annotate lispref/files.texi @ 53199:3676261cec06

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author Jonathan Yavner <jyavner@member.fsf.org>
date Sun, 30 Nov 2003 06:58:00 +0000
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1 @c -*-texinfo-*-
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2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual.
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3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, 1999
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4 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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5 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions.
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6 @setfilename ../info/files
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7 @node Files, Backups and Auto-Saving, Documentation, Top
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8 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
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9 @chapter Files
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10
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11 In Emacs, you can find, create, view, save, and otherwise work with
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12 files and file directories. This chapter describes most of the
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13 file-related functions of Emacs Lisp, but a few others are described in
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14 @ref{Buffers}, and those related to backups and auto-saving are
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15 described in @ref{Backups and Auto-Saving}.
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16
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17 Many of the file functions take one or more arguments that are file
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18 names. A file name is actually a string. Most of these functions
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19 expand file name arguments by calling @code{expand-file-name}, so that
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20 @file{~} is handled correctly, as are relative file names (including
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21 @samp{../}). These functions don't recognize environment variable
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22 substitutions such as @samp{$HOME}. @xref{File Name Expansion}.
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23
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24 When file I/O functions signal Lisp errors, they usually use the
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25 condition @code{file-error} (@pxref{Handling Errors}). The error
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26 message is in most cases obtained from the operating system, according
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27 to locale @code{system-message-locale}, and decoded using coding system
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28 @code{locale-coding-system} (@pxref{Locales}).
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29
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30 @menu
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31 * Visiting Files:: Reading files into Emacs buffers for editing.
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32 * Saving Buffers:: Writing changed buffers back into files.
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33 * Reading from Files:: Reading files into buffers without visiting.
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34 * Writing to Files:: Writing new files from parts of buffers.
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35 * File Locks:: Locking and unlocking files, to prevent
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36 simultaneous editing by two people.
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37 * Information about Files:: Testing existence, accessibility, size of files.
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38 * Changing Files:: Renaming files, changing protection, etc.
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39 * File Names:: Decomposing and expanding file names.
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40 * Contents of Directories:: Getting a list of the files in a directory.
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41 * Create/Delete Dirs:: Creating and Deleting Directories.
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42 * Magic File Names:: Defining "magic" special handling
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43 for certain file names.
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44 * Format Conversion:: Conversion to and from various file formats.
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45 @end menu
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46
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47 @node Visiting Files
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48 @section Visiting Files
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49 @cindex finding files
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50 @cindex visiting files
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51
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52 Visiting a file means reading a file into a buffer. Once this is
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53 done, we say that the buffer is @dfn{visiting} that file, and call the
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54 file ``the visited file'' of the buffer.
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55
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56 A file and a buffer are two different things. A file is information
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57 recorded permanently in the computer (unless you delete it). A buffer,
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58 on the other hand, is information inside of Emacs that will vanish at
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59 the end of the editing session (or when you kill the buffer). Usually,
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60 a buffer contains information that you have copied from a file; then we
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61 say the buffer is visiting that file. The copy in the buffer is what
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62 you modify with editing commands. Such changes to the buffer do not
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63 change the file; therefore, to make the changes permanent, you must
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64 @dfn{save} the buffer, which means copying the altered buffer contents
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65 back into the file.
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66
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67 In spite of the distinction between files and buffers, people often
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68 refer to a file when they mean a buffer and vice-versa. Indeed, we say,
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69 ``I am editing a file,'' rather than, ``I am editing a buffer that I
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70 will soon save as a file of the same name.'' Humans do not usually need
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71 to make the distinction explicit. When dealing with a computer program,
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72 however, it is good to keep the distinction in mind.
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73
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74 @menu
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75 * Visiting Functions:: The usual interface functions for visiting.
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76 * Subroutines of Visiting:: Lower-level subroutines that they use.
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77 @end menu
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78
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79 @node Visiting Functions
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80 @subsection Functions for Visiting Files
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81
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82 This section describes the functions normally used to visit files.
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83 For historical reasons, these functions have names starting with
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84 @samp{find-} rather than @samp{visit-}. @xref{Buffer File Name}, for
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85 functions and variables that access the visited file name of a buffer or
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86 that find an existing buffer by its visited file name.
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87
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88 In a Lisp program, if you want to look at the contents of a file but
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89 not alter it, the fastest way is to use @code{insert-file-contents} in a
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90 temporary buffer. Visiting the file is not necessary and takes longer.
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91 @xref{Reading from Files}.
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92
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93 @deffn Command find-file filename &optional wildcards
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94 This command selects a buffer visiting the file @var{filename},
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95 using an existing buffer if there is one, and otherwise creating a
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96 new buffer and reading the file into it. It also returns that buffer.
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97
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98 The body of the @code{find-file} function is very simple and looks
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99 like this:
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100
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101 @example
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102 (switch-to-buffer (find-file-noselect filename))
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103 @end example
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104
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105 @noindent
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106 (See @code{switch-to-buffer} in @ref{Displaying Buffers}.)
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107
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108 If @var{wildcards} is non-@code{nil}, which is always true in an
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109 interactive call, then @code{find-file} expands wildcard characters in
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110 @var{filename} and visits all the matching files.
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111
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112 When @code{find-file} is called interactively, it prompts for
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113 @var{filename} in the minibuffer.
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114 @end deffn
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115
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116 @defun find-file-noselect filename &optional nowarn rawfile wildcards
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117 This function is the guts of all the file-visiting functions. It finds
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118 or creates a buffer visiting the file @var{filename}, and returns it.
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119 It uses an existing buffer if there is one, and otherwise creates a new
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120 buffer and reads the file into it. You may make the buffer current or
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121 display it in a window if you wish, but this function does not do so.
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122
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123 If @var{wildcards} is non-@code{nil},
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124 then @code{find-file-noselect} expands wildcard
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125 characters in @var{filename} and visits all the matching files.
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126
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127 When @code{find-file-noselect} uses an existing buffer, it first
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128 verifies that the file has not changed since it was last visited or
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129 saved in that buffer. If the file has changed, then this function asks
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130 the user whether to reread the changed file. If the user says
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131 @samp{yes}, any changes previously made in the buffer are lost.
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132
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133 This function displays warning or advisory messages in various peculiar
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134 cases, unless the optional argument @var{nowarn} is non-@code{nil}. For
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135 example, if it needs to create a buffer, and there is no file named
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136 @var{filename}, it displays the message @samp{(New file)} in the echo
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137 area, and leaves the buffer empty.
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138
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139 The @code{find-file-noselect} function normally calls
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140 @code{after-find-file} after reading the file (@pxref{Subroutines of
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141 Visiting}). That function sets the buffer major mode, parses local
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142 variables, warns the user if there exists an auto-save file more recent
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143 than the file just visited, and finishes by running the functions in
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144 @code{find-file-hook}.
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145
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146 If the optional argument @var{rawfile} is non-@code{nil}, then
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147 @code{after-find-file} is not called, and the
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148 @code{find-file-not-found-functions} are not run in case of failure. What's
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149 more, a non-@code{nil} @var{rawfile} value suppresses coding system
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150 conversion (@pxref{Coding Systems}) and format conversion (@pxref{Format
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151 Conversion}).
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152
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153 The @code{find-file-noselect} function usually returns the buffer that
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154 is visiting the file @var{filename}. But, if wildcards are actually
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155 used and expanded, it returns a list of buffers that are visiting the
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156 various files.
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157
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158 @example
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159 @group
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160 (find-file-noselect "/etc/fstab")
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161 @result{} #<buffer fstab>
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162 @end group
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163 @end example
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164 @end defun
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165
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166 @deffn Command find-file-other-window filename &optional wildcards
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167 This command selects a buffer visiting the file @var{filename}, but
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168 does so in a window other than the selected window. It may use another
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169 existing window or split a window; see @ref{Displaying Buffers}.
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170
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171 When this command is called interactively, it prompts for
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172 @var{filename}.
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173 @end deffn
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174
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175 @deffn Command find-file-read-only filename &optional wildcards
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176 This command selects a buffer visiting the file @var{filename}, like
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177 @code{find-file}, but it marks the buffer as read-only. @xref{Read Only
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178 Buffers}, for related functions and variables.
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179
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180 When this command is called interactively, it prompts for
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181 @var{filename}.
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182 @end deffn
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183
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184 @deffn Command view-file filename
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185 This command visits @var{filename} using View mode, returning to the
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186 previous buffer when you exit View mode. View mode is a minor mode that
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187 provides commands to skim rapidly through the file, but does not let you
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188 modify the text. Entering View mode runs the normal hook
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189 @code{view-mode-hook}. @xref{Hooks}.
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190
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191 When @code{view-file} is called interactively, it prompts for
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192 @var{filename}.
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193 @end deffn
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194
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195 @tindex find-file-wildcards
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196 @defvar find-file-wildcards
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197 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, then the various @code{find-file}
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198 commands check for wildcard characters and visit all the files that
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199 match them. If this is @code{nil}, then wildcard characters are
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200 not treated specially.
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201 @end defvar
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202
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203 @defvar find-file-hook
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204 The value of this variable is a list of functions to be called after a
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205 file is visited. The file's local-variables specification (if any) will
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206 have been processed before the hooks are run. The buffer visiting the
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207 file is current when the hook functions are run.
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208
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209 This variable works just like a normal hook, but we think that renaming
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210 it would not be advisable. @xref{Hooks}.
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211 @end defvar
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212
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213 @defvar find-file-not-found-functions
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214 The value of this variable is a list of functions to be called when
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215 @code{find-file} or @code{find-file-noselect} is passed a nonexistent
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216 file name. @code{find-file-noselect} calls these functions as soon as
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217 it detects a nonexistent file. It calls them in the order of the list,
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218 until one of them returns non-@code{nil}. @code{buffer-file-name} is
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219 already set up.
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220
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221 This is not a normal hook because the values of the functions are
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222 used, and in many cases only some of the functions are called.
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223 @end defvar
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224
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225 @node Subroutines of Visiting
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226 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
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227 @subsection Subroutines of Visiting
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228
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229 The @code{find-file-noselect} function uses two important subroutines
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230 which are sometimes useful in user Lisp code: @code{create-file-buffer}
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231 and @code{after-find-file}. This section explains how to use them.
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232
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233 @defun create-file-buffer filename
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234 This function creates a suitably named buffer for visiting
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235 @var{filename}, and returns it. It uses @var{filename} (sans directory)
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236 as the name if that name is free; otherwise, it appends a string such as
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237 @samp{<2>} to get an unused name. See also @ref{Creating Buffers}.
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238
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239 @strong{Please note:} @code{create-file-buffer} does @emph{not}
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240 associate the new buffer with a file and does not select the buffer.
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241 It also does not use the default major mode.
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242
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243 @example
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244 @group
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245 (create-file-buffer "foo")
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246 @result{} #<buffer foo>
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247 @end group
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248 @group
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249 (create-file-buffer "foo")
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250 @result{} #<buffer foo<2>>
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251 @end group
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252 @group
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253 (create-file-buffer "foo")
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254 @result{} #<buffer foo<3>>
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255 @end group
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256 @end example
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257
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258 This function is used by @code{find-file-noselect}.
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259 It uses @code{generate-new-buffer} (@pxref{Creating Buffers}).
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260 @end defun
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261
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262 @defun after-find-file &optional error warn noauto after-find-file-from-revert-buffer nomodes
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263 This function sets the buffer major mode, and parses local variables
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264 (@pxref{Auto Major Mode}). It is called by @code{find-file-noselect}
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265 and by the default revert function (@pxref{Reverting}).
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266
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267 @cindex new file message
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268 @cindex file open error
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269 If reading the file got an error because the file does not exist, but
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270 its directory does exist, the caller should pass a non-@code{nil} value
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271 for @var{error}. In that case, @code{after-find-file} issues a warning:
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272 @samp{(New file)}. For more serious errors, the caller should usually not
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273 call @code{after-find-file}.
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274
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275 If @var{warn} is non-@code{nil}, then this function issues a warning
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276 if an auto-save file exists and is more recent than the visited file.
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277
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278 If @var{noauto} is non-@code{nil}, that says not to enable or disable
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279 Auto-Save mode. The mode remains enabled if it was enabled before.
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280
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281 If @var{after-find-file-from-revert-buffer} is non-@code{nil}, that
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282 means this call was from @code{revert-buffer}. This has no direct
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283 effect, but some mode functions and hook functions check the value
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284 of this variable.
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285
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286 If @var{nomodes} is non-@code{nil}, that means don't alter the buffer's
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287 major mode, don't process local variables specifications in the file,
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288 and don't run @code{find-file-hook}. This feature is used by
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289 @code{revert-buffer} in some cases.
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290
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291 The last thing @code{after-find-file} does is call all the functions
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292 in the list @code{find-file-hook}.
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293 @end defun
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294
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295 @node Saving Buffers
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296 @section Saving Buffers
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297
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298 When you edit a file in Emacs, you are actually working on a buffer
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299 that is visiting that file---that is, the contents of the file are
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300 copied into the buffer and the copy is what you edit. Changes to the
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301 buffer do not change the file until you @dfn{save} the buffer, which
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302 means copying the contents of the buffer into the file.
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303
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304 @deffn Command save-buffer &optional backup-option
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305 This function saves the contents of the current buffer in its visited
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306 file if the buffer has been modified since it was last visited or saved.
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307 Otherwise it does nothing.
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308
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309 @code{save-buffer} is responsible for making backup files. Normally,
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310 @var{backup-option} is @code{nil}, and @code{save-buffer} makes a backup
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311 file only if this is the first save since visiting the file. Other
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312 values for @var{backup-option} request the making of backup files in
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313 other circumstances:
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314
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315 @itemize @bullet
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316 @item
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317 With an argument of 4 or 64, reflecting 1 or 3 @kbd{C-u}'s, the
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318 @code{save-buffer} function marks this version of the file to be
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319 backed up when the buffer is next saved.
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320
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321 @item
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322 With an argument of 16 or 64, reflecting 2 or 3 @kbd{C-u}'s, the
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323 @code{save-buffer} function unconditionally backs up the previous
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324 version of the file before saving it.
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325 @end itemize
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326 @end deffn
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327
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328 @deffn Command save-some-buffers &optional save-silently-p pred
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329 This command saves some modified file-visiting buffers. Normally it
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330 asks the user about each buffer. But if @var{save-silently-p} is
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331 non-@code{nil}, it saves all the file-visiting buffers without querying
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332 the user.
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333
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334 The optional @var{pred} argument controls which buffers to ask about.
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335 If it is @code{nil}, that means to ask only about file-visiting buffers.
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336 If it is @code{t}, that means also offer to save certain other non-file
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337 buffers---those that have a non-@code{nil} buffer-local value of
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338 @code{buffer-offer-save}. (A user who says @samp{yes} to saving a
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339 non-file buffer is asked to specify the file name to use.) The
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340 @code{save-buffers-kill-emacs} function passes the value @code{t} for
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341 @var{pred}.
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342
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343 If @var{pred} is neither @code{t} nor @code{nil}, then it should be
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344 a function of no arguments. It will be called in each buffer to decide
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345 whether to offer to save that buffer. If it returns a non-@code{nil}
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346 value in a certain buffer, that means do offer to save that buffer.
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347 @end deffn
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348
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349 @deffn Command write-file filename &optional confirm
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350 This function writes the current buffer into file @var{filename}, makes
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351 the buffer visit that file, and marks it not modified. Then it renames
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352 the buffer based on @var{filename}, appending a string like @samp{<2>}
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353 if necessary to make a unique buffer name. It does most of this work by
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354 calling @code{set-visited-file-name} (@pxref{Buffer File Name}) and
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355 @code{save-buffer}.
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356
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357 If @var{confirm} is non-@code{nil}, that means to ask for confirmation
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358 before overwriting an existing file.
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359 @end deffn
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360
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361 Saving a buffer runs several hooks. It also performs format
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362 conversion (@pxref{Format Conversion}), and may save text properties in
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363 ``annotations'' (@pxref{Saving Properties}).
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364
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365 @defvar write-file-functions
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366 The value of this variable is a list of functions to be called before
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367 writing out a buffer to its visited file. If one of them returns
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368 non-@code{nil}, the file is considered already written and the rest of
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369 the functions are not called, nor is the usual code for writing the file
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370 executed.
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371
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372 If a function in @code{write-file-functions} returns non-@code{nil}, it
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373 is responsible for making a backup file (if that is appropriate).
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374 To do so, execute the following code:
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375
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376 @example
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377 (or buffer-backed-up (backup-buffer))
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378 @end example
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379
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380 You might wish to save the file modes value returned by
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381 @code{backup-buffer} and use that to set the mode bits of the file that
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382 you write. This is what @code{save-buffer} normally does.
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383
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384 The hook functions in @code{write-file-functions} are also responsible for
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385 encoding the data (if desired): they must choose a suitable coding
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386 system (@pxref{Lisp and Coding Systems}), perform the encoding
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387 (@pxref{Explicit Encoding}), and set @code{last-coding-system-used} to
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388 the coding system that was used (@pxref{Encoding and I/O}).
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389
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390 If you set this hook locally in a buffer, it is assumed to be
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391 associated with the file or the way the contents of the buffer were
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392 obtained. Thus the variable is marked as a permanent local, so that
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393 changing the major mode does not alter a buffer-local value. On the
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394 other hand, calling @code{set-visited-file-name} will reset it.
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395 If this is not what you want, you might like to use
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396 @code{write-contents-functions} instead.
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397
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398 Even though this is not a normal hook, you can use @code{add-hook} and
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399 @code{remove-hook} to manipulate the list. @xref{Hooks}.
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400 @end defvar
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401
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402 @c Emacs 19 feature
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403 @defvar write-contents-functions
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404 This works just like @code{write-file-functions}, but it is intended for
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405 hooks that pertain to the contents of the file, as opposed to hooks that
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406 pertain to where the file came from. Such hooks are usually set up by
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407 major modes, as buffer-local bindings for this variable.
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408
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409 This variable automatically becomes buffer-local whenever it is set;
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410 switching to a new major mode always resets this variable.
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411 @end defvar
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412
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413 @c Emacs 19 feature
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414 @defvar after-save-hook
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415 This normal hook runs after a buffer has been saved in its visited file.
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416 One use of this hook is in Fast Lock mode; it uses this hook to save the
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417 highlighting information in a cache file.
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418 @end defvar
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419
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420 @defvar file-precious-flag
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421 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, then @code{save-buffer} protects
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422 against I/O errors while saving by writing the new file to a temporary
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423 name instead of the name it is supposed to have, and then renaming it to
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424 the intended name after it is clear there are no errors. This procedure
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425 prevents problems such as a lack of disk space from resulting in an
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426 invalid file.
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427
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428 As a side effect, backups are necessarily made by copying. @xref{Rename
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429 or Copy}. Yet, at the same time, saving a precious file always breaks
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430 all hard links between the file you save and other file names.
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431
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432 Some modes give this variable a non-@code{nil} buffer-local value
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433 in particular buffers.
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434 @end defvar
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435
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436 @defopt require-final-newline
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437 This variable determines whether files may be written out that do
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438 @emph{not} end with a newline. If the value of the variable is
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439 @code{t}, then @code{save-buffer} silently adds a newline at the end of
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440 the file whenever the buffer being saved does not already end in one.
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441 If the value of the variable is non-@code{nil}, but not @code{t}, then
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442 @code{save-buffer} asks the user whether to add a newline each time the
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443 case arises.
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444
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445 If the value of the variable is @code{nil}, then @code{save-buffer}
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446 doesn't add newlines at all. @code{nil} is the default value, but a few
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447 major modes set it to @code{t} in particular buffers.
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448 @end defopt
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449
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450 See also the function @code{set-visited-file-name} (@pxref{Buffer File
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451 Name}).
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452
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453 @node Reading from Files
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454 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
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455 @section Reading from Files
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456
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457 You can copy a file from the disk and insert it into a buffer
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458 using the @code{insert-file-contents} function. Don't use the user-level
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459 command @code{insert-file} in a Lisp program, as that sets the mark.
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460
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461 @defun insert-file-contents filename &optional visit beg end replace
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462 This function inserts the contents of file @var{filename} into the
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463 current buffer after point. It returns a list of the absolute file name
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464 and the length of the data inserted. An error is signaled if
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465 @var{filename} is not the name of a file that can be read.
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466
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467 The function @code{insert-file-contents} checks the file contents
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468 against the defined file formats, and converts the file contents if
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469 appropriate. @xref{Format Conversion}. It also calls the functions in
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470 the list @code{after-insert-file-functions}; see @ref{Saving
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471 Properties}. Normally, one of the functions in the
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472 @code{after-insert-file-functions} list determines the coding system
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473 (@pxref{Coding Systems}) used for decoding the file's contents.
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474
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475 If @var{visit} is non-@code{nil}, this function additionally marks the
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476 buffer as unmodified and sets up various fields in the buffer so that it
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477 is visiting the file @var{filename}: these include the buffer's visited
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478 file name and its last save file modtime. This feature is used by
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479 @code{find-file-noselect} and you probably should not use it yourself.
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480
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481 If @var{beg} and @var{end} are non-@code{nil}, they should be integers
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482 specifying the portion of the file to insert. In this case, @var{visit}
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483 must be @code{nil}. For example,
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484
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485 @example
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486 (insert-file-contents filename nil 0 500)
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487 @end example
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488
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489 @noindent
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490 inserts the first 500 characters of a file.
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491
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492 If the argument @var{replace} is non-@code{nil}, it means to replace the
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493 contents of the buffer (actually, just the accessible portion) with the
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494 contents of the file. This is better than simply deleting the buffer
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495 contents and inserting the whole file, because (1) it preserves some
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496 marker positions and (2) it puts less data in the undo list.
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497
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498 It is possible to read a special file (such as a FIFO or an I/O device)
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499 with @code{insert-file-contents}, as long as @var{replace} and
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500 @var{visit} are @code{nil}.
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501 @end defun
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502
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503 @defun insert-file-contents-literally filename &optional visit beg end replace
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504 This function works like @code{insert-file-contents} except that it does
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505 not do format decoding (@pxref{Format Conversion}), does not do
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506 character code conversion (@pxref{Coding Systems}), does not run
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507 @code{find-file-hook}, does not perform automatic uncompression, and so
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508 on.
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509 @end defun
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510
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511 If you want to pass a file name to another process so that another
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512 program can read the file, use the function @code{file-local-copy}; see
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513 @ref{Magic File Names}.
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514
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515 @node Writing to Files
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516 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
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517 @section Writing to Files
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518
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519 You can write the contents of a buffer, or part of a buffer, directly
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520 to a file on disk using the @code{append-to-file} and
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521 @code{write-region} functions. Don't use these functions to write to
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522 files that are being visited; that could cause confusion in the
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523 mechanisms for visiting.
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524
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525 @deffn Command append-to-file start end filename
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526 This function appends the contents of the region delimited by
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527 @var{start} and @var{end} in the current buffer to the end of file
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528 @var{filename}. If that file does not exist, it is created. This
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529 function returns @code{nil}.
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530
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531 An error is signaled if @var{filename} specifies a nonwritable file,
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532 or a nonexistent file in a directory where files cannot be created.
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533 @end deffn
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534
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535 @deffn Command write-region start end filename &optional append visit lockname mustbenew
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536 This function writes the region delimited by @var{start} and @var{end}
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537 in the current buffer into the file specified by @var{filename}.
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538
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539 @c Emacs 19 feature
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540 If @var{start} is a string, then @code{write-region} writes or appends
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diff changeset
541 that string, rather than text from the buffer. @var{end} is ignored in
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542 this case.
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543
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544 If @var{append} is non-@code{nil}, then the specified text is appended
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545 to the existing file contents (if any). Starting in Emacs 21, if
3259733d5ea0 write-region change
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546 @var{append} is an integer, then @code{write-region} seeks to that byte
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547 offset from the start of the file and writes the data from there.
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548
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549 If @var{mustbenew} is non-@code{nil}, then @code{write-region} asks
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550 for confirmation if @var{filename} names an existing file.
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diff changeset
551 Starting in Emacs 21, if @var{mustbenew} is the symbol @code{excl},
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552 then @code{write-region} does not ask for confirmation, but instead
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553 it signals an error @code{file-already-exists} if the file already
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diff changeset
554 exists.
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555
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556 The test for an existing file, when @var{mustbenew} is @code{excl}, uses
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diff changeset
557 a special system feature. At least for files on a local disk, there is
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558 no chance that some other program could create a file of the same name
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559 before Emacs does, without Emacs's noticing.
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560
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561 If @var{visit} is @code{t}, then Emacs establishes an association
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562 between the buffer and the file: the buffer is then visiting that file.
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563 It also sets the last file modification time for the current buffer to
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564 @var{filename}'s modtime, and marks the buffer as not modified. This
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565 feature is used by @code{save-buffer}, but you probably should not use
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diff changeset
566 it yourself.
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567
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568 @c Emacs 19 feature
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569 If @var{visit} is a string, it specifies the file name to visit. This
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570 way, you can write the data to one file (@var{filename}) while recording
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571 the buffer as visiting another file (@var{visit}). The argument
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572 @var{visit} is used in the echo area message and also for file locking;
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573 @var{visit} is stored in @code{buffer-file-name}. This feature is used
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574 to implement @code{file-precious-flag}; don't use it yourself unless you
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575 really know what you're doing.
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576
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577 The optional argument @var{lockname}, if non-@code{nil}, specifies the
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
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parents: 25751
diff changeset
578 file name to use for purposes of locking and unlocking, overriding
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parents: 25751
diff changeset
579 @var{filename} and @var{visit} for that purpose.
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parents: 25751
diff changeset
580
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diff changeset
581 The function @code{write-region} converts the data which it writes to
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diff changeset
582 the appropriate file formats specified by @code{buffer-file-format}.
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diff changeset
583 @xref{Format Conversion}. It also calls the functions in the list
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diff changeset
584 @code{write-region-annotate-functions}; see @ref{Saving Properties}.
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585
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diff changeset
586 Normally, @code{write-region} displays the message @samp{Wrote
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587 @var{filename}} in the echo area. If @var{visit} is neither @code{t}
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588 nor @code{nil} nor a string, then this message is inhibited. This
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589 feature is useful for programs that use files for internal purposes,
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590 files that the user does not need to know about.
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591 @end deffn
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592
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593 @defmac with-temp-file file body...
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594 The @code{with-temp-file} macro evaluates the @var{body} forms with a
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diff changeset
595 temporary buffer as the current buffer; then, at the end, it writes the
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diff changeset
596 buffer contents into file @var{file}. It kills the temporary buffer
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diff changeset
597 when finished, restoring the buffer that was current before the
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
598 @code{with-temp-file} form. Then it returns the value of the last form
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diff changeset
599 in @var{body}.
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600
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601 The current buffer is restored even in case of an abnormal exit via
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diff changeset
602 @code{throw} or error (@pxref{Nonlocal Exits}).
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603
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604 See also @code{with-temp-buffer} in @ref{Current Buffer}.
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605 @end defmac
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606
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607 @node File Locks
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diff changeset
608 @section File Locks
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diff changeset
609 @cindex file locks
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610
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611 When two users edit the same file at the same time, they are likely to
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diff changeset
612 interfere with each other. Emacs tries to prevent this situation from
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613 arising by recording a @dfn{file lock} when a file is being modified.
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614 Emacs can then detect the first attempt to modify a buffer visiting a
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615 file that is locked by another Emacs job, and ask the user what to do.
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616 The file lock is really a file, a symbolic link with a special name,
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617 stored in the same directory as the file you are editing.
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618
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619 When you access files using NFS, there may be a small probability that
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620 you and another user will both lock the same file ``simultaneously''.
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diff changeset
621 If this happens, it is possible for the two users to make changes
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622 simultaneously, but Emacs will still warn the user who saves second.
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diff changeset
623 Also, the detection of modification of a buffer visiting a file changed
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624 on disk catches some cases of simultaneous editing; see
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diff changeset
625 @ref{Modification Time}.
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626
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627 @defun file-locked-p filename
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71f954d59214 *** empty log message ***
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628 This function returns @code{nil} if the file @var{filename} is not
71f954d59214 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 22138
diff changeset
629 locked. It returns @code{t} if it is locked by this Emacs process, and
71f954d59214 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 22138
diff changeset
630 it returns the name of the user who has locked it if it is locked by
71f954d59214 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 22138
diff changeset
631 some other job.
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632
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633 @example
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634 @group
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parents:
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635 (file-locked-p "foo")
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636 @result{} nil
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diff changeset
637 @end group
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638 @end example
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639 @end defun
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parents:
diff changeset
640
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parents:
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641 @defun lock-buffer &optional filename
24951
7451b1458af1 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 22271
diff changeset
642 This function locks the file @var{filename}, if the current buffer is
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643 modified. The argument @var{filename} defaults to the current buffer's
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parents:
diff changeset
644 visited file. Nothing is done if the current buffer is not visiting a
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parents:
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645 file, or is not modified.
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diff changeset
646 @end defun
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parents:
diff changeset
647
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parents:
diff changeset
648 @defun unlock-buffer
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parents:
diff changeset
649 This function unlocks the file being visited in the current buffer,
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parents:
diff changeset
650 if the buffer is modified. If the buffer is not modified, then
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parents:
diff changeset
651 the file should not be locked, so this function does nothing. It also
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parents:
diff changeset
652 does nothing if the current buffer is not visiting a file.
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parents:
diff changeset
653 @end defun
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parents:
diff changeset
654
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parents: 24952
diff changeset
655 File locking is not supported on some systems. On systems that do not
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
656 support it, the functions @code{lock-buffer}, @code{unlock-buffer} and
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
657 @code{file-locked-p} do nothing and return @code{nil}.
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
658
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659 @defun ask-user-about-lock file other-user
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parents:
diff changeset
660 This function is called when the user tries to modify @var{file}, but it
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
661 is locked by another user named @var{other-user}. The default
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
662 definition of this function asks the user to say what to do. The value
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
663 this function returns determines what Emacs does next:
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parents:
diff changeset
664
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diff changeset
665 @itemize @bullet
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parents:
diff changeset
666 @item
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parents:
diff changeset
667 A value of @code{t} says to grab the lock on the file. Then
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
668 this user may edit the file and @var{other-user} loses the lock.
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parents:
diff changeset
669
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parents:
diff changeset
670 @item
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parents:
diff changeset
671 A value of @code{nil} says to ignore the lock and let this
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
672 user edit the file anyway.
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parents:
diff changeset
673
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parents:
diff changeset
674 @item
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parents:
diff changeset
675 @kindex file-locked
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parents:
diff changeset
676 This function may instead signal a @code{file-locked} error, in which
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
677 case the change that the user was about to make does not take place.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
678
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parents:
diff changeset
679 The error message for this error looks like this:
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
680
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parents:
diff changeset
681 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
682 @error{} File is locked: @var{file} @var{other-user}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
683 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
684
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parents:
diff changeset
685 @noindent
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
686 where @code{file} is the name of the file and @var{other-user} is the
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
687 name of the user who has locked the file.
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parents:
diff changeset
688 @end itemize
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parents:
diff changeset
689
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
690 If you wish, you can replace the @code{ask-user-about-lock} function
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
691 with your own version that makes the decision in another way. The code
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
692 for its usual definition is in @file{userlock.el}.
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parents:
diff changeset
693 @end defun
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parents:
diff changeset
694
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parents:
diff changeset
695 @node Information about Files
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parents:
diff changeset
696 @section Information about Files
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
697
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
698 The functions described in this section all operate on strings that
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
699 designate file names. All the functions have names that begin with the
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
700 word @samp{file}. These functions all return information about actual
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
701 files or directories, so their arguments must all exist as actual files
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
702 or directories unless otherwise noted.
6555
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parents:
diff changeset
703
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
704 @menu
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parents:
diff changeset
705 * Testing Accessibility:: Is a given file readable? Writable?
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
706 * Kinds of Files:: Is it a directory? A symbolic link?
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
707 * Truenames:: Eliminating symbolic links from a file name.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
708 * File Attributes:: How large is it? Any other names? Etc.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
709 @end menu
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parents:
diff changeset
710
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parents:
diff changeset
711 @node Testing Accessibility
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
712 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
713 @subsection Testing Accessibility
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
714 @cindex accessibility of a file
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
715 @cindex file accessibility
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
716
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
717 These functions test for permission to access a file in specific ways.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
718
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
719 @defun file-exists-p filename
51654
24b62b8f3def Fix minor Texinfo usage.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51558
diff changeset
720 This function returns @code{t} if a file named @var{filename} appears
24b62b8f3def Fix minor Texinfo usage.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51558
diff changeset
721 to exist. This does not mean you can necessarily read the file, only
24b62b8f3def Fix minor Texinfo usage.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51558
diff changeset
722 that you can find out its attributes. (On Unix and GNU/Linux, this is
24b62b8f3def Fix minor Texinfo usage.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51558
diff changeset
723 true if the file exists and you have execute permission on the
24b62b8f3def Fix minor Texinfo usage.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51558
diff changeset
724 containing directories, regardless of the protection of the file
24b62b8f3def Fix minor Texinfo usage.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51558
diff changeset
725 itself.)
6555
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parents:
diff changeset
726
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
727 If the file does not exist, or if fascist access control policies
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
728 prevent you from finding the attributes of the file, this function
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
729 returns @code{nil}.
51654
24b62b8f3def Fix minor Texinfo usage.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51558
diff changeset
730
24b62b8f3def Fix minor Texinfo usage.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51558
diff changeset
731 Directories are files, so @code{file-exists-p} returns @code{t} when
24b62b8f3def Fix minor Texinfo usage.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51558
diff changeset
732 given a directory name. However, symbolic links are treated
24b62b8f3def Fix minor Texinfo usage.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51558
diff changeset
733 specially; @code{file-exists-p} returns @code{t} for a symbolic link
24b62b8f3def Fix minor Texinfo usage.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51558
diff changeset
734 name only if the target file exists.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
735 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
736
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
737 @defun file-readable-p filename
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
738 This function returns @code{t} if a file named @var{filename} exists
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
739 and you can read it. It returns @code{nil} otherwise.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
740
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
741 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
742 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
743 (file-readable-p "files.texi")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
744 @result{} t
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
745 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
746 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
747 (file-exists-p "/usr/spool/mqueue")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
748 @result{} t
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
749 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
750 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
751 (file-readable-p "/usr/spool/mqueue")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
752 @result{} nil
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
753 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
754 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
755 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
756
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
757 @c Emacs 19 feature
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
758 @defun file-executable-p filename
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
759 This function returns @code{t} if a file named @var{filename} exists and
26696
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
760 you can execute it. It returns @code{nil} otherwise. On Unix and
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
761 GNU/Linux, if the file is a directory, execute permission means you can
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
762 check the existence and attributes of files inside the directory, and
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
763 open those files if their modes permit.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
764 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
765
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
766 @defun file-writable-p filename
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
767 This function returns @code{t} if the file @var{filename} can be written
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
768 or created by you, and @code{nil} otherwise. A file is writable if the
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
769 file exists and you can write it. It is creatable if it does not exist,
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
770 but the specified directory does exist and you can write in that
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
771 directory.
6555
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parents:
diff changeset
772
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parents:
diff changeset
773 In the third example below, @file{foo} is not writable because the
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
774 parent directory does not exist, even though the user could create such
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
775 a directory.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
776
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
777 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
778 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
779 (file-writable-p "~/foo")
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parents:
diff changeset
780 @result{} t
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
781 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
782 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
783 (file-writable-p "/foo")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
784 @result{} nil
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
785 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
786 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
787 (file-writable-p "~/no-such-dir/foo")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
788 @result{} nil
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parents:
diff changeset
789 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
790 @end example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
791 @end defun
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parents:
diff changeset
792
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
793 @c Emacs 19 feature
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
794 @defun file-accessible-directory-p dirname
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
795 This function returns @code{t} if you have permission to open existing
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
796 files in the directory whose name as a file is @var{dirname}; otherwise
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
797 (or if there is no such directory), it returns @code{nil}. The value
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
798 of @var{dirname} may be either a directory name or the file name of a
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
799 file which is a directory.
6555
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
800
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
801 Example: after the following,
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
802
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
803 @example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
804 (file-accessible-directory-p "/foo")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
805 @result{} nil
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
806 @end example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
807
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
808 @noindent
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
809 we can deduce that any attempt to read a file in @file{/foo/} will
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
810 give an error.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
811 @end defun
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
812
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
813 @defun access-file filename string
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
814 This function opens file @var{filename} for reading, then closes it and
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
815 returns @code{nil}. However, if the open fails, it signals an error
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
816 using @var{string} as the error message text.
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
817 @end defun
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
818
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
819 @defun file-ownership-preserved-p filename
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
820 This function returns @code{t} if deleting the file @var{filename} and
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
821 then creating it anew would keep the file's owner unchanged.
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
822 @end defun
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
823
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
824 @defun file-newer-than-file-p filename1 filename2
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
825 @cindex file age
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
826 @cindex file modification time
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
827 This function returns @code{t} if the file @var{filename1} is
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
828 newer than file @var{filename2}. If @var{filename1} does not
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
829 exist, it returns @code{nil}. If @var{filename2} does not exist,
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
830 it returns @code{t}.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
831
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
832 In the following example, assume that the file @file{aug-19} was written
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
833 on the 19th, @file{aug-20} was written on the 20th, and the file
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
834 @file{no-file} doesn't exist at all.
6555
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
835
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parents:
diff changeset
836 @example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
837 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
838 (file-newer-than-file-p "aug-19" "aug-20")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
839 @result{} nil
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
840 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
841 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
842 (file-newer-than-file-p "aug-20" "aug-19")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
843 @result{} t
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
844 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
845 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
846 (file-newer-than-file-p "aug-19" "no-file")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
847 @result{} t
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
848 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
849 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
850 (file-newer-than-file-p "no-file" "aug-19")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
851 @result{} nil
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
852 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
853 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
854
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
855 You can use @code{file-attributes} to get a file's last modification
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
856 time as a list of two numbers. @xref{File Attributes}.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
857 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
858
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
859 @node Kinds of Files
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
860 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
861 @subsection Distinguishing Kinds of Files
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
862
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
863 This section describes how to distinguish various kinds of files, such
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
864 as directories, symbolic links, and ordinary files.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
865
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
866 @defun file-symlink-p filename
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
867 @cindex file symbolic links
50501
3bf63c244c44 (Kinds of Files): Correct return value of file-symlink-p.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
868 If the file @var{filename} is a symbolic link, the
3bf63c244c44 (Kinds of Files): Correct return value of file-symlink-p.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
869 @code{file-symlink-p} function returns the link target as a string.
3bf63c244c44 (Kinds of Files): Correct return value of file-symlink-p.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
870 (Determining the file name that the link points to from the target is
3bf63c244c44 (Kinds of Files): Correct return value of file-symlink-p.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
871 nontrivial.)
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
872
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
873 If the file @var{filename} is not a symbolic link (or there is no such file),
49600
23a1cea22d13 Trailing whitespace deleted.
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents: 47980
diff changeset
874 @code{file-symlink-p} returns @code{nil}.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
875
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
876 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
877 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
878 (file-symlink-p "foo")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
879 @result{} nil
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
880 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
881 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
882 (file-symlink-p "sym-link")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
883 @result{} "foo"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
884 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
885 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
886 (file-symlink-p "sym-link2")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
887 @result{} "sym-link"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
888 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
889 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
890 (file-symlink-p "/bin")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
891 @result{} "/pub/bin"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
892 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
893 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
894
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
895 @c !!! file-symlink-p: should show output of ls -l for comparison
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
896 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
897
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
898 @defun file-directory-p filename
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
899 This function returns @code{t} if @var{filename} is the name of an
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
900 existing directory, @code{nil} otherwise.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
901
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
902 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
903 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
904 (file-directory-p "~rms")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
905 @result{} t
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
906 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
907 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
908 (file-directory-p "~rms/lewis/files.texi")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
909 @result{} nil
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
910 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
911 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
912 (file-directory-p "~rms/lewis/no-such-file")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
913 @result{} nil
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
914 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
915 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
916 (file-directory-p "$HOME")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
917 @result{} nil
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
918 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
919 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
920 (file-directory-p
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
921 (substitute-in-file-name "$HOME"))
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
922 @result{} t
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
923 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
924 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
925 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
926
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
927 @defun file-regular-p filename
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
928 This function returns @code{t} if the file @var{filename} exists and is
24951
7451b1458af1 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22271
diff changeset
929 a regular file (not a directory, named pipe, terminal, or
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
930 other I/O device).
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
931 @end defun
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
932
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
933 @node Truenames
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
934 @subsection Truenames
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
935 @cindex truename (of file)
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
936
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
937 @c Emacs 19 features
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
938 The @dfn{truename} of a file is the name that you get by following
26696
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
939 symbolic links at all levels until none remain, then simplifying away
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
940 @samp{.}@: and @samp{..}@: appearing as name components. This results
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
941 in a sort of canonical name for the file. A file does not always have a
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
942 unique truename; the number of distinct truenames a file has is equal to
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
943 the number of hard links to the file. However, truenames are useful
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
944 because they eliminate symbolic links as a cause of name variation.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
945
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
946 @defun file-truename filename
26696
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
947 The function @code{file-truename} returns the truename of the file
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
948 @var{filename}. The argument must be an absolute file name.
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
949 @end defun
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
950
52003
0509fad02151 (Truenames): Add LIMIT arg to file-chase-links.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51913
diff changeset
951 @defun file-chase-links filename &optional limit
26696
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
952 This function follows symbolic links, starting with @var{filename},
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
953 until it finds a file name which is not the name of a symbolic link.
52003
0509fad02151 (Truenames): Add LIMIT arg to file-chase-links.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51913
diff changeset
954 Then it returns that file name. If you specify a number for
0509fad02151 (Truenames): Add LIMIT arg to file-chase-links.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51913
diff changeset
955 @var{limit}, then after chasing through that many links, the function
0509fad02151 (Truenames): Add LIMIT arg to file-chase-links.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51913
diff changeset
956 just returns what it as even if that is still a symbolic link.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
957 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
958
26696
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
959 To illustrate the difference between @code{file-chase-links} and
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
960 @code{file-truename}, suppose that @file{/usr/foo} is a symbolic link to
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
961 the directory @file{/home/foo}, and @file{/home/foo/hello} is an
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
962 ordinary file (or at least, not a symbolic link) or nonexistent. Then
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
963 we would have:
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
964
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
965 @example
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
966 (file-chase-links "/usr/foo/hello")
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
967 ;; @r{This does not follow the links in the parent directories.}
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
968 @result{} "/usr/foo/hello"
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
969 (file-truename "/usr/foo/hello")
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
970 ;; @r{Assuming that @file{/home} is not a symbolic link.}
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
971 @result{} "/home/foo/hello"
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
972 @end example
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
973
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771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
974 @xref{Buffer File Name}, for related information.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
975
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parents:
diff changeset
976 @node File Attributes
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
977 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
978 @subsection Other Information about Files
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
979
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
980 This section describes the functions for getting detailed information
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
981 about a file, other than its contents. This information includes the
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
982 mode bits that control access permission, the owner and group numbers,
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
983 the number of names, the inode number, the size, and the times of access
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
984 and modification.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
985
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
986 @defun file-modes filename
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
987 @cindex permission
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
988 @cindex file attributes
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
989 This function returns the mode bits of @var{filename}, as an integer.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
990 The mode bits are also called the file permissions, and they specify
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
991 access control in the usual Unix fashion. If the low-order bit is 1,
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
992 then the file is executable by all users, if the second-lowest-order bit
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
993 is 1, then the file is writable by all users, etc.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
994
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
995 The highest value returnable is 4095 (7777 octal), meaning that
52978
1a5c50faf357 Replace @sc{foo} with @acronym{FOO}.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
996 everyone has read, write, and execute permission, that the @acronym{SUID} bit
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
997 is set for both others and group, and that the sticky bit is set.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
998
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parents:
diff changeset
999 @example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1000 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1001 (file-modes "~/junk/diffs")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1002 @result{} 492 ; @r{Decimal integer.}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1003 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1004 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1005 (format "%o" 492)
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1006 @result{} "754" ; @r{Convert to octal.}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1007 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1008
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1009 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1010 (set-file-modes "~/junk/diffs" 438)
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1011 @result{} nil
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1012 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1013
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1014 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1015 (format "%o" 438)
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1016 @result{} "666" ; @r{Convert to octal.}
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1017 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1018
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1019 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1020 % ls -l diffs
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1021 -rw-rw-rw- 1 lewis 0 3063 Oct 30 16:00 diffs
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1022 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1023 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1024 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1025
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1026 @defun file-nlinks filename
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1027 This functions returns the number of names (i.e., hard links) that
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1028 file @var{filename} has. If the file does not exist, then this function
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1029 returns @code{nil}. Note that symbolic links have no effect on this
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1030 function, because they are not considered to be names of the files they
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1031 link to.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1032
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1033 @example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1034 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1035 % ls -l foo*
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1036 -rw-rw-rw- 2 rms 4 Aug 19 01:27 foo
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1037 -rw-rw-rw- 2 rms 4 Aug 19 01:27 foo1
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1038 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1039
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1040 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1041 (file-nlinks "foo")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1042 @result{} 2
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1043 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1044 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1045 (file-nlinks "doesnt-exist")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1046 @result{} nil
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1047 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1048 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1049 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1050
53109
420dc7ac8867 (File Attributes): Describe new parameter ID-FORMAT.
Lars Hansen <larsh@soem.dk>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
1051 @defun file-attributes filename &optional id-format
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1052 This function returns a list of attributes of file @var{filename}. If
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1053 the specified file cannot be opened, it returns @code{nil}.
53109
420dc7ac8867 (File Attributes): Describe new parameter ID-FORMAT.
Lars Hansen <larsh@soem.dk>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
1054 The optional parameter @var{id-format} specifies the preferred format
420dc7ac8867 (File Attributes): Describe new parameter ID-FORMAT.
Lars Hansen <larsh@soem.dk>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
1055 of attributes @acronym{UID} and @acronym{GID} (see below)---the
420dc7ac8867 (File Attributes): Describe new parameter ID-FORMAT.
Lars Hansen <larsh@soem.dk>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
1056 valid values are @code{'string} and @code{'integer}. The latter is
420dc7ac8867 (File Attributes): Describe new parameter ID-FORMAT.
Lars Hansen <larsh@soem.dk>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
1057 the default, but we plan to change that, so you should specify a
420dc7ac8867 (File Attributes): Describe new parameter ID-FORMAT.
Lars Hansen <larsh@soem.dk>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
1058 non-@code{nil} value for @var{id-format} if you use the returned
420dc7ac8867 (File Attributes): Describe new parameter ID-FORMAT.
Lars Hansen <larsh@soem.dk>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
1059 @acronym{UID} or @acronym{GID}.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1060
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parents:
diff changeset
1061 The elements of the list, in order, are:
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1062
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1063 @enumerate 0
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1064 @item
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1065 @code{t} for a directory, a string for a symbolic link (the name
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1066 linked to), or @code{nil} for a text file.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1067
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1068 @c Wordy so as to prevent an overfull hbox. --rjc 15mar92
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1069 @item
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1070 The number of names the file has. Alternate names, also known as hard
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1071 links, can be created by using the @code{add-name-to-file} function
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1072 (@pxref{Changing Files}).
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1073
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1074 @item
53109
420dc7ac8867 (File Attributes): Describe new parameter ID-FORMAT.
Lars Hansen <larsh@soem.dk>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
1075 The file's @acronym{UID} as a string or an integer. If a string
420dc7ac8867 (File Attributes): Describe new parameter ID-FORMAT.
Lars Hansen <larsh@soem.dk>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
1076 value cannot be looked up, the integer value is returned.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1077
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1078 @item
53109
420dc7ac8867 (File Attributes): Describe new parameter ID-FORMAT.
Lars Hansen <larsh@soem.dk>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
1079 The file's @acronym{GID} likewise.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1080
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1081 @item
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1082 The time of last access, as a list of two integers.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1083 The first integer has the high-order 16 bits of time,
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1084 the second has the low 16 bits. (This is similar to the
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1085 value of @code{current-time}; see @ref{Time of Day}.)
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1086
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1087 @item
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1088 The time of last modification as a list of two integers (as above).
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1089
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1090 @item
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1091 The time of last status change as a list of two integers (as above).
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1092
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1093 @item
24951
7451b1458af1 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22271
diff changeset
1094 The size of the file in bytes. If the size is too large to fit in a
7451b1458af1 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22271
diff changeset
1095 Lisp integer, this is a floating point number.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1096
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1097 @item
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1098 The file's modes, as a string of ten letters or dashes,
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1099 as in @samp{ls -l}.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1100
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1101 @item
52978
1a5c50faf357 Replace @sc{foo} with @acronym{FOO}.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
1102 @code{t} if the file's @acronym{GID} would change if file were
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1103 deleted and recreated; @code{nil} otherwise.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1104
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1105 @item
17919
eb712b69e495 The inode number can be an integer.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17398
diff changeset
1106 The file's inode number. If possible, this is an integer. If the inode
eb712b69e495 The inode number can be an integer.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17398
diff changeset
1107 number is too large to be represented as an integer in Emacs Lisp, then
eb712b69e495 The inode number can be an integer.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17398
diff changeset
1108 the value has the form @code{(@var{high} . @var{low})}, where @var{low}
eb712b69e495 The inode number can be an integer.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17398
diff changeset
1109 holds the low 16 bits.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1110
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1111 @item
39296
5f4f6cf4a868 (File Attributes): Document that the device number can also be a cons cell.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37582
diff changeset
1112 The file system number of the file system that the file is in.
5f4f6cf4a868 (File Attributes): Document that the device number can also be a cons cell.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37582
diff changeset
1113 Depending on the magnitude of the value, this can be either an integer
5f4f6cf4a868 (File Attributes): Document that the device number can also be a cons cell.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37582
diff changeset
1114 or a cons cell, in the same manner as the inode number. This element
5f4f6cf4a868 (File Attributes): Document that the device number can also be a cons cell.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 37582
diff changeset
1115 and the file's inode number together give enough information to
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1116 distinguish any two files on the system---no two files can have the same
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1117 values for both of these numbers.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1118 @end enumerate
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1119
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1120 For example, here are the file attributes for @file{files.texi}:
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1121
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parents:
diff changeset
1122 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
1123 @group
53109
420dc7ac8867 (File Attributes): Describe new parameter ID-FORMAT.
Lars Hansen <larsh@soem.dk>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
1124 (file-attributes "files.texi" 'string)
420dc7ac8867 (File Attributes): Describe new parameter ID-FORMAT.
Lars Hansen <larsh@soem.dk>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
1125 @result{} (nil 1 "lh" "users"
49600
23a1cea22d13 Trailing whitespace deleted.
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents: 47980
diff changeset
1126 (8489 20284)
23a1cea22d13 Trailing whitespace deleted.
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents: 47980
diff changeset
1127 (8489 20284)
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parents:
diff changeset
1128 (8489 20285)
49600
23a1cea22d13 Trailing whitespace deleted.
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents: 47980
diff changeset
1129 14906 "-rw-rw-rw-"
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1130 nil 129500 -32252)
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parents:
diff changeset
1131 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
1132 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
1133
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parents:
diff changeset
1134 @noindent
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1135 and here is how the result is interpreted:
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1136
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1137 @table @code
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parents:
diff changeset
1138 @item nil
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1139 is neither a directory nor a symbolic link.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1140
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1141 @item 1
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1142 has only one name (the name @file{files.texi} in the current default
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1143 directory).
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parents:
diff changeset
1144
53109
420dc7ac8867 (File Attributes): Describe new parameter ID-FORMAT.
Lars Hansen <larsh@soem.dk>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
1145 @item "lh"
420dc7ac8867 (File Attributes): Describe new parameter ID-FORMAT.
Lars Hansen <larsh@soem.dk>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
1146 is owned by the user with name "lh".
420dc7ac8867 (File Attributes): Describe new parameter ID-FORMAT.
Lars Hansen <larsh@soem.dk>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
1147
420dc7ac8867 (File Attributes): Describe new parameter ID-FORMAT.
Lars Hansen <larsh@soem.dk>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
1148 @item "users"
420dc7ac8867 (File Attributes): Describe new parameter ID-FORMAT.
Lars Hansen <larsh@soem.dk>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
1149 is in the group with name "users".
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parents:
diff changeset
1150
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parents:
diff changeset
1151 @item (8489 20284)
12522
75d5cd591947 Fix minor error.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12226
diff changeset
1152 was last accessed on Aug 19 00:09.
6555
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parents:
diff changeset
1153
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1154 @item (8489 20284)
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1155 was last modified on Aug 19 00:09.
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parents:
diff changeset
1156
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parents:
diff changeset
1157 @item (8489 20285)
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parents:
diff changeset
1158 last had its inode changed on Aug 19 00:09.
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parents:
diff changeset
1159
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parents:
diff changeset
1160 @item 14906
25751
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 24952
diff changeset
1161 is 14906 bytes long. (It may not contain 14906 characters, though,
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
1162 if some of the bytes belong to multibyte sequences.)
6555
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parents:
diff changeset
1163
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1164 @item "-rw-rw-rw-"
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1165 has a mode of read and write access for the owner, group, and world.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1166
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parents:
diff changeset
1167 @item nil
52978
1a5c50faf357 Replace @sc{foo} with @acronym{FOO}.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
1168 would retain the same @acronym{GID} if it were recreated.
6555
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parents:
diff changeset
1169
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parents:
diff changeset
1170 @item 129500
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parents:
diff changeset
1171 has an inode number of 129500.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1172 @item -32252
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1173 is on file system number -32252.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1174 @end table
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1175 @end defun
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parents:
diff changeset
1176
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1177 @node Changing Files
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parents:
diff changeset
1178 @section Changing File Names and Attributes
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parents:
diff changeset
1179 @cindex renaming files
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1180 @cindex copying files
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1181 @cindex deleting files
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1182 @cindex linking files
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1183 @cindex setting modes of files
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1184
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1185 The functions in this section rename, copy, delete, link, and set the
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1186 modes of files.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1187
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1188 In the functions that have an argument @var{newname}, if a file by the
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1189 name of @var{newname} already exists, the actions taken depend on the
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1190 value of the argument @var{ok-if-already-exists}:
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1191
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1192 @itemize @bullet
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1193 @item
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1194 Signal a @code{file-already-exists} error if
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1195 @var{ok-if-already-exists} is @code{nil}.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1196
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parents:
diff changeset
1197 @item
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1198 Request confirmation if @var{ok-if-already-exists} is a number.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1199
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1200 @item
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1201 Replace the old file without confirmation if @var{ok-if-already-exists}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1202 is any other value.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1203 @end itemize
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1204
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1205 @defun add-name-to-file oldname newname &optional ok-if-already-exists
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1206 @cindex file with multiple names
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1207 @cindex file hard link
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1208 This function gives the file named @var{oldname} the additional name
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1209 @var{newname}. This means that @var{newname} becomes a new ``hard
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1210 link'' to @var{oldname}.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1211
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1212 In the first part of the following example, we list two files,
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1213 @file{foo} and @file{foo3}.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1214
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1215 @example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1216 @group
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1217 % ls -li fo*
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1218 81908 -rw-rw-rw- 1 rms 29 Aug 18 20:32 foo
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1219 84302 -rw-rw-rw- 1 rms 24 Aug 18 20:31 foo3
6555
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1220 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1221 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1222
16736
981e116b4ac6 Minor cleanups for overfull hboxes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15913
diff changeset
1223 Now we create a hard link, by calling @code{add-name-to-file}, then list
981e116b4ac6 Minor cleanups for overfull hboxes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15913
diff changeset
1224 the files again. This shows two names for one file, @file{foo} and
981e116b4ac6 Minor cleanups for overfull hboxes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15913
diff changeset
1225 @file{foo2}.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1226
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1227 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1228 @group
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1229 (add-name-to-file "foo" "foo2")
6555
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1230 @result{} nil
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1231 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1232
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1233 @group
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1234 % ls -li fo*
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1235 81908 -rw-rw-rw- 2 rms 29 Aug 18 20:32 foo
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1236 81908 -rw-rw-rw- 2 rms 29 Aug 18 20:32 foo2
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1237 84302 -rw-rw-rw- 1 rms 24 Aug 18 20:31 foo3
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1238 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1239 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1240
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1241 Finally, we evaluate the following:
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1242
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1243 @example
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1244 (add-name-to-file "foo" "foo3" t)
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1245 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1246
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1247 @noindent
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1248 and list the files again. Now there are three names
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1249 for one file: @file{foo}, @file{foo2}, and @file{foo3}. The old
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1250 contents of @file{foo3} are lost.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1251
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1252 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1253 @group
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1254 (add-name-to-file "foo1" "foo3")
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1255 @result{} nil
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1256 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1257
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1258 @group
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1259 % ls -li fo*
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1260 81908 -rw-rw-rw- 3 rms 29 Aug 18 20:32 foo
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1261 81908 -rw-rw-rw- 3 rms 29 Aug 18 20:32 foo2
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1262 81908 -rw-rw-rw- 3 rms 29 Aug 18 20:32 foo3
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1263 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1264 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1265
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1266 This function is meaningless on operating systems where multiple names
25751
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
1267 for one file are not allowed. Some systems implement multiple names
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
1268 by copying the file instead.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1269
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1270 See also @code{file-nlinks} in @ref{File Attributes}.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1271 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1272
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1273 @deffn Command rename-file filename newname &optional ok-if-already-exists
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1274 This command renames the file @var{filename} as @var{newname}.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1275
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1276 If @var{filename} has additional names aside from @var{filename}, it
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1277 continues to have those names. In fact, adding the name @var{newname}
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1278 with @code{add-name-to-file} and then deleting @var{filename} has the
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1279 same effect as renaming, aside from momentary intermediate states.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1280
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1281 In an interactive call, this function prompts for @var{filename} and
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1282 @var{newname} in the minibuffer; also, it requests confirmation if
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1283 @var{newname} already exists.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1284 @end deffn
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1285
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1286 @deffn Command copy-file oldname newname &optional ok-if-exists time
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1287 This command copies the file @var{oldname} to @var{newname}. An
51913
3abc365e9d90 (Changing Files): copy-file allows dir as NEWNAME.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51793
diff changeset
1288 error is signaled if @var{oldname} does not exist. If @var{newname}
3abc365e9d90 (Changing Files): copy-file allows dir as NEWNAME.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51793
diff changeset
1289 names a directory, it copies @var{oldname} into that directory,
3abc365e9d90 (Changing Files): copy-file allows dir as NEWNAME.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51793
diff changeset
1290 preserving its final name component.
6555
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1291
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1292 If @var{time} is non-@code{nil}, then this function gives the new file
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1293 the same last-modified time that the old one has. (This works on only
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1294 some operating systems.) If setting the time gets an error,
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1295 @code{copy-file} signals a @code{file-date-error} error.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1296
51558
5a85c7c1d3ab (Changing Files): copy-file copies file modes, too.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents: 51020
diff changeset
1297 This function copies the file modes, too.
5a85c7c1d3ab (Changing Files): copy-file copies file modes, too.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents: 51020
diff changeset
1298
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1299 In an interactive call, this function prompts for @var{filename} and
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1300 @var{newname} in the minibuffer; also, it requests confirmation if
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1301 @var{newname} already exists.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1302 @end deffn
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1303
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1304 @deffn Command delete-file filename
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1305 @pindex rm
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1306 This command deletes the file @var{filename}, like the shell command
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1307 @samp{rm @var{filename}}. If the file has multiple names, it continues
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1308 to exist under the other names.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1309
26696
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1310 A suitable kind of @code{file-error} error is signaled if the file does
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1311 not exist, or is not deletable. (On Unix and GNU/Linux, a file is
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1312 deletable if its directory is writable.)
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1313
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1314 See also @code{delete-directory} in @ref{Create/Delete Dirs}.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1315 @end deffn
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1316
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1317 @deffn Command make-symbolic-link filename newname &optional ok-if-exists
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1318 @pindex ln
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1319 @kindex file-already-exists
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1320 This command makes a symbolic link to @var{filename}, named
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1321 @var{newname}. This is like the shell command @samp{ln -s
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1322 @var{filename} @var{newname}}.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1323
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1324 In an interactive call, this function prompts for @var{filename} and
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1325 @var{newname} in the minibuffer; also, it requests confirmation if
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1326 @var{newname} already exists.
25751
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
1327
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
1328 This function is not available on systems that don't support symbolic
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
1329 links.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1330 @end deffn
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1331
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1332 @defun define-logical-name varname string
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1333 This function defines the logical name @var{name} to have the value
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1334 @var{string}. It is available only on VMS.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1335 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1336
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1337 @defun set-file-modes filename mode
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1338 This function sets mode bits of @var{filename} to @var{mode} (which must
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1339 be an integer). Only the low 12 bits of @var{mode} are used.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1340 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1341
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1342 @c Emacs 19 feature
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1343 @defun set-default-file-modes mode
47514
e0d6f0b369d1 Add `umask' to the concept index.
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents: 46956
diff changeset
1344 @cindex umask
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1345 This function sets the default file protection for new files created by
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1346 Emacs and its subprocesses. Every file created with Emacs initially has
28074
25557ce6a3a0 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27259
diff changeset
1347 this protection, or a subset of it (@code{write-region} will not give a
25557ce6a3a0 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27259
diff changeset
1348 file execute permission even if the default file protection allows
25557ce6a3a0 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27259
diff changeset
1349 execute permission). On Unix and GNU/Linux, the default protection is
25557ce6a3a0 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27259
diff changeset
1350 the bitwise complement of the ``umask'' value.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1351
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1352 The argument @var{mode} must be an integer. On most systems, only the
28074
25557ce6a3a0 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27259
diff changeset
1353 low 9 bits of @var{mode} are meaningful. You can use the Lisp construct
25557ce6a3a0 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27259
diff changeset
1354 for octal character codes to enter @var{mode}; for example,
25557ce6a3a0 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27259
diff changeset
1355
25557ce6a3a0 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27259
diff changeset
1356 @example
25557ce6a3a0 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27259
diff changeset
1357 (set-default-file-modes ?\644)
25557ce6a3a0 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27259
diff changeset
1358 @end example
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1359
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1360 Saving a modified version of an existing file does not count as creating
28074
25557ce6a3a0 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27259
diff changeset
1361 the file; it preserves the existing file's mode, whatever that is. So
25557ce6a3a0 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27259
diff changeset
1362 the default file protection has no effect.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1363 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1364
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1365 @defun default-file-modes
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1366 This function returns the current default protection value.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1367 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1368
7088
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
1369 @cindex MS-DOS and file modes
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
1370 @cindex file modes and MS-DOS
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
1371 On MS-DOS, there is no such thing as an ``executable'' file mode bit.
25751
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
1372 So Emacs considers a file executable if its name ends in one of the
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
1373 standard executable extensions, such as @file{.com}, @file{.bat},
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
1374 @file{.exe}, and some others. Files that begin with the Unix-standard
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
1375 @samp{#!} signature, such as shell and Perl scripts, are also considered
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
1376 as executable files. This is reflected in the values returned by
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
1377 @code{file-modes} and @code{file-attributes}. Directories are also
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
1378 reported with executable bit set, for compatibility with Unix.
7088
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
1379
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1380 @node File Names
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1381 @section File Names
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1382 @cindex file names
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1383
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1384 Files are generally referred to by their names, in Emacs as elsewhere.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1385 File names in Emacs are represented as strings. The functions that
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1386 operate on a file all expect a file name argument.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1387
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1388 In addition to operating on files themselves, Emacs Lisp programs
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1389 often need to operate on file names; i.e., to take them apart and to use
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1390 part of a name to construct related file names. This section describes
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1391 how to manipulate file names.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1392
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1393 The functions in this section do not actually access files, so they
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1394 can operate on file names that do not refer to an existing file or
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1395 directory.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1396
28635
cda2b6ed6aec *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 28608
diff changeset
1397 On MS-DOS and MS-Windows, these functions (like the function that
cda2b6ed6aec *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 28608
diff changeset
1398 actually operate on files) accept MS-DOS or MS-Windows file-name syntax,
cda2b6ed6aec *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 28608
diff changeset
1399 where backslashes separate the components, as well as Unix syntax; but
cda2b6ed6aec *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 28608
diff changeset
1400 they always return Unix syntax. On VMS, these functions (and the ones
cda2b6ed6aec *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 28608
diff changeset
1401 that operate on files) understand both VMS file-name syntax and Unix
cda2b6ed6aec *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 28608
diff changeset
1402 syntax. This enables Lisp programs to specify file names in Unix syntax
cda2b6ed6aec *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 28608
diff changeset
1403 and work properly on all systems without change.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1404
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1405 @menu
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1406 * File Name Components:: The directory part of a file name, and the rest.
46956
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1407 * Relative File Names:: Some file names are relative to a current directory.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1408 * Directory Names:: A directory's name as a directory
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1409 is different from its name as a file.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1410 * File Name Expansion:: Converting relative file names to absolute ones.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1411 * Unique File Names:: Generating names for temporary files.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1412 * File Name Completion:: Finding the completions for a given file name.
15765
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1413 * Standard File Names:: If your package uses a fixed file name,
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
1414 how to handle various operating systems simply.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1415 @end menu
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1416
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1417 @node File Name Components
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1418 @subsection File Name Components
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1419 @cindex directory part (of file name)
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1420 @cindex nondirectory part (of file name)
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1421 @cindex version number (in file name)
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1422
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1423 The operating system groups files into directories. To specify a
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1424 file, you must specify the directory and the file's name within that
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1425 directory. Therefore, Emacs considers a file name as having two main
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1426 parts: the @dfn{directory name} part, and the @dfn{nondirectory} part
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1427 (or @dfn{file name within the directory}). Either part may be empty.
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1428 Concatenating these two parts reproduces the original file name.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1429
25751
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
1430 On most systems, the directory part is everything up to and including
28635
cda2b6ed6aec *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 28608
diff changeset
1431 the last slash (backslash is also allowed in input on MS-DOS or
cda2b6ed6aec *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 28608
diff changeset
1432 MS-Windows); the nondirectory part is the rest. The rules in VMS syntax
cda2b6ed6aec *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 28608
diff changeset
1433 are complicated.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1434
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1435 For some purposes, the nondirectory part is further subdivided into
25751
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
1436 the name proper and the @dfn{version number}. On most systems, only
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
1437 backup files have version numbers in their names. On VMS, every file
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
1438 has a version number, but most of the time the file name actually used
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
1439 in Emacs omits the version number, so that version numbers in Emacs are
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1440 found mostly in directory lists.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1441
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1442 @defun file-name-directory filename
46956
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1443 This function returns the directory part of @var{filename}, as a
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1444 directory name (@pxref{Directory Names}), or @code{nil} if
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1445 @var{filename} does not include a directory part.
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1446
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1447 On GNU and Unix systems, a string returned by this function always
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1448 ends in a slash. On MSDOS it can also end in a colon. On VMS, it
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1449 returns a string ending in one of the three characters @samp{:},
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1450 @samp{]}, or @samp{>}.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1451
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1452 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1453 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1454 (file-name-directory "lewis/foo") ; @r{Unix example}
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1455 @result{} "lewis/"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1456 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1457 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1458 (file-name-directory "foo") ; @r{Unix example}
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1459 @result{} nil
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1460 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1461 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1462 (file-name-directory "[X]FOO.TMP") ; @r{VMS example}
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1463 @result{} "[X]"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1464 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1465 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1466 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1467
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1468 @defun file-name-nondirectory filename
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1469 This function returns the nondirectory part of @var{filename}.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1470
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1471 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1472 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1473 (file-name-nondirectory "lewis/foo")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1474 @result{} "foo"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1475 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1476 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1477 (file-name-nondirectory "foo")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1478 @result{} "foo"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1479 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1480 @group
46956
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1481 (file-name-nondirectory "lewis/")
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1482 @result{} ""
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1483 @end group
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1484 @group
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1485 ;; @r{The following example is accurate only on VMS.}
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1486 (file-name-nondirectory "[X]FOO.TMP")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1487 @result{} "FOO.TMP"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1488 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1489 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1490 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1491
46956
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1492 @defun file-name-extension filename &optional period
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1493 This function returns @var{filename}'s final ``extension,'' if any,
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1494 after applying @code{file-name-sans-versions} to remove any
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1495 version/backup part. It returns @code{nil} for extensionless file
51654
24b62b8f3def Fix minor Texinfo usage.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51558
diff changeset
1496 names such as @file{foo}. If @var{period} is non-@code{nil}, then the
46956
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1497 returned value includes the period that delimits the extension, and if
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1498 @var{filename} has no extension, the value is @code{""}. If the last
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1499 component of a file name begins with a @samp{.}, that @samp{.} doesn't
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1500 count as the beginning of an extension, so, for example,
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1501 @file{.emacs}'s ``extension'' is @code{nil}, not @samp{.emacs}.
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1502 @end defun
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1503
26696
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1504 @defun file-name-sans-versions filename &optional keep-backup-version
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1505 This function returns @var{filename} with any file version numbers,
26696
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1506 backup version numbers, or trailing tildes discarded.
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1507
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1508 If @var{keep-backup-version} is non-@code{nil}, then true file version
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1509 numbers understood as such by the file system are discarded from the
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1510 return value, but backup version numbers are kept.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1511
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1512 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1513 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1514 (file-name-sans-versions "~rms/foo.~1~")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1515 @result{} "~rms/foo"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1516 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1517 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1518 (file-name-sans-versions "~rms/foo~")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1519 @result{} "~rms/foo"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1520 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1521 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1522 (file-name-sans-versions "~rms/foo")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1523 @result{} "~rms/foo"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1524 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1525 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1526 ;; @r{The following example applies to VMS only.}
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1527 (file-name-sans-versions "foo;23")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1528 @result{} "foo"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1529 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1530 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1531 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1532
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
1533 @defun file-name-sans-extension filename
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1534 This function returns @var{filename} minus its ``extension,'' if any.
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1535 The extension, in a file name, is the part that starts with the last
40188
cd1cd95ca64e (File Name Components): Update the description of
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 39883
diff changeset
1536 @samp{.} in the last name component, except if that @samp{.} is the
cd1cd95ca64e (File Name Components): Update the description of
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 39883
diff changeset
1537 first character of the file name's last component. For example,
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1538
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1539 @example
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1540 (file-name-sans-extension "foo.lose.c")
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1541 @result{} "foo.lose"
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1542 (file-name-sans-extension "big.hack/foo")
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1543 @result{} "big.hack/foo"
40188
cd1cd95ca64e (File Name Components): Update the description of
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 39883
diff changeset
1544 (file-name-sans-extension "/my/home/.emacs")
47980
5492d1831d2a From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents: 47514
diff changeset
1545 @result{} "/my/home/.emacs"
40188
cd1cd95ca64e (File Name Components): Update the description of
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 39883
diff changeset
1546 (file-name-sans-extension "/my/home/.emacs.el")
cd1cd95ca64e (File Name Components): Update the description of
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 39883
diff changeset
1547 @result{} "/my/home/.emacs"
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1548 @end example
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
1549 @end defun
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
1550
28635
cda2b6ed6aec *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 28608
diff changeset
1551 @ignore
49600
23a1cea22d13 Trailing whitespace deleted.
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents: 47980
diff changeset
1552 Andrew Innes says that this
28635
cda2b6ed6aec *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 28608
diff changeset
1553
cda2b6ed6aec *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 28608
diff changeset
1554 @c @defvar directory-sep-char
cda2b6ed6aec *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 28608
diff changeset
1555 @c @tindex directory-sep-char
cda2b6ed6aec *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 28608
diff changeset
1556 This variable holds the character that Emacs normally uses to separate
cda2b6ed6aec *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 28608
diff changeset
1557 file name components. The default value is @code{?/}, but on MS-Windows
cda2b6ed6aec *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 28608
diff changeset
1558 you can set it to @code{?\\}; then the functions that transform file names
cda2b6ed6aec *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 28608
diff changeset
1559 use backslashes in their output.
cda2b6ed6aec *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 28608
diff changeset
1560
cda2b6ed6aec *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 28608
diff changeset
1561 File names using backslashes work as input to Lisp primitives even on
cda2b6ed6aec *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 28608
diff changeset
1562 MS-DOS and MS-Windows, even if @code{directory-sep-char} has its default
cda2b6ed6aec *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 28608
diff changeset
1563 value of @code{?/}.
28608
c46c2efa3731 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 28074
diff changeset
1564 @end defvar
28635
cda2b6ed6aec *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 28608
diff changeset
1565 @end ignore
28608
c46c2efa3731 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 28074
diff changeset
1566
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1567 @node Relative File Names
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1568 @subsection Absolute and Relative File Names
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1569 @cindex absolute file name
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1570 @cindex relative file name
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1571
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1572 All the directories in the file system form a tree starting at the
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1573 root directory. A file name can specify all the directory names
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1574 starting from the root of the tree; then it is called an @dfn{absolute}
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1575 file name. Or it can specify the position of the file in the tree
26696
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1576 relative to a default directory; then it is called a @dfn{relative} file
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1577 name. On Unix and GNU/Linux, an absolute file name starts with a slash
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1578 or a tilde (@samp{~}), and a relative one does not. On MS-DOS and
25751
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
1579 MS-Windows, an absolute file name starts with a slash or a backslash, or
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
1580 with a drive specification @samp{@var{x}:/}, where @var{x} is the
26696
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1581 @dfn{drive letter}. The rules on VMS are complicated.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1582
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1583 @defun file-name-absolute-p filename
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1584 This function returns @code{t} if file @var{filename} is an absolute
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1585 file name, @code{nil} otherwise. On VMS, this function understands both
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1586 Unix syntax and VMS syntax.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1587
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1588 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1589 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1590 (file-name-absolute-p "~rms/foo")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1591 @result{} t
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1592 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1593 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1594 (file-name-absolute-p "rms/foo")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1595 @result{} nil
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1596 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1597 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1598 (file-name-absolute-p "/user/rms/foo")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1599 @result{} t
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1600 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1601 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1602 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1603
46956
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1604 @node Directory Names
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1605 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1606 @subsection Directory Names
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1607 @cindex directory name
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1608 @cindex file name of directory
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1609
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1610 A @dfn{directory name} is the name of a directory. A directory is
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1611 actually a kind of file, so it has a file name, which is related to
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1612 the directory name but not identical to it. (This is not quite the
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1613 same as the usual Unix terminology.) These two different names for
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1614 the same entity are related by a syntactic transformation. On GNU and
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1615 Unix systems, this is simple: a directory name ends in a slash (or
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1616 backslash), whereas the directory's name as a file lacks that slash.
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1617 On MSDOS and VMS, the relationship is more complicated.
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1618
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1619 The difference between a directory name and its name as a file is
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1620 subtle but crucial. When an Emacs variable or function argument is
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1621 described as being a directory name, a file name of a directory is not
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1622 acceptable. When @code{file-name-directory} returns a string, that is
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1623 always a directory name.
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1624
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1625 The following two functions convert between directory names and file
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1626 names. They do nothing special with environment variable substitutions
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1627 such as @samp{$HOME}, and the constructs @samp{~}, and @samp{..}.
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1628
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1629 @defun file-name-as-directory filename
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1630 This function returns a string representing @var{filename} in a form
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1631 that the operating system will interpret as the name of a directory. On
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1632 most systems, this means appending a slash to the string (if it does not
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1633 already end in one). On VMS, the function converts a string of the form
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1634 @file{[X]Y.DIR.1} to the form @file{[X.Y]}.
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1635
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1636 @example
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1637 @group
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1638 (file-name-as-directory "~rms/lewis")
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1639 @result{} "~rms/lewis/"
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1640 @end group
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1641 @end example
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1642 @end defun
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1643
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1644 @defun directory-file-name dirname
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1645 This function returns a string representing @var{dirname} in a form that
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1646 the operating system will interpret as the name of a file. On most
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1647 systems, this means removing the final slash (or backslash) from the
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1648 string. On VMS, the function converts a string of the form @file{[X.Y]}
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1649 to @file{[X]Y.DIR.1}.
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1650
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1651 @example
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1652 @group
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1653 (directory-file-name "~lewis/")
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1654 @result{} "~lewis"
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1655 @end group
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1656 @end example
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1657 @end defun
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1658
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1659 Given a directory name, you can combine it with a relative file name
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1660 using @code{concat}:
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1661
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1662 @example
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1663 (concat @var{dirname} @var{relfile})
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1664 @end example
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1665
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1666 @noindent
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1667 Be sure to verify that the file name is relative before doing that.
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1668 If you use an absolute file name, the results could be syntactically
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1669 invalid or refer to the wrong file.
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1670
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1671 If you want to use a directory file name in making such a
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1672 combination, you must first convert it to a directory name using
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1673 @code{file-name-as-directory}:
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1674
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1675 @example
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1676 (concat (file-name-as-directory @var{dirfile}) @var{relfile})
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1677 @end example
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1678
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1679 @noindent
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1680 Don't try concatenating a slash by hand, as in
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1681
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1682 @example
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1683 ;;; @r{Wrong!}
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1684 (concat @var{dirfile} "/" @var{relfile})
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1685 @end example
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1686
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1687 @noindent
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1688 because this is not portable. Always use
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1689 @code{file-name-as-directory}.
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1690
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1691 @cindex directory name abbreviation
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1692 Directory name abbreviations are useful for directories that are
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1693 normally accessed through symbolic links. Sometimes the users recognize
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1694 primarily the link's name as ``the name'' of the directory, and find it
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1695 annoying to see the directory's ``real'' name. If you define the link
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1696 name as an abbreviation for the ``real'' name, Emacs shows users the
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1697 abbreviation instead.
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1698
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1699 @defvar directory-abbrev-alist
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1700 The variable @code{directory-abbrev-alist} contains an alist of
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1701 abbreviations to use for file directories. Each element has the form
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1702 @code{(@var{from} . @var{to})}, and says to replace @var{from} with
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1703 @var{to} when it appears in a directory name. The @var{from} string is
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1704 actually a regular expression; it should always start with @samp{^}.
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1705 The function @code{abbreviate-file-name} performs these substitutions.
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1706
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1707 You can set this variable in @file{site-init.el} to describe the
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1708 abbreviations appropriate for your site.
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1709
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1710 Here's an example, from a system on which file system @file{/home/fsf}
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1711 and so on are normally accessed through symbolic links named @file{/fsf}
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1712 and so on.
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1713
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1714 @example
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1715 (("^/home/fsf" . "/fsf")
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1716 ("^/home/gp" . "/gp")
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1717 ("^/home/gd" . "/gd"))
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1718 @end example
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1719 @end defvar
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1720
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1721 To convert a directory name to its abbreviation, use this
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1722 function:
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1723
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1724 @defun abbreviate-file-name filename
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1725 This function applies abbreviations from @code{directory-abbrev-alist}
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1726 to its argument, and substitutes @samp{~} for the user's home
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1727 directory. You can use it for directory names and for file names,
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1728 because it recognizes abbreviations even as part of the name.
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1729 @end defun
2c01ee3e5305 Move the node Relative Files before Directory Names. Show what
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45979
diff changeset
1730
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771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1731 @node File Name Expansion
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1732 @subsection Functions that Expand Filenames
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1733 @cindex expansion of file names
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1734
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1735 @dfn{Expansion} of a file name means converting a relative file name
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1736 to an absolute one. Since this is done relative to a default directory,
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1737 you must specify the default directory name as well as the file name to
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1738 be expanded. Expansion also simplifies file names by eliminating
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1739 redundancies such as @file{./} and @file{@var{name}/../}.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1740
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1741 @defun expand-file-name filename &optional directory
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1742 This function converts @var{filename} to an absolute file name. If
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1743 @var{directory} is supplied, it is the default directory to start with
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1744 if @var{filename} is relative. (The value of @var{directory} should
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1745 itself be an absolute directory name; it may start with @samp{~}.)
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1746 Otherwise, the current buffer's value of @code{default-directory} is
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1747 used. For example:
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1748
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1749 @example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1750 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1751 (expand-file-name "foo")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1752 @result{} "/xcssun/users/rms/lewis/foo"
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1753 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1754 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1755 (expand-file-name "../foo")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1756 @result{} "/xcssun/users/rms/foo"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1757 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1758 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1759 (expand-file-name "foo" "/usr/spool/")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1760 @result{} "/usr/spool/foo"
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1761 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1762 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1763 (expand-file-name "$HOME/foo")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1764 @result{} "/xcssun/users/rms/lewis/$HOME/foo"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1765 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1766 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1767
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1768 Filenames containing @samp{.} or @samp{..} are simplified to their
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1769 canonical form:
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1770
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1771 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1772 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1773 (expand-file-name "bar/../foo")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1774 @result{} "/xcssun/users/rms/lewis/foo"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1775 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1776 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1777
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1778 Note that @code{expand-file-name} does @emph{not} expand environment
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1779 variables; only @code{substitute-in-file-name} does that.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1780 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1781
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1782 @c Emacs 19 feature
26696
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1783 @defun file-relative-name filename &optional directory
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1784 This function does the inverse of expansion---it tries to return a
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1785 relative name that is equivalent to @var{filename} when interpreted
26696
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1786 relative to @var{directory}. If @var{directory} is omitted or
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1787 @code{nil}, it defaults to the current buffer's default directory.
17398
a5d9cbc4e2c5 (file-relative-name): Say correctly when the value is absolute.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 16736
diff changeset
1788
a5d9cbc4e2c5 (file-relative-name): Say correctly when the value is absolute.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 16736
diff changeset
1789 On some operating systems, an absolute file name begins with a device
a5d9cbc4e2c5 (file-relative-name): Say correctly when the value is absolute.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 16736
diff changeset
1790 name. On such systems, @var{filename} has no relative equivalent based
a5d9cbc4e2c5 (file-relative-name): Say correctly when the value is absolute.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 16736
diff changeset
1791 on @var{directory} if they start with two different device names. In
a5d9cbc4e2c5 (file-relative-name): Say correctly when the value is absolute.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 16736
diff changeset
1792 this case, @code{file-relative-name} returns @var{filename} in absolute
a5d9cbc4e2c5 (file-relative-name): Say correctly when the value is absolute.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 16736
diff changeset
1793 form.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1794
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1795 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1796 (file-relative-name "/foo/bar" "/foo/")
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1797 @result{} "bar"
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1798 (file-relative-name "/foo/bar" "/hack/")
28681
bf112ad58dc7 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 28635
diff changeset
1799 @result{} "../foo/bar"
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1800 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1801 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1802
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1803 @defvar default-directory
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1804 The value of this buffer-local variable is the default directory for the
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1805 current buffer. It should be an absolute directory name; it may start
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1806 with @samp{~}. This variable is buffer-local in every buffer.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1807
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1808 @code{expand-file-name} uses the default directory when its second
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1809 argument is @code{nil}.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1810
25751
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
1811 Aside from VMS, the value is always a string ending with a slash.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1812
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1813 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1814 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1815 default-directory
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1816 @result{} "/user/lewis/manual/"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1817 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1818 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1819 @end defvar
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1820
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1821 @defun substitute-in-file-name filename
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1822 This function replaces environment variables references in
51793
ccbf5ac3316d (File Name Expansion): Warn about iterative use of substitute-in-file-name.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51654
diff changeset
1823 @var{filename} with the environment variable values. Following
ccbf5ac3316d (File Name Expansion): Warn about iterative use of substitute-in-file-name.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51654
diff changeset
1824 standard Unix shell syntax, @samp{$} is the prefix to substitute an
ccbf5ac3316d (File Name Expansion): Warn about iterative use of substitute-in-file-name.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51654
diff changeset
1825 environment variable value. If the input contains @samp{$$}, that is
ccbf5ac3316d (File Name Expansion): Warn about iterative use of substitute-in-file-name.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51654
diff changeset
1826 converted to @samp{$}; this gives the user a way to ``quote'' a
ccbf5ac3316d (File Name Expansion): Warn about iterative use of substitute-in-file-name.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51654
diff changeset
1827 @samp{$}.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1828
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1829 The environment variable name is the series of alphanumeric characters
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1830 (including underscores) that follow the @samp{$}. If the character following
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1831 the @samp{$} is a @samp{@{}, then the variable name is everything up to the
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1832 matching @samp{@}}.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1833
51793
ccbf5ac3316d (File Name Expansion): Warn about iterative use of substitute-in-file-name.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51654
diff changeset
1834 Calling @code{substitute-in-file-name} on output produced by
ccbf5ac3316d (File Name Expansion): Warn about iterative use of substitute-in-file-name.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51654
diff changeset
1835 @code{substitute-in-file-name} tends to give incorrect results. For
ccbf5ac3316d (File Name Expansion): Warn about iterative use of substitute-in-file-name.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51654
diff changeset
1836 instance, use of @samp{$$} to quote a single @samp{$} won't work
ccbf5ac3316d (File Name Expansion): Warn about iterative use of substitute-in-file-name.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51654
diff changeset
1837 properly, and @samp{$} in an environment variable's value could lead
ccbf5ac3316d (File Name Expansion): Warn about iterative use of substitute-in-file-name.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51654
diff changeset
1838 to repeated substitution. Therefore, programs that call this function
ccbf5ac3316d (File Name Expansion): Warn about iterative use of substitute-in-file-name.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51654
diff changeset
1839 and put the output where it will be passed to this function need to
ccbf5ac3316d (File Name Expansion): Warn about iterative use of substitute-in-file-name.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51654
diff changeset
1840 double all @samp{$} characters to prevent subsequent incorrect
ccbf5ac3316d (File Name Expansion): Warn about iterative use of substitute-in-file-name.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51654
diff changeset
1841 results.
ccbf5ac3316d (File Name Expansion): Warn about iterative use of substitute-in-file-name.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51654
diff changeset
1842
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1843 @c Wordy to avoid overfull hbox. --rjc 15mar92
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1844 Here we assume that the environment variable @code{HOME}, which holds
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1845 the user's home directory name, has value @samp{/xcssun/users/rms}.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1846
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1847 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1848 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1849 (substitute-in-file-name "$HOME/foo")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1850 @result{} "/xcssun/users/rms/foo"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1851 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1852 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1853
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1854 After substitution, if a @samp{~} or a @samp{/} appears following a
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1855 @samp{/}, everything before the following @samp{/} is discarded:
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1856
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1857 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1858 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1859 (substitute-in-file-name "bar/~/foo")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1860 @result{} "~/foo"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1861 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1862 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1863 (substitute-in-file-name "/usr/local/$HOME/foo")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1864 @result{} "/xcssun/users/rms/foo"
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
1865 ;; @r{@file{/usr/local/} has been discarded.}
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1866 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1867 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1868
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1869 On VMS, @samp{$} substitution is not done, so this function does nothing
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1870 on VMS except discard superfluous initial components as shown above.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1871 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1872
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1873 @node Unique File Names
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1874 @subsection Generating Unique File Names
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1875
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1876 Some programs need to write temporary files. Here is the usual way to
25751
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
1877 construct a name for such a file, starting in Emacs 21:
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
1878
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
1879 @example
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
1880 (make-temp-file @var{name-of-application})
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
1881 @end example
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
1882
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
1883 @noindent
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
1884 The job of @code{make-temp-file} is to prevent two different users or
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
1885 two different jobs from trying to use the exact same file name.
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1886
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1887 @defun make-temp-file prefix &optional dir-flag
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1888 @tindex make-temp-file
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1889 This function creates a temporary file and returns its name.
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1890 The name starts with @var{prefix}; it also contains a number that is
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1891 different in each Emacs job. If @var{prefix} is a relative file name,
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1892 it is expanded against @code{temporary-file-directory}.
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1893
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1894 @example
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1895 @group
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1896 (make-temp-file "foo")
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1897 @result{} "/tmp/foo232J6v"
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1898 @end group
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1899 @end example
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1900
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1901 When @code{make-temp-file} returns, the file has been created and is
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1902 empty. At that point, you should write the intended contents into the
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1903 file.
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1904
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1905 If @var{dir-flag} is non-@code{nil}, @code{make-temp-file} creates
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1906 an empty directory instead of an empty file.
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1907
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1908 To prevent conflicts among different libraries running in the same
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1909 Emacs, each Lisp program that uses @code{make-temp-file} should have its
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1910 own @var{prefix}. The number added to the end of @var{prefix}
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1911 distinguishes between the same application running in different Emacs
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1912 jobs. Additional added characters permit a large number of distinct
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1913 names even in one Emacs job.
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1914 @end defun
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1915
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1916 The default directory for temporary files is controlled by the
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1917 variable @code{temporary-file-directory}. This variable gives the user
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1918 a uniform way to specify the directory for all temporary files. Some
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1919 programs use @code{small-temporary-file-directory} instead, if that is
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1920 non-@code{nil}. To use it, you should expand the prefix against
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1921 the proper directory before calling @code{make-temp-file}.
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1922
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1923 In older Emacs versions where @code{make-temp-file} does not exist,
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1924 you should use @code{make-temp-name} instead:
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1925
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1926 @example
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1927 (make-temp-name
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1928 (expand-file-name @var{name-of-application}
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1929 temporary-file-directory))
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1930 @end example
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1931
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1932 @defun make-temp-name string
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1933 This function generates a string that can be used as a unique file name.
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1934 The name starts with @var{string}, and contains a number that is
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1935 different in each Emacs job. It is like @code{make-temp-file} except
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1936 that it just constructs a name, and does not create a file. On MS-DOS,
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1937 the @var{string} prefix can be truncated to fit into the 8+3 file-name
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1938 limits.
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1939 @end defun
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1940
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1941 @defvar temporary-file-directory
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1942 @cindex @code{TMPDIR} environment variable
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1943 @cindex @code{TMP} environment variable
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1944 @cindex @code{TEMP} environment variable
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1945 This variable specifies the directory name for creating temporary files.
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1946 Its value should be a directory name (@pxref{Directory Names}), but it
22271
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1947 is good for Lisp programs to cope if the value is a directory's file
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1948 name instead. Using the value as the second argument to
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1949 @code{expand-file-name} is a good way to achieve that.
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1950
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1951 The default value is determined in a reasonable way for your operating
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1952 system; it is based on the @code{TMPDIR}, @code{TMP} and @code{TEMP}
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1953 environment variables, with a fall-back to a system-dependent name if
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1954 none of these variables is defined.
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1955
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1956 Even if you do not use @code{make-temp-name} to choose the temporary
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1957 file's name, you should still use this variable to decide which
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1958 directory to put the file in. However, if you expect the file to be
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1959 small, you should use @code{small-temporary-file-directory} first if
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diff changeset
1960 that is non-@code{nil}.
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1961 @end defvar
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1962
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1963 @tindex small-temporary-file-directory
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1964 @defvar small-temporary-file-directory
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1965 This variable (new in Emacs 21) specifies the directory name for
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diff changeset
1966 creating certain temporary files, which are likely to be small.
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1967
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1968 If you want to write a temporary file which is likely to be small, you
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diff changeset
1969 should compute the directory like this:
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1970
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diff changeset
1971 @example
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diff changeset
1972 (make-temp-file
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diff changeset
1973 (expand-file-name @var{prefix}
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diff changeset
1974 (or small-temporary-file-directory
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diff changeset
1975 temporary-file-directory)))
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diff changeset
1976 @end example
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1977 @end defvar
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1978
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1979 @node File Name Completion
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1980 @subsection File Name Completion
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1981 @cindex file name completion subroutines
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diff changeset
1982 @cindex completion, file name
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diff changeset
1983
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1984 This section describes low-level subroutines for completing a file
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diff changeset
1985 name. For other completion functions, see @ref{Completion}.
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1986
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1987 @defun file-name-all-completions partial-filename directory
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parents:
diff changeset
1988 This function returns a list of all possible completions for a file
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parents:
diff changeset
1989 whose name starts with @var{partial-filename} in directory
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parents:
diff changeset
1990 @var{directory}. The order of the completions is the order of the files
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parents:
diff changeset
1991 in the directory, which is unpredictable and conveys no useful
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parents:
diff changeset
1992 information.
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diff changeset
1993
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diff changeset
1994 The argument @var{partial-filename} must be a file name containing no
28635
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parents: 28608
diff changeset
1995 directory part and no slash (or backslash on some systems). The current
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parents: 28608
diff changeset
1996 buffer's default directory is prepended to @var{directory}, if
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parents: 28608
diff changeset
1997 @var{directory} is not absolute.
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parents:
diff changeset
1998
16736
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15913
diff changeset
1999 In the following example, suppose that @file{~rms/lewis} is the current
981e116b4ac6 Minor cleanups for overfull hboxes.
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parents: 15913
diff changeset
2000 default directory, and has five files whose names begin with @samp{f}:
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2001 @file{foo}, @file{file~}, @file{file.c}, @file{file.c.~1~}, and
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parents:
diff changeset
2002 @file{file.c.~2~}.@refill
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parents:
diff changeset
2003
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diff changeset
2004 @example
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diff changeset
2005 @group
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diff changeset
2006 (file-name-all-completions "f" "")
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parents: 47980
diff changeset
2007 @result{} ("foo" "file~" "file.c.~2~"
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parents:
diff changeset
2008 "file.c.~1~" "file.c")
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parents:
diff changeset
2009 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
2010
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diff changeset
2011 @group
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diff changeset
2012 (file-name-all-completions "fo" "")
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diff changeset
2013 @result{} ("foo")
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parents:
diff changeset
2014 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
2015 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
2016 @end defun
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parents:
diff changeset
2017
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parents:
diff changeset
2018 @defun file-name-completion filename directory
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diff changeset
2019 This function completes the file name @var{filename} in directory
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parents:
diff changeset
2020 @var{directory}. It returns the longest prefix common to all file names
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parents:
diff changeset
2021 in directory @var{directory} that start with @var{filename}.
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parents:
diff changeset
2022
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diff changeset
2023 If only one match exists and @var{filename} matches it exactly, the
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parents:
diff changeset
2024 function returns @code{t}. The function returns @code{nil} if directory
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parents:
diff changeset
2025 @var{directory} contains no name starting with @var{filename}.
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parents:
diff changeset
2026
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diff changeset
2027 In the following example, suppose that the current default directory
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parents:
diff changeset
2028 has five files whose names begin with @samp{f}: @file{foo},
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parents:
diff changeset
2029 @file{file~}, @file{file.c}, @file{file.c.~1~}, and
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parents:
diff changeset
2030 @file{file.c.~2~}.@refill
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2031
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diff changeset
2032 @example
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diff changeset
2033 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
2034 (file-name-completion "fi" "")
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parents:
diff changeset
2035 @result{} "file"
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parents:
diff changeset
2036 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
2037
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diff changeset
2038 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
2039 (file-name-completion "file.c.~1" "")
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parents:
diff changeset
2040 @result{} "file.c.~1~"
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parents:
diff changeset
2041 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
2042
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diff changeset
2043 @group
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diff changeset
2044 (file-name-completion "file.c.~1~" "")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2045 @result{} t
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2046 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2047
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2048 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2049 (file-name-completion "file.c.~3" "")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2050 @result{} nil
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2051 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2052 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2053 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2054
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2055 @defopt completion-ignored-extensions
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2056 @code{file-name-completion} usually ignores file names that end in any
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2057 string in this list. It does not ignore them when all the possible
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2058 completions end in one of these suffixes or when a buffer showing all
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2059 possible completions is displayed.@refill
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2060
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2061 A typical value might look like this:
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2062
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2063 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2064 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2065 completion-ignored-extensions
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2066 @result{} (".o" ".elc" "~" ".dvi")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2067 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2068 @end example
39883
416c492df7c3 (File Name Completion): Document the significance of
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 39296
diff changeset
2069
416c492df7c3 (File Name Completion): Document the significance of
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 39296
diff changeset
2070 If an element of @code{completion-ignored-extensions} ends in a slash
416c492df7c3 (File Name Completion): Document the significance of
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 39296
diff changeset
2071 @samp{/}, it signals a directory. The elements which do @emph{not} end
416c492df7c3 (File Name Completion): Document the significance of
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 39296
diff changeset
2072 in a slash will never match a directory; thus, the above value will not
416c492df7c3 (File Name Completion): Document the significance of
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 39296
diff changeset
2073 filter out a directory named @file{foo.elc}.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2074 @end defopt
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2075
15765
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
2076 @node Standard File Names
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
2077 @subsection Standard File Names
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
2078
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
2079 Most of the file names used in Lisp programs are entered by the user.
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
2080 But occasionally a Lisp program needs to specify a standard file name
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
2081 for a particular use---typically, to hold customization information
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
2082 about each user. For example, abbrev definitions are stored (by
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
2083 default) in the file @file{~/.abbrev_defs}; the @code{completion}
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
2084 package stores completions in the file @file{~/.completions}. These are
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
2085 two of the many standard file names used by parts of Emacs for certain
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
2086 purposes.
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
2087
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
2088 Various operating systems have their own conventions for valid file
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
2089 names and for which file names to use for user profile data. A Lisp
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
2090 program which reads a file using a standard file name ought to use, on
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
2091 each type of system, a file name suitable for that system. The function
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
2092 @code{convert-standard-filename} makes this easy to do.
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
2093
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
2094 @defun convert-standard-filename filename
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
2095 This function alters the file name @var{filename} to fit the conventions
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
2096 of the operating system in use, and returns the result as a new string.
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
2097 @end defun
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
2098
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
2099 The recommended way to specify a standard file name in a Lisp program
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
2100 is to choose a name which fits the conventions of GNU and Unix systems,
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
2101 usually with a nondirectory part that starts with a period, and pass it
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
2102 to @code{convert-standard-filename} instead of using it directly. Here
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
2103 is an example from the @code{completion} package:
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
2104
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
2105 @example
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
2106 (defvar save-completions-file-name
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
2107 (convert-standard-filename "~/.completions")
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
2108 "*The file name to save completions to.")
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
2109 @end example
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
2110
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
2111 On GNU and Unix systems, and on some other systems as well,
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
2112 @code{convert-standard-filename} returns its argument unchanged. On
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
2113 some other systems, it alters the name to fit the system's conventions.
15765
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
2114
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
2115 For example, on MS-DOS the alterations made by this function include
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
2116 converting a leading @samp{.} to @samp{_}, converting a @samp{_} in the
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
2117 middle of the name to @samp{.} if there is no other @samp{.}, inserting
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
2118 a @samp{.} after eight characters if there is none, and truncating to
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
2119 three characters after the @samp{.}. (It makes other changes as well.)
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
2120 Thus, @file{.abbrev_defs} becomes @file{_abbrev.def}, and
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
2121 @file{.completions} becomes @file{_complet.ion}.
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
2122
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2123 @node Contents of Directories
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2124 @section Contents of Directories
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2125 @cindex directory-oriented functions
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2126 @cindex file names in directory
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2127
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2128 A directory is a kind of file that contains other files entered under
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2129 various names. Directories are a feature of the file system.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2130
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2131 Emacs can list the names of the files in a directory as a Lisp list,
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2132 or display the names in a buffer using the @code{ls} shell command. In
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2133 the latter case, it can optionally display information about each file,
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2134 depending on the options passed to the @code{ls} command.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2135
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2136 @defun directory-files directory &optional full-name match-regexp nosort
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2137 This function returns a list of the names of the files in the directory
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2138 @var{directory}. By default, the list is in alphabetical order.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2139
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2140 If @var{full-name} is non-@code{nil}, the function returns the files'
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2141 absolute file names. Otherwise, it returns the names relative to
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2142 the specified directory.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2143
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2144 If @var{match-regexp} is non-@code{nil}, this function returns only
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2145 those file names that contain a match for that regular expression---the
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2146 other file names are excluded from the list.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2147
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2148 @c Emacs 19 feature
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2149 If @var{nosort} is non-@code{nil}, @code{directory-files} does not sort
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2150 the list, so you get the file names in no particular order. Use this if
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2151 you want the utmost possible speed and don't care what order the files
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2152 are processed in. If the order of processing is visible to the user,
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2153 then the user will probably be happier if you do sort the names.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2154
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2155 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2156 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2157 (directory-files "~lewis")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2158 @result{} ("#foo#" "#foo.el#" "." ".."
49600
23a1cea22d13 Trailing whitespace deleted.
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents: 47980
diff changeset
2159 "dired-mods.el" "files.texi"
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2160 "files.texi.~1~")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2161 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2162 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2163
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2164 An error is signaled if @var{directory} is not the name of a directory
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2165 that can be read.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2166 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2167
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2168 @defun file-name-all-versions file dirname
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2169 This function returns a list of all versions of the file named
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2170 @var{file} in directory @var{dirname}.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2171 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2172
24951
7451b1458af1 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22271
diff changeset
2173 @tindex file-expand-wildcards
7451b1458af1 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22271
diff changeset
2174 @defun file-expand-wildcards pattern &optional full
7451b1458af1 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22271
diff changeset
2175 This function expands the wildcard pattern @var{pattern}, returning
24952
a6db4671c7a0 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 24951
diff changeset
2176 a list of file names that match it.
24951
7451b1458af1 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22271
diff changeset
2177
24952
a6db4671c7a0 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 24951
diff changeset
2178 If @var{pattern} is written as an absolute file name,
24951
7451b1458af1 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22271
diff changeset
2179 the values are absolute also.
7451b1458af1 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22271
diff changeset
2180
7451b1458af1 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22271
diff changeset
2181 If @var{pattern} is written as a relative file name, it is interpreted
7451b1458af1 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22271
diff changeset
2182 relative to the current default directory. The file names returned are
7451b1458af1 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22271
diff changeset
2183 normally also relative to the current default directory. However, if
7451b1458af1 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22271
diff changeset
2184 @var{full} is non-@code{nil}, they are absolute.
7451b1458af1 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22271
diff changeset
2185 @end defun
7451b1458af1 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22271
diff changeset
2186
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2187 @defun insert-directory file switches &optional wildcard full-directory-p
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
2188 This function inserts (in the current buffer) a directory listing for
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
2189 directory @var{file}, formatted with @code{ls} according to
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
2190 @var{switches}. It leaves point after the inserted text.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2191
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
2192 The argument @var{file} may be either a directory name or a file
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2193 specification including wildcard characters. If @var{wildcard} is
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2194 non-@code{nil}, that means treat @var{file} as a file specification with
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2195 wildcards.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2196
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
2197 If @var{full-directory-p} is non-@code{nil}, that means the directory
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
2198 listing is expected to show the full contents of a directory. You
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
2199 should specify @code{t} when @var{file} is a directory and switches do
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
2200 not contain @samp{-d}. (The @samp{-d} option to @code{ls} says to
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
2201 describe a directory itself as a file, rather than showing its
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
2202 contents.)
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2203
25751
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
2204 On most systems, this function works by running a directory listing
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
2205 program whose name is in the variable @code{insert-directory-program}.
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
2206 If @var{wildcard} is non-@code{nil}, it also runs the shell specified by
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2207 @code{shell-file-name}, to expand the wildcards.
25751
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
2208
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
2209 MS-DOS and MS-Windows systems usually lack the standard Unix program
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
2210 @code{ls}, so this function emulates the standard Unix program @code{ls}
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
2211 with Lisp code.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2212 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2213
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2214 @defvar insert-directory-program
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2215 This variable's value is the program to run to generate a directory listing
25751
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
2216 for the function @code{insert-directory}. It is ignored on systems
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
2217 which generate the listing with Lisp code.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2218 @end defvar
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2219
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2220 @node Create/Delete Dirs
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2221 @section Creating and Deleting Directories
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2222 @c Emacs 19 features
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2223
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
2224 Most Emacs Lisp file-manipulation functions get errors when used on
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
2225 files that are directories. For example, you cannot delete a directory
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
2226 with @code{delete-file}. These special functions exist to create and
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
2227 delete directories.
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
2228
26696
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
2229 @defun make-directory dirname &optional parents
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2230 This function creates a directory named @var{dirname}.
26696
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
2231 If @var{parents} is non-@code{nil}, that means to create
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
2232 the parent directories first, if they don't already exist.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2233 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2234
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2235 @defun delete-directory dirname
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2236 This function deletes the directory named @var{dirname}. The function
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2237 @code{delete-file} does not work for files that are directories; you
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
2238 must use @code{delete-directory} for them. If the directory contains
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
2239 any files, @code{delete-directory} signals an error.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2240 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2241
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2242 @node Magic File Names
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2243 @section Making Certain File Names ``Magic''
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2244 @cindex magic file names
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2245
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2246 @c Emacs 19 feature
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
2247 You can implement special handling for certain file names. This is
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
2248 called making those names @dfn{magic}. The principal use for this
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
2249 feature is in implementing remote file names (@pxref{Remote Files,,
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
2250 Remote Files, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}).
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
2251
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
2252 To define a kind of magic file name, you must supply a regular
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
2253 expression to define the class of names (all those that match the
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2254 regular expression), plus a handler that implements all the primitive
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2255 Emacs file operations for file names that do match.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2256
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
2257 The variable @code{file-name-handler-alist} holds a list of handlers,
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2258 together with regular expressions that determine when to apply each
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2259 handler. Each element has this form:
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2260
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2261 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2262 (@var{regexp} . @var{handler})
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2263 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2264
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2265 @noindent
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2266 All the Emacs primitives for file access and file name transformation
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2267 check the given file name against @code{file-name-handler-alist}. If
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2268 the file name matches @var{regexp}, the primitives handle that file by
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2269 calling @var{handler}.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2270
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2271 The first argument given to @var{handler} is the name of the primitive;
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2272 the remaining arguments are the arguments that were passed to that
37582
fdf780ddf0ae Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 32859
diff changeset
2273 primitive. (The first of these arguments is most often the file name
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2274 itself.) For example, if you do this:
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2275
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2276 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2277 (file-exists-p @var{filename})
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2278 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2279
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2280 @noindent
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2281 and @var{filename} has handler @var{handler}, then @var{handler} is
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2282 called like this:
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2283
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2284 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2285 (funcall @var{handler} 'file-exists-p @var{filename})
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2286 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2287
37582
fdf780ddf0ae Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 32859
diff changeset
2288 When a function takes two or more arguments that must be file names,
fdf780ddf0ae Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 32859
diff changeset
2289 it checks each of those names for a handler. For example, if you do
fdf780ddf0ae Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 32859
diff changeset
2290 this:
fdf780ddf0ae Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 32859
diff changeset
2291
fdf780ddf0ae Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 32859
diff changeset
2292 @example
fdf780ddf0ae Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 32859
diff changeset
2293 (expand-file-name @var{filename} @var{dirname})
fdf780ddf0ae Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 32859
diff changeset
2294 @end example
fdf780ddf0ae Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 32859
diff changeset
2295
fdf780ddf0ae Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 32859
diff changeset
2296 @noindent
fdf780ddf0ae Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 32859
diff changeset
2297 then it checks for a handler for @var{filename} and then for a handler
fdf780ddf0ae Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 32859
diff changeset
2298 for @var{dirname}. In either case, the @var{handler} is called like
fdf780ddf0ae Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 32859
diff changeset
2299 this:
fdf780ddf0ae Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 32859
diff changeset
2300
fdf780ddf0ae Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 32859
diff changeset
2301 @example
fdf780ddf0ae Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 32859
diff changeset
2302 (funcall @var{handler} 'expand-file-name @var{filename} @var{dirname})
fdf780ddf0ae Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 32859
diff changeset
2303 @end example
fdf780ddf0ae Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 32859
diff changeset
2304
fdf780ddf0ae Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 32859
diff changeset
2305 @noindent
fdf780ddf0ae Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 32859
diff changeset
2306 The @var{handler} then needs to figure out whether to handle
fdf780ddf0ae Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 32859
diff changeset
2307 @var{filename} or @var{dirname}.
fdf780ddf0ae Explain how handler is called, for magic file operations that take
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 32859
diff changeset
2308
51913
3abc365e9d90 (Changing Files): copy-file allows dir as NEWNAME.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51793
diff changeset
2309 If the specified file name matches more than one handler, the one
3abc365e9d90 (Changing Files): copy-file allows dir as NEWNAME.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51793
diff changeset
2310 whose match starts last in the file name gets precedence. This rule
3abc365e9d90 (Changing Files): copy-file allows dir as NEWNAME.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51793
diff changeset
2311 is chosen so that handlers for jobs such as uncompression are handled
3abc365e9d90 (Changing Files): copy-file allows dir as NEWNAME.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51793
diff changeset
2312 first, before handlers for jobs such as remote file access.
3abc365e9d90 (Changing Files): copy-file allows dir as NEWNAME.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51793
diff changeset
2313
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
2314 Here are the operations that a magic file name handler gets to handle:
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2315
27193
89afca54a135 @ifinto -> @ifnottex.
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 27189
diff changeset
2316 @ifnottex
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2317 @noindent
47980
5492d1831d2a From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents: 47514
diff changeset
2318 @code{access-file}, @code{add-name-to-file},
5492d1831d2a From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents: 47514
diff changeset
2319 @code{byte-compiler-base-file-name},@*
5492d1831d2a From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents: 47514
diff changeset
2320 @code{copy-file}, @code{delete-directory},
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
2321 @code{delete-file},
12226
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2322 @code{diff-latest-backup-file},
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2323 @code{directory-file-name},
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
2324 @code{directory-files},
47980
5492d1831d2a From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents: 47514
diff changeset
2325 @code{directory-files-and-attributes},
16736
981e116b4ac6 Minor cleanups for overfull hboxes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15913
diff changeset
2326 @code{dired-call-process},
47980
5492d1831d2a From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents: 47514
diff changeset
2327 @code{dired-compress-file}, @code{dired-uncache},@*
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
2328 @code{expand-file-name},
47980
5492d1831d2a From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents: 47514
diff changeset
2329 @code{file-accessible-directory-p},
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
2330 @code{file-attributes},
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
2331 @code{file-directory-p},
47980
5492d1831d2a From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents: 47514
diff changeset
2332 @code{file-executable-p}, @code{file-exists-p},
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
2333 @code{file-local-copy},
47980
5492d1831d2a From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents: 47514
diff changeset
2334 @code{file-modes}, @code{file-name-all-completions},
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
2335 @code{file-name-as-directory},
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
2336 @code{file-name-completion},
16736
981e116b4ac6 Minor cleanups for overfull hboxes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15913
diff changeset
2337 @code{file-name-directory},
981e116b4ac6 Minor cleanups for overfull hboxes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15913
diff changeset
2338 @code{file-name-nondirectory},
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2339 @code{file-name-sans-versions}, @code{file-newer-than-file-p},
15765
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
2340 @code{file-ownership-preserved-p},
11626
0b86aef0c387 Mention file-regular-p operation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 8364
diff changeset
2341 @code{file-readable-p}, @code{file-regular-p}, @code{file-symlink-p},
12226
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2342 @code{file-truename}, @code{file-writable-p},
15765
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
2343 @code{find-backup-file-name},
47980
5492d1831d2a From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents: 47514
diff changeset
2344 @code{find-file-noselect},@*
5492d1831d2a From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents: 47514
diff changeset
2345 @code{get-file-buffer},
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
2346 @code{insert-directory},
47980
5492d1831d2a From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents: 47514
diff changeset
2347 @code{insert-file-contents},@*
15765
8cc15b664c4c New node Standard File Names.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 14152
diff changeset
2348 @code{load}, @code{make-directory},
47980
5492d1831d2a From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents: 47514
diff changeset
2349 @code{make-directory-internal},
5492d1831d2a From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents: 47514
diff changeset
2350 @code{make-symbolic-link},@*
5492d1831d2a From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents: 47514
diff changeset
2351 @code{rename-file}, @code{set-file-modes},
5492d1831d2a From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents: 47514
diff changeset
2352 @code{set-visited-file-modtime}, @code{shell-command},
5492d1831d2a From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents: 47514
diff changeset
2353 @code{substitute-in-file-name},@*
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
2354 @code{unhandled-file-name-directory},
16736
981e116b4ac6 Minor cleanups for overfull hboxes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15913
diff changeset
2355 @code{vc-registered},
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
2356 @code{verify-visited-file-modtime},@*
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
2357 @code{write-region}.
27193
89afca54a135 @ifinto -> @ifnottex.
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 27189
diff changeset
2358 @end ifnottex
22271
71f954d59214 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
2359 @iftex
71f954d59214 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
2360 @noindent
25751
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
2361 @flushleft
47980
5492d1831d2a From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents: 47514
diff changeset
2362 @code{access-file}, @code{add-name-to-file},
5492d1831d2a From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents: 47514
diff changeset
2363 @code{byte-com@discretionary{}{}{}piler-base-file-name},
5492d1831d2a From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents: 47514
diff changeset
2364 @code{copy-file}, @code{delete-directory},
22271
71f954d59214 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
2365 @code{delete-file},
71f954d59214 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
2366 @code{diff-latest-backup-file},
71f954d59214 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
2367 @code{directory-file-name},
71f954d59214 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
2368 @code{directory-files},
47980
5492d1831d2a From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents: 47514
diff changeset
2369 @code{directory-files-and-at@discretionary{}{}{}tributes},
22271
71f954d59214 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
2370 @code{dired-call-process},
71f954d59214 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
2371 @code{dired-compress-file}, @code{dired-uncache},
71f954d59214 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
2372 @code{expand-file-name},
71f954d59214 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
2373 @code{file-accessible-direc@discretionary{}{}{}tory-p},
71f954d59214 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
2374 @code{file-attributes},
71f954d59214 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
2375 @code{file-direct@discretionary{}{}{}ory-p},
71f954d59214 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
2376 @code{file-executable-p}, @code{file-exists-p},
71f954d59214 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
2377 @code{file-local-copy},
71f954d59214 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
2378 @code{file-modes}, @code{file-name-all-completions},
71f954d59214 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
2379 @code{file-name-as-directory},
71f954d59214 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
2380 @code{file-name-completion},
71f954d59214 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
2381 @code{file-name-directory},
71f954d59214 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
2382 @code{file-name-nondirec@discretionary{}{}{}tory},
71f954d59214 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
2383 @code{file-name-sans-versions}, @code{file-newer-than-file-p},
71f954d59214 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
2384 @code{file-ownership-pre@discretionary{}{}{}served-p},
71f954d59214 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
2385 @code{file-readable-p}, @code{file-regular-p}, @code{file-symlink-p},
71f954d59214 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
2386 @code{file-truename}, @code{file-writable-p},
71f954d59214 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
2387 @code{find-backup-file-name},
47980
5492d1831d2a From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents: 47514
diff changeset
2388 @code{find-file-noselect},
22271
71f954d59214 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
2389 @code{get-file-buffer},
71f954d59214 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
2390 @code{insert-directory},
71f954d59214 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
2391 @code{insert-file-contents},
71f954d59214 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
2392 @code{load}, @code{make-direc@discretionary{}{}{}tory},
47980
5492d1831d2a From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents: 47514
diff changeset
2393 @code{make-direc@discretionary{}{}{}tory-internal},
5492d1831d2a From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents: 47514
diff changeset
2394 @code{make-symbolic-link},
5492d1831d2a From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents: 47514
diff changeset
2395 @code{rename-file}, @code{set-file-modes},
22271
71f954d59214 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
2396 @code{set-visited-file-modtime}, @code{shell-command},
47980
5492d1831d2a From Michael Albinus.
Kai Großjohann <kgrossjo@eu.uu.net>
parents: 47514
diff changeset
2397 @code{substitute-in-file-name},
22271
71f954d59214 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
2398 @code{unhandled-file-name-directory},
71f954d59214 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
2399 @code{vc-regis@discretionary{}{}{}tered},
71f954d59214 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
2400 @code{verify-visited-file-modtime},
71f954d59214 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
2401 @code{write-region}.
25751
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
2402 @end flushleft
22271
71f954d59214 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
2403 @end iftex
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2404
8118
56b5ed321f8d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7735
diff changeset
2405 Handlers for @code{insert-file-contents} typically need to clear the
56b5ed321f8d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7735
diff changeset
2406 buffer's modified flag, with @code{(set-buffer-modified-p nil)}, if the
56b5ed321f8d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7735
diff changeset
2407 @var{visit} argument is non-@code{nil}. This also has the effect of
56b5ed321f8d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7735
diff changeset
2408 unlocking the buffer if it is locked.
56b5ed321f8d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7735
diff changeset
2409
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2410 The handler function must handle all of the above operations, and
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
2411 possibly others to be added in the future. It need not implement all
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
2412 these operations itself---when it has nothing special to do for a
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
2413 certain operation, it can reinvoke the primitive, to handle the
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
2414 operation ``in the usual way''. It should always reinvoke the primitive
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
2415 for an operation it does not recognize. Here's one way to do this:
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2416
7088
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2417 @smallexample
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2418 (defun my-file-handler (operation &rest args)
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2419 ;; @r{First check for the specific operations}
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2420 ;; @r{that we have special handling for.}
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2421 (cond ((eq operation 'insert-file-contents) @dots{})
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2422 ((eq operation 'write-region) @dots{})
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2423 @dots{}
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2424 ;; @r{Handle any operation we don't know about.}
7088
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2425 (t (let ((inhibit-file-name-handlers
49600
23a1cea22d13 Trailing whitespace deleted.
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents: 47980
diff changeset
2426 (cons 'my-file-handler
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
2427 (and (eq inhibit-file-name-operation operation)
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
2428 inhibit-file-name-handlers)))
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
2429 (inhibit-file-name-operation operation))
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2430 (apply operation args)))))
7088
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2431 @end smallexample
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2432
7088
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2433 When a handler function decides to call the ordinary Emacs primitive for
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2434 the operation at hand, it needs to prevent the primitive from calling
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2435 the same handler once again, thus leading to an infinite recursion. The
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2436 example above shows how to do this, with the variables
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2437 @code{inhibit-file-name-handlers} and
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2438 @code{inhibit-file-name-operation}. Be careful to use them exactly as
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2439 shown above; the details are crucial for proper behavior in the case of
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2440 multiple handlers, and for operations that have two file names that may
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2441 each have handlers.
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2442
51020
417a9e80f335 (Magic File Names): Document the safe-magic property.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 50501
diff changeset
2443 @kindex safe-magic (@r{property})
417a9e80f335 (Magic File Names): Document the safe-magic property.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 50501
diff changeset
2444 Handlers that don't really do anything specal for actual access to the
417a9e80f335 (Magic File Names): Document the safe-magic property.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 50501
diff changeset
2445 file---such as the ones that implement completion of host names for
417a9e80f335 (Magic File Names): Document the safe-magic property.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 50501
diff changeset
2446 remote file names---should have a non-@code{nil} @code{safe-magic}
417a9e80f335 (Magic File Names): Document the safe-magic property.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 50501
diff changeset
2447 property. For instance, Emacs normally ``protects'' directory names
417a9e80f335 (Magic File Names): Document the safe-magic property.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 50501
diff changeset
2448 it finds in @code{PATH} from becoming magic, if they look like magic
417a9e80f335 (Magic File Names): Document the safe-magic property.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 50501
diff changeset
2449 file names, by prefixing them with @samp{/:}. But if the handler that
417a9e80f335 (Magic File Names): Document the safe-magic property.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 50501
diff changeset
2450 would be used for them has a non-@code{nil} @code{safe-magic}
417a9e80f335 (Magic File Names): Document the safe-magic property.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 50501
diff changeset
2451 property, the @samp{/:} is not added.
417a9e80f335 (Magic File Names): Document the safe-magic property.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 50501
diff changeset
2452
7088
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2453 @defvar inhibit-file-name-handlers
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2454 This variable holds a list of handlers whose use is presently inhibited
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2455 for a certain operation.
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2456 @end defvar
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2457
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2458 @defvar inhibit-file-name-operation
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2459 The operation for which certain handlers are presently inhibited.
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2460 @end defvar
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2461
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2462 @defun find-file-name-handler file operation
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2463 This function returns the handler function for file name @var{file}, or
7088
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2464 @code{nil} if there is none. The argument @var{operation} should be the
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2465 operation to be performed on the file---the value you will pass to the
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2466 handler as its first argument when you call it. The operation is needed
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2467 for comparison with @code{inhibit-file-name-operation}.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2468 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2469
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2470 @defun file-local-copy filename
52143
3b706f94b559 (Magic File Names): Add file-remote-p. Clarify file-local-copy.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 52003
diff changeset
2471 This function copies file @var{filename} to an ordinary non-magic file
3b706f94b559 (Magic File Names): Add file-remote-p. Clarify file-local-copy.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 52003
diff changeset
2472 on the local machine, if it isn't on the local machine already. Magic
3b706f94b559 (Magic File Names): Add file-remote-p. Clarify file-local-copy.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 52003
diff changeset
2473 file names should handle the @code{file-local-copy} operation if they
3b706f94b559 (Magic File Names): Add file-remote-p. Clarify file-local-copy.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 52003
diff changeset
2474 refer to files on other machines. A magic file name that is used for
3b706f94b559 (Magic File Names): Add file-remote-p. Clarify file-local-copy.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 52003
diff changeset
2475 other purposes than remote file access should not handle
3b706f94b559 (Magic File Names): Add file-remote-p. Clarify file-local-copy.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 52003
diff changeset
2476 @code{file-local-copy}; then this function will treat the file as
3b706f94b559 (Magic File Names): Add file-remote-p. Clarify file-local-copy.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 52003
diff changeset
2477 local.
3b706f94b559 (Magic File Names): Add file-remote-p. Clarify file-local-copy.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 52003
diff changeset
2478
3b706f94b559 (Magic File Names): Add file-remote-p. Clarify file-local-copy.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 52003
diff changeset
2479 If @var{filename} is local, whether magic or not, this function does
3b706f94b559 (Magic File Names): Add file-remote-p. Clarify file-local-copy.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 52003
diff changeset
2480 nothing and returns @code{nil}. Otherwise it returns the file name
3b706f94b559 (Magic File Names): Add file-remote-p. Clarify file-local-copy.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 52003
diff changeset
2481 of the local copy file.
3b706f94b559 (Magic File Names): Add file-remote-p. Clarify file-local-copy.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 52003
diff changeset
2482 @end defun
3b706f94b559 (Magic File Names): Add file-remote-p. Clarify file-local-copy.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 52003
diff changeset
2483
3b706f94b559 (Magic File Names): Add file-remote-p. Clarify file-local-copy.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 52003
diff changeset
2484 @defun file-remote-p filename
3b706f94b559 (Magic File Names): Add file-remote-p. Clarify file-local-copy.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 52003
diff changeset
2485 This functions return @code{t} if @var{filename} is a remote file---that is,
3b706f94b559 (Magic File Names): Add file-remote-p. Clarify file-local-copy.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 52003
diff changeset
2486 a magic file name that handles @code{file-local-copy}.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2487 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2488
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2489 @defun unhandled-file-name-directory filename
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
2490 This function returns the name of a directory that is not magic. It
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
2491 uses the directory part of @var{filename} if that is not magic. For a
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
2492 magic file name, it invokes the file name handler, which therefore
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
2493 decides what value to return.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2494
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2495 This is useful for running a subprocess; every subprocess must have a
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2496 non-magic directory to serve as its current directory, and this function
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2497 is a good way to come up with one.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2498 @end defun
7088
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2499
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2500 @node Format Conversion
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2501 @section File Format Conversion
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2502
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2503 @cindex file format conversion
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2504 @cindex encoding file formats
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2505 @cindex decoding file formats
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2506 The variable @code{format-alist} defines a list of @dfn{file formats},
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
2507 which describe textual representations used in files for the data (text,
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2508 text-properties, and possibly other information) in an Emacs buffer.
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
2509 Emacs performs format conversion if appropriate when reading and writing
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
2510 files.
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2511
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2512 @defvar format-alist
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2513 This list contains one format definition for each defined file format.
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2514 @end defvar
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2515
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2516 @cindex format definition
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2517 Each format definition is a list of this form:
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2518
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2519 @example
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2520 (@var{name} @var{doc-string} @var{regexp} @var{from-fn} @var{to-fn} @var{modify} @var{mode-fn})
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2521 @end example
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2522
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2523 Here is what the elements in a format definition mean:
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2524
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2525 @table @var
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2526 @item name
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2527 The name of this format.
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2528
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2529 @item doc-string
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2530 A documentation string for the format.
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2531
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2532 @item regexp
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2533 A regular expression which is used to recognize files represented in
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2534 this format.
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2535
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2536 @item from-fn
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
2537 A shell command or function to decode data in this format (to convert
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
2538 file data into the usual Emacs data representation).
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2539
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
2540 A shell command is represented as a string; Emacs runs the command as a
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
2541 filter to perform the conversion.
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
2542
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
2543 If @var{from-fn} is a function, it is called with two arguments, @var{begin}
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
2544 and @var{end}, which specify the part of the buffer it should convert.
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
2545 It should convert the text by editing it in place. Since this can
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
2546 change the length of the text, @var{from-fn} should return the modified
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
2547 end position.
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2548
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
2549 One responsibility of @var{from-fn} is to make sure that the beginning
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2550 of the file no longer matches @var{regexp}. Otherwise it is likely to
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2551 get called again.
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2552
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2553 @item to-fn
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
2554 A shell command or function to encode data in this format---that is, to
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
2555 convert the usual Emacs data representation into this format.
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2556
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
2557 If @var{to-fn} is a string, it is a shell command; Emacs runs the
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
2558 command as a filter to perform the conversion.
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
2559
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
2560 If @var{to-fn} is a function, it is called with two arguments, @var{begin}
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
2561 and @var{end}, which specify the part of the buffer it should convert.
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
2562 There are two ways it can do the conversion:
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2563
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2564 @itemize @bullet
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2565 @item
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2566 By editing the buffer in place. In this case, @var{to-fn} should
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2567 return the end-position of the range of text, as modified.
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2568
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2569 @item
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2570 By returning a list of annotations. This is a list of elements of the
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2571 form @code{(@var{position} . @var{string})}, where @var{position} is an
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2572 integer specifying the relative position in the text to be written, and
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2573 @var{string} is the annotation to add there. The list must be sorted in
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2574 order of position when @var{to-fn} returns it.
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2575
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2576 When @code{write-region} actually writes the text from the buffer to the
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2577 file, it intermixes the specified annotations at the corresponding
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2578 positions. All this takes place without modifying the buffer.
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2579 @end itemize
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2580
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2581 @item modify
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2582 A flag, @code{t} if the encoding function modifies the buffer, and
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2583 @code{nil} if it works by returning a list of annotations.
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2584
27259
c41efa6c4be1 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
2585 @item mode-fn
c41efa6c4be1 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
2586 A minor-mode function to call after visiting a file converted from this
c41efa6c4be1 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
2587 format. The function is called with one argument, the integer 1;
c41efa6c4be1 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27193
diff changeset
2588 that tells a minor-mode function to enable the mode.
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2589 @end table
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2590
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2591 The function @code{insert-file-contents} automatically recognizes file
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2592 formats when it reads the specified file. It checks the text of the
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2593 beginning of the file against the regular expressions of the format
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2594 definitions, and if it finds a match, it calls the decoding function for
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2595 that format. Then it checks all the known formats over again.
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2596 It keeps checking them until none of them is applicable.
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2597
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2598 Visiting a file, with @code{find-file-noselect} or the commands that use
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2599 it, performs conversion likewise (because it calls
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
2600 @code{insert-file-contents}); it also calls the mode function for each
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
2601 format that it decodes. It stores a list of the format names in the
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
2602 buffer-local variable @code{buffer-file-format}.
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2603
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2604 @defvar buffer-file-format
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
2605 This variable states the format of the visited file. More precisely,
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
2606 this is a list of the file format names that were decoded in the course
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
2607 of visiting the current buffer's file. It is always buffer-local in all
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2608 buffers.
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2609 @end defvar
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2610
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2611 When @code{write-region} writes data into a file, it first calls the
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
2612 encoding functions for the formats listed in @code{buffer-file-format},
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
2613 in the order of appearance in the list.
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2614
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
2615 @deffn Command format-write-file file format
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2616 This command writes the current buffer contents into the file @var{file}
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2617 in format @var{format}, and makes that format the default for future
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
2618 saves of the buffer. The argument @var{format} is a list of format
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
2619 names.
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
2620 @end deffn
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2621
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
2622 @deffn Command format-find-file file format
12226
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2623 This command finds the file @var{file}, converting it according to
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2624 format @var{format}. It also makes @var{format} the default if the
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2625 buffer is saved later.
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2626
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2627 The argument @var{format} is a list of format names. If @var{format} is
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2628 @code{nil}, no conversion takes place. Interactively, typing just
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2629 @key{RET} for @var{format} specifies @code{nil}.
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
2630 @end deffn
12226
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2631
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
2632 @deffn Command format-insert-file file format &optional beg end
12226
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2633 This command inserts the contents of file @var{file}, converting it
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2634 according to format @var{format}. If @var{beg} and @var{end} are
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2635 non-@code{nil}, they specify which part of the file to read, as in
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2636 @code{insert-file-contents} (@pxref{Reading from Files}).
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2637
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2638 The return value is like what @code{insert-file-contents} returns: a
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2639 list of the absolute file name and the length of the data inserted
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2640 (after conversion).
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2641
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2642 The argument @var{format} is a list of format names. If @var{format} is
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2643 @code{nil}, no conversion takes place. Interactively, typing just
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2644 @key{RET} for @var{format} specifies @code{nil}.
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17919
diff changeset
2645 @end deffn
12226
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2646
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2647 @defvar auto-save-file-format
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2648 This variable specifies the format to use for auto-saving. Its value is
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2649 a list of format names, just like the value of
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
2650 @code{buffer-file-format}; however, it is used instead of
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
2651 @code{buffer-file-format} for writing auto-save files. This variable is
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
2652 always buffer-local in all buffers.
7088
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2653 @end defvar
52401
695cf19ef79e Add arch taglines
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 52143
diff changeset
2654
695cf19ef79e Add arch taglines
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 52143
diff changeset
2655 @ignore
695cf19ef79e Add arch taglines
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 52143
diff changeset
2656 arch-tag: 141f74ce-6ae3-40dc-a6c4-ef83fc4ec35c
695cf19ef79e Add arch taglines
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 52143
diff changeset
2657 @end ignore