annotate lisp/play/gomoku.el @ 551:36827ee0a6df

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;; Gomoku game between you and Emacs
;; Copyright (C) 1988 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

;; This file is part of GNU Emacs.

;; GNU Emacs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
;; it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
;; the Free Software Foundation; either version 1, or (at your option)
;; any later version.

;; GNU Emacs is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
;; but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
;; MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
;; GNU General Public License for more details.

;; You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
;; along with GNU Emacs; see the file COPYING.  If not, write to
;; the Free Software Foundation, 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.

;;; Gomoku game between you and GNU Emacs.  Last modified on 13 Sep 1988
;;;
;;; Written by Ph. Schnoebelen ([e-mail]), 1987, 1988
;;; with precious advices from J.-F. Rit.
;;; This has been tested with GNU Emacs 18.50.

(provide 'gomoku)


;; RULES:
;;
;; Gomoku is a game played between two players on a rectangular board.	Each
;; player, in turn, marks a free square of its choice. The winner is the first
;; one to mark five contiguous squares in any direction (horizontally,
;; vertically or diagonally).
;;
;; I have been told that, in "The TRUE Gomoku", some restrictions are made
;; about the squares where one may play, or else there is a known forced win
;; for the first player. This program has no such restriction, but it does not
;; know about the forced win, nor do I.	 Furthermore, you probably do not know
;; it yourself :-).


;; HOW TO INSTALL:
;;
;; There is nothing specific w.r.t. installation: just put this file in the
;; lisp directory and add an autoload for command gomoku in site-init.el. If
;; you don't want to rebuild Emacs, then every single user interested in
;; Gomoku will have to put the autoload command in its .emacs file.  Another
;; possibility is to define in your .emacs some command using (require
;; 'gomoku).
;;
;; The most important thing is to BYTE-COMPILE gomoku.el because it is
;; important that the code be as fast as possible.
;;
;; There are two main places where you may want to customize the program: key
;; bindings and board display. These features are commented in the code. Go
;; and see.


;; HOW TO USE:
;;
;; Once this file has been installed, the command "M-x gomoku" will display a
;; board, the size of which depends on the size of the current window. The
;; size of the board is easily modified by giving numeric arguments to the
;; gomoku command and/or by customizing the displaying parameters.
;;
;; Emacs plays when it is its turn. When it is your turn, just put the cursor
;; on the square where you want to play and hit RET, or X, or whatever key you
;; bind to the command gomoku-human-plays. When it is your turn, Emacs is
;; idle: you may switch buffers, read your mail, ... Just come back to the
;; *Gomoku* buffer and resume play.


;; ALGORITHM:
;;
;; The algorithm is briefly described in section "THE SCORE TABLE". Some
;; parameters may be modified if you want to change the style exhibited by the
;; program.

;;;
;;; GOMOKU MODE AND KEYMAP.
;;;
(defvar gomoku-mode-hook nil
  "If non-nil, its value is called on entry to Gomoku mode.")

(defvar gomoku-mode-map nil
  "Local keymap to use in Gomoku mode.")

(if gomoku-mode-map nil
  (setq gomoku-mode-map (make-sparse-keymap))

  ;; Key bindings for cursor motion. Arrow keys are just "function"
  ;; keys, see below.
  (define-key gomoku-mode-map "y" 'gomoku-move-nw)		; Y
  (define-key gomoku-mode-map "u" 'gomoku-move-ne)		; U
  (define-key gomoku-mode-map "b" 'gomoku-move-sw)		; B
  (define-key gomoku-mode-map "n" 'gomoku-move-se)		; N
  (define-key gomoku-mode-map "h" 'gomoku-move-left)		; H
  (define-key gomoku-mode-map "l" 'gomoku-move-right)		; L
  (define-key gomoku-mode-map "j" 'gomoku-move-down)		; J
  (define-key gomoku-mode-map "k" 'gomoku-move-up)		; K
  (define-key gomoku-mode-map "\C-n" 'gomoku-move-down)		; C-N
  (define-key gomoku-mode-map "\C-p" 'gomoku-move-up)		; C-P
  (define-key gomoku-mode-map "\C-f" 'gomoku-move-right)	; C-F
  (define-key gomoku-mode-map "\C-b" 'gomoku-move-left)		; C-B

  ;; Key bindings for entering Human moves.
  ;; If you have a mouse, you may also bind some mouse click ...
  (define-key gomoku-mode-map "X" 'gomoku-human-plays)		; X
  (define-key gomoku-mode-map "x" 'gomoku-human-plays)		; x
  (define-key gomoku-mode-map "\C-m" 'gomoku-human-plays)	; RET
  (define-key gomoku-mode-map "\C-cp" 'gomoku-human-plays)	; C-C P
  (define-key gomoku-mode-map "\C-cb" 'gomoku-human-takes-back) ; C-C B
  (define-key gomoku-mode-map "\C-cr" 'gomoku-human-resigns)	; C-C R
  (define-key gomoku-mode-map "\C-ce" 'gomoku-emacs-plays)	; C-C E

  ;; Key bindings for "function" keys. If your terminal has such
  ;; keys, make sure they are declared through the function-keymap
  ;; keymap (see file keypad.el).
  ;; One problem with keypad.el is that the function-key-sequence
  ;; function is really slow, so slow that you may want to comment out
  ;; the following lines ...
  (if (featurep 'keypad)
      (let (keys)
	(if (setq keys (function-key-sequence ?u))		; Up Arrow
	    (define-key gomoku-mode-map keys 'gomoku-move-up))
	(if (setq keys (function-key-sequence ?d))		; Down Arrow
	    (define-key gomoku-mode-map keys 'gomoku-move-down))
	(if (setq keys (function-key-sequence ?l))		; Left Arrow
	    (define-key gomoku-mode-map keys 'gomoku-move-left))
	(if (setq keys (function-key-sequence ?r))		; Right Arrow
	    (define-key gomoku-mode-map keys 'gomoku-move-right))
;;	(if (setq keys (function-key-sequence ?e))		; Enter
;;	    (define-key gomoku-mode-map keys 'gomoku-human-plays))
;;	(if (setq keys (function-key-sequence ?I))		; Insert
;;	    (define-key gomoku-mode-map keys 'gomoku-human-plays))
	)))



(defun gomoku-mode ()
  "Major mode for playing Gomoku against Emacs.
You and Emacs play in turn by marking a free square.  You mark it with X
and Emacs marks it with O.  The winner is the first to get five contiguous
marks horizontally, vertically or in diagonal.

You play by moving the cursor over the square you choose and hitting \\[gomoku-human-plays].

Other useful commands:
\\{gomoku-mode-map}
Entry to this mode calls the value of `gomoku-mode-hook' if that value
is non-nil."
  (interactive)
  (setq major-mode 'gomoku-mode
	mode-name "Gomoku")
  (gomoku-display-statistics)
  (use-local-map gomoku-mode-map)
  (run-hooks 'gomoku-mode-hook))

;;;
;;; THE BOARD.
;;;

;; The board is a rectangular grid. We code empty squares with 0, X's with 1
;; and O's with 6. The rectangle is recorded in a one dimensional vector
;; containing padding squares (coded with -1). These squares allow us to
;; detect when we are trying to move out of the board.	We denote a square by
;; its (X,Y) coords, or by the INDEX corresponding to them in the vector.  The
;; leftmost topmost square has coords (1,1) and index gomoku-board-width + 2.
;; Similarly, vectors between squares may be given by two DX, DY coords or by
;; one DEPL (the difference between indexes).

(defvar gomoku-board-width nil
  "Number of columns on the Gomoku board.")

(defvar gomoku-board-height nil
  "Number of lines on the Gomoku board.")

(defvar gomoku-board nil
  "Vector recording the actual state of the Gomoku board.")

(defvar gomoku-vector-length nil
  "Length of gomoku-board vector.")

(defvar gomoku-draw-limit nil
  ;; This is usually set to 70% of the number of squares.
  "After how many moves will Emacs offer a draw?")


(defun gomoku-xy-to-index (x y)
  "Translate X, Y cartesian coords into the corresponding board index."
  (+ (* y gomoku-board-width) x y))

(defun gomoku-index-to-x (index)
  "Return corresponding x-coord of board INDEX."
  (% index (1+ gomoku-board-width)))

(defun gomoku-index-to-y (index)
  "Return corresponding y-coord of board INDEX."
  (/ index (1+ gomoku-board-width)))

(defun gomoku-init-board ()
  "Create the gomoku-board vector and fill it with initial values."
  (setq gomoku-board (make-vector gomoku-vector-length 0))
  ;; Every square is 0 (i.e. empty) except padding squares:
  (let ((i 0) (ii (1- gomoku-vector-length)))
    (while (<= i gomoku-board-width)	; The squares in [0..width] and in
      (aset gomoku-board i  -1)		;    [length - width - 1..length - 1]
      (aset gomoku-board ii -1)		;    are padding squares.
      (setq i  (1+ i)
	    ii (1- ii))))
  (let ((i 0))
    (while (< i gomoku-vector-length)
      (aset gomoku-board i -1)		; and also all k*(width+1)
      (setq i (+ i gomoku-board-width 1)))))

;;;
;;; THE SCORE TABLE.
;;;

;; Every (free) square has a score associated to it, recorded in the
;; GOMOKU-SCORE-TABLE vector. The program always plays in the square having
;; the highest score.

(defvar gomoku-score-table nil
  "Vector recording the actual score of the free squares.")


;; The key point point about the algorithm is that, rather than considering
;; the board as just a set of squares, we prefer to see it as a "space" of
;; internested 5-tuples of contiguous squares (called qtuples).
;;
;; The aim of the program is to fill one qtuple with its O's while preventing
;; you from filling another one with your X's. To that effect, it computes a
;; score for every qtuple, with better qtuples having better scores. Of
;; course, the score of a qtuple (taken in isolation) is just determined by
;; its contents as a set, i.e. not considering the order of its elements. The
;; highest score is given to the "OOOO" qtuples because playing in such a
;; qtuple is winning the game. Just after this comes the "XXXX" qtuple because
;; not playing in it is just loosing the game, and so on. Note that a
;; "polluted" qtuple, i.e. one containing at least one X and at least one O,
;; has score zero because there is no more any point in playing in it, from
;; both an attacking and a defending point of view.
;;
;; Given the score of every qtuple, the score of a given free square on the
;; board is just the sum of the scores of all the qtuples to which it belongs,
;; because playing in that square is playing in all its containing qtuples at
;; once. And it is that function which takes into account the internesting of
;; the qtuples.
;;
;; This algorithm is rather simple but anyway it gives a not so dumb level of
;; play. It easily extends to "n-dimensional Gomoku", where a win should not
;; be obtained with as few as 5 contiguous marks: 6 or 7 (depending on n !)
;; should be preferred.


;; Here are the scores of the nine "non-polluted" configurations.  Tuning
;; these values will change (hopefully improve) the strength of the program
;; and may change its style (rather aggressive here).

(defconst nil-score	  7  "Score of an empty qtuple.")
(defconst Xscore	 15  "Score of a qtuple containing one X.")
(defconst XXscore	400  "Score of a qtuple containing two X's.")
(defconst XXXscore     1800  "Score of a qtuple containing three X's.")
(defconst XXXXscore  100000  "Score of a qtuple containing four X's.")
(defconst Oscore	 35  "Score of a qtuple containing one O.")
(defconst OOscore	800  "Score of a qtuple containing two O's.")
(defconst OOOscore    15000  "Score of a qtuple containing three O's.")
(defconst OOOOscore  800000  "Score of a qtuple containing four O's.")

;; These values are not just random: if, given the following situation:
;;
;;			  . . . . . . . O .
;;			  . X X a . . . X .
;;			  . . . X . . . X .
;;			  . . . X . . . X .
;;			  . . . . . . . b .
;;
;; you want Emacs to play in "a" and not in "b", then the parameters must
;; satisfy the inequality:
;;
;;		   6 * XXscore > XXXscore + XXscore
;;
;; because "a" mainly belongs to six "XX" qtuples (the others are less
;; important) while "b" belongs to one "XXX" and one "XX" qtuples.  Other
;; conditions are required to obtain sensible moves, but the previous example
;; should illustrate the point. If you manage to improve on these values,
;; please send me a note. Thanks.


;; As we choosed values 0, 1 and 6 to denote empty, X and O squares, the
;; contents of a qtuple is uniquely determined by the sum of its elements and
;; we just have to set up a translation table.

(defconst gomoku-score-trans-table
  (vector nil-score Xscore XXscore XXXscore XXXXscore 0
	  Oscore    0	   0	   0	    0	      0
	  OOscore   0	   0	   0	    0	      0
	  OOOscore  0	   0	   0	    0	      0
	  OOOOscore 0	   0	   0	    0	      0
	  0)
  "Vector associating qtuple contents to their score.")


;; If you do not modify drastically the previous constants, the only way for a
;; square to have a score higher than OOOOscore is to belong to a "OOOO"
;; qtuple, thus to be a winning move. Similarly, the only way for a square to
;; have a score between XXXXscore and OOOOscore is to belong to a "XXXX"
;; qtuple. We may use these considerations to detect when a given move is
;; winning or loosing.

(defconst gomoku-winning-threshold OOOOscore
  "Threshold score beyond which an Emacs move is winning.")

(defconst gomoku-loosing-threshold XXXXscore
  "Threshold score beyond which a human move is winning.")


(defun gomoku-strongest-square ()
  "Compute index of free square with highest score, or nil if none."
  ;; We just have to loop other all squares. However there are two problems:
  ;; 1/ The SCORE-TABLE only gives correct scores to free squares. To speed
  ;;	up future searches, we set the score of padding or occupied squares
  ;;	to -1 whenever we meet them.
  ;; 2/ We want to choose randomly between equally good moves.
  (let ((score-max 0)
	(count	   0)			; Number of equally good moves
	(square	   (gomoku-xy-to-index 1 1)) ; First square
	(end	   (gomoku-xy-to-index gomoku-board-width gomoku-board-height))
	best-square score)
    (while (<= square end)
      (cond
       ;; If score is lower (i.e. most of the time), skip to next:
       ((< (aref gomoku-score-table square) score-max))
       ;; If score is better, beware of non free squares:
       ((> (setq score (aref gomoku-score-table square)) score-max)
	(if (zerop (aref gomoku-board square)) ; is it free ?
	    (setq count 1		       ; yes: take it !
		  best-square square
		  score-max   score)
	    (aset gomoku-score-table square -1))) ; no: kill it !
       ;; If score is equally good, choose randomly. But first check freeness:
       ((not (zerop (aref gomoku-board square)))
	(aset gomoku-score-table square -1))
       ((= count (random-number (setq count (1+ count))))
	(setq best-square square
	      score-max	  score)))
      (setq square (1+ square)))	; try next square
    best-square))

(defun random-number (n)
  "Return a random integer between 0 and N-1 inclusive."
  (setq n (% (random) n))
  (if (< n 0) (- n) n))

;;;
;;; INITIALIZING THE SCORE TABLE.
;;;

;; At initialization the board is empty so that every qtuple amounts for
;; nil-score. Therefore, the score of any square is nil-score times the number
;; of qtuples that pass through it. This number is 3 in a corner and 20 if you
;; are sufficiently far from the sides. As computing the number is time
;; consuming, we initialize every square with 20*nil-score and then only
;; consider squares at less than 5 squares from one side. We speed this up by
;; taking symmetry into account.
;; Also, as it is likely that successive games will be played on a board with
;; same size, it is a good idea to save the initial SCORE-TABLE configuration.

(defvar gomoku-saved-score-table nil
  "Recorded initial value of previous score table.")

(defvar gomoku-saved-board-width nil
  "Recorded value of previous board width.")

(defvar gomoku-saved-board-height nil
  "Recorded value of previous board height.")


(defun gomoku-init-score-table ()
  "Create the score table vector and fill it with initial values."
  (if (and gomoku-saved-score-table	; Has it been stored last time ?
	   (= gomoku-board-width  gomoku-saved-board-width)
	   (= gomoku-board-height gomoku-saved-board-height))
      (setq gomoku-score-table (copy-sequence gomoku-saved-score-table))
      ;; No, compute it:
      (setq gomoku-score-table
	    (make-vector gomoku-vector-length (* 20 nil-score)))
      (let (i j maxi maxj maxi2 maxj2)
	(setq maxi  (/ (1+ gomoku-board-width) 2)
	      maxj  (/ (1+ gomoku-board-height) 2)
	      maxi2 (min 4 maxi)
	      maxj2 (min 4 maxj))
	;; We took symmetry into account and could use it more if the board
	;; would have been square and not rectangular !
	;; In our case we deal with all (i,j) in the set [1..maxi2]*[1..maxj] U
	;; [maxi2+1..maxi]*[1..maxj2]. Maxi2 and maxj2 are used because the
	;; board may well be less than 8 by 8 !
	(setq i 1)
	(while (<= i maxi2)
	  (setq j 1)
	  (while (<= j maxj)
	    (gomoku-init-square-score i j)
	    (setq j (1+ j)))
	  (setq i (1+ i)))
	(while (<= i maxi)
	  (setq j 1)
	  (while (<= j maxj2)
	    (gomoku-init-square-score i j)
	    (setq j (1+ j)))
	  (setq i (1+ i))))
      (setq gomoku-saved-score-table  (copy-sequence gomoku-score-table)
	    gomoku-saved-board-width  gomoku-board-width
	    gomoku-saved-board-height gomoku-board-height)))

(defun gomoku-nb-qtuples (i j)
  "Return the number of qtuples containing square I,J."
  ;; This function is complicated because we have to deal
  ;; with ugly cases like 3 by 6 boards, but it works.
  ;; If you have a simpler (and correct) solution, send it to me. Thanks !
  (let ((left  (min 4 (1- i)))
	(right (min 4 (- gomoku-board-width i)))
	(up    (min 4 (1- j)))
	(down  (min 4 (- gomoku-board-height j))))
    (+ -12
       (min (max (+ left right) 3) 8)
       (min (max (+ up down) 3) 8)
       (min (max (+ (min left up) (min right down)) 3) 8)
       (min (max (+ (min right up) (min left down)) 3) 8))))

(defun gomoku-init-square-score (i j)
  "Give initial score to square I,J and to its mirror images."
  (let ((ii (1+ (- gomoku-board-width i)))
	(jj (1+ (- gomoku-board-height j)))
	(sc (* (gomoku-nb-qtuples i j) (aref gomoku-score-trans-table 0))))
    (aset gomoku-score-table (gomoku-xy-to-index i  j)	sc)
    (aset gomoku-score-table (gomoku-xy-to-index ii j)	sc)
    (aset gomoku-score-table (gomoku-xy-to-index i  jj) sc)
    (aset gomoku-score-table (gomoku-xy-to-index ii jj) sc)))

;;;
;;; MAINTAINING THE SCORE TABLE.
;;;

;; We do not provide functions for computing the SCORE-TABLE given the
;; contents of the BOARD. This would involve heavy nested loops, with time
;; proportional to the size of the board. It is better to update the
;; SCORE-TABLE after each move. Updating needs not modify more than 36
;; squares: it is done in constant time.

(defun gomoku-update-score-table (square dval)
  "Update score table after SQUARE received a DVAL increment."
  ;; The board has already been updated when this function is called.
  ;; Updating scores is done by looking for qtuples boundaries in all four
  ;; directions and then calling update-score-in-direction.
  ;; Finally all squares received the right increment, and then are up to
  ;; date, except possibly for SQUARE itself if we are taking a move back for
  ;; its score had been set to -1 at the time.
  (let* ((x    (gomoku-index-to-x square))
	 (y    (gomoku-index-to-y square))
	 (imin (max -4 (- 1 x)))
	 (jmin (max -4 (- 1 y)))
	 (imax (min 0 (- gomoku-board-width x 4)))
	 (jmax (min 0 (- gomoku-board-height y 4))))
    (gomoku-update-score-in-direction imin imax
				      square 1 0 dval)
    (gomoku-update-score-in-direction jmin jmax
				      square 0 1 dval)
    (gomoku-update-score-in-direction (max imin jmin) (min imax jmax)
				      square 1 1 dval)
    (gomoku-update-score-in-direction (max (- 1 y) -4
					   (- x gomoku-board-width))
				      (min 0 (- x 5)
					   (- gomoku-board-height y 4))
				      square -1 1 dval)))

(defun gomoku-update-score-in-direction (left right square dx dy dval)
  "Update scores for all squares in the qtuples starting between the LEFTth
square and the RIGHTth after SQUARE, along the DX, DY direction, considering
that DVAL has been added on SQUARE."
  ;; We always have LEFT <= 0, RIGHT <= 0 and DEPL > 0 but we may very well
  ;; have LEFT > RIGHT, indicating that no qtuple contains SQUARE along that
  ;; DX,DY direction.
  (cond
   ((> left right))			; Quit
   (t					; Else ..
    (let (depl square0 square1 square2 count delta)
      (setq depl    (gomoku-xy-to-index dx dy)
	    square0 (+ square (* left depl))
	    square1 (+ square (* right depl))
	    square2 (+ square0 (* 4 depl)))
      ;; Compute the contents of the first qtuple:
      (setq square square0
	    count  0)
      (while (<= square square2)
	(setq count  (+ count (aref gomoku-board square))
	      square (+ square depl)))
      (while (<= square0 square1)
	;; Update the squares of the qtuple beginning in SQUARE0 and ending
	;; in SQUARE2.
	(setq delta (- (aref gomoku-score-trans-table count)
		       (aref gomoku-score-trans-table (- count dval))))
	(cond ((not (zerop delta))	; or else nothing to update
	       (setq square square0)
	       (while (<= square square2)
		 (if (zerop (aref gomoku-board square)) ; only for free squares
		     (aset gomoku-score-table square
			   (+ (aref gomoku-score-table square) delta)))
		 (setq square (+ square depl)))))
	;; Then shift the qtuple one square along DEPL, this only requires
	;; modifying SQUARE0 and SQUARE2.
	(setq square2 (+ square2 depl)
	      count   (+ count (- (aref gomoku-board square0))
			 (aref gomoku-board square2))
	      square0 (+ square0 depl)))))))

;;;
;;; GAME CONTROL.
;;;

;; Several variables are used to monitor a game, including a GAME-HISTORY (the
;; list of all (SQUARE . PREVSCORE) played) that allows to take moves back
;; (anti-updating the score table) and to compute the table from scratch in
;; case of an interruption.

(defvar gomoku-game-in-progress nil
  "Non-nil if a game is in progress.")

(defvar gomoku-game-history nil
  "A record of all moves that have been played during current game.")

(defvar gomoku-number-of-moves nil
  "Number of moves already played in current game.")

(defvar gomoku-number-of-human-moves nil
  "Number of moves already played by human in current game.")

(defvar gomoku-emacs-played-first nil
  "Non-nil if Emacs played first.")

(defvar gomoku-human-took-back nil
  "Non-nil if Human took back a move during the game.")

(defvar gomoku-human-refused-draw nil
  "Non-nil if Human refused Emacs offer of a draw.")

(defvar gomoku-emacs-is-computing nil
  ;; This is used to detect interruptions. Hopefully, it should not be needed.
  "Non-nil if Emacs is in the middle of a computation.")


(defun gomoku-start-game (n m)
  "Initialize a new game on an N by M board."
  (setq gomoku-emacs-is-computing t)	; Raise flag
  (setq gomoku-game-in-progress t)
  (setq gomoku-board-width   n
	gomoku-board-height  m
	gomoku-vector-length (1+ (* (+ m 2) (1+ n)))
	gomoku-draw-limit    (/ (* 7 n m) 10))
  (setq gomoku-game-history	     nil
	gomoku-number-of-moves	     0
	gomoku-number-of-human-moves 0
	gomoku-emacs-played-first    nil
	gomoku-human-took-back	     nil
	gomoku-human-refused-draw    nil)
  (gomoku-init-display n m)		; Display first: the rest takes time
  (gomoku-init-score-table)		; INIT-BOARD requires that the score
  (gomoku-init-board)			;   table be already created.
  (setq gomoku-emacs-is-computing nil))

(defun gomoku-play-move (square val &optional dont-update-score)
  "Go to SQUARE, play VAL and update everything."
  (setq gomoku-emacs-is-computing t)	; Raise flag
  (cond ((= 1 val)			; a Human move
	 (setq gomoku-number-of-human-moves (1+ gomoku-number-of-human-moves)))
	((zerop gomoku-number-of-moves)	; an Emacs move. Is it first ?
	 (setq gomoku-emacs-played-first t)))
  (setq gomoku-game-history
	(cons (cons square (aref gomoku-score-table square))
	      gomoku-game-history)
	gomoku-number-of-moves (1+ gomoku-number-of-moves))
  (gomoku-plot-square square val)
  (aset gomoku-board square val)	; *BEFORE* UPDATE-SCORE !
  (if dont-update-score nil
      (gomoku-update-score-table square val) ; previous val was 0: dval = val
      (aset gomoku-score-table square -1))
  (setq gomoku-emacs-is-computing nil))

(defun gomoku-take-back ()
  "Take back last move and update everything."
  (setq gomoku-emacs-is-computing t)
  (let* ((last-move (car gomoku-game-history))
	 (square (car last-move))
	 (oldval (aref gomoku-board square)))
    (if (= 1 oldval)
	(setq gomoku-number-of-human-moves (1- gomoku-number-of-human-moves)))
    (setq gomoku-game-history	 (cdr gomoku-game-history)
	  gomoku-number-of-moves (1- gomoku-number-of-moves))
    (gomoku-plot-square square 0)
    (aset gomoku-board square 0)	; *BEFORE* UPDATE-SCORE !
    (gomoku-update-score-table square (- oldval))
    (aset gomoku-score-table square (cdr last-move)))
  (setq gomoku-emacs-is-computing nil))

;;;
;;; SESSION CONTROL.
;;;

(defvar gomoku-number-of-wins 0
  "Number of games already won in this session.")

(defvar gomoku-number-of-losses 0
  "Number of games already lost in this session.")

(defvar gomoku-number-of-draws 0
  "Number of games already drawn in this session.")


(defun gomoku-terminate-game (result)
  "Terminate the current game with RESULT."
  (let (message)
    (cond
     ((eq result 'emacs-won)
      (setq gomoku-number-of-wins (1+ gomoku-number-of-wins))
      (setq message
	    (cond ((< gomoku-number-of-moves 20)
		   "This was a REALLY QUICK win.")
		  (gomoku-human-refused-draw
		   "I won... Too bad you refused my offer of a draw !")
		  (gomoku-human-took-back
		   "I won... Taking moves back will not help you !")
		  ((not gomoku-emacs-played-first)
		   "I won... Playing first did not help you much !")
		  ((and (zerop gomoku-number-of-losses)
			(zerop gomoku-number-of-draws)
			(> gomoku-number-of-wins 1))
		   "I'm becoming tired of winning...")
		  (t
		   "I won."))))
     ((eq result 'human-won)
      (setq gomoku-number-of-losses (1+ gomoku-number-of-losses))
      (setq message
	    (cond
	     (gomoku-human-took-back
	      "OK, you won this one.  I, for one, never take my moves back...")
	     (gomoku-emacs-played-first
	      "OK, you won this one... so what ?")
	     (t
	      "OK, you won this one.  Now, let me play first just once."))))
     ((eq result 'human-resigned)
      (setq gomoku-number-of-wins (1+ gomoku-number-of-wins))
      (setq message "So you resign.  That's just one more win for me."))
     ((eq result 'nobody-won)
      (setq gomoku-number-of-draws (1+ gomoku-number-of-draws))
      (setq message
	    (cond
	     (gomoku-human-took-back
	      "This is a draw.  I, for one, never take my moves back...")
	     (gomoku-emacs-played-first
	      "This is a draw.  Just chance, I guess.")
	     (t
	      "This is a draw.  Now, let me play first just once."))))
     ((eq result 'draw-agreed)
      (setq gomoku-number-of-draws (1+ gomoku-number-of-draws))
      (setq message
	    (cond
	     (gomoku-human-took-back
	      "Draw agreed.  I, for one, never take my moves back...")
	     (gomoku-emacs-played-first
	      "Draw agreed.  You were lucky.")
	     (t
	      "Draw agreed.  Now, let me play first just once."))))
     ((eq result 'crash-game)
      (setq message
	    "Sorry, I have been interrupted and cannot resume that game...")))

    (gomoku-display-statistics)
    (if message (message message))
    (ding)
    (setq gomoku-game-in-progress nil)))

(defun gomoku-crash-game ()
  "What to do when Emacs detects it has been interrupted."
  (setq gomoku-emacs-is-computing nil)
  (gomoku-terminate-game 'crash-game)
  (sit-for 4)				; Let's see the message
  (gomoku-prompt-for-other-game))

;;;
;;; INTERACTIVE COMMANDS.
;;;

(defun gomoku (&optional n m)
  "Start a Gomoku game between you and Emacs.
If a game is in progress, this command allow you to resume it.
If optional arguments N and M are given, an N by M board is used.

You and Emacs play in turn by marking a free square.  You mark it with X
and Emacs marks it with O. The winner is the first to get five contiguous
marks horizontally, vertically or in diagonal.

You play by moving the cursor over the square you choose and hitting
\\<gomoku-mode-map>\\[gomoku-human-plays].
Use \\[describe-mode] for more info."
  (interactive)
  (gomoku-switch-to-window)
  (cond
   (gomoku-emacs-is-computing
    (gomoku-crash-game))
   ((not gomoku-game-in-progress)
    (let ((max-width (gomoku-max-width))
	  (max-height (gomoku-max-height)))
      (or n (setq n max-width))
      (or m (setq m max-height))
      (cond ((< n 1)
	     (error "I need at least 1 column"))
	    ((< m 1)
	     (error "I need at least 1 row"))
	    ((> n max-width)
	     (error "I cannot display %d columns in that window" n)))
      (if (and (> m max-height)
	       (not (equal m gomoku-saved-board-height))
	       ;; Use EQUAL because SAVED-BOARD-HEIGHT may be nil
	       (not (y-or-n-p (format "Do you really want %d rows " m))))
	  (setq m max-height)))
    (message "One moment, please...")
    (gomoku-start-game n m)
    (if (y-or-n-p "Do you allow me to play first ")
	(gomoku-emacs-plays)
	(gomoku-prompt-for-move)))
   ((y-or-n-p "Shall we continue our game ")
    (gomoku-prompt-for-move))
   (t
    (gomoku-human-resigns))))

(defun gomoku-emacs-plays ()
  "Compute Emacs next move and play it."
  (interactive)
  (gomoku-switch-to-window)
  (cond
   (gomoku-emacs-is-computing
    (gomoku-crash-game))
   ((not gomoku-game-in-progress)
    (gomoku-prompt-for-other-game))
   (t
    (message "Let me think...")
    (let (square score)
      (setq square (gomoku-strongest-square))
      (cond ((null square)
	     (gomoku-terminate-game 'nobody-won))
	    (t
	     (setq score (aref gomoku-score-table square))
	     (gomoku-play-move square 6)
	     (cond ((>= score gomoku-winning-threshold)
		    (gomoku-find-filled-qtuple square 6)
		    (gomoku-cross-winning-qtuple)
		    (gomoku-terminate-game 'emacs-won))
		   ((zerop score)
		    (gomoku-terminate-game 'nobody-won))
		   ((and (> gomoku-number-of-moves gomoku-draw-limit)
			 (not gomoku-human-refused-draw)
			 (gomoku-offer-a-draw))
		    (gomoku-terminate-game 'draw-agreed))
		   (t
		    (gomoku-prompt-for-move)))))))))

(defun gomoku-human-plays ()
  "Signal to the Gomoku program that you have played.
You must have put the cursor on the square where you want to play.
If the game is finished, this command requests for another game."
  (interactive)
  (gomoku-switch-to-window)
  (cond
   (gomoku-emacs-is-computing
    (gomoku-crash-game))
   ((not gomoku-game-in-progress)
    (gomoku-prompt-for-other-game))
   (t
    (let (square score)
      (setq square (gomoku-point-square))
      (cond ((null square)
	     (error "Your point is not on a square. Retry !"))
	    ((not (zerop (aref gomoku-board square)))
	     (error "Your point is not on a free square. Retry !"))
	    (t
	     (setq score (aref gomoku-score-table square))
	     (gomoku-play-move square 1)
	     (cond ((and (>= score gomoku-loosing-threshold)
			 ;; Just testing SCORE > THRESHOLD is not enough for
			 ;; detecting wins, it just gives an indication that
			 ;; we confirm with GOMOKU-FIND-FILLED-QTUPLE.
			 (gomoku-find-filled-qtuple square 1))
		    (gomoku-cross-winning-qtuple)
		    (gomoku-terminate-game 'human-won))
		   (t
		    (gomoku-emacs-plays)))))))))

(defun gomoku-human-takes-back ()
  "Signal to the Gomoku program that you wish to take back your last move."
  (interactive)
  (gomoku-switch-to-window)
  (cond
   (gomoku-emacs-is-computing
    (gomoku-crash-game))
   ((not gomoku-game-in-progress)
    (message "Too late for taking back...")
    (sit-for 4)
    (gomoku-prompt-for-other-game))
   ((zerop gomoku-number-of-human-moves)
    (message "You have not played yet... Your move ?"))
   (t
    (message "One moment, please...")
    ;; It is possible for the user to let Emacs play several consecutive
    ;; moves, so that the best way to know when to stop taking back moves is
    ;; to count the number of human moves:
    (setq gomoku-human-took-back t)
    (let ((number gomoku-number-of-human-moves))
      (while (= number gomoku-number-of-human-moves)
	(gomoku-take-back)))
    (gomoku-prompt-for-move))))

(defun gomoku-human-resigns ()
  "Signal to the Gomoku program that you may want to resign."
  (interactive)
  (gomoku-switch-to-window)
  (cond
   (gomoku-emacs-is-computing
    (gomoku-crash-game))
   ((not gomoku-game-in-progress)
    (message "There is no game in progress"))
   ((y-or-n-p "You mean, you resign ")
    (gomoku-terminate-game 'human-resigned))
   ((y-or-n-p "You mean, we continue ")
    (gomoku-prompt-for-move))
   (t
    (gomoku-terminate-game 'human-resigned)))) ; OK. Accept it

;;;
;;; PROMPTING THE HUMAN PLAYER.
;;;

(defun gomoku-prompt-for-move ()
  "Display a message asking for Human's move."
  (message (if (zerop gomoku-number-of-human-moves)
	       "Your move ? (move to a free square and hit X, RET ...)"
	       "Your move ?"))
  ;; This may seem silly, but if one omits the following line (or a similar
  ;; one), the cursor may very well go to some place where POINT is not.
  (save-excursion (set-buffer (other-buffer))))

(defun gomoku-prompt-for-other-game ()
  "Ask for another game, and start it."
  (if (y-or-n-p "Another game ")
      (gomoku gomoku-board-width gomoku-board-height)
  (message "Chicken !")))

(defun gomoku-offer-a-draw ()
  "Offer a draw and return T if Human accepted it."
  (or (y-or-n-p "I offer you a draw. Do you accept it ")
      (prog1 (setq gomoku-human-refused-draw t)
	nil)))

;;;
;;; DISPLAYING THE BOARD.
;;;

;; You may change these values if you have a small screen or if the squares
;; look rectangular, but spacings SHOULD be at least 2 (MUST BE at least 1).

(defconst gomoku-square-width 4
  "*Horizontal spacing between squares on the Gomoku board.")

(defconst gomoku-square-height 2
  "*Vertical spacing between squares on the Gomoku board.")

(defconst gomoku-x-offset 3
  "*Number of columns between the Gomoku board and the side of the window.")

(defconst gomoku-y-offset 1
  "*Number of lines between the Gomoku board and the top of the window.")


(defun gomoku-max-width ()
  "Largest possible board width for the current window."
  (1+ (/ (- (window-width (selected-window))
	    gomoku-x-offset gomoku-x-offset 1)
	 gomoku-square-width)))

(defun gomoku-max-height ()
  "Largest possible board height for the current window."
  (1+ (/ (- (window-height (selected-window))
	    gomoku-y-offset gomoku-y-offset 2)
	 ;; 2 instead of 1 because WINDOW-HEIGHT includes the mode line !
	 gomoku-square-height)))

(defun gomoku-point-x ()
  "Return the board column where point is, or nil if it is not a board column."
  (let ((col (- (current-column) gomoku-x-offset)))
    (if (and (>= col 0)
	     (zerop (% col gomoku-square-width))
	     (<= (setq col (1+ (/ col gomoku-square-width)))
		 gomoku-board-width))
	col)))

(defun gomoku-point-y ()
  "Return the board row where point is, or nil if it is not a board row."
  (let ((row (- (count-lines 1 (point)) gomoku-y-offset 1)))
    (if (and (>= row 0)
	     (zerop (% row gomoku-square-height))
	     (<= (setq row (1+ (/ row gomoku-square-height)))
		 gomoku-board-height))
	row)))

(defun gomoku-point-square ()
  "Return the index of the square point is on, or nil if not on the board."
  (let (x y)
    (and (setq x (gomoku-point-x))
	 (setq y (gomoku-point-y))
	 (gomoku-xy-to-index x y))))

(defun gomoku-goto-square (index)
  "Move point to square number INDEX."
  (gomoku-goto-xy (gomoku-index-to-x index) (gomoku-index-to-y index)))

(defun gomoku-goto-xy (x y)
  "Move point to square at X, Y coords."
  (goto-line (+ 1 gomoku-y-offset (* gomoku-square-height (1- y))))
  (move-to-column (+ gomoku-x-offset (* gomoku-square-width (1- x)))))

(defun gomoku-plot-square (square value)
  "Draw 'X', 'O' or '.' on SQUARE (depending on VALUE), leave point there."
  (gomoku-goto-square square)
  (gomoku-put-char (cond ((= value 1) ?X)
			 ((= value 6) ?O)
			 (t	      ?.)))
  (sit-for 0))	; Display NOW

(defun gomoku-put-char (char)
  "Draw CHAR on the Gomoku screen."
  (if buffer-read-only (toggle-read-only))
  (insert char)
  (delete-char 1)
  (backward-char 1)
  (toggle-read-only))

(defun gomoku-init-display (n m)
  "Display an N by M Gomoku board."
  (buffer-disable-undo (current-buffer))
  (if buffer-read-only (toggle-read-only))
  (erase-buffer)
  (let (string1 string2 string3 string4)
    ;; We do not use gomoku-plot-square which would be too slow for
    ;; initializing the display. Rather we build STRING1 for lines where
    ;; board squares are to be found, and STRING2 for empty lines. STRING1 is
    ;; like STRING2 except for dots every DX squares. Empty lines are filled
    ;; with spaces so that cursor moving up and down remains on the same
    ;; column.
    (setq string1 (concat (make-string (1- gomoku-square-width) ? ) ".")
	  string1 (apply 'concat
		    (make-list (1- n) string1))
	  string1 (concat (make-string gomoku-x-offset ? ) "." string1 "\n")
	  string2 (make-string (+ 1 gomoku-x-offset
				  (* (1- n) gomoku-square-width))
			       ? )
	  string2 (concat string2 "\n")
	  string3 (apply 'concat
		    (make-list (1- gomoku-square-height) string2))
	  string3 (concat string3 string1)
	  string3 (apply 'concat
		    (make-list (1- m) string3))
	  string4 (apply 'concat
		    (make-list gomoku-y-offset string2)))
    (insert string4 string1 string3))
  (toggle-read-only)
  (gomoku-goto-xy (/ (1+ n) 2) (/ (1+ m) 2)) ; center of the board
  (sit-for 0))				; Display NOW

(defun gomoku-display-statistics ()
  "Obnoxiously display some statistics about previous games in mode line."
  ;; We store this string in the mode-line-process local variable.
  ;; This is certainly not the cleanest way out ...
  (setq mode-line-process
	(cond
	 ((not (zerop gomoku-number-of-draws))
	  (format ": Won %d, lost %d, drew %d"
		  gomoku-number-of-wins
		  gomoku-number-of-losses
		  gomoku-number-of-draws))
	 ((not (zerop gomoku-number-of-losses))
	  (format ": Won %d, lost %d"
		  gomoku-number-of-wins
		  gomoku-number-of-losses))
	 ((zerop gomoku-number-of-wins)
	  "")
	 ((= 1 gomoku-number-of-wins)
	  ": Already won one")
	 (t
	  (format ": Won %d in a row"
		  gomoku-number-of-wins))))
  ;; Then a (standard) kludgy line will force update of mode line.
  (set-buffer-modified-p (buffer-modified-p)))

(defun gomoku-switch-to-window ()
  "Find or create the Gomoku buffer, and display it."
  (interactive)
  (let ((buff (get-buffer "*Gomoku*")))
    (if buff				; Buffer exists:
      (switch-to-buffer buff)		;   no problem.
     (if gomoku-game-in-progress
	 (gomoku-crash-game))		;   buffer has been killed or something
     (switch-to-buffer "*Gomoku*")	; Anyway, start anew.
     (gomoku-mode))))

;;;
;;; CROSSING WINNING QTUPLES.
;;;

;; When someone succeeds in filling a qtuple, we draw a line over the five
;; corresponding squares. One problem is that the program does not know which
;; squares ! It only knows the square where the last move has been played and
;; who won. The solution is to scan the board along all four directions.

(defvar gomoku-winning-qtuple-beg nil
  "First square of the winning qtuple.")

(defvar gomoku-winning-qtuple-end nil
  "Last square of the winning qtuple.")

(defvar gomoku-winning-qtuple-dx nil
  "Direction of the winning qtuple (along the X axis).")

(defvar gomoku-winning-qtuple-dy nil
  "Direction of the winning qtuple (along the Y axis).")


(defun gomoku-find-filled-qtuple (square value)
  "Return T if SQUARE belongs to a qtuple filled with VALUEs."
  (or (gomoku-check-filled-qtuple square value 1 0)
      (gomoku-check-filled-qtuple square value 0 1)
      (gomoku-check-filled-qtuple square value 1 1)
      (gomoku-check-filled-qtuple square value -1 1)))

(defun gomoku-check-filled-qtuple (square value dx dy)
  "Return T if SQUARE belongs to a qtuple filled  with VALUEs along DX, DY."
  ;; And record it in the WINNING-QTUPLE-... variables.
  (let ((a 0) (b 0)
	(left square) (right square)
	(depl (gomoku-xy-to-index dx dy))
	a+4)
    (while (and (> a -4)		; stretch tuple left
		(= value (aref gomoku-board (setq left (- left depl)))))
      (setq a (1- a)))
    (setq a+4 (+ a 4))
    (while (and (< b a+4)		; stretch tuple right
		(= value (aref gomoku-board (setq right (+ right depl)))))
      (setq b (1+ b)))
    (cond ((= b a+4)			; tuple length = 5 ?
	   (setq gomoku-winning-qtuple-beg (+ square (* a depl))
		 gomoku-winning-qtuple-end (+ square (* b depl))
		 gomoku-winning-qtuple-dx dx
		 gomoku-winning-qtuple-dy dy)
	   t))))

(defun gomoku-cross-winning-qtuple ()
  "Cross winning qtuple, as found by `gomoku-find-filled-qtuple'."
  (gomoku-cross-qtuple gomoku-winning-qtuple-beg
		       gomoku-winning-qtuple-end
		       gomoku-winning-qtuple-dx
		       gomoku-winning-qtuple-dy))

(defun gomoku-cross-qtuple (square1 square2 dx dy)
  "Cross every square between SQUARE1 and SQUARE2 in the DX, DY direction."
  (save-excursion			; Not moving point from last square
    (let ((depl (gomoku-xy-to-index dx dy)))
      ;; WARNING: this function assumes DEPL > 0 and SQUARE2 > SQUARE1
      (while (not (= square1 square2))
	(gomoku-goto-square square1)
	(setq square1 (+ square1 depl))
	(cond
	  ((and (= dx 1) (= dy 0))	; Horizontal
	   (let ((n 1))
	     (while (< n gomoku-square-width)
	       (setq n (1+ n))
	       (forward-char 1)
	       (gomoku-put-char ?-))))
	  ((and (= dx 0) (= dy 1))	; Vertical
	   (let ((n 1))
	     (while (< n gomoku-square-height)
	       (setq n (1+ n))
	       (next-line 1)
	       (gomoku-put-char ?|))))
	  ((and (= dx -1) (= dy 1))	; 1st Diagonal
	   (backward-char (/ gomoku-square-width 2))
	   (next-line (/ gomoku-square-height 2))
	   (gomoku-put-char ?/))
	  ((and (= dx 1) (= dy 1))	; 2nd Diagonal
	   (forward-char (/ gomoku-square-width 2))
	   (next-line (/ gomoku-square-height 2))
	   (gomoku-put-char ?\\))))))
  (sit-for 0))				; Display NOW

;;;
;;; CURSOR MOTION.
;;;
(defun gomoku-move-left ()
  "Move point backward one column on the Gomoku board."
  (interactive)
  (let ((x (gomoku-point-x)))
    (backward-char (cond ((null x) 1)
			 ((> x 1) gomoku-square-width)
			 (t 0)))))

(defun gomoku-move-right ()
  "Move point forward one column on the Gomoku board."
  (interactive)
  (let ((x (gomoku-point-x)))
    (forward-char (cond ((null x) 1)
			((< x gomoku-board-width) gomoku-square-width)
			(t 0)))))

(defun gomoku-move-down ()
  "Move point down one row on the Gomoku board."
  (interactive)
  (let ((y (gomoku-point-y)))
    (next-line (cond ((null y) 1)
		     ((< y gomoku-board-height) gomoku-square-height)
		     (t 0)))))

(defun gomoku-move-up ()
  "Move point up one row on the Gomoku board."
  (interactive)
  (let ((y (gomoku-point-y)))
    (previous-line (cond ((null y) 1)
			 ((> y 1) gomoku-square-height)
			 (t 0)))))

(defun gomoku-move-ne ()
  "Move point North East on the Gomoku board."
  (interactive)
  (gomoku-move-up)
  (gomoku-move-right))

(defun gomoku-move-se ()
  "Move point South East on the Gomoku board."
  (interactive)
  (gomoku-move-down)
  (gomoku-move-right))

(defun gomoku-move-nw ()
  "Move point North West on the Gomoku board."
  (interactive)
  (gomoku-move-up)
  (gomoku-move-left))

(defun gomoku-move-sw ()
  "Move point South West on the Gomoku board."
  (interactive)
  (gomoku-move-down)
  (gomoku-move-left))