buffer by its visited file name.
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81
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82 In a Lisp program, if you want to look at the contents of a file but
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83 not alter it, the fastest way is to use @code{insert-file-contents} in a
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84 temporary buffer. Visiting the file is not necessary and takes longer.
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85 @xref{Reading from Files}.
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86
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87 @deffn Command find-file filename
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88 This command selects a buffer visiting the file @var{filename},
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89 using an existing buffer if there is one, and otherwise creating a
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90 new buffer and reading the file into it. It also returns that buffer.
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91
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92 The body of the @code{find-file} function is very simple and looks
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93 like this:
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94
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95 @example
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96 (switch-to-buffer (find-file-noselect filename))
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97 @end example
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98
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99 @noindent
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100 (See @code{switch-to-buffer} in @ref{Displaying Buffers}.)
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101
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102 When @code{find-file} is called interactively, it prompts for
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103 @var{filename} in the minibuffer.
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104 @end deffn
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105
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106 @defun find-file-noselect filename
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107 This function is the guts of all the file-visiting functions. It finds
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108 or creates a buffer visiting the file @var{filename}, and returns it.
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109 It uses an existing buffer if there is one, and otherwise creates a new
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110 buffer and reads the file into it. You may make the buffer current or
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111 display it in a window if you wish, but this function does not do so.
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112
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113 When @code{find-file-noselect} uses an existing buffer, it first
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114 verifies that the file has not changed since it was last visited or
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115 saved in that buffer. If the file has changed, then this function asks
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116 the user whether to reread the changed file. If the user says
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117 @samp{yes}, any changes previously made in the buffer are lost.
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118
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119 If @code{find-file-noselect} needs to create a buffer, and there is no
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120 file named @var{filename}, it displays the message @samp{New file} in
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121 the echo area, and leaves the buffer empty.
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122
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123 The @code{find-file-noselect} function calls @code{after-find-file}
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124 after reading the file (@pxref{Subroutines of Visiting}). That function
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125 sets the buffer major mode, parses local variables, warns the user if
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126 there exists an auto-save file more recent than the file just visited,
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127 and finishes by running the functions in @code{find-file-hooks}.
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128
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129 The @code{find-file-noselect} function returns the buffer that is
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130 visiting the file @var{filename}.
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131
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132 @example
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133 @group
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134 (find-file-noselect "/etc/fstab")
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135 @result{} #<buffer fstab>
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136 @end group
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137 @end example
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138 @end defun
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139
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140 @deffn Command find-file-other-window filename
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141 This command selects a buffer visiting the file @var{filename}, but
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142 does so in a window other than the selected window. It may use another
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143 existing window or split a window; see @ref{Displaying Buffers}.
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144
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145 When this command is called interactively, it prompts for
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146 @var{filename}.
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147 @end deffn
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148
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149 @deffn Command find-file-read-only filename
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150 This command selects a buffer visiting the file @var{filename}, like
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151 @code{find-file}, but it marks the buffer as read-only. @xref{Read Only
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152 Buffers}, for related functions and variables.
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153
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154 When this command is called interactively, it prompts for
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155 @var{filename}.
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156 @end deffn
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157
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158 @deffn Command view-file filename
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159 This command visits @var{filename} in View mode, and displays it in a
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160 recursive edit, returning to the previous buffer when done. View mode
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161 is a mode that allows you to skim rapidly through the file but does not
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162 let you modify it. Entering View mode runs the normal hook
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163 @code{view-mode-hook}. @xref{Hooks}.
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164
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165 When @code{view-file} is called interactively, it prompts for
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166 @var{filename}.
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167 @end deffn
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168
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169 @defvar find-file-hooks
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170 The value of this variable is a list of functions to be called after a
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171 file is visited. The file's local-variables specification (if any) will
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172 have been processed before the hooks are run. The buffer visiting the
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173 file is current when the hook functions are run.
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174
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175 This variable works just like a normal hook, but we think that renaming
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176 it would not be advisable.
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177 @end defvar
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178
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179 @defvar find-file-not-found-hooks
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180 The value of this variable is a list of functions to be called when
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181 @code{find-file} or @code{find-file-noselect} is passed a nonexistent
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182 file name. @code{find-file-noselect} calls these functions as soon as
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183 it detects a nonexistent file. It calls them in the order of the list,
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184 until one of them returns non-@code{nil}. @code{buffer-file-name} is
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185 already set up.
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186
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187 This is not a normal hook because the values of the functions are
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188 used and they may not all be called.
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189 @end defvar
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190
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191 @node Subroutines of Visiting
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192 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
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193 @subsection Subroutines of Visiting
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194
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195 The @code{find-file-noselect} function uses the
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196 @code{create-file-buffer} and @code{after-find-file} functions as
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197 subroutines. Sometimes it is useful to call them directly.
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198
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199 @defun create-file-buffer filename
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200 This function creates a suitably named buffer for visiting
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201 @var{filename}, and returns it. It uses @var{filename} (sans directory)
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202 as the name if that name is free; otherwise, it appends a string such as
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203 @samp{<2>} to get an unused name. See also @ref{Creating Buffers}.
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204
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205 @strong{Please note:} @code{create-file-buffer} does @emph{not}
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206 associate the new buffer with a file and does not select the buffer.
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207 It also does not use the default major mode.
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208
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209 @example
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210 @group
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211 (create-file-buffer "foo")
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212 @result{} #<buffer foo>
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213 @end group
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214 @group
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215 (create-file-buffer "foo")
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216 @result{} #<buffer foo<2>>
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217 @end group
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218 @group
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219 (create-file-buffer "foo")
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220 @result{} #<buffer foo<3>>
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221 @end group
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222 @end example
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223
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224 This function is used by @code{find-file-noselect}.
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225 It uses @code{generate-new-buffer} (@pxref{Creating Buffers}).
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226 @end defun
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227
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228 @defun after-find-file &optional error warn
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229 This function sets the buffer major mode, and parses local variables
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230 (@pxref{Auto Major Mode}). It is called by @code{find-file-noselect}
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231 and by the default revert function (@pxref{Reverting}).
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232
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233 @cindex new file message
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234 @cindex file open error
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235 If reading the file got an error because the file does not exist, but
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236 its directory does exist, the caller should pass a non-@code{nil} value
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237 for @var{error}. In that case, @code{after-find-file} issues a warning:
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238 @samp{(New File)}. For more serious errors, the caller should usually not
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239 call @code{after-find-file}.
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240
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241 If @var{warn} is non-@code{nil}, then this function issues a warning
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242 if an auto-save file exists and is more recent than the visited file.
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243
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244 The last thing @code{after-find-file} does is call all the functions
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245 in @code{find-file-hooks}.
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246 @end defun
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247
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248 @node Saving Buffers
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249 @section Saving Buffers
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250
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251 When you edit a file in Emacs, you are actually working on a buffer
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252 that is visiting that file---that is, the contents of the file are
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253 copied into the buffer and the copy is what you edit. Changes to the
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254 buffer do not change the file until you @dfn{save} the buffer, which
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255 means copying the contents of the buffer into the file.
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256
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257 @deffn Command save-buffer &optional backup-option
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258 This function saves the contents of the current buffer in its visited
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259 file if the buffer has been modified since it was last visited or saved.
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260 Otherwise it does nothing.
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261
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262 @code{save-buffer} is responsible for making backup files. Normally,
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263 @var{backup-option} is @code{nil}, and @code{save-buffer} makes a backup
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264 file only if this is the first save since visiting the file. Other
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265 values for @var{backup-option} request the making of backup files in
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266 other circumstances:
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267
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268 @itemize @bullet
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269 @item
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270 With an argument of 4 or 64, reflecting 1 or 3 @kbd{C-u}'s, the
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271 @code{save-buffer} function marks this version of the file to be
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272 backed up when the buffer is next saved.
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273
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274 @item
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275 With an argument of 16 or 64, reflecting 2 or 3 @kbd{C-u}'s, the
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276 @code{save-buffer} function unconditionally backs up the previous
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277 version of the file before saving it.
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278 @end itemize
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279 @end deffn
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280
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281 @deffn Command save-some-buffers &optional save-silently-p exiting
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282 This command saves some modified file-visiting buffers. Normally it
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283 asks the user about each buffer. But if @var{save-silently-p} is
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284 non-@code{nil}, it saves all the file-visiting buffers without querying
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285 the user.
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286
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287 The optional @var{exiting} argument, if non-@code{nil}, requests this
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288 function to offer also to save certain other buffers that are not
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289 visiting files. These are buffers that have a non-@code{nil} local
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290 value of @code{buffer-offer-save}. (A user who says yes to saving one
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291 of these is asked to specify a file name to use.) The
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292 @code{save-buffers-kill-emacs} function passes a non-@code{nil} value
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293 for this argument.
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294 @end deffn
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295
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296 @defvar buffer-offer-save
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297 When this variable is non-@code{nil} in a buffer, Emacs offers to save
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298 the buffer on exit even if the buffer is not visiting a file. The
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299 variable is automatically local in all buffers. Normally, Mail mode
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300 (used for editing outgoing mail) sets this to @code{t}.
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301 @end defvar
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302
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303 @deffn Command write-file filename
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304 This function writes the current buffer into file @var{filename}, makes
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305 the buffer visit that file, and marks it not modified. Then it renames
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306 the buffer based on @var{filename}, appending a string like @samp{<2>}
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307 if necessary to make a unique buffer name. It does most of this work by
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308 calling @code{set-visited-file-name} and @code{save-buffer}.
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309 @end deffn
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310
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311 Saving a buffer runs several hooks. It also performs format
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312 conversion (@pxref{Format Conversion}), and may save text properties in
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313 ``annotations'' (@pxref{Saving Properties}).
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314
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315 @defvar write-file-hooks
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316 The value of this variable is a list of functions to be called before
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317 writing out a buffer to its visited file. If one of them returns
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318 non-@code{nil}, the file is considered already written and the rest of
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319 the functions are not called, nor is the usual code for writing the file
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320 executed.
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321
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322 If a function in @code{write-file-hooks} returns non-@code{nil}, it
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323 is responsible for making a backup file (if that is appropriate).
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324 To do so, execute the following code:
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325
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326 @example
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327 (or buffer-backed-up (backup-buffer))
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328 @end example
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329
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330 You might wish to save the file modes value returned by
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331 @code{backup-buffer} and use that to set the mode bits of the file that
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332 you write. This is what @code{save-buffer} normally does.
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333
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334 Even though this is not a normal hook, you can use @code{add-hook} and
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335 @code{remove-hook} to manipulate the list. @xref{Hooks}.
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336 @end defvar
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337
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338 @c Emacs 19 feature
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339 @defvar local-write-file-hooks
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340 This works just like @code{write-file-hooks}, but it is intended
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341 to be made local to particular buffers. It's not a good idea to make
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342 @code{write-file-hooks} local to a buffer---use this variable instead.
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343
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344 The variable is marked as a permanent local, so that changing the major
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345 mode does not alter a buffer-local value. This is convenient for
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346 packages that read ``file'' contents in special ways, and set up hooks
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347 to save the data in a corresponding way.
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348 @end defvar
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349
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350 @c Emacs 19 feature
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351 @defvar write-contents-hooks
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352 This works just like @code{write-file-hooks}, but it is intended for
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353 hooks that pertain to the contents of the file, as opposed to hooks that
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354 pertain to where the file came from. Such hooks are usually set up by
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355 major modes, as buffer-local bindings for this variable.
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356
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357 This variable automatically becomes buffer-local whenever it is set;
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358 switching to a new major mode always resets this variable. When you use
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359 @code{add-hooks} to add an element to this hook, you should @emph{not}
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360 specify a non-@code{nil} @var{local} argument, since this variable is
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361 used @emph{only} locally.
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362 @end defvar
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363
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364 @c Emacs 19 feature
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365 @defvar after-save-hook
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366 This normal hook runs after a buffer has been saved in its visited file.
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367 @end defvar
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368
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369 @defvar file-precious-flag
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370 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, then @code{save-buffer} protects
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371 against I/O errors while saving by writing the new file to a temporary
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372 name instead of the name it is supposed to have, and then renaming it to
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373 the intended name after it is clear there are no errors. This procedure
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374 prevents problems such as a lack of disk space from resulting in an
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375 invalid file.
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376
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377 As a side effect, backups are necessarily made by copying. @xref{Rename
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378 or Copy}. Yet, at the same time, saving a precious file always breaks
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379 all hard links between the file you save and other file names.
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380
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381 Some modes set this variable non-@code{nil} locally in particular
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382 buffers.
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383 @end defvar
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384
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385 @defopt require-final-newline
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386 This variable determines whether files may be written out that do
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387 @emph{not} end with a newline. If the value of the variable is
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388 @code{t}, then @code{save-buffer} silently adds a newline at the end of
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389 the file whenever the buffer being saved does not already end in one.
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390 If the value of the variable is non-@code{nil}, but not @code{t}, then
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391 @code{save-buffer} asks the user whether to add a newline each time the
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392 case arises.
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393
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394 If the value of the variable is @code{nil}, then @code{save-buffer}
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395 doesn't add newlines at all. @code{nil} is the default value, but a few
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396 major modes set it to @code{t} in particular buffers.
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397 @end defopt
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398
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399 @deffn Command set-visited-file-name filename &optional no-query
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400 This function changes the visited file name of the current buffer to
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401 @var{filename}. It also renames the buffer based on @var{filename},
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402 appending a string like @samp{<2>} if necessary to make a unique buffer
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403 name. It marks the buffer as @emph{modified},a since the contents do not
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404 (as far as Emacs knows) match the actual file's contents.
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405
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406 If the specified file already exists, @code{set-visited-file-name}
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407 asks for confirmation unless @var{no-query} is non-@code{nil}.
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408 @end deffn
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409
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410 @node Reading from Files
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411 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
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412 @section Reading from Files
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413
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414 You can copy a file from the disk and insert it into a buffer
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415 using the @code{insert-file-contents} function. Don't use the user-level
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416 command @code{insert-file} in a Lisp program, as that sets the mark.
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417
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418 @defun insert-file-contents filename &optional visit beg end replace
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419 This function inserts the contents of file @var{filename} into the
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420 current buffer after point. It returns a list of the absolute file name
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421 and the length of the data inserted. An error is signaled if
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422 @var{filename} is not the name of a file that can be read.
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423
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424 The function @code{insert-file-contents} checks the file contents
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425 against the defined file formats, and converts the file contents if
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426 appropriate. @xref{Format Conversion}. It also calls the functions in
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427 the list @code{after-insert-file-functions}; see @ref{Saving
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428 Properties}.
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429
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430 If @var{visit} is non-@code{nil}, this function additionally marks the
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431 buffer as unmodified and sets up various fields in the buffer so that it
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432 is visiting the file @var{filename}: these include the buffer's visited
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433 file name and its last save file modtime. This feature is used by
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434 @code{find-file-noselect} and you probably should not use it yourself.
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435
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436 If @var{beg} and @var{end} are non-@code{nil}, they should be integers
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437 specifying the portion of the file to insert. In this case, @var{visit}
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438 must be @code{nil}. For example,
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439
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440 @example
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441 (insert-file-contents filename nil 0 500)
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442 @end example
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443
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444 @noindent
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445 inserts the first 500 characters of a file.
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446
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447 If the argument @var{replace} is non-@code{nil}, it means to replace the
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448 contents of the buffer (actually, just the accessible portion) with the
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449 contents of the file. This is better than simply deleting the buffer
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450 contents and inserting the whole file, because (1) it preserves some
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451 marker positions and (2) it puts less data in the undo list.
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452 @end defun
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453
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454 If you want to pass a file name to another process so that another
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455 program can read the file, use the function @code{file-local-copy}; see
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456 @ref{Magic File Names}.
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457
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458 @node Writing to Files
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459 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
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460 @section Writing to Files
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461
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462 You can write the contents of a buffer, or part of a buffer, directly
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463 to a file on disk using the @code{append-to-file} and
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464 @code{write-region} functions. Don't use these functions to write to
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465 files that are being visited; that could cause confusion in the
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466 mechanisms for visiting.
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467
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468 @deffn Command append-to-file start end filename
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469 This function appends the contents of the region delimited by
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470 @var{start} and @var{end} in the current buffer to the end of file
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471 @var{filename}. If that file does not exist, it is created. This
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472 function returns @code{nil}.
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473
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474 An error is signaled if @var{filename} specifies a nonwritable file,
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475 or a nonexistent file in a directory where files cannot be created.
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476 @end deffn
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477
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478 @deffn Command write-region start end filename &optional append visit
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479 This function writes the region delimited by @var{start} and @var{end}
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480 in the current buffer into the file specified by @var{filename}.
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481
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482 @c Emacs 19 feature
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483 If @var{start} is a string, then @code{write-region} writes or appends
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484 that string, rather than text from the buffer.
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485
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486 If @var{append} is non-@code{nil}, then the specified text is appended
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487 to the existing file contents (if any).
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488
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489 If @var{visit} is @code{t}, then Emacs establishes an association
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490 between the buffer and the file: the buffer is then visiting that file.
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491 It also sets the last file modification time for the current buffer to
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492 @var{filename}'s modtime, and marks the buffer as not modified. This
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493 feature is used by @code{save-buffer}, but you probably should not use
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494 it yourself.
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495
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496 @c Emacs 19 feature
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497 If @var{visit} is a string, it specifies the file name to visit. This
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498 way, you can write the data to one file (@var{filename}) while recording
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499 the buffer as visiting another file (@var{visit}). The argument
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500 @var{visit} is used in the echo area message and also for file locking;
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501 @var{visit} is stored in @code{buffer-file-name}. This feature is used
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502 to implement @code{file-precious-flag}; don't use it yourself unless you
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503 really know what you're doing.
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504
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505 The function @code{write-region} converts the data which it writes to
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506 the appropriate file formats specified by @code{buffer-file-format}.
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507 @xref{Format Conversion}. It also calls the functions in the list
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508 @code{write-region-annotate-functions}; see @ref{Saving Properties}.
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509
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510 Normally, @code{write-region} displays a message @samp{Wrote file
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511 @var{filename}} in the echo area. If @var{visit} is neither @code{t}
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512 nor @code{nil} nor a string, then this message is inhibited. This
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513 feature is useful for programs that use files for internal purposes,
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514 files that the user does not need to know about.
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515 @end deffn
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516
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517 @node File Locks
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518 @section File Locks
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519 @cindex file locks
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520
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521 When two users edit the same file at the same time, they are likely to
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522 interfere with each other. Emacs tries to prevent this situation from
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523 arising by recording a @dfn{file lock} when a file is being modified.
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524 Emacs can then detect the first attempt to modify a buffer visiting a
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525 file that is locked by another Emacs job, and ask the user what to do.
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526
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527 File locks do not work properly when multiple machines can share
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528 file systems, such as with NFS. Perhaps a better file locking system
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529 will be implemented in the future. When file locks do not work, it is
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530 possible for two users to make changes simultaneously, but Emacs can
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531 still warn the user who saves second. Also, the detection of
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532 modification of a buffer visiting a file changed on disk catches some
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533 cases of simultaneous editing; see @ref{Modification Time}.
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534
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535 @defun file-locked-p filename
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536 This function returns @code{nil} if the file @var{filename} is not
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537 locked by this Emacs process. It returns @code{t} if it is locked by
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538 this Emacs, and it returns the name of the user who has locked it if it
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539 is locked by someone else.
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540
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541 @example
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542 @group
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543 (file-locked-p "foo")
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544 @result{} nil
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545 @end group
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546 @end example
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547 @end defun
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548
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549 @defun lock-buffer &optional filename
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550 This function locks the file @var{filename}, if the current buffer is
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551 modified. The argument @var{filename} defaults to the current buffer's
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552 visited file. Nothing is done if the current buffer is not visiting a
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553 file, or is not modified.
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554 @end defun
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555
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556 @defun unlock-buffer
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557 This function unlocks the file being visited in the current buffer,
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558 if the buffer is modified. If the buffer is not modified, then
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559 the file should not be locked, so this function does nothing. It also
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560 does nothing if the current buffer is not visiting a file.
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561 @end defun
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562
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563 @defun ask-user-about-lock file other-user
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564 This function is called when the user tries to modify @var{file}, but it
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565 is locked by another user named @var{other-user}. The value it returns
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566 determines what happens next:
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567
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568 @itemize @bullet
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569 @item
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570 A value of @code{t} says to grab the lock on the file. Then
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571 this user may edit the file and @var{other-user} loses the lock.
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572
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573 @item
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574 A value of @code{nil} says to ignore the lock and let this
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575 user edit the file anyway.
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576
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577 @item
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578 @kindex file-locked
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579 This function may instead signal a @code{file-locked} error, in which
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580 case the change that the user was about to make does not take place.
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581
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diff changeset
582 The error message for this error looks like this:
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583
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584 @example
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585 @error{} File is locked: @var{file} @var{other-user}
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586 @end example
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587
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588 @noindent
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589 where @code{file} is the name of the file and @var{other-user} is the
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590 name of the user who has locked the file.
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591 @end itemize
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592
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593 The default definition of this function asks the user to choose what
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594 to do. If you wish, you can replace the @code{ask-user-about-lock}
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595 function with your own version that decides in another way. The code
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596 for its usual definition is in @file{userlock.el}.
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597 @end defun
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598
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599 @node Information about Files
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diff changeset
600 @section Information about Files
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601
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602 The functions described in this section all operate on strings that
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
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603 designate file names. All the functions have names that begin with the
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604 word @samp{file}. These functions all return information about actual
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
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605 files or directories, so their arguments must all exist as actual files
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606 or directories unless otherwise noted.
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607
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diff changeset
608 @menu
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609 * Testing Accessibility:: Is a given file readable? Writable?
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610 * Kinds of Files:: Is it a directory? A symbolic link?
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611 * Truenames:: Eliminating symbolic links from a file name.
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612 * File Attributes:: How large is it? Any other names? Etc.
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613 @end menu
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614
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615 @node Testing Accessibility
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616 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
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diff changeset
617 @subsection Testing Accessibility
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618 @cindex accessibility of a file
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diff changeset
619 @cindex file accessibility
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620
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621 These functions test for permission to access a file in specific ways.
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622
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623 @defun file-exists-p filename
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624 This function returns @code{t} if a file named @var{filename} appears
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625 to exist. This does not mean you can necessarily read the file, only
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626 that you can find out its attributes. (On Unix, this is true if the
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627 file exists and you have execute permission on the containing
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628 directories, regardless of the protection of the file itself.)
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diff changeset
629
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630 If the file does not exist, or if fascist access control policies
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diff changeset
631 prevent you from finding the attributes of the file, this function
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632 returns @code{nil}.
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633 @end defun
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diff changeset
634
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635 @defun file-readable-p filename
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636 This function returns @code{t} if a file named @var{filename} exists
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diff changeset
637 and you can read it. It returns @code{nil} otherwise.
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638
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639 @example
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640 @group
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diff changeset
641 (file-readable-p "files.texi")
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diff changeset
642 @result{} t
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643 @end group
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644 @group
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645 (file-exists-p "/usr/spool/mqueue")
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646 @result{} t
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647 @end group
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diff changeset
648 @group
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649 (file-readable-p "/usr/spool/mqueue")
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650 @result{} nil
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651 @end group
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652 @end example
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653 @end defun
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654
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655 @c Emacs 19 feature
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diff changeset
656 @defun file-executable-p filename
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657 This function returns @code{t} if a file named @var{filename} exists and
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diff changeset
658 you can execute it. It returns @code{nil} otherwise. If the file is a
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659 directory, execute permission means you can check the existence and
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660 attributes of files inside the directory, and open those files if their
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661 modes permit.
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diff changeset
662 @end defun
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diff changeset
663
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diff changeset
664 @defun file-writable-p filename
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
665 This function returns @code{t} if the file @var{filename} can be written
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
666 or created by you, and @code{nil} otherwise. A file is writable if the
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
667 file exists and you can write it. It is creatable if it does not exist,
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
668 but the specified directory does exist and you can write in that
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
669 directory.
6555
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
670
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
671 In the third example below, @file{foo} is not writable because the
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parents:
diff changeset
672 parent directory does not exist, even though the user could create such
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
673 a directory.
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parents:
diff changeset
674
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parents:
diff changeset
675 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
676 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
677 (file-writable-p "~/foo")
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parents:
diff changeset
678 @result{} t
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parents:
diff changeset
679 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
680 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
681 (file-writable-p "/foo")
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parents:
diff changeset
682 @result{} nil
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parents:
diff changeset
683 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
684 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
685 (file-writable-p "~/no-such-dir/foo")
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parents:
diff changeset
686 @result{} nil
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parents:
diff changeset
687 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
688 @end example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
689 @end defun
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
690
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
691 @c Emacs 19 feature
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
692 @defun file-accessible-directory-p dirname
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
693 This function returns @code{t} if you have permission to open existing
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
694 files in the directory whose name as a file is @var{dirname}; otherwise
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
695 (or if there is no such directory), it returns @code{nil}. The value
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
696 of @var{dirname} may be either a directory name or the file name of a
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
697 directory.
6555
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parents:
diff changeset
698
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parents:
diff changeset
699 Example: after the following,
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
700
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parents:
diff changeset
701 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
702 (file-accessible-directory-p "/foo")
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parents:
diff changeset
703 @result{} nil
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parents:
diff changeset
704 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
705
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parents:
diff changeset
706 @noindent
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parents:
diff changeset
707 we can deduce that any attempt to read a file in @file{/foo/} will
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
708 give an error.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
709 @end defun
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parents:
diff changeset
710
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Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
711 @defun file-ownership-preserved-p filename
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
712 This function returns @code{t} if deleting the file @var{filename} and
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
713 then creating it anew would keep the file's owner unchanged.
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
714 @end defun
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 11626
diff changeset
715
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parents:
diff changeset
716 @defun file-newer-than-file-p filename1 filename2
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parents:
diff changeset
717 @cindex file age
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parents:
diff changeset
718 @cindex file modification time
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
719 This function returns @code{t} if the file @var{filename1} is
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
720 newer than file @var{filename2}. If @var{filename1} does not
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
721 exist, it returns @code{nil}. If @var{filename2} does not exist,
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
722 it returns @code{t}.
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parents:
diff changeset
723
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
724 In the following example, assume that the file @file{aug-19} was written
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
725 on the 19th, @file{aug-20} was written on the 20th, and the file
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
726 @file{no-file} doesn't exist at all.
6555
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parents:
diff changeset
727
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parents:
diff changeset
728 @example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
729 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
730 (file-newer-than-file-p "aug-19" "aug-20")
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parents:
diff changeset
731 @result{} nil
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parents:
diff changeset
732 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
733 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
734 (file-newer-than-file-p "aug-20" "aug-19")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
735 @result{} t
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
736 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
737 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
738 (file-newer-than-file-p "aug-19" "no-file")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
739 @result{} t
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
740 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
741 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
742 (file-newer-than-file-p "no-file" "aug-19")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
743 @result{} nil
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
744 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
745 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
746
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
747 You can use @code{file-attributes} to get a file's last modification
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
748 time as a list of two numbers. @xref{File Attributes}.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
749 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
750
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
751 @node Kinds of Files
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
752 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
753 @subsection Distinguishing Kinds of Files
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
754
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
755 This section describes how to distinguish various kinds of files, such
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
756 as directories, symbolic links, and ordinary files.
6555
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parents:
diff changeset
757
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
758 @defun file-symlink-p filename
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
759 @cindex file symbolic links
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
760 If the file @var{filename} is a symbolic link, the @code{file-symlink-p}
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
761 function returns the file name to which it is linked. This may be the
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
762 name of a text file, a directory, or even another symbolic link, or it
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
763 may be a nonexistent file name.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
764
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
765 If the file @var{filename} is not a symbolic link (or there is no such file),
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
766 @code{file-symlink-p} returns @code{nil}.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
767
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
768 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
769 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
770 (file-symlink-p "foo")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
771 @result{} nil
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
772 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
773 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
774 (file-symlink-p "sym-link")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
775 @result{} "foo"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
776 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
777 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
778 (file-symlink-p "sym-link2")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
779 @result{} "sym-link"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
780 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
781 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
782 (file-symlink-p "/bin")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
783 @result{} "/pub/bin"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
784 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
785 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
786
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
787 @c !!! file-symlink-p: should show output of ls -l for comparison
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
788 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
789
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
790 @defun file-directory-p filename
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
791 This function returns @code{t} if @var{filename} is the name of an
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
792 existing directory, @code{nil} otherwise.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
793
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
794 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
795 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
796 (file-directory-p "~rms")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
797 @result{} t
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
798 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
799 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
800 (file-directory-p "~rms/lewis/files.texi")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
801 @result{} nil
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
802 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
803 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
804 (file-directory-p "~rms/lewis/no-such-file")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
805 @result{} nil
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
806 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
807 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
808 (file-directory-p "$HOME")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
809 @result{} nil
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
810 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
811 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
812 (file-directory-p
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
813 (substitute-in-file-name "$HOME"))
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
814 @result{} t
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
815 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
816 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
817 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
818
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
819 @defun file-regular-p filename
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
820 This function returns @code{t} if the file @var{filename} exists and is
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
821 a regular file (not a directory, symbolic link, named pipe, terminal, or
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
822 other I/O device).
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
823 @end defun
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
824
6555
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parents:
diff changeset
825 @node Truenames
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
826 @subsection Truenames
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
827 @cindex truename (of file)
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
828
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
829 @c Emacs 19 features
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
830 The @dfn{truename} of a file is the name that you get by following
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
831 symbolic links until none remain, then expanding to get rid of @samp{.}
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
832 and @samp{..} as components. Strictly speaking, a file need not have a
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
833 unique truename; the number of distinct truenames a file has is equal to
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
834 the number of hard links to the file. However, truenames are useful
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
835 because they eliminate symbolic links as a cause of name variation.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
836
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
837 @defun file-truename filename
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
838 The function @code{file-truename} returns the true name of the file
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parents:
diff changeset
839 @var{filename}. This is the name that you get by following symbolic
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parents:
diff changeset
840 links until none remain. The argument must be an absolute file name.
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parents:
diff changeset
841 @end defun
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parents:
diff changeset
842
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
843 @xref{Buffer File Name}, for related information.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
844
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parents:
diff changeset
845 @node File Attributes
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
846 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
847 @subsection Other Information about Files
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
848
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parents:
diff changeset
849 This section describes the functions for getting detailed information
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
850 about a file, other than its contents. This information includes the
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
851 mode bits that control access permission, the owner and group numbers,
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
852 the number of names, the inode number, the size, and the times of access
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
853 and modification.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
854
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parents:
diff changeset
855 @defun file-modes filename
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
856 @cindex permission
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
857 @cindex file attributes
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
858 This function returns the mode bits of @var{filename}, as an integer.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
859 The mode bits are also called the file permissions, and they specify
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
860 access control in the usual Unix fashion. If the low-order bit is 1,
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
861 then the file is executable by all users, if the second-lowest-order bit
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
862 is 1, then the file is writable by all users, etc.
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parents:
diff changeset
863
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
864 The highest value returnable is 4095 (7777 octal), meaning that
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
865 everyone has read, write, and execute permission, that the @sc{suid} bit
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
866 is set for both others and group, and that the sticky bit is set.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
867
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parents:
diff changeset
868 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
869 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
870 (file-modes "~/junk/diffs")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
871 @result{} 492 ; @r{Decimal integer.}
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parents:
diff changeset
872 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
873 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
874 (format "%o" 492)
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
875 @result{} "754" ; @r{Convert to octal.}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
876 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
877
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
878 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
879 (set-file-modes "~/junk/diffs" 438)
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
880 @result{} nil
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parents:
diff changeset
881 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
882
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parents:
diff changeset
883 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
884 (format "%o" 438)
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
885 @result{} "666" ; @r{Convert to octal.}
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parents:
diff changeset
886 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
887
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
888 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
889 % ls -l diffs
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
890 -rw-rw-rw- 1 lewis 0 3063 Oct 30 16:00 diffs
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
891 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
892 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
893 @end defun
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parents:
diff changeset
894
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parents:
diff changeset
895 @defun file-nlinks filename
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
896 This functions returns the number of names (i.e., hard links) that
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
897 file @var{filename} has. If the file does not exist, then this function
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
898 returns @code{nil}. Note that symbolic links have no effect on this
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
899 function, because they are not considered to be names of the files they
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
900 link to.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
901
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
902 @example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
903 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
904 % ls -l foo*
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parents:
diff changeset
905 -rw-rw-rw- 2 rms 4 Aug 19 01:27 foo
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
906 -rw-rw-rw- 2 rms 4 Aug 19 01:27 foo1
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
907 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
908
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
909 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
910 (file-nlinks "foo")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
911 @result{} 2
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
912 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
913 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
914 (file-nlinks "doesnt-exist")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
915 @result{} nil
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
916 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
917 @end example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
918 @end defun
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
919
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parents:
diff changeset
920 @defun file-attributes filename
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
921 This function returns a list of attributes of file @var{filename}. If
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
922 the specified file cannot be opened, it returns @code{nil}.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
923
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
924 The elements of the list, in order, are:
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
925
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
926 @enumerate 0
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parents:
diff changeset
927 @item
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
928 @code{t} for a directory, a string for a symbolic link (the name
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
929 linked to), or @code{nil} for a text file.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
930
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
931 @c Wordy so as to prevent an overfull hbox. --rjc 15mar92
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
932 @item
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
933 The number of names the file has. Alternate names, also known as hard
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
934 links, can be created by using the @code{add-name-to-file} function
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
935 (@pxref{Changing File Attributes}).
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
936
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
937 @item
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
938 The file's @sc{uid}.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
939
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
940 @item
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
941 The file's @sc{gid}.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
942
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
943 @item
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
944 The time of last access, as a list of two integers.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
945 The first integer has the high-order 16 bits of time,
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
946 the second has the low 16 bits. (This is similar to the
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
947 value of @code{current-time}; see @ref{Time of Day}.)
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
948
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
949 @item
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parents:
diff changeset
950 The time of last modification as a list of two integers (as above).
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
951
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
952 @item
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
953 The time of last status change as a list of two integers (as above).
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
954
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
955 @item
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
956 The size of the file in bytes.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
957
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
958 @item
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
959 The file's modes, as a string of ten letters or dashes,
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
960 as in @samp{ls -l}.
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parents:
diff changeset
961
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
962 @item
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
963 @code{t} if the file's @sc{gid} would change if file were
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
964 deleted and recreated; @code{nil} otherwise.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
965
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parents:
diff changeset
966 @item
17919
eb712b69e495 The inode number can be an integer.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17398
diff changeset
967 The file's inode number. If possible, this is an integer. If the inode
eb712b69e495 The inode number can be an integer.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17398
diff changeset
968 number is too large to be represented as an integer in Emacs Lisp, then
eb712b69e495 The inode number can be an integer.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17398
diff changeset
969 the value has the form @code{(@var{high} . @var{low})}, where @var{low}
eb712b69e495 The inode number can be an integer.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17398
diff changeset
970 holds the low 16 bits.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
971
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parents:
diff changeset
972 @item
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
973 The file system number of the file system that the file is in. This
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
974 element and the file's inode number together give enough information to
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
975 distinguish any two files on the system---no two files can have the same
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
976 values for both of these numbers.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
977 @end enumerate
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parents:
diff changeset
978
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parents:
diff changeset
979 For example, here are the file attributes for @file{files.texi}:
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
980
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
981 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
982 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
983 (file-attributes "files.texi")
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parents:
diff changeset
984 @result{} (nil
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
985 1
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parents:
diff changeset
986 2235
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parents:
diff changeset
987 75
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
988 (8489 20284)
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
989 (8489 20284)
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
990 (8489 20285)
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
991 14906
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
992 "-rw-rw-rw-"
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parents:
diff changeset
993 nil
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
994 129500
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
995 -32252)
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
996 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
997 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
998
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
999 @noindent
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1000 and here is how the result is interpreted:
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1001
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1002 @table @code
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1003 @item nil
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1004 is neither a directory nor a symbolic link.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1005
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1006 @item 1
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1007 has only one name (the name @file{files.texi} in the current default
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1008 directory).
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1009
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1010 @item 2235
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1011 is owned by the user with @sc{uid} 2235.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1012
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1013 @item 75
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1014 is in the group with @sc{gid} 75.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1015
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1016 @item (8489 20284)
12522
75d5cd591947 Fix minor error.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12226
diff changeset
1017 was last accessed on Aug 19 00:09.
6555
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parents:
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1018
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parents:
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1019 @item (8489 20284)
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parents:
diff changeset
1020 was last modified on Aug 19 00:09.
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parents:
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1021
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1022 @item (8489 20285)
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parents:
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1023 last had its inode changed on Aug 19 00:09.
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parents:
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1024
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1025 @item 14906
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parents:
diff changeset
1026 is 14906 characters long.
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parents:
diff changeset
1027
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1028 @item "-rw-rw-rw-"
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parents:
diff changeset
1029 has a mode of read and write access for the owner, group, and world.
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parents:
diff changeset
1030
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parents:
diff changeset
1031 @item nil
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parents:
diff changeset
1032 would retain the same @sc{gid} if it were recreated.
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parents:
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1033
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1034 @item 129500
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parents:
diff changeset
1035 has an inode number of 129500.
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parents:
diff changeset
1036 @item -32252
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parents:
diff changeset
1037 is on file system number -32252.
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parents:
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1038 @end table
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parents:
diff changeset
1039 @end defun
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parents:
diff changeset
1040
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parents:
diff changeset
1041 @node Changing File Attributes
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parents:
diff changeset
1042 @section Changing File Names and Attributes
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parents:
diff changeset
1043 @cindex renaming files
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parents:
diff changeset
1044 @cindex copying files
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parents:
diff changeset
1045 @cindex deleting files
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parents:
diff changeset
1046 @cindex linking files
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parents:
diff changeset
1047 @cindex setting modes of files
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parents:
diff changeset
1048
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parents:
diff changeset
1049 The functions in this section rename, copy, delete, link, and set the
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1050 modes of files.
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parents:
diff changeset
1051
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parents:
diff changeset
1052 In the functions that have an argument @var{newname}, if a file by the
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1053 name of @var{newname} already exists, the actions taken depend on the
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parents:
diff changeset
1054 value of the argument @var{ok-if-already-exists}:
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parents:
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1055
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diff changeset
1056 @itemize @bullet
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parents:
diff changeset
1057 @item
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parents:
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1058 Signal a @code{file-already-exists} error if
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parents:
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1059 @var{ok-if-already-exists} is @code{nil}.
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parents:
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1060
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diff changeset
1061 @item
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1062 Request confirmation if @var{ok-if-already-exists} is a number.
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parents:
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1063
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parents:
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1064 @item
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1065 Replace the old file without confirmation if @var{ok-if-already-exists}
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parents:
diff changeset
1066 is any other value.
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diff changeset
1067 @end itemize
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parents:
diff changeset
1068
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parents:
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1069 @defun add-name-to-file oldname newname &optional ok-if-already-exists
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parents:
diff changeset
1070 @cindex file with multiple names
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parents:
diff changeset
1071 @cindex file hard link
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parents:
diff changeset
1072 This function gives the file named @var{oldname} the additional name
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parents:
diff changeset
1073 @var{newname}. This means that @var{newname} becomes a new ``hard
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parents:
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1074 link'' to @var{oldname}.
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parents:
diff changeset
1075
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1076 In the first part of the following example, we list two files,
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parents:
diff changeset
1077 @file{foo} and @file{foo3}.
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parents:
diff changeset
1078
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diff changeset
1079 @example
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diff changeset
1080 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
1081 % ls -l fo*
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1082 -rw-rw-rw- 1 rms 29 Aug 18 20:32 foo
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parents:
diff changeset
1083 -rw-rw-rw- 1 rms 24 Aug 18 20:31 foo3
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1084 @end group
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diff changeset
1085 @end example
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diff changeset
1086
16736
981e116b4ac6 Minor cleanups for overfull hboxes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15913
diff changeset
1087 Now we create a hard link, by calling @code{add-name-to-file}, then list
981e116b4ac6 Minor cleanups for overfull hboxes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15913
diff changeset
1088 the files again. This shows two names for one file, @file{foo} and
981e116b4ac6 Minor cleanups for overfull hboxes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15913
diff changeset
1089 @file{foo2}.
6555
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parents:
diff changeset
1090
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diff changeset
1091 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
1092 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
1093 (add-name-to-file "~/lewis/foo1" "~/lewis/foo2")
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parents:
diff changeset
1094 @result{} nil
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diff changeset
1095 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
1096
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parents:
diff changeset
1097 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
1098 % ls -l fo*
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parents:
diff changeset
1099 -rw-rw-rw- 2 rms 29 Aug 18 20:32 foo
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parents:
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1100 -rw-rw-rw- 2 rms 29 Aug 18 20:32 foo2
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parents:
diff changeset
1101 -rw-rw-rw- 1 rms 24 Aug 18 20:31 foo3
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parents:
diff changeset
1102 @end group
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1103 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
1104
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parents:
diff changeset
1105 @c !!! Check whether this set of examples is consistent. --rjc 15mar92
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parents:
diff changeset
1106 Finally, we evaluate the following:
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diff changeset
1107
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diff changeset
1108 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
1109 (add-name-to-file "~/lewis/foo" "~/lewis/foo3" t)
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parents:
diff changeset
1110 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
1111
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parents:
diff changeset
1112 @noindent
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1113 and list the files again. Now there are three names
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parents:
diff changeset
1114 for one file: @file{foo}, @file{foo2}, and @file{foo3}. The old
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1115 contents of @file{foo3} are lost.
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parents:
diff changeset
1116
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parents:
diff changeset
1117 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
1118 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
1119 (add-name-to-file "~/lewis/foo1" "~/lewis/foo3")
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parents:
diff changeset
1120 @result{} nil
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diff changeset
1121 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
1122
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parents:
diff changeset
1123 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
1124 % ls -l fo*
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parents:
diff changeset
1125 -rw-rw-rw- 3 rms 29 Aug 18 20:32 foo
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parents:
diff changeset
1126 -rw-rw-rw- 3 rms 29 Aug 18 20:32 foo2
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parents:
diff changeset
1127 -rw-rw-rw- 3 rms 29 Aug 18 20:32 foo3
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diff changeset
1128 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
1129 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
1130
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1131 This function is meaningless on VMS, where multiple names for one file
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1132 are not allowed.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1133
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parents:
diff changeset
1134 See also @code{file-nlinks} in @ref{File Attributes}.
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parents:
diff changeset
1135 @end defun
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parents:
diff changeset
1136
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1137 @deffn Command rename-file filename newname &optional ok-if-already-exists
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1138 This command renames the file @var{filename} as @var{newname}.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1139
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1140 If @var{filename} has additional names aside from @var{filename}, it
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1141 continues to have those names. In fact, adding the name @var{newname}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1142 with @code{add-name-to-file} and then deleting @var{filename} has the
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1143 same effect as renaming, aside from momentary intermediate states.
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parents:
diff changeset
1144
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1145 In an interactive call, this function prompts for @var{filename} and
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1146 @var{newname} in the minibuffer; also, it requests confirmation if
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1147 @var{newname} already exists.
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parents:
diff changeset
1148 @end deffn
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parents:
diff changeset
1149
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diff changeset
1150 @deffn Command copy-file oldname newname &optional ok-if-exists time
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1151 This command copies the file @var{oldname} to @var{newname}. An
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1152 error is signaled if @var{oldname} does not exist.
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parents:
diff changeset
1153
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diff changeset
1154 If @var{time} is non-@code{nil}, then this functions gives the new
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1155 file the same last-modified time that the old one has. (This works on
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1156 only some operating systems.)
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parents:
diff changeset
1157
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parents:
diff changeset
1158 In an interactive call, this function prompts for @var{filename} and
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1159 @var{newname} in the minibuffer; also, it requests confirmation if
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1160 @var{newname} already exists.
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parents:
diff changeset
1161 @end deffn
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parents:
diff changeset
1162
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parents:
diff changeset
1163 @deffn Command delete-file filename
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1164 @pindex rm
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parents:
diff changeset
1165 This command deletes the file @var{filename}, like the shell command
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parents:
diff changeset
1166 @samp{rm @var{filename}}. If the file has multiple names, it continues
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1167 to exist under the other names.
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parents:
diff changeset
1168
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parents:
diff changeset
1169 A suitable kind of @code{file-error} error is signaled if the file
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1170 does not exist, or is not deletable. (On Unix, a file is deletable if
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parents:
diff changeset
1171 its directory is writable.)
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parents:
diff changeset
1172
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parents:
diff changeset
1173 See also @code{delete-directory} in @ref{Create/Delete Dirs}.
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parents:
diff changeset
1174 @end deffn
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parents:
diff changeset
1175
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parents:
diff changeset
1176 @deffn Command make-symbolic-link filename newname &optional ok-if-exists
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parents:
diff changeset
1177 @pindex ln
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parents:
diff changeset
1178 @kindex file-already-exists
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parents:
diff changeset
1179 This command makes a symbolic link to @var{filename}, named
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1180 @var{newname}. This is like the shell command @samp{ln -s
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parents:
diff changeset
1181 @var{filename} @var{newname}}.
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parents:
diff changeset
1182
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1183 In an interactive call, this function prompts for @var{filename} and
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1184 @var{newname} in the minibuffer; also, it requests confirmation if
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1185 @var{newname} already exists.
6555
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1186 @end deffn
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parents:
diff changeset
1187
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1188 @defun define-logical-name varname string
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1189 This function defines the logical name @var{name} to have the value
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1190 @var{string}. It is available only on VMS.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1191 @end defun
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1192
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parents:
diff changeset
1193 @defun set-file-modes filename mode
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1194 This function sets mode bits of @var{filename} to @var{mode} (which must
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1195 be an integer). Only the low 12 bits of @var{mode} are used.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1196 @end defun
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1197
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parents:
diff changeset
1198 @c Emacs 19 feature
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1199 @defun set-default-file-modes mode
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1200 This function sets the default file protection for new files created by
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1201 Emacs and its subprocesses. Every file created with Emacs initially has
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1202 this protection. On Unix, the default protection is the bitwise
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1203 complement of the ``umask'' value.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1204
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1205 The argument @var{mode} must be an integer. Only the low 9 bits of
6555
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1206 @var{mode} are used.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1207
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1208 Saving a modified version of an existing file does not count as creating
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1209 the file; it does not change the file's mode, and does not use the
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1210 default file protection.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1211 @end defun
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1212
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1213 @defun default-file-modes
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1214 This function returns the current default protection value.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1215 @end defun
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parents:
diff changeset
1216
7088
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
1217 @cindex MS-DOS and file modes
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
1218 @cindex file modes and MS-DOS
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
1219 On MS-DOS, there is no such thing as an ``executable'' file mode bit.
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
1220 So Emacs considers a file executable if its name ends in @samp{.com},
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
1221 @samp{.bat} or @samp{.exe}. This is reflected in the values returned
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
1222 by @code{file-modes} and @code{file-attributes}.
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
1223
6555
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parents:
diff changeset
1224 @node File Names
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1225 @section File Names
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1226 @cindex file names
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1227
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1228 Files are generally referred to by their names, in Emacs as elsewhere.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1229 File names in Emacs are represented as strings. The functions that
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1230 operate on a file all expect a file name argument.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1231
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1232 In addition to operating on files themselves, Emacs Lisp programs
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1233 often need to operate on the names; i.e., to take them apart and to use
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1234 part of a name to construct related file names. This section describes
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1235 how to manipulate file names.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1236
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1237 The functions in this section do not actually access files, so they
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1238 can operate on file names that do not refer to an existing file or
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1239 directory.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1240
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1241 On VMS, all these functions understand both VMS file-name syntax and
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1242 Unix syntax. This is so that all the standard Lisp libraries can
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1243 specify file names in Unix syntax and work properly on VMS without
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1244 change. On MS-DOS, these functions understand MS-DOS file-name syntax
7088
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
1245 as well as Unix syntax.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1246
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1247 @menu
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1248 * File Name Components:: The directory part of a file name, and the rest.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1249 * Directory Names:: A directory's name as a directory
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1250 is different from its name as a file.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1251 * Relative File Names:: Some file names are relative to a current directory.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1252 * File Name Expansion:: Converting relative file names to absolute ones.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1253 * Unique File Names:: Generating names for temporary files.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1254 * File Name Completion:: Finding the completions for a given file name.
15765
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1255 * Standard File Names:: If your package uses a fixed file name,
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1256 how to handle various operating systems simply.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1257 @end menu
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1258
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1259 @node File Name Components
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1260 @subsection File Name Components
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1261 @cindex directory part (of file name)
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1262 @cindex nondirectory part (of file name)
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1263 @cindex version number (in file name)
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1264
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1265 The operating system groups files into directories. To specify a
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1266 file, you must specify the directory and the file's name within that
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1267 directory. Therefore, Emacs considers a file name as having two main
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1268 parts: the @dfn{directory name} part, and the @dfn{nondirectory} part
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1269 (or @dfn{file name within the directory}). Either part may be empty.
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1270 Concatenating these two parts reproduces the original file name.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1271
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1272 On Unix, the directory part is everything up to and including the last
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1273 slash; the nondirectory part is the rest. The rules in VMS syntax are
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1274 complicated.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1275
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1276 For some purposes, the nondirectory part is further subdivided into
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1277 the name proper and the @dfn{version number}. On Unix, only backup
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1278 files have version numbers in their names; on VMS, every file has a
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1279 version number, but most of the time the file name actually used in
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1280 Emacs omits the version number. Version numbers are found mostly in
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1281 directory lists.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1282
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1283 @defun file-name-directory filename
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1284 This function returns the directory part of @var{filename} (or
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1285 @code{nil} if @var{filename} does not include a directory part). On
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1286 Unix, the function returns a string ending in a slash. On VMS, it
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1287 returns a string ending in one of the three characters @samp{:},
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1288 @samp{]}, or @samp{>}.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1289
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1290 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1291 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1292 (file-name-directory "lewis/foo") ; @r{Unix example}
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1293 @result{} "lewis/"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1294 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1295 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1296 (file-name-directory "foo") ; @r{Unix example}
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1297 @result{} nil
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1298 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1299 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1300 (file-name-directory "[X]FOO.TMP") ; @r{VMS example}
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1301 @result{} "[X]"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1302 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1303 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1304 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1305
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1306 @defun file-name-nondirectory filename
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1307 This function returns the nondirectory part of @var{filename}.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1308
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1309 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1310 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1311 (file-name-nondirectory "lewis/foo")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1312 @result{} "foo"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1313 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1314 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1315 (file-name-nondirectory "foo")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1316 @result{} "foo"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1317 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1318 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1319 ;; @r{The following example is accurate only on VMS.}
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1320 (file-name-nondirectory "[X]FOO.TMP")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1321 @result{} "FOO.TMP"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1322 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1323 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1324 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1325
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1326 @defun file-name-sans-versions filename
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1327 This function returns @var{filename} without any file version numbers,
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1328 backup version numbers, or trailing tildes.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1329
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1330 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1331 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1332 (file-name-sans-versions "~rms/foo.~1~")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1333 @result{} "~rms/foo"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1334 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1335 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1336 (file-name-sans-versions "~rms/foo~")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1337 @result{} "~rms/foo"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1338 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1339 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1340 (file-name-sans-versions "~rms/foo")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1341 @result{} "~rms/foo"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1342 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1343 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1344 ;; @r{The following example applies to VMS only.}
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1345 (file-name-sans-versions "foo;23")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1346 @result{} "foo"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1347 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1348 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1349 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1350
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
1351 @defun file-name-sans-extension filename
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1352 This function returns @var{filename} minus its ``extension,'' if any.
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1353 The extension, in a file name, is the part that starts with the last
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1354 @samp{.} in the last name component. For example,
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1355
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1356 @example
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1357 (file-name-sans-extension "foo.lose.c")
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1358 @result{} "foo.lose"
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1359 (file-name-sans-extension "big.hack/foo")
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1360 @result{} "big.hack/foo"
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1361 @end example
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
1362 @end defun
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
1363
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1364 @node Directory Names
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1365 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1366 @subsection Directory Names
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1367 @cindex directory name
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1368 @cindex file name of directory
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1369
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1370 A @dfn{directory name} is the name of a directory. A directory is a
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1371 kind of file, and it has a file name, which is related to the directory
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1372 name but not identical to it. (This is not quite the same as the usual
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1373 Unix terminology.) These two different names for the same entity are
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1374 related by a syntactic transformation. On Unix, this is simple: a
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1375 directory name ends in a slash, whereas the directory's name as a file
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1376 lacks that slash. On VMS, the relationship is more complicated.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1377
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1378 The difference between a directory name and its name as a file is
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1379 subtle but crucial. When an Emacs variable or function argument is
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1380 described as being a directory name, a file name of a directory is not
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1381 acceptable.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1382
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1383 The following two functions convert between directory names and file
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1384 names. They do nothing special with environment variable substitutions
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1385 such as @samp{$HOME}, and the constructs @samp{~}, and @samp{..}.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1386
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1387 @defun file-name-as-directory filename
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1388 This function returns a string representing @var{filename} in a form
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1389 that the operating system will interpret as the name of a directory. In
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1390 Unix, this means appending a slash to the string. On VMS, the function
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1391 converts a string of the form @file{[X]Y.DIR.1} to the form
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1392 @file{[X.Y]}.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1393
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1394 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1395 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1396 (file-name-as-directory "~rms/lewis")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1397 @result{} "~rms/lewis/"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1398 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1399 @end example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1400 @end defun
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1401
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1402 @defun directory-file-name dirname
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1403 This function returns a string representing @var{dirname} in a form
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1404 that the operating system will interpret as the name of a file. On
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1405 Unix, this means removing a final slash from the string. On VMS, the
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1406 function converts a string of the form @file{[X.Y]} to
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1407 @file{[X]Y.DIR.1}.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1408
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1409 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1410 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1411 (directory-file-name "~lewis/")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1412 @result{} "~lewis"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1413 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1414 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1415 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1416
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1417 @cindex directory name abbreviation
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1418 Directory name abbreviations are useful for directories that are
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1419 normally accessed through symbolic links. Sometimes the users recognize
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1420 primarily the link's name as ``the name'' of the directory, and find it
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1421 annoying to see the directory's ``real'' name. If you define the link
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1422 name as an abbreviation for the ``real'' name, Emacs shows users the
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1423 abbreviation instead.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1424
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1425 @defvar directory-abbrev-alist
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1426 The variable @code{directory-abbrev-alist} contains an alist of
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1427 abbreviations to use for file directories. Each element has the form
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1428 @code{(@var{from} . @var{to})}, and says to replace @var{from} with
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1429 @var{to} when it appears in a directory name. The @var{from} string is
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1430 actually a regular expression; it should always start with @samp{^}.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1431 The function @code{abbreviate-file-name} performs these substitutions.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1432
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1433 You can set this variable in @file{site-init.el} to describe the
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1434 abbreviations appropriate for your site.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1435
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1436 Here's an example, from a system on which file system @file{/home/fsf}
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1437 and so on are normally accessed through symbolic links named @file{/fsf}
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1438 and so on.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1439
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1440 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1441 (("^/home/fsf" . "/fsf")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1442 ("^/home/gp" . "/gp")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1443 ("^/home/gd" . "/gd"))
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1444 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1445 @end defvar
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1446
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1447 To convert a directory name to its abbreviation, use this
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1448 function:
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1449
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1450 @defun abbreviate-file-name dirname
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1451 This function applies abbreviations from @code{directory-abbrev-alist}
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1452 to its argument, and substitutes @samp{~} for the user's home
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1453 directory.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1454 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1455
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1456 @node Relative File Names
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1457 @subsection Absolute and Relative File Names
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1458 @cindex absolute file name
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1459 @cindex relative file name
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1460
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1461 All the directories in the file system form a tree starting at the
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1462 root directory. A file name can specify all the directory names
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1463 starting from the root of the tree; then it is called an @dfn{absolute}
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1464 file name. Or it can specify the position of the file in the tree
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1465 relative to a default directory; then it is called a @dfn{relative}
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1466 file name. On Unix, an absolute file name starts with a slash or a
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1467 tilde (@samp{~}), and a relative one does not. The rules on VMS are
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1468 complicated.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1469
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1470 @defun file-name-absolute-p filename
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1471 This function returns @code{t} if file @var{filename} is an absolute
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1472 file name, @code{nil} otherwise. On VMS, this function understands both
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1473 Unix syntax and VMS syntax.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1474
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1475 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1476 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1477 (file-name-absolute-p "~rms/foo")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1478 @result{} t
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1479 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1480 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1481 (file-name-absolute-p "rms/foo")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1482 @result{} nil
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1483 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1484 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1485 (file-name-absolute-p "/user/rms/foo")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1486 @result{} t
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1487 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1488 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1489 @end defun
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1490
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1491 @node File Name Expansion
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1492 @subsection Functions that Expand Filenames
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1493 @cindex expansion of file names
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1494
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1495 @dfn{Expansion} of a file name means converting a relative file name
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1496 to an absolute one. Since this is done relative to a default directory,
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1497 you must specify the default directory name as well as the file name to
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1498 be expanded. Expansion also simplifies file names by eliminating
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1499 redundancies such as @file{./} and @file{@var{name}/../}.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1500
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1501 @defun expand-file-name filename &optional directory
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1502 This function converts @var{filename} to an absolute file name. If
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1503 @var{directory} is supplied, it is the directory to start with if
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1504 @var{filename} is relative. (The value of @var{directory} should itself
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1505 be an absolute directory name; it may start with @samp{~}.)
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1506 Otherwise, the current buffer's value of @code{default-directory} is
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1507 used. For example:
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1508
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1509 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1510 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1511 (expand-file-name "foo")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1512 @result{} "/xcssun/users/rms/lewis/foo"
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1513 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1514 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1515 (expand-file-name "../foo")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1516 @result{} "/xcssun/users/rms/foo"
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1517 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1518 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1519 (expand-file-name "foo" "/usr/spool/")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1520 @result{} "/usr/spool/foo"
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1521 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1522 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1523 (expand-file-name "$HOME/foo")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1524 @result{} "/xcssun/users/rms/lewis/$HOME/foo"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1525 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1526 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1527
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1528 Filenames containing @samp{.} or @samp{..} are simplified to their
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1529 canonical form:
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1530
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1531 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1532 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1533 (expand-file-name "bar/../foo")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1534 @result{} "/xcssun/users/rms/lewis/foo"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1535 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1536 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1537
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1538 @samp{~/} is expanded into the user's home directory. A @samp{/} or
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1539 @samp{~} following a @samp{/} is taken to be the start of an absolute
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1540 file name that overrides what precedes it, so everything before that
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1541 @samp{/} or @samp{~} is deleted. For example:
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1542
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1543 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1544 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1545 (expand-file-name
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1546 "/a1/gnu//usr/local/lib/emacs/etc/MACHINES")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1547 @result{} "/usr/local/lib/emacs/etc/MACHINES"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1548 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1549 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1550 (expand-file-name "/a1/gnu/~/foo")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1551 @result{} "/xcssun/users/rms/foo"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1552 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1553 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1554
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1555 @noindent
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1556 In both cases, @file{/a1/gnu/} is discarded because an absolute file
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1557 name follows it.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1558
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1559 Note that @code{expand-file-name} does @emph{not} expand environment
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1560 variables; only @code{substitute-in-file-name} does that.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1561 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1562
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1563 @c Emacs 19 feature
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1564 @defun file-relative-name filename directory
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1565 This function does the inverse of expansion---it tries to return a
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1566 relative name that is equivalent to @var{filename} when interpreted
17398
a5d9cbc4e2c5 (file-relative-name): Say correctly when the value is absolute.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 16736
diff changeset
1567 relative to @var{directory}.
a5d9cbc4e2c5 (file-relative-name): Say correctly when the value is absolute.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 16736
diff changeset
1568
a5d9cbc4e2c5 (file-relative-name): Say correctly when the value is absolute.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 16736
diff changeset
1569 On some operating systems, an absolute file name begins with a device
a5d9cbc4e2c5 (file-relative-name): Say correctly when the value is absolute.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 16736
diff changeset
1570 name. On such systems, @var{filename} has no relative equivalent based
a5d9cbc4e2c5 (file-relative-name): Say correctly when the value is absolute.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 16736
diff changeset
1571 on @var{directory} if they start with two different device names. In
a5d9cbc4e2c5 (file-relative-name): Say correctly when the value is absolute.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 16736
diff changeset
1572 this case, @code{file-relative-name} returns @var{filename} in absolute
a5d9cbc4e2c5 (file-relative-name): Say correctly when the value is absolute.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 16736
diff changeset
1573 form.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1574
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1575 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1576 (file-relative-name "/foo/bar" "/foo/")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1577 @result{} "bar")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1578 (file-relative-name "/foo/bar" "/hack/")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1579 @result{} "/foo/bar")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1580 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1581 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1582
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1583 @defvar default-directory
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1584 The value of this buffer-local variable is the default directory for the
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1585 current buffer. It should be an absolute directory name; it may start
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1586 with @samp{~}. This variable is local in every buffer.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1587
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1588 @code{expand-file-name} uses the default directory when its second
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1589 argument is @code{nil}.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1590
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1591 On Unix systems, the value is always a string ending with a slash.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1592
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1593 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1594 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1595 default-directory
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1596 @result{} "/user/lewis/manual/"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1597 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1598 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1599 @end defvar
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1600
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1601 @defun substitute-in-file-name filename
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1602 This function replaces environment variables references in
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1603 @var{filename} with the environment variable values. Following standard
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1604 Unix shell syntax, @samp{$} is the prefix to substitute an environment
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1605 variable value.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1606
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1607 The environment variable name is the series of alphanumeric characters
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1608 (including underscores) that follow the @samp{$}. If the character following
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1609 the @samp{$} is a @samp{@{}, then the variable name is everything up to the
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1610 matching @samp{@}}.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1611
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1612 @c Wordy to avoid overfull hbox. --rjc 15mar92
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1613 Here we assume that the environment variable @code{HOME}, which holds
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1614 the user's home directory name, has value @samp{/xcssun/users/rms}.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1615
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1616 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1617 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1618 (substitute-in-file-name "$HOME/foo")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1619 @result{} "/xcssun/users/rms/foo"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1620 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1621 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1622
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1623 If a @samp{~} or a @samp{/} appears following a @samp{/}, after
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1624 substitution, everything before the following @samp{/} is discarded:
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1625
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1626 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1627 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1628 (substitute-in-file-name "bar/~/foo")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1629 @result{} "~/foo"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1630 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1631 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1632 (substitute-in-file-name "/usr/local/$HOME/foo")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1633 @result{} "/xcssun/users/rms/foo"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1634 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1635 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1636
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1637 On VMS, @samp{$} substitution is not done, so this function does nothing
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1638 on VMS except discard superfluous initial components as shown above.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1639 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1640
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1641 @node Unique File Names
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1642 @subsection Generating Unique File Names
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1643
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1644 Some programs need to write temporary files. Here is the usual way to
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1645 construct a name for such a file:
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1646
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1647 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1648 (make-temp-name (concat "/tmp/" @var{name-of-application}))
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1649 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1650
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1651 @noindent
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1652 Here we use the directory @file{/tmp/} because that is the standard
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1653 place on Unix for temporary files. The job of @code{make-temp-name} is
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1654 to prevent two different users or two different jobs from trying to use
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1655 the same name.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1656
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1657 @defun make-temp-name string
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1658 This function generates string that can be used as a unique name. The
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1659 name starts with @var{string}, and ends with a number that is different
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1660 in each Emacs job.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1661
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1662 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1663 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1664 (make-temp-name "/tmp/foo")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1665 @result{} "/tmp/foo021304"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1666 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1667 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1668
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1669 To prevent conflicts among different libraries running in the same
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1670 Emacs, each Lisp program that uses @code{make-temp-name} should have its
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1671 own @var{string}. The number added to the end of the name distinguishes
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1672 between the same application running in different Emacs jobs.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1673 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1674
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1675 @node File Name Completion
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1676 @subsection File Name Completion
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1677 @cindex file name completion subroutines
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1678 @cindex completion, file name
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1679
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1680 This section describes low-level subroutines for completing a file
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1681 name. For other completion functions, see @ref{Completion}.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1682
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1683 @defun file-name-all-completions partial-filename directory
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1684 This function returns a list of all possible completions for a file
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1685 whose name starts with @var{partial-filename} in directory
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1686 @var{directory}. The order of the completions is the order of the files
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1687 in the directory, which is unpredictable and conveys no useful
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1688 information.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1689
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1690 The argument @var{partial-filename} must be a file name containing no
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1691 directory part and no slash. The current buffer's default directory is
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1692 prepended to @var{directory}, if @var{directory} is not absolute.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1693
16736
981e116b4ac6 Minor cleanups for overfull hboxes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15913
diff changeset
1694 In the following example, suppose that @file{~rms/lewis} is the current
981e116b4ac6 Minor cleanups for overfull hboxes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15913
diff changeset
1695 default directory, and has five files whose names begin with @samp{f}:
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1696 @file{foo}, @file{file~}, @file{file.c}, @file{file.c.~1~}, and
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parents:
diff changeset
1697 @file{file.c.~2~}.@refill
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parents:
diff changeset
1698
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parents:
diff changeset
1699 @example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1700 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1701 (file-name-all-completions "f" "")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1702 @result{} ("foo" "file~" "file.c.~2~"
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1703 "file.c.~1~" "file.c")
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parents:
diff changeset
1704 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1705
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1706 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1707 (file-name-all-completions "fo" "")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1708 @result{} ("foo")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1709 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1710 @end example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1711 @end defun
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1712
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1713 @defun file-name-completion filename directory
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1714 This function completes the file name @var{filename} in directory
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1715 @var{directory}. It returns the longest prefix common to all file names
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1716 in directory @var{directory} that start with @var{filename}.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1717
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1718 If only one match exists and @var{filename} matches it exactly, the
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1719 function returns @code{t}. The function returns @code{nil} if directory
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1720 @var{directory} contains no name starting with @var{filename}.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1721
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1722 In the following example, suppose that the current default directory
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1723 has five files whose names begin with @samp{f}: @file{foo},
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1724 @file{file~}, @file{file.c}, @file{file.c.~1~}, and
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1725 @file{file.c.~2~}.@refill
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1726
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1727 @example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1728 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1729 (file-name-completion "fi" "")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1730 @result{} "file"
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1731 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1732
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parents:
diff changeset
1733 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
1734 (file-name-completion "file.c.~1" "")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1735 @result{} "file.c.~1~"
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1736 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1737
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1738 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1739 (file-name-completion "file.c.~1~" "")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1740 @result{} t
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1741 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1742
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1743 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1744 (file-name-completion "file.c.~3" "")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1745 @result{} nil
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1746 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1747 @end example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1748 @end defun
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1749
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1750 @defopt completion-ignored-extensions
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1751 @code{file-name-completion} usually ignores file names that end in any
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1752 string in this list. It does not ignore them when all the possible
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1753 completions end in one of these suffixes or when a buffer showing all
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1754 possible completions is displayed.@refill
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1755
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1756 A typical value might look like this:
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1757
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1758 @example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1759 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1760 completion-ignored-extensions
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1761 @result{} (".o" ".elc" "~" ".dvi")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1762 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1763 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1764 @end defopt
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1765
15765
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1766 @node Standard File Names
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1767 @subsection Standard File Names
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1768
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1769 Most of the file names used in Lisp programs are entered by the user.
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1770 But occasionally a Lisp program needs to specify a standard file name
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1771 for a particular use---typically, to hold customization information
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1772 about each user. For example, abbrev definitions are stored (by
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1773 default) in the file @file{~/.abbrev_defs}; the @code{completion}
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1774 package stores completions in the file @file{~/.completions}. These are
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1775 two of the many standard file names used by parts of Emacs for certain
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1776 purposes.
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1777
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1778 Various operating systems have their own conventions for valid file
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1779 names and for which file names to use for user profile data. A Lisp
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1780 program which reads a file using a standard file name ought to use, on
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1781 each type of system, a file name suitable for that system. The function
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1782 @code{convert-standard-filename} makes this easy to do.
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1783
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1784 @defun convert-standard-filename filename
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1785 This function alters the file name @var{filename} to fit the conventions
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1786 of the operating system in use, and returns the result as a new string.
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1787 @end defun
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1788
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1789 The recommended way to specify a standard file name in a Lisp program
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1790 is to choose a name which fits the conventions of GNU and Unix systems,
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1791 usually with a nondirectory part that starts with a period, and pass it
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1792 to @code{convert-standard-filename} instead of using it directly. Here
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1793 is an example from the @code{completion} package:
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1794
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1795 @example
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1796 (defvar save-completions-file-name
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1797 (convert-standard-filename "~/.completions")
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1798 "*The file name to save completions to.")
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1799 @end example
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1800
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1801 On GNU and Unix systems, and on some other systems as well,
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1802 @code{convert-standard-filename} returns its argument unchanged. On
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1803 some other systems, it alters the name to fit the systems's conventions.
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1804
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1805 For example, on MS-DOS the alterations made by this function include
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1806 converting a leading @samp{.} to @samp{_}, converting a @samp{_} in the
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1807 middle of the name to @samp{.} if there is no other @samp{.}, inserting
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1808 a @samp{.} after eight characters if there is none, and truncating to
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1809 three characters after the @samp{.}. (It makes other changes as well.)
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1810 Thus, @file{.abbrev_defs} becomes @file{_abbrev.def}, and
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1811 @file{.completions} becomes @file{_complet.ion}.
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1812
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1813 @node Contents of Directories
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1814 @section Contents of Directories
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1815 @cindex directory-oriented functions
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1816 @cindex file names in directory
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1817
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1818 A directory is a kind of file that contains other files entered under
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1819 various names. Directories are a feature of the file system.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1820
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1821 Emacs can list the names of the files in a directory as a Lisp list,
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1822 or display the names in a buffer using the @code{ls} shell command. In
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1823 the latter case, it can optionally display information about each file,
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1824 depending on the options passed to the @code{ls} command.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1825
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1826 @defun directory-files directory &optional full-name match-regexp nosort
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1827 This function returns a list of the names of the files in the directory
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1828 @var{directory}. By default, the list is in alphabetical order.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1829
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1830 If @var{full-name} is non-@code{nil}, the function returns the files'
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1831 absolute file names. Otherwise, it returns the names relative to
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1832 the specified directory.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1833
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1834 If @var{match-regexp} is non-@code{nil}, this function returns only
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1835 those file names that contain a match for that regular expression---the
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1836 other file names are excluded from the list.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1837
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1838 @c Emacs 19 feature
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1839 If @var{nosort} is non-@code{nil}, @code{directory-files} does not sort
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1840 the list, so you get the file names in no particular order. Use this if
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1841 you want the utmost possible speed and don't care what order the files
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1842 are processed in. If the order of processing is visible to the user,
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1843 then the user will probably be happier if you do sort the names.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1844
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1845 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1846 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1847 (directory-files "~lewis")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1848 @result{} ("#foo#" "#foo.el#" "." ".."
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1849 "dired-mods.el" "files.texi"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1850 "files.texi.~1~")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1851 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1852 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
1853
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parents:
diff changeset
1854 An error is signaled if @var{directory} is not the name of a directory
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1855 that can be read.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1856 @end defun
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parents:
diff changeset
1857
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parents:
diff changeset
1858 @defun file-name-all-versions file dirname
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parents:
diff changeset
1859 This function returns a list of all versions of the file named
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parents:
diff changeset
1860 @var{file} in directory @var{dirname}.
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parents:
diff changeset
1861 @end defun
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parents:
diff changeset
1862
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parents:
diff changeset
1863 @defun insert-directory file switches &optional wildcard full-directory-p
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7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 7088
diff changeset
1864 This function inserts (in the current buffer) a directory listing for
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1865 directory @var{file}, formatted with @code{ls} according to
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1866 @var{switches}. It leaves point after the inserted text.
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parents:
diff changeset
1867
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parents: 7088
diff changeset
1868 The argument @var{file} may be either a directory name or a file
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parents:
diff changeset
1869 specification including wildcard characters. If @var{wildcard} is
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1870 non-@code{nil}, that means treat @var{file} as a file specification with
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parents:
diff changeset
1871 wildcards.
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parents:
diff changeset
1872
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1873 If @var{full-directory-p} is non-@code{nil}, that means @var{file} is a
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7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1874 directory and switches do not contain @samp{-d}, so that the listing
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1875 should show the full contents of the directory. (The @samp{-d} option
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1876 to @code{ls} says to describe a directory itself rather than its
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1877 contents.)
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parents:
diff changeset
1878
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parents:
diff changeset
1879 This function works by running a directory listing program whose name is
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1880 in the variable @code{insert-directory-program}. If @var{wildcard} is
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parents:
diff changeset
1881 non-@code{nil}, it also runs the shell specified by
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parents:
diff changeset
1882 @code{shell-file-name}, to expand the wildcards.
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parents:
diff changeset
1883 @end defun
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parents:
diff changeset
1884
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parents:
diff changeset
1885 @defvar insert-directory-program
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parents:
diff changeset
1886 This variable's value is the program to run to generate a directory listing
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parents:
diff changeset
1887 for the function @code{insert-directory}.
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parents:
diff changeset
1888 @end defvar
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parents:
diff changeset
1889
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parents:
diff changeset
1890 @node Create/Delete Dirs
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parents:
diff changeset
1891 @section Creating and Deleting Directories
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parents:
diff changeset
1892 @c Emacs 19 features
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parents:
diff changeset
1893
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parents: 7088
diff changeset
1894 Most Emacs Lisp file-manipulation functions get errors when used on
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1895 files that are directories. For example, you cannot delete a directory
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1896 with @code{delete-file}. These special functions exist to create and
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 7088
diff changeset
1897 delete directories.
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parents: 7088
diff changeset
1898
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parents:
diff changeset
1899 @defun make-directory dirname
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parents:
diff changeset
1900 This function creates a directory named @var{dirname}.
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parents:
diff changeset
1901 @end defun
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parents:
diff changeset
1902
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parents:
diff changeset
1903 @defun delete-directory dirname
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parents:
diff changeset
1904 This function deletes the directory named @var{dirname}. The function
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1905 @code{delete-file} does not work for files that are directories; you
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1906 must use @code{delete-directory} for them. If the directory contains
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1907 any files, @code{delete-directory} signals an error.
6555
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parents:
diff changeset
1908 @end defun
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parents:
diff changeset
1909
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parents:
diff changeset
1910 @node Magic File Names
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parents:
diff changeset
1911 @section Making Certain File Names ``Magic''
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parents:
diff changeset
1912 @cindex magic file names
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parents:
diff changeset
1913
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parents:
diff changeset
1914 @c Emacs 19 feature
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parents:
diff changeset
1915 You can implement special handling for certain file names. This is
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1916 called making those names @dfn{magic}. You must supply a regular
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1917 expression to define the class of names (all those that match the
6555
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parents:
diff changeset
1918 regular expression), plus a handler that implements all the primitive
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1919 Emacs file operations for file names that do match.
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parents:
diff changeset
1920
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1921 The variable @code{file-name-handler-alist} holds a list of handlers,
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1922 together with regular expressions that determine when to apply each
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1923 handler. Each element has this form:
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1924
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parents:
diff changeset
1925 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
1926 (@var{regexp} . @var{handler})
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1927 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
1928
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parents:
diff changeset
1929 @noindent
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parents:
diff changeset
1930 All the Emacs primitives for file access and file name transformation
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1931 check the given file name against @code{file-name-handler-alist}. If
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parents:
diff changeset
1932 the file name matches @var{regexp}, the primitives handle that file by
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1933 calling @var{handler}.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1934
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parents:
diff changeset
1935 The first argument given to @var{handler} is the name of the primitive;
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1936 the remaining arguments are the arguments that were passed to that
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1937 operation. (The first of these arguments is typically the file name
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1938 itself.) For example, if you do this:
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1939
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parents:
diff changeset
1940 @example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1941 (file-exists-p @var{filename})
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parents:
diff changeset
1942 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
1943
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parents:
diff changeset
1944 @noindent
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parents:
diff changeset
1945 and @var{filename} has handler @var{handler}, then @var{handler} is
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1946 called like this:
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1947
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parents:
diff changeset
1948 @example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1949 (funcall @var{handler} 'file-exists-p @var{filename})
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1950 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
1951
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parents: 7088
diff changeset
1952 Here are the operations that a magic file name handler gets to handle:
6555
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parents:
diff changeset
1953
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parents:
diff changeset
1954 @noindent
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parents:
diff changeset
1955 @code{add-name-to-file}, @code{copy-file}, @code{delete-directory},
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1956 @code{delete-file},@*
12226
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
1957 @code{diff-latest-backup-file},
6555
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parents:
diff changeset
1958 @code{directory-file-name},
16736
981e116b4ac6 Minor cleanups for overfull hboxes.
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parents: 15913
diff changeset
1959 @code{directory-files},@*
981e116b4ac6 Minor cleanups for overfull hboxes.
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parents: 15913
diff changeset
1960 @code{dired-call-process},
6555
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parents:
diff changeset
1961 @code{dired-compress-file}, @code{dired-uncache},
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parents:
diff changeset
1962 @code{expand-file-name},@*
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parents:
diff changeset
1963 @code{file-accessible-directory-p},
16736
981e116b4ac6 Minor cleanups for overfull hboxes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15913
diff changeset
1964 @code{file-attributes}, @code{file-directory-p},@*
6555
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parents:
diff changeset
1965 @code{file-executable-p}, @code{file-exists-p}, @code{file-local-copy},
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1966 @code{file-modes}, @code{file-name-all-completions},
16736
981e116b4ac6 Minor cleanups for overfull hboxes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15913
diff changeset
1967 @code{file-name-as-directory}, @code{file-name-completion},@*
981e116b4ac6 Minor cleanups for overfull hboxes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15913
diff changeset
1968 @code{file-name-directory},
981e116b4ac6 Minor cleanups for overfull hboxes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15913
diff changeset
1969 @code{file-name-nondirectory},
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1970 @code{file-name-sans-versions}, @code{file-newer-than-file-p},
15765
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1971 @code{file-ownership-preserved-p},
11626
0b86aef0c387 Mention file-regular-p operation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 8364
diff changeset
1972 @code{file-readable-p}, @code{file-regular-p}, @code{file-symlink-p},
12226
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
1973 @code{file-truename}, @code{file-writable-p},
15765
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1974 @code{find-backup-file-name},
12226
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
1975 @code{get-file-buffer},
16736
981e116b4ac6 Minor cleanups for overfull hboxes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15913
diff changeset
1976 @code{insert-directory},@*
981e116b4ac6 Minor cleanups for overfull hboxes.
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parents: 15913
diff changeset
1977 @code{insert-file-contents},
15765
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
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parents: 14152
diff changeset
1978 @code{load}, @code{make-directory},
6555
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parents:
diff changeset
1979 @code{make-symbolic-link}, @code{rename-file}, @code{set-file-modes},
15765
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1980 @code{set-visited-file-modtime}, @code{shell-command}.
16736
981e116b4ac6 Minor cleanups for overfull hboxes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15913
diff changeset
1981 @code{unhandled-file-name-directory},@*
981e116b4ac6 Minor cleanups for overfull hboxes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15913
diff changeset
1982 @code{vc-registered},
6555
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parents:
diff changeset
1983 @code{verify-visited-file-modtime}, @code{write-region}.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1984
8118
56b5ed321f8d *** empty log message ***
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parents: 7735
diff changeset
1985 Handlers for @code{insert-file-contents} typically need to clear the
56b5ed321f8d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7735
diff changeset
1986 buffer's modified flag, with @code{(set-buffer-modified-p nil)}, if the
56b5ed321f8d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7735
diff changeset
1987 @var{visit} argument is non-@code{nil}. This also has the effect of
56b5ed321f8d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7735
diff changeset
1988 unlocking the buffer if it is locked.
56b5ed321f8d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7735
diff changeset
1989
6555
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parents:
diff changeset
1990 The handler function must handle all of the above operations, and
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1991 possibly others to be added in the future. It need not implement all
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1992 these operations itself---when it has nothing special to do for a
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1993 certain operation, it can reinvoke the primitive, to handle the
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 7088
diff changeset
1994 operation ``in the usual way''. It should always reinvoke the primitive
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 7088
diff changeset
1995 for an operation it does not recognize. Here's one way to do this:
6555
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parents:
diff changeset
1996
7088
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 6555
diff changeset
1997 @smallexample
6555
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parents:
diff changeset
1998 (defun my-file-handler (operation &rest args)
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parents:
diff changeset
1999 ;; @r{First check for the specific operations}
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parents:
diff changeset
2000 ;; @r{that we have special handling for.}
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parents:
diff changeset
2001 (cond ((eq operation 'insert-file-contents) @dots{})
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parents:
diff changeset
2002 ((eq operation 'write-region) @dots{})
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parents:
diff changeset
2003 @dots{}
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parents:
diff changeset
2004 ;; @r{Handle any operation we don't know about.}
7088
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 6555
diff changeset
2005 (t (let ((inhibit-file-name-handlers
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 7088
diff changeset
2006 (cons 'my-file-handler
7088
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 6555
diff changeset
2007 (and (eq inhibit-file-name-operation operation)
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parents: 6555
diff changeset
2008 inhibit-file-name-handlers)))
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 6555
diff changeset
2009 (inhibit-file-name-operation operation))
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diff changeset
2010 (apply operation args)))))
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diff changeset
2011 @end smallexample
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diff changeset
2012
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parents: 6555
diff changeset
2013 When a handler function decides to call the ordinary Emacs primitive for
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parents: 6555
diff changeset
2014 the operation at hand, it needs to prevent the primitive from calling
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parents: 6555
diff changeset
2015 the same handler once again, thus leading to an infinite recursion. The
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 6555
diff changeset
2016 example above shows how to do this, with the variables
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parents: 6555
diff changeset
2017 @code{inhibit-file-name-handlers} and
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parents: 6555
diff changeset
2018 @code{inhibit-file-name-operation}. Be careful to use them exactly as
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parents: 6555
diff changeset
2019 shown above; the details are crucial for proper behavior in the case of
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parents: 6555
diff changeset
2020 multiple handlers, and for operations that have two file names that may
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parents: 6555
diff changeset
2021 each have handlers.
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diff changeset
2022
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diff changeset
2023 @defvar inhibit-file-name-handlers
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parents: 6555
diff changeset
2024 This variable holds a list of handlers whose use is presently inhibited
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parents: 6555
diff changeset
2025 for a certain operation.
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parents: 6555
diff changeset
2026 @end defvar
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diff changeset
2027
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diff changeset
2028 @defvar inhibit-file-name-operation
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diff changeset
2029 The operation for which certain handlers are presently inhibited.
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diff changeset
2030 @end defvar
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2031
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diff changeset
2032 @defun find-file-name-handler file operation
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diff changeset
2033 This function returns the handler function for file name @var{file}, or
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diff changeset
2034 @code{nil} if there is none. The argument @var{operation} should be the
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diff changeset
2035 operation to be performed on the file---the value you will pass to the
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parents: 6555
diff changeset
2036 handler as its first argument when you call it. The operation is needed
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diff changeset
2037 for comparison with @code{inhibit-file-name-operation}.
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diff changeset
2038 @end defun
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parents:
diff changeset
2039
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parents:
diff changeset
2040 @defun file-local-copy filename
7735
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parents: 7088
diff changeset
2041 This function copies file @var{filename} to an ordinary non-magic file,
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parents: 7088
diff changeset
2042 if it isn't one already.
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diff changeset
2043
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parents: 7088
diff changeset
2044 If @var{filename} specifies a ``magic'' file name, which programs
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 7088
diff changeset
2045 outside Emacs cannot directly read or write, this copies the contents to
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 7088
diff changeset
2046 an ordinary file and returns that file's name.
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parents:
diff changeset
2047
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parents:
diff changeset
2048 If @var{filename} is an ordinary file name, not magic, then this function
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2049 does nothing and returns @code{nil}.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2050 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
2051
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
2052 @defun unhandled-file-name-directory filename
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2053 This function returns the name of a directory that is not magic.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2054 It uses the directory part of @var{filename} if that is not magic.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2055 Otherwise, it asks the handler what to do.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2056
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2057 This is useful for running a subprocess; every subprocess must have a
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2058 non-magic directory to serve as its current directory, and this function
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2059 is a good way to come up with one.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
2060 @end defun
7088
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diff changeset
2061
12067
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diff changeset
2062 @node Format Conversion
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diff changeset
2063 @section File Format Conversion
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parents: 11626
diff changeset
2064
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diff changeset
2065 @cindex file format conversion
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parents: 11626
diff changeset
2066 @cindex encoding file formats
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parents: 11626
diff changeset
2067 @cindex decoding file formats
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parents: 11626
diff changeset
2068 The variable @code{format-alist} defines a list of @dfn{file formats},
12098
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parents: 12067
diff changeset
2069 which describe textual representations used in files for the data (text,
12067
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Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2070 text-properties, and possibly other information) in an Emacs buffer.
12098
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parents: 12067
diff changeset
2071 Emacs performs format conversion if appropriate when reading and writing
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Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
2072 files.
12067
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parents: 11626
diff changeset
2073
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parents: 11626
diff changeset
2074 @defvar format-alist
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parents: 11626
diff changeset
2075 This list contains one format definition for each defined file format.
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2076 @end defvar
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parents: 11626
diff changeset
2077
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Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2078 @cindex format definition
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 11626
diff changeset
2079 Each format definition is a list of this form:
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2080
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 11626
diff changeset
2081 @example
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2082 (@var{name} @var{doc-string} @var{regexp} @var{from-fn} @var{to-fn} @var{modify} @var{mode-fn})
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2083 @end example
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Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2084
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 11626
diff changeset
2085 Here is what the elements in a format definition mean:
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2086
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2087 @table @var
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2088 @item name
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2089 The name of this format.
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2090
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2091 @item doc-string
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2092 A documentation string for the format.
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2093
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2094 @item regexp
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2095 A regular expression which is used to recognize files represented in
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2096 this format.
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2097
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2098 @item from-fn
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2099 A function to call to decode data in this format (to convert file data into
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2100 the usual Emacs data representation).
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2101
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2102 The @var{from-fn} is called with two args, @var{begin} and @var{end},
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2103 which specify the part of the buffer it should convert. It should convert
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2104 the text by editing it in place. Since this can change the length of the
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2105 text, @var{from-fn} should return the modified end position.
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2106
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 12067
diff changeset
2107 One responsibility of @var{from-fn} is to make sure that the beginning
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2108 of the file no longer matches @var{regexp}. Otherwise it is likely to
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2109 get called again.
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2110
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2111 @item to-fn
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2112 A function to call to encode data in this format (to convert
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2113 the usual Emacs data representation into this format).
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2114
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2115 The @var{to-fn} is called with two args, @var{begin} and @var{end},
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2116 which specify the part of the buffer it should convert. There are
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2117 two ways it can do the conversion:
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2118
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2119 @itemize @bullet
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2120 @item
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2121 By editing the buffer in place. In this case, @var{to-fn} should
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2122 return the end-position of the range of text, as modified.
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2123
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2124 @item
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2125 By returning a list of annotations. This is a list of elements of the
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2126 form @code{(@var{position} . @var{string})}, where @var{position} is an
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2127 integer specifying the relative position in the text to be written, and
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2128 @var{string} is the annotation to add there. The list must be sorted in
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2129 order of position when @var{to-fn} returns it.
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2130
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2131 When @code{write-region} actually writes the text from the buffer to the
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2132 file, it intermixes the specified annotations at the corresponding
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2133 positions. All this takes place without modifying the buffer.
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2134 @end itemize
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2135
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2136 @item modify
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2137 A flag, @code{t} if the encoding function modifies the buffer, and
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2138 @code{nil} if it works by returning a list of annotations.
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2139
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2140 @item mode
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2141 A mode function to call after visiting a file converted from this
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2142 format.
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2143 @end table
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2144
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2145 The function @code{insert-file-contents} automatically recognizes file
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2146 formats when it reads the specified file. It checks the text of the
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2147 beginning of the file against the regular expressions of the format
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2148 definitions, and if it finds a match, it calls the decoding function for
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2149 that format. Then it checks all the known formats over again.
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2150 It keeps checking them until none of them is applicable.
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2151
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2152 Visiting a file, with @code{find-file-noselect} or the commands that use
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2153 it, performs conversion likewise (because it calls
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
2154 @code{insert-file-contents}); it also calls the mode function for each
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
2155 format that it decodes. It stores a list of the format names in the
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
2156 buffer-local variable @code{buffer-file-format}.
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2157
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2158 @defvar buffer-file-format
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
2159 This variable states the format of the visited file. More precisely,
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
2160 this is a list of the file format names that were decoded in the course
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
2161 of visiting the current buffer's file. It is always local in all
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2162 buffers.
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2163 @end defvar
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2164
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2165 When @code{write-region} writes data into a file, it first calls the
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
2166 encoding functions for the formats listed in @code{buffer-file-format},
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
2167 in the order of appearance in the list.
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2168
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2169 @defun format-write-file file format
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2170 This command writes the current buffer contents into the file @var{file}
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2171 in format @var{format}, and makes that format the default for future
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
2172 saves of the buffer. The argument @var{format} is a list of format
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
2173 names.
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2174 @end defun
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2175
12226
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2176 @defun format-find-file file format
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2177 This command finds the file @var{file}, converting it according to
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2178 format @var{format}. It also makes @var{format} the default if the
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2179 buffer is saved later.
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2180
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2181 The argument @var{format} is a list of format names. If @var{format} is
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2182 @code{nil}, no conversion takes place. Interactively, typing just
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2183 @key{RET} for @var{format} specifies @code{nil}.
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2184 @end defun
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2185
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2186 @defun format-insert-file file format %optional beg end
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2187 This command inserts the contents of file @var{file}, converting it
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2188 according to format @var{format}. If @var{beg} and @var{end} are
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2189 non-@code{nil}, they specify which part of the file to read, as in
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2190 @code{insert-file-contents} (@pxref{Reading from Files}).
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2191
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2192 The return value is like what @code{insert-file-contents} returns: a
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2193 list of the absolute file name and the length of the data inserted
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2194 (after conversion).
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2195
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2196 The argument @var{format} is a list of format names. If @var{format} is
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2197 @code{nil}, no conversion takes place. Interactively, typing just
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2198 @key{RET} for @var{format} specifies @code{nil}.
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2199 @end defun
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2200
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2201 @defvar auto-save-file-format
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2202 This variable specifies the format to use for auto-saving. Its value is
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2203 a list of format names, just like the value of
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2204 @code{buffer-file-format}; but it is used instead of
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2205 @code{buffer-file-format} for writing auto-save files. This variable
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2206 is always local in all buffers.
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2207 @end defvar
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2208
7088
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2209 @node Files and MS-DOS
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2210 @section Files and MS-DOS
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2211 @cindex MS-DOS file types
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2212 @cindex file types on MS-DOS
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2213 @cindex text files and binary files
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2214 @cindex binary files and text files
15765
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
2215 @cindex Windows file types
7088
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2216
15765
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
2217 Emacs on MS-DOS and on Windows NT or 95 makes a distinction between
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
2218 text files and binary files. This is necessary because ordinary text
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
2219 files on MS-DOS use a two character sequence between lines:
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
2220 carriage-return and linefeed (@sc{crlf}). Emacs expects just a newline
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
2221 character (a linefeed) between lines. When Emacs reads or writes a text
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
2222 file on MS-DOS, it needs to convert the line separators. This means it
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
2223 needs to know which files are text files and which are binary. It makes
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
2224 this decision when visiting a file, and records the decision in the
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
2225 variable @code{buffer-file-type} for use when the file is saved.
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
2226
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
2227 @xref{MS-DOS Subprocesses}, for a related feature for subprocesses.
7088
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2228
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2229 @defvar buffer-file-type
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2230 This variable, automatically local in each buffer, records the file type
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
2231 of the buffer's visited file. The value is @code{nil} for text,
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
2232 @code{t} for binary.
7088
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2233 @end defvar
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2234
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2235 @defun find-buffer-file-type filename
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2236 This function determines whether file @var{filename} is a text file
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2237 or a binary file. It returns @code{nil} for text, @code{t} for binary.
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2238 @end defun
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2239
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2240 @defopt file-name-buffer-file-type-alist
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2241 This variable holds an alist for distinguishing text files from binary
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2242 files. Each element has the form (@var{regexp} . @var{type}), where
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2243 @var{regexp} is matched against the file name, and @var{type} may be is
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2244 @code{nil} for text, @code{t} for binary, or a function to call to
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2245 compute which. If it is a function, then it is called with a single
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2246 argument (the file name) and should return @code{t} or @code{nil}.
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2247 @end defopt
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2248
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2249 @defopt default-buffer-file-type
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2250 This variable specifies the default file type for files whose names
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2251 don't indicate anything in particular. Its value should be @code{nil}
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2252 for text, or @code{t} for binary.
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2253 @end defopt
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2254
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2255 @deffn Command find-file-text filename
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2256 Like @code{find-file}, but treat the file as text regardless of its name.
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2257 @end deffn
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2258
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2259 @deffn Command find-file-binary filename
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2260 Like @code{find-file}, but treat the file as binary regardless of its
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2261 name.
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2262 @end deffn